OCTOBER 2017

Editor: Mimi Lozano ©2000-2017

 

 


One of the most powerful earthquakes EVER to strike Mexico, struck at 11:49 p.m. Thursday, September 7th.   

September tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes broke destructive records
 along the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Atlantic seacoasts. Click

TABLE OF CONTENTS

United States
Spanish Presence in the Americas' Roots
Historic Tidbits

Hispanic Leaders
American  Patriots
Early American  Patriots
Education
Religion
Culture
Books and print media 
Surnames
DNA

Family History
Orange County, CA
Los Angeles County, CA
California 
Pan-Pacific Rim

Northwestern US

Southwestern US
Texas
Middle America
East Coast
Caribbean Region 
African-American
Indigenous
Sephardic
Archaeology
Mexico
Central & South America
Philippines
Spain
International 
 
 
Somos Primos Staff   
Mimi Lozano, Editor
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Roberto Calderon, Ph,D.
Bill Carmena
Lila Guzman, Ph.D
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
Juan Marinez
J.V. Martinez, Ph.D
Dorinda Moreno
Rafael Ojeda
Ángel Custodio Rebollo
Tony Santiago
John P. Schmal

Submitters/attributed Oct 2017 
Alvaro Amador Muniz 
Sonny ( Boy) Arias 
Dan Arellano
Shahar Azani
Amanda Bartow
Mercy Bautista Olvera 
Paul Bois
Juana Bordas
Anika Burgess
Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante
Lydia Cano
Bill Carmena
Joseph Carmena Jr. 
Robin Collins
Nora Comstock
Angel Cortinas
Sylvia Noemi Contreras 
Meseguer Bou Dani 
Jason Daley
Dr. Camilia Diaz, M.D.
Lily E. Espinoza, Ph.D.
Roberta Estes, Ph.D. 
Luis Ferre-Sadurni
Antonio Flores

Leticia Frias
Margarito Garcia, Ph.D.
Wanda Garcia
Leanna Garfield
Eduardo Garriguesr 
Helen Giddens
Rafael Jesús González 
Yvonne Gonzalez Duncan
Eddie Grijalva 
Sara Guerrera 
Odell Harwell 
Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson
Walter L. Herbeck, Jr.
John Inclan 
Rick Leal

Lori Ling
José Antonio López
Alfred Lugo
Juan Marin
Julie Masis 
 J.P. McCusker
Dorinda Moreno 
Natalie O'Neill
Joe Parr
David Parra
Thenesoya Vidina Martin De la Nuez
Elsa Mendez Peña 
Antonio de Mendoza Casas
Dorinda Moreno
Maria Angeles O'Donnell Olson
Daniel A. Olivas
Manuel Erice Oronoz
Rudy Padilla 
Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero
Joe Parr 
Mariano Patalinjug 

Devon G. Peña, Ph.D.  
Joe Perez
Michael S. Perez  
Doug Perkins
Richard Perry
Audrey Ponzio
José G. Ramos 

Oscar Ramirez, Ph.D.
Armando Rendon
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, Ph.D.

Sandra Robbie 
Steve Roberts
Frances Robles
Letty Rodella 
María Elvira Roca Barea
Kyle Rempfer 
Tom Saenz
Benicio Samuel Sánchez García
John Schmal
Ben Shapiro
Marian Smith  
Monica Smith
Robert Smith

Victor Thompson, Ph.D.   
Ann Troutner
María Elvira Roca Barea  
Maria Angeles O'Donnell Olson
Francisco Javier Vallaure de Acha 
Roberto Vazquez
Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez
Yomar Villarreal Cleary
Davis Walker
Jo Emma Quezada
Gilbert Quezada  
Danielle Ziri

Letters to the Editor 

With sincerest gratitude for the wonderful diversity of articles, information, links, and personal sentiments contributed by readers.   Receiving information from all over the country (and world) has greatly expanded our historic understanding, for me personally, and for Somos Primos readers. Through the regional perspectives  shared in personal histories and those activities taking place all over the world with a heritage connection to Spain, have helped spread the concept, of our global-connected humanity.  

Thank you. ~ Mimi
mimilozano@aol.com
www.SomosPrimos.com 
714-894-8161
Westminster, CA 
Amen. Thank you Mimi for stating our truth.  All of us can't forget the past as we need to embrace the good and bad of our common history.  We must learn from our mistakes so we can do better, so we can be better, so we are better.  We should remember, forgive, learn and grow into role models for our children and children's children.   Build bridges not walls.  Own our history as it is the only one we will ever have.  Truthfulness is the only way to set us free.

May God bless America, "We the People" (all of us) and all our imperfections.

Lori Ling 
San Francisco Bay Area loril4@hotmail.com 

Mimi,
Your statement of our history and our Judeo-Christian belief are right on, God Bless America and also you for your wonderful work. You are an inspiration to all of us who value their history and ancestral heritage. 
Best Regards,
Your friend Angel Cortinas 
angel-cortinas@sbcglobal.net
 
New Mexico

 

Thank you for saying this my friend!  Mimi you are so right.  We are watching the fabric of our nation unwind right in front of us. We need to unite and live by the Constitution of our great and unique nation.
God bless you y su familia,
Joe Perez

 

 
Quotes of Thoughts to Consider 
Nobody can think straight who does not work. Idleness warps the mind. ~ Henry Ford
All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence. 
~ Martin Luther King Jr.
I believe in the dignity of labor, whether with head or hand; that the world owes no man a living but that it 
owes every man an opportunity to make a living.
 ~ John D. Rockefeller
Never confuse knowledge with wisdom.  Wisdom comes with age, but sometimes age comes alone.  
~ Oscar Ramirez

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

The Voice of “El Pueblo”:  Reies López Tijerina by Jose Antonio Lopez
The Voces Oral History Project: Defend the Honor: ten years later
Sept 9th: 19th International Latino Book Awards

KCAL to kick-off Hispanic Heritage Month with the Random Act of Mendez Project
Celebrating Hispanic Heritage: A Resource for Community and Classroom Use by Mimi Lozano
Fact Tank: Our Lives in Numbers, How the US. Hispanic Population is Changing by Antonio Flores 
Dr. Hector P. Garcia Day in Texas by Wanda Garcia
National Hispanic Heritage Month 2017 Theme: "Shaping the Bright Future of America" by Juana Bordas 
Looking to 2018: An idea to celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month by Margarito J. Garcia, Ph.D.

Really American: Keith Nguyen
Memories of the 1954 Laredo, Texas  Flood  by Gilberto Quezada
Report: Army ends enlistment contracts for foreign-born recruits by Kyle Rempfer   
In attacking Columbus, Antifa tries to finish what the Klan started 
Jefferson y Fray Junipero Serra
Protestors for Hire
Never Forget: The 5 Lessons We Should Have Learned From 911 
Afraid of the "Islamophobia" Label, Teachers Avoid 9/11 Lessons
United Nations Relief & Work Agency textbooks for Palestinians demonize Israel and Jews by Danielle Ziri
Mexican diplomat Gilberto Bosques: The diplomat who saved 40,000 lives 

The End of Prayer Shaming video by High School, Hartford, Conneticut
So you want to take a knee sent by Oscar Ramirez Ph.D.   
Photo: Real Men Taking a Knee sent by Joe Sanchez

 

 
 
"We tactically abandon ourselves to the notion that our United States have been fashioned from the British Islands only, and essentially from a second England only -- which is a great mistake....Spanish character will supply some of the most needed parts. No stock shows a grander historic retrospect --- grander in religiousness and loyalty, or for patriotism, courage, decorum, gravity and honor.... As to the Spanish stock of the Southwest, it is certain to me that we do not begin to appreciate its splendor and sterling value.... " 

 ~  Walt Whitman, 1883

Sent by Helen Giddens  
hrael@pacbell.net 

 




José Antonio López
File (photo: RGG/Steve Taylor)

     
López: The Voice of “El Pueblo”, Reies López Tijerina

By José Antonio López  jlopez8182@satx.rr.com 
September 3, 2017

It’s Hispanic Heritage Month, a time designated by Presidents Johnson and Reagan to focus on the cultural heritage of the large U.S. Hispanic-descent population. (Note: readers must know that citizens of Spanish Mexican descent originating in the Southwest are not immigrants to the U.S. Their dual (Indohispanic) ancestral footprints in New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Texas were planted long before the U.S. took the land from Mexico in 1848. This fact separates them from sister U.S. Spanish-surnamed groups that came later as immigrants.) 

Interestingly enough, this past June, my wife and I went to Santa Fe, New Mexico and while there attended a presentation on the 50th Anniversary of 1967’s Rio Arriba Courthouse Raid, Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. 

Reies López Tijerina, the raid’s leader, is a rarely-mentioned public figure whose endless energies fighting injustice are embedded in southwest social history. 

Texas-born López Tijerina didn’t set out to make war against the government. Rather, the raid resulted from the second of his two main passions – (l) his dream to establish a religious community and (2) recovering New Mexico’s Spanish Mexican land grants (Mercedes) that the U.S. seized and kept after the U.S.-Mexico War of 1846-48.  

As to establishing a religious community, Rev. López Tijerina began preaching at a small church. Ultimately, he decided to isolate his flock in a self-contained cooperative; far-removed from (in his view) a corrupt social system. Unable to find affordable land in Texas, he moved his group to Arizona.  

A gifted speaker, he was persuaded to leave the pulpit and become a social justice activist representing the large marginalized population he fondly called “el pueblo”. He was especially concerned that mainstream white society generally misread indigenous/mestizo people’s demeanor for weakness. His goal was to change that view. Later moving to New Mexico, he quickly became a target of the FBI and law enforcement agencies, and they used every means available to derail his mission.  

Consequently, he transitioned into his second passion – reclaiming Spanish land grants. After hearing heartbreaking reports, he set out to familiarize himself with the subject.  

Specifically, Native Americans and Spanish-descent land grant heirs had two main claims: (a) they accused the U.S. of deceptively nationalizing their ancestral lands and incorporating them into the Forest Service; and (b) after 1848, manipulative land financiers had methodically (at times brutally) robbed Nuevo Mexicano families of their lands.  

To Native Americans, it was an especially sore subject. Unfamiliar with European-style land ownership, they soon adapted and accepted the idea. Valuing their Spanish/Mexican land grants as deeds to their communal lands, they wanted the U.S. to honor their titles, just as the Spanish and Mexican governments had done before 1848.  

Please note that in embracing Native Americans as blood-related kin within his umbrella of “Indohispanos” (Indohispanics), their cause was crucial to Mr. López Tijerina. He wanted the world to know that bigotry against America’s original inhabitants preceded prejudice against other minority groups in the U.S.  

In this respect, he expressed one of his greatest insights affecting the human rights struggle dilemma in the U.S.: Unless First Americans receive justice first, no other minority group will be so blessed. Sadly, both the struggle and dilemma continue to this day.  

Prepared with research collected in Mexico’s national archives, a list of U.S. violations of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and armed with the U.S. Constitution, Mr. López Tijerina shared with the people a bold plan to reclaim their lands and combine them in shared ownership.

Confidently concluding that both the evidence and laws were on their side, the long land-claims pilgrimage appeared to be ending. Faithfully, the families relied on their charismatic leader, Reies Lopez Tijerina, to get it done!  

Shortly, Reies became concerned that the authorities weren’t engaging. So, taking matters into his own hands, on October 15, 1966 he led a group representing over 150 families and occupied San Joaquín del Rio de Chama land-grant territory for five days. Openly, they asked state authorities to do a title search. Ostensibly fearing the consequences, the Anglo-controlled state officials denied the request.  

Next, on June 5, 1967 he led armed members of his Alianza Federal de Mercedes group to the Rio Arriba Courthouse. Their intention was to confront the district attorney with a citizens’ arrest for ignoring the will of the people.  

Alas, things went terribly wrong from the start. Shots were fired, wounding two individuals. Hostages were taken, but later released. The State National Guard was mobilized and innocent civilians were arrested and jailed without being charged.  

On the run for several days in the very terrain they were fighting for, Reies López Tijerina turned himself in. Albeit at a great price, he brought world-wide attention to the U.S. illegal seizure of Spanish/Mexican land grants. Various hearings and court trials later, Reies was tried and sentenced to prison. After his release, he became a nationally-acclaimed human rights advocate.  

The Voice of El Pueblo died at the age of 88 on January 19, 2015 in El Paso, Texas. He never abandoned his strong view that the three branches of the U.S. government (executive, legislative, and especially judicial) deliberately denied justice for Native American and Spanish Mexican-descent land grant heirs.  

In retrospect, most 1960s Mexican-descent social justice leaders (Alianza Federal de Mercedes, Raza Unida, United Farm Workers Union, LULAC, American GI Forum, et al), Reies López Tijerina had admirers as well as detractors.  

To Southwest indigenous/Spanish land grant descendants, he renewed a sense of dignity, especially after the San Joaquín reclamation. Their steady support was essential during López Tijerina’s days living as a fugitive.  

On the other hand, the Anglos generally didn’t like him. Worse, most affluent Hispanics of that time rejected him, repeating the Anglos’ false claim that he was a communist agitator. Ironically, the children of those same uncooperative Hispanics continue to pass through the doors of opportunity opened wide by 1960s activists.  

Quite honestly, few of us would have freely experienced a fraction of the suffering and deprivation that he, his family, and “bravos” followers endured throughout their justice journey.

Was Reies López Tijerina controversial? 

Yes. 

Still, great leaders often apply unconventional means to get results. Although land grants were not returned to their rightful owners (at least not yet), his success may be measured in other ways.
 

It’s not by accident that the 1960s brought human rights relief to the Southwest. In truth, civil, voting, education, fair employment, and equal housing legislation was passed, simply because Reies López Tijerina and fellow activists urged elected officials into writing and enacting those laws.  

Frankly, if you are a Spanish surnamed citizen whose family roots originate in the Southwest, have a high school/college education, eat at restaurants of your choice, and work/live where you wish, realize that human rights activists pioneered the way for you.  

 

Truly, the multi-faceted narrative is fascinating. To get the story in his own heartfelt words, recommend you read his book, “They Called Me King Tiger (My Struggle for the Land and Our Rights)”, translated from the Spanish language and edited by José Angel Gutiérrez.  

Also recommend the books (l) “Trespassers on our own Land” by Mike Scarborough. Using a detailed interview approach, it contains the first-person account of Juan Valdez, a key member of the historic Rio Arriba Courthouse Raid; and (2) “New Mexico’s Stormy History”, by Elmer Eugene Maestas, an excellent account of one of New Mexico’s Spanish colonial (land grant) pioneer settler families.  

Lastly, Hispanic Heritage Month 2017 and the 50th Anniversary of the Tierra Amarilla Raid remind us why, as Mr. Scarborough appropriately articulates in his book, so many Native Americans and Spanish Mexican-descent citizens today still feel “as foreigners in their own homeland”.

About the Author:  José “Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is a USAF Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of several books.  His latest are “Preserving Early Texas History (Essays of an Eighth-Generation South Texan)” and “Friendly Betrayal”. Books are available through Amazon.com.  Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano Learning Center, LLC, and www.tejanosunidos.org, a Web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S. history that are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.


The Voces Oral History Project
Defend the Honor: ten years later

=========================================== ==================================
Hi, all,  a decade ago, many of you rallied to protest the Ken Burns/PBS World War II documentary which included no Latino/a voices initially. After months of nationwide protests and negative publicity, Burns added interviews with two Latino and one Native American veteran… We want to see how far we’ve come/still need to go…  please join us,  Maggie
Defend The Honor: Ten Years Later is only one month away. Come hear from speakers including documentarian, Hector Galán, two executives from PBS, and many more. We will present a content analysis of how Burns’ depicted Latinos/as in the Vietnam War documentary. Admission is free, but seats are limited. Register Today! Details below.

WHEN: Saturday October 28, 2017 
TIME: 1 p.m. - 5 p.m. 

SPEAKERS include: 

Gus Chavez; Defend the Honor co-chair 
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez; Defend the Honor co-chair 

Hector Galán;
Austin-based documentarian 
Beth Hoppe; Chief Programming Executive and General Manager, General Audience Programming

Pam Aguilar;
Senior Director of Programming and Development for PBS 
Hector Cantú; Creator of the Baldo comic strip 
Mary Betrán; Media scholar
WHERE:  Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center, 600 River St., Austin, TX 78701


UT SPONSORS: Voces Oral History Project   |  Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection 
Moody College of Communication's Latino Media Research Center



Sincerely, Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Professor, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism
Director, Voces Oral History Project (formerly the U.S. Latino & Latina World War II Oral History Project)

For more information, contact defendthehonor@gmail.comThe Defend the Honor website is currently under renovation.



================================== =========================
Latino Literacy Now was co-founded by actor Edward James Olmos and has grown to where over a million people nationwide have participated in one or more of our activities. On September 9th the 19th Int'l Latino Book Awards will be held at California State University Dominquez Hills and will recognize the greatness in over 100 Award Winning Authors from across the USA and the Americas. For more on the Awards, please go to www.Award.News. These awards are the largest Latino cultural awards in the USA. For more information on the Festival or other Latino Literacy Now programs, please go to www.LBFF.us. Sponsors for the events include California State University Dominguez Hills, Libros Publishing, Entravision, the Los Angeles Community College District, Int'l Society of Latino Authors, Scholastic, Eastern Group Publications, El Aviso, ALLES, Las Comadres, Mi Libro Hispano, and REFORMA.

The event featured our new World Class Medal going to over 200 Award Winning Authors, and our Four National Latino 
Trail Blazer Honorees:
 
Charlie Ericksen, former 
Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis, 
Ambassador Dr. Julian Nava, 
and Mimi Lozano.
 


For more information please contact
Kirk Whisler or Ana Patiño
Latino Literacy Now
760-434-1223

 

 

Click here to see highlights from the 2017 North San Diego County Latino Book & Family Festival, 
held August 12, 2017 at MiraCosta College in Oceanside
It was quite an honor to be chosen as one of the Four National Latino Trail Blazer Honorees, with Charlie Ericksen, former Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis, and Ambassador Dr. Julian Nava.  

It made the honor of being a Trail Blazer even more special, because both Julian Nava and Charlie Ericksen were greatly supportive and encouraged me in my efforts to encourage all of us to share our stories publicly.      

Dr. Julian Nava, former Ambassador to Mexico,  kindly accepted my invitation to speak to our newly organized study group.  We were not a non-profit group.  We were just getting started, in 1986.  The drive from Northridge, California in the San Fernando valley, through Los Angeles to Orange County was close to a two-hour drive.  Dr. Nava did not know me.  We had no funding to offer an honorarium and yet he came.  His  kindness still over-whelms me.  He kicked our study group into high gear.  The presentation was scheduled at a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormon).  We did a lot of advertising. 

Many people came specifically to hear Dr. Nava speak, many with minimal interest in pursuing their family history, but they came.  He filled the auditorium.  One man who attended, got me into a corner and drilled me.  "How did you get Dr. Nava here? I have tried for years to get him to come to Orange County.  What did you offer him?"  He couldn't believe my response, "I just asked."

I know it was Dr. Nava's name and reputation that attracted and contributed to the rapid growth of the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research which still holds monthly meetings.  SHHAR will always be grateful to Dr. Nava.

   
The Latino Guide to Creating Family Histories

In 2012,  Dr. Nava, Master Teacher, Historian, university professor published this book which contains three manuals for writing one's family history: Student, Parent, and Teacher Guides.  research. 

Introduction:   It's never too early to start learning about one's heritage.  It can be used by classes from upper elementary school through college - as well as by parents and children to better understand their heritage. The Student Manual guides the efforts of research and writing, with tips on interviews and organization of materials for the writing of the student's first book. The Parents' Manual stresses ways to help the child author with encouragement, family documents, and persons to contact. There is a parent manual in Spanish to meet the needs we commonly find of monolingual parents. The Teachers Guide contains tips for arousing student interest in their family history as far back as grandparents and family friends. 

The use of a computer and access to the web are helpful but not required. Grade level and motivation are factors that will shape the scope and breath of the family history project. The final section of the book is devoted to a detailed presentation of the top 350 Hispanic surnames - names that are used by 64% of all Latinos in the USA. Students, parents, and teachers all will have fun seeing whose names is more popular and how they rank. Writing a family history is depicted as a life-long adventure in search of one's, heritage. The first edition of the project lends itself to additions over time. The final family history can be suitable for printing as a gift on special occasions. Various aspects of the learning curriculum are benefited by this effort. The author, Dr. Juan Nava was the first Latino elected to the Los Angeles Unified School Board and also served as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico

Charlie Ericksen, (my other angel) was the editor of Hispanic Link, a publication that was distributed all over the country and read in every government office in Washington, DC.  

Before publishing Hispanic Link, Charlie, a reporter, and his wife Sebastiana Mendoza published a magazine with the same mission, greater understanding of the Hispanic presence. I received a couple of copies of the magazine from Charlie.  The gift was a total surprise because I had not met Charlie, nor spoken. Of course, I called and thanked him. 

His passion for the Latino community led him, Sebastiana, and their son, Hector Ericksen-Mendoza, to start the syndicated Hispanic Link News Service, which was followed a couple of years later by the media-savvy newsletter, the Hispanic Link Weekly Report. “

Soon, Charlie was sending me  Hispanic Link on a regular basis. .   I could see that Hispanic Link was a subscription publication, and yet for years, Charlie kindly included me with information which I included in Somos Primos.

Charlie greatly influenced Somos Primos in the early years and even now. Hispanic link broadened and influenced my perspective.  I found history and politics very important in understanding the response of our community to current events.  Charlie's vision made my articles more inclusive of politics, as they pertain to Hispanics, and also more conscious of the history of  Latino activism.   

Neither Julian or Charlie are aware of my sincere and deep gratitude for their help, and how really important their influence was on me.  Being recognized as a Trail-Blazer, along with both of them,  is a real honor.  













Charlie Ericksen, 
founder of Hispanic Link News Service
Posted on by admin

LISTEN TO CHARLIE ERICKSEN

download mp3

Below article on Charlie in The Fight Back.


Charlie Ericksen and the Hispanic Link News Service: 
30 Years and 5,000 Columns

Not one Hispanic journalist was nationally syndicated when Charlie Ericksen started the Hispanic Link News Service. There have been improvements regarding Latinos’ (under)representation in the media, at least partly because of the exposure Hispanic Link’s syndicated columns have brought to Latino writers over the past three decades and 5,000 columns.

At Hispanic Link’s office in downtown D.C., Ericksen said, “[Hispanics continue to be] badly under-represented, particularly since there’s been a big cut-down on the number of newspapers that exist. There are just so very few around and those that are around, for the most part, are trained by journalism schools and by city editors and editors of papers to write White, [that is] to cover things where they don’t really give you the depth and understanding that you need to have of the various cultures that comprise our country.”

Ericksen formed relationships with newspapers across the country and sought out Latino columnists to syndicate nationwide. “We’d ask anybody [to write a column] who… had anything interesting to say, who had an experience which we felt was worth sharing. One of the things we tried to emphasize is not just doing what the Washington Post and so many other papers were doing and continue to do, which is just cover the negatives, the dropout story, the drug story, the stories that frame Hispanics in negative lights. We look for a lot of the positive stories, a lot of the people that they ought to be writing about in the mainstream, that they ought to be showing on TV and on the radio.”

How did it come to pass that a white guy from West L.A. would make it his life’s work to help bring Hispanic voices and issues into the American consciousness? “Because of my wife, who was born in Oaxaca, and who I met on the beach in Oaxaca and married on the beach without shoes,” Ericksen said. “When I brought her to the United States, I was working as a journalist [and] it became very clear to me… [that there was] discrimination against Hispanics… It became a very personal thing to me because of the way my wife was treated, the way our children were treated.”

Ericksen said, “We try to be objective… We trust the readers. We would like to give them both sides of any story. A lot of people say because of the culture that I have accepted as a Hispanic now that I’m not objective, but I think the people that aren’t objective are generally the white reporters who don’t know a darn thing about other cultures.”

http://thefightback.org/2011/03/charlie-ericksen-and-the-hispanic-link-news-service-30-years-and-5000-columns/
Charlie still encouraging cubs: http://borderzine.com/2010/03/hispanic-link-founder-charles-ericksen-still-going-strong-at-80/ 

 

Image result for hilda solis photo

The fourth 2017 Trail-Blazer is the beautiful Hilda Lucia Solis, former secretary of Labor. http://hildalsolis.org/  

What an honor to be numbered along with her too. In February 2009, Solis became the first Hispanic woman to serve in the U.S. Cabinet,  a model of refined, intelligent, active womanhood. 

Hilda Solis was born on October 20, 1957 in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Mexican and Nicaraguan immigrants, Raul Solis and Juana Barela-Solis. Her father, Raul, is a Mexican union shop steward and her mother, Juana, is a Nicaraguan assembly line worker.

Hilda Lucia Solis, is a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for the 1st district. Solis previously served as the 25th United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, as part of the administration of President Barack Obama. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009, representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley.

Solis was raised in La Puente, California.   She earned degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona and the University of Southern California and worked for two federal agencies in Washington, D.C. Returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, and was reelected there in 1998. Solis sought to pass environmental justice legislation. She was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000.

Solis defeated a long-time Democratic incumbent as part of getting elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, where she focused mainly on labor causes and environmental work. She was reelected easily to four subsequent terms. In December 2008, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Solis as the next U.S. Secretary of Labor. She took office after being confirmed by the United States Senate in February 2009, becoming the first Hispanic woman to serve in the U.S. Cabinet. There she focused on workplace safety issues and on strengthening compliance with wage and hour laws. In January 2013, Solis stepped down from her post as Labor Secretary.

Returning to the area of her upbringing, in April 2014, Solis formally announced a campaign for a seat on the non-partisan Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Solis won the seat outright in a June 3 election and was sworn in on December 1.

A marvelous success story to share, admire, and applaud. 

~ Mimi




KCAL kicks-off Hispanic Heritage Month with the Random Act of Mendez Project

Sandra Robbie, originator of the Random Act of Mendez project was interviewed on KCAL to kick-off Hispanic Heritage Month on Monday September the 11th. 






Celebrating Hispanic Heritage
A Resource for Community and Classroom Use
by Mimi Lozano 

http://www.somosprimos.com/heritage/heritage.htm#MONTH 


Editor Mimi:  Twenty years ago, I served on a US Senate Task Force on Hispanic Affairs.  *Traveling back and forth to Washington, DC for meetings, I came to fully understand the lack of public visibility from which Latinos suffer in Washington.  It is really encouraging to see a growing interest in more historic inclusion.  Sadly, demands for historical inclusion in many cases is not being presented in the positive perspective that it can and should be presented.  *
[For the records, my trips were at my own expense]

The United States is an experiment that worked, a theory of rule by law, whereby each citizen had one vote (their voice), equal to that of any other individual.  It was a radical new concept.  Many countries are still wrapped in the ancient practice of rule by King, Chieftain, Sultan, etc. rule by heredity or power, not just representation.   

While continuing to respond and adjust to the challenges and effects of nations whose governments are in upheaval,
the United States is still dedicated to follow the letter and laws of our constitution.  

I am hopeful that with patience we will continue to practice justice and freedom for all fortunate enough to live in the United States of America, and do so, guided by our constitution, principles and laws. 

Next year, in 2018,  it will be FIFTY years since President Ronald Reagan,  requested the nation and specifically educators to celebrated Hispanic Heritage and history. 

Recognizing the difficulty of including a celebration right at the beginning of the school year,  I prepared easily implemented materials for classroom teachers and youth leaders.  As a Resource Teacher K-12. it was fun challenge.

In addition to the History and analysis of Public Law 90-498 for  High School students, you'll find suggestions to integrate the little mini-essays into the classroom in different subject areas.  

================================== ==================================
The essays are arranged chronologically: 
Tracing Family Roots
Root Search Adventure
Genetic Roots Go back 270,000

Evidence of Indigenous Survival
El Pital, Pre-Columbian City 
Tribute to Christopher Columbus,1492
Origin & history of California Oranges      
Mayan Captives,1511
Indian Slaves in the South, 1512
First Impression of Europeans,1519
Spanish Treasure Ships,1519
Martín López, First Prefab Ship,1520
Physicians of New Spain, 1523
First European Settlements in U.S., 1526

First Thanksgiving in the U.S., 1541
Mining in Nueva España, 1548
Will of Tecuichpo, 1550
Saint Augustine, Florida, 1565
Earliest Scientists in the U.S., 1636
Spanish Sea Trade, 1638
Honduras, 1674
Dangerous Sea Trade, 1715
Connecting with Texas Indians, 1717
Banking, Texas Style,1734
Crown of the Andes,1750s
Hispanic Inventor, 1773
Spain's Role in the American Revolution
Count Bernardo de Gálvez, 1779
Hispanics in Hawaii,1794
Historic Bell of Los Angeles, 1820
Pablo Tac, 1841
Sister Mary Domínica Arguello, 1851
Santa Anna and Chewing Gum, 1860 
The Basque, 1860s
Elfego Baca, New Mexico Gunfighter,1865
David Belasco, Theater 1880s
Monterey Jack Cheese, 1890s
Fraudulent Land Claims, 1895
Cuban Hospitals and Doctors, 1902
A Pancho Villa Story, 1912
Filipino World War II Vets, 1941


CLASSROOM USES OF 41 MINI-ARTICLES


Quickie Lesson 1
Quickie Lesson 2
Ideas for Integrating into Various Areas of the Curriculum
Creative Writing Ideas
Writing Dialogue
Writing Chants
Writing Limericks
Drama and Creative Writing Skits
Poetry Reading and Writing

Creative Writing, Writing letters
Drama, Reader's Theater to be performed in class, 
           suitable essays 
Creative Writing Radio Interview/News:
Social Studies, Comparative Cultures Research,
Social Studies, Southwest History Research
Social Studies Debates:
Current Issues: 
Social Studies:
Physical Sciences

       

There are many different ways in which these facts may be used to observe and celebrate Hispanic 
Heritage Month, from a quickie 3-5 minute daily observation to a Unit on Hispanic Heritage. The month allows for 20 school days between September 15 and October 15. Following are some suggestions for oral language and written language activities which can be adapted for students, 4th-12th grade.

QUICKIE Lesson 1: With the objective of facilitating teacher preparation time and encouraging inclusion during the month, two key questions were prepared for each essay. Teacher writes the questions on the board. Teacher reads the essay for the day. Teacher leads a class discussion in answering the questions.

QUICKIE Lesson 2: Teacher assigns an essay to each student, or distributes a copy of the table of contents and allows students to select an essay. Students present the essay to the class in their own words.




 

Fact Tank: Our Lives in Numbers, How the US. Hispanic Population is Changing 
by Antonio Flores 

================================== ==================================
Pew Research Center (September 18, 2017)
 
The Latino population in the United States has reached nearly 58 million in 2016 and has been the principal driver of U.S. demographic growth, accounting for half of national population growth since 2000. The Latino population itself has evolved during this time, with changes in immigration, education and other characteristics.
 
This summary draws on a statistical portrait of the nation's Hispanic population, which includes trends going back to 1980. Here are some key facts about the nation's Latino population.
 
The Hispanic population has reached a new high, but growth has slowed. In 2016, Hispanics accounted for 18% of the nation's population and were the second-largest racial or ethnic group behind whites.
 
They are also the nation's second-fastest-growing racial or ethnic group, with a 2.0% growth rate between 2015 and 2016 compared with a 3.0% rate for Asians. The slowing of Hispanic population growth is occurring as immigration to the U.S. from Mexico levels off and the fertility rate among Hispanic women declines.
The U.S. Hispanic population is drawn from an increasingly diverse mix of countries. Hispanics of Mexican origin account for 63.3% (36 million) of the nation's Hispanic population in 2015, by far the largest share of any origin group, but down from a recent peak of 65.7 in 2008. But this share has declined in recent years as fewer migrants from Mexico arrive in the U.S. and the number leaving the country rises. Meanwhile, the share among non-Mexican origin groups (36.7% in 2015, up from 34.3% in 2008) has grown as migration from elsewhere in Latin America has increased.
 
The population of Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin, the second-largest origin group, stands at 5.4 million in 2015 in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (an additional 3.4 million people live in Puerto Rico). The migration of Puerto Ricans to the U.S. mainland over the past decade has helped drive up this number from 3.8 million in 2005. Five other Hispanic origin groups have populations of more than 1 million - Salvadorans, Cubans, Dominicans, Guatemalans and Colombians - and each has also seen its population increase over the past decade.

 


The foreign-born share has declined among U.S. Latinos. Today, 34.4% of Latinos are immigrants, down from a peak of 40.1% in 2000. And the share that is U.S. born has grown to 65.6% in 2015, up from 59.9% in 2000. This decline in the foreign-born share extends across the largest Latino origin groups. The foreign-born share among Guatemalans (61.3% in 2015) fell by 17.2 percentage points during this time, the largest percentage-point decline of the six largest Hispanic origin groups. Salvadorans' foreign-born share (58.8% in 2015) also had a significant drop, declining 16.9 percentage points. Meanwhile, the Mexican foreign-born share (32.2% in 2015), had a smaller decline - 9.3 points.
U.S. Hispanics are the youngest of the nation's largest racial and ethnic groups. But like the rest of the country, the Hispanic population overall has grown older. Hispanics had a median age of 28 in 2015, up from 25 in 2000. Whites had the highest median age - of 43 in 2015 - followed by Asians (36) and blacks (34). Among Hispanics, those born in the U.S. and those born in another country differ widely in age. The median age of U.S.-born Hispanics was 19 in 2015, up from 18 years in 2000. Meanwhile, foreign-born Hispanics have a median age of 42 years, up from 33 in 2000.
 
A growing share of Hispanics has gone to college. Almost 40% of Hispanics ages 25 and older had any college experience in 2015, up from 30% in 2000. Among U.S.-born Hispanics, 52% reported they had gone to college, an increase from 41% in 2000. By comparison, 27% of foreign-born Hispanics reported some college experience, up from 22% in 2000. 

The number of Hispanics who speak Spanish at home is at an all-time high, though growth is slowing.

 

 A record 37 million Hispanics ages 5 and older speak Spanish at home, up from 25 million in 2000. However, between 2010 and 2015, this number grew at an annual average of 1.8%, down from an annual average of 3.4% between 2000 and 2010.
 
At the same time, a record 35 million Hispanics ages 5 and older say they are English-proficient, up from 19 million in 2000. Among this group, 14 million Hispanics speak only English at home in 2015, up from 7 million in 2000.
 
California continues to have the largest Latino population among states, but Texas is seeing a faster growth rate. In 2015, 15.2 million Hispanics lived in California, a 39% increase from 10.9 million in 2000. Yet Texas has had even faster growth, with its Hispanic population increased 60% over the same period, from 6.7 million in 2000 to 10.7 million in 2015. 

Meanwhile, Georgia's Hispanic population has more than doubled since 2000, the fastest growth among the 10 states with the largest Hispanic populations.
 

 

Antonio Flores is a research assistant focusing on Hispanic research at Pew Research Center.
______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ _____________
The NiLP Report on Latino Policy & Politics is an online information service provided by the National Institute for Latino Policy. For further information, visit www.latinopolicy. org. Send comments to editor@latinopolicy.org.
TEJANOS2010  is managed and subtained by
Elsa Mendez Peña and Walter Centeno Herbeck Jr. 

 

 

 




Dr. Hector P. Garcia Day in Texas 
by Wanda Garcia


The third Wednesday of every September was designated by the Texas Legislature as a day of Recognition honoring my father Dr. Hector P. Garcia.*  

To honor this occasion, I usually post the picture of him taken at the moment he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Reagan.  It was a very meaningful ceremony and the events of that day are indelibly imprinted on my memory.

Regardless of all of his honors and accomplishments he was just Papa to me.  The time I spent with him meant so much to me.  Over twenty years have elapsed since his death. Yet it seems like yesterday to me and truthfully Papa has never gone away. One cherished memento which I keep on my desk is an American GI Forum (AGIF) certificate given to me by Papa on the occasion of the Silver Anniversary of the AGIF. Since I was the only Garcia sibling who accompanied my father on his advocacy work I was so pleased that he recognized my participation in his activities.  The certificate reads: In recognition for your services and devotion to the welfare of the AGIF, for your fine leadership and contribution to our people and in gratitude for your sacrifices, we hereby present to you.

Wanda Garcia, Mi Hijita, por su carino por su lealtad, Julio 10, 1976.

Although I miss my father and think of him every day, I take comfort in the reality that we will see each other again. 

*Garcia Day was established in 2009 by theTexas Senate Bill 495 authored by state Sen. Juan “Chuy” Hinojosa.




1883


NATIONAL HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH 2017 THEME:
"SHAPING THE BRIGHT FUTURE OF AMERICA"

================================== ==================================
Why Does Hispanic Heritage Month start on September 15th?

Latinos come from 22 countries and are a bridge to our gobal village. Today people can have multiple identities and relish many cultures. Latinos are leading the way . They start their heritage celebration the same week that Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Belize celebrate their independence

Hispanic History begins before the US was a Nation 
Fully one-third of territorial US was Mexico until 1848. This is reflected in our states, such as Colorado, Arizona and Montana; and in cities like Los Angeles, San Antonio, and Las Vegas. Hispanics were the first ranchers, farmers & miners. They built schools, plazas, churches and community spaces before white settlers came to the Southwest.
================================== ==================================
Latinos are our past, but they are also our future.Latinos have the highest job market participation; are the fastest growing small business sector; and in 2015, their buying power was $1.3 trillion, larger than the Gross Domestic Product of Australia or Spain. This influence will continue one third of Latinos are under 18 as are 20% of Millennials. Young Latinos will ensure that Hispanic culture will continue enriching America. How to Celebrate . . .

1. ENJOYING some Latino Food. 
2. PRACTICE GENEROSITY. 
3. HOST a FIESTA. 
4. EMBRACE  your own Heritage. 
             Latino Identity is Multifaceted - 
 

Source: Juana Bordas is Nicaraguan by birth. Her ancestry is Indigenous, French, and Spanish. She is Mexican by culture and a served in the Peace Corps in Chile. So she is Chilean by corazón or heart. She is a proud American. 

"Complexity and diversity are at the heart of Latino identity and we embrace it!"

Juana is the author of two award winning books: The Power of Latino Leadership and 
Salsa, Soul and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age.   Visit her website http://www.juanabordas.com/ 




LOOKING TO 2018  . . . .   An idea to celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month


Dear Readers,

One of our subscribers to www.LaRazaLibreListServ.com came up with an idea which we think deserves sharing with you out in there in the blogesphere. What if in your community or college campus (in your particular part of the U.S.) you could have a film festival (of sorts) at various dates throughout National Hispanic Heritage Month (from September 15 to October 15)?

Could this be a way for members of your community (Spanish-surnamed or not) to share something about the history, heritage, ethnicity, and/or culture of our people? Why would some communities around the nation want to do so? Could it be that Raza nationwide wants to have its community or college campus recognize the contributions, heritage, history, and culture of our “gente” (La Chicanada, Mexican Americans, Hispanics, and Latinos) in the U.S.? Of course it is! That’s why we have National Hispanic Heritage Month in the U.S.! What a great way to share knowledge and awareness of our people!

So here is the idea, does your campus or community’s public library have a collection of DVD’s which are available for rent by its library users? Furthermore, does your local library have an auditorium or hall which could be used for viewings of movies (on DVD)? If so, could you contact the head librarian at you local library and ask if it is possible to show a certain number movie titles about Raza (assuming your local library has enough pertinant titles in its collection)? And depending on enough calendar dates being available, could your local library then show on the average of one to two titles per week of such movies, free to the public during the four weeks of National Hispanic Heritage Month (between September 15 to October 15)?

In addition, with this blog, we are asking all of our readers nationwide to contact www.LaRazaLibreListServ.com to let us know of suggestions of film titles might be good recommendations for showing by your library in your community or campus area. We then will collect these titles and send out those suggestions to our readers so that they can inquire as to whether any of the suggested titles are available at their local library where they live. But please know that time is of essence, because National Hispanic Heritage Month (NHHM) is just a few days away. Keep in mind also that libraries need advance time to find out if their viewing rooms are available for any number of films on any number of viewing dates for the films.

If you agree that this NHHM film festival idea is do-able in your community or college campus, please also know that it is also be a good idea if someone from your community can arrange to be present after the viewing of a film to have the community share their responses to any films shown during the NHHM. After such viewings, it is also customary (if your local facilities and resources allow) to have the audience share “cookies and kool-aid” afterwards. But we will leave it up to your community’s (or campus) resources to determine if you wish to have such an activity after the viewing.

Below we are providing an example of a film title which we think would be an exemplary film to show in your community during NHHM. In addition, we are providing a brief description of a film (like you might want to provide for your audiences). Let us know of similar examples of other film titles that you might recommend for viewing in your community or college campus during NHHN, ok?


Yours Truly,
Margarito J. Garcia III, Ph.D.
(En solidaridad con nuestro pueblo Chicano)
(Su Hermano Mexica, Lipan Apache, y Chicano)
("The Listserv Friendly to Chicanos y Chicanas).
("We do not eschew or ignore Chicanada subject matter.)
(Tambien me nombran “El Blogero Sincero.”) 
Web Page: http://LaRazaLibreSignup.weebly.com/
Listserv: www.LaRazaLibreListServ.com/
Blogspot: http://margaritojgarcia.blogspot.com/
Articles: http://latinopia.com/category/blogs/el-blogero-sincero/
E-Mail: aicragjm1205@aol.com
Phone: (517)894-2881


SAMPLE FILM TITLE AND DESCRIPTION:
Film Title: Weaving the Past: Journey of Discovery:

At a crossroads, Chicano filmmaker Walter Dominguez embarks on a life-changing quest to uncover mysteries in the life of his saintly Mexican-born grandfather, Reverend Emilio Hernandez, and to fulfill his grandfather's dying wish to locate his long lost family of origin. Traveling through California, Texas and Mexico, encountering an array of remarkable people and places, Walter learns about his grandfather’s painful and turbulent childhood. He is astonished to discover that Emilio became deeply involved with a group of young and courageous Mexican and American revolutionaries fighting for social justice in tragically oppressed Mexico, and on behalf of exploited workers in the U.S. Southwest. Mexico-U.S. history unfolds as Walter unravels the heroic and tragic stories of his grandfather and his comrades, and these are interwoven with Walter's personal journey. Weaving the Past: Journey of Discovery culminates with a final revelation that is surprising, emotional and powerful, leaving Walter with renewed inspiration and purpose in his life. (Film is 2 hours and 6 minutes in length.)

Walter L. Herbeck Jr
WalterHole@gmail.com

TEJANOS2010 is managed and subtained by
Elsa Mendez Peña and Walter Centeno Herbeck Jr. 
Our purpose: share information in genealogy, historical, cultural, arts, music, entertainment and other Tejano issues.





 

 


Memories of the 1954 Laredo, Texas  Flood
    by Gilberto Quezada

After the 1954 flood, July 3, looking east on Iturbide Street at the Zacate Creek Bridge. 
Notice the high water mark on Meat Market sign on upper right

Hello Mimi,

As I continue to pray every day for the victims of the horrific floods caused by Hurricane Harvey, and remember those who perished, I cannot help but sympathize and empathize with what those poor people are going through. It was sixty-three years ago, in the summer of 1954, that Laredo experienced one of its worst floods in history.

During the latter part of June 1954, heavy thunderstorms fell on the city for several days. One afternoon Papá, my older brother Peter, and I walked down three blocks south on San Pablo Avenue to the Río Grande. He wanted to show us how high it was cresting. Evidently, news of this event spread throughout the Barrio El Azteca because we saw many people there who were just standing on the banks staring at the rising currents. Then a few days later, a major catastrophe occurred on Monday the 28. Mamá heard on the radio that an enormous hurricane named Alice was going to strike close by and flood the river, much worse than what it already was. 

She kept listening for daily bulletins all day long. Don Basilio Gutiérrez, the owner of our rented house at 402 San Pablo Avenue, came by to tell her that we might need to evacuate and move to higher ground. Carlos the barber, Conchita Salazar, Miss Chapa, Doña Visitación Cantú, my grandmother Memia, and Doña Gloria Lozano, all stopped by the house to tell Mamá the latest news. It seemed from all the commotion I was hearing that the families and businesses on San Pablo Avenue were greatly concerned about the flooding and its impact on the Arroyo El Zacate. Neighbors were visiting each other in a state of frenzy. I watched all this action from sitting on the concrete step in front of the house. I had never seen a flood before and had no idea what to expect. 

On Tuesday morning, June 29, the river was cresting at a height of 42.04 feet and rising at the rate of three feet per hour and flowing over the International Bridge. Don Basilio, who was also my godfather for my First Holy Communion, stopped by to let Mamá know that the Arroyo El Zacate was going to get flooded and that we better move out. After lunch, I was startled by the big loudspeaker on top of a police car blaring out warnings in Spanish, telling the residents of the flooding on the river. Mamá kept reassuring us not to worry, that the waters from the creek would not reach our house. Peter, and my older sister Lupe and I believed her and felt safe. Like Papá, my grandfather Pana was also at work.

By late afternoon, the Arroyo El Zacate had flooded San Pablo Avenue and the water had reached the concrete step where I had sat a day before. Mamá was panicking now and Peter, Lupe, and I were on the verge of tears. We were scared. She did not want to leave because we had no place to go. I kept saying to myself, “What are we going to do?” I looked at Mamá and saw “fear” written all over her face. I knew right then and there the meaning of this strong emotion. There was a strange stillness and quietness in the neighborhood. I did not hear people talking, walking, or the traffic noise. It felt like if everybody had abandoned us. Doña Gloria told Mamá that she and her husband were not going to stay upstairs in their apartment. It was only the four of us and we had not seen or heard from Papá, Memia, or Pana.

Suddenly, a loud bass voice in Spanish boomed through the screen door and broke the silence. Mamá was kneeling in front of her little altar praying to Our Lady of Guadalupe. A man in a uniform, along with two other soldiers, was in a big boat. Papá later told me that the men were members of the National Guard and the amphibious vehicle was designed to rescue people. She still did not want to leave. He ordered Peter, Lupe, and I to get in, which by now, was anchored right by the front door. We obeyed without hesitation. They grabbed us by the waist and placed us safely inside. Two of them went back and picked up Mamá and carried her into the waiting boat. I was still scared but I felt safe. I glanced down on San Pablo Avenue towards the house where Doña Luisa made her fresh and delicious corn tortillas, towards the house where the wake had taken place, towards the house where I was born, towards the house where Don Julio Campos and his wife Doña Visitación and their two daughters lived, and all the houses were underwater. 

As we started moving forward, my eyes met the big two-story brick house of Conchita Salazar and Miss Chapa and the water had flooded the basement and was quickly rising. I wondered if the two women were up on the second floor by themselves. When the boat turned right at the corner of San Pablo Avenue and Iturbide Street, I turned my head to the left and saw that the Arroyo El Zacate Bridge where I had stuck my head one day through one of the elongated and narrow arches had completely disappeared. It was now one big lake. We continued going right and then went across the street to Don Basilio Gutiérrez's gasoline station and stopped by the edge of the water. Pana and Memia’s small framed house looked abandoned. We were ordered to get off and one of the soldiers took us next door to the two-story white stone house that belonged to the Ruiz family. He said that we would be safe there.

We ascended the outside creaking wooden staircase and entered a big room that had little furniture and no beds. Pana and Memia were sitting on two small wooden chairs and got up to greet us. The Ruiz family was there too, making us feel at home. Their two daughters, Stella and Sylvia came over to join Peter, Lupe, and I. Their mother was holding baby Teresita. The windows did not have curtains and I could see that it was dark already. I had no idea what time it was, but I do remember that Papá walked in some time later. He was still wearing his bus driver’s light grey uniform. He worked for the Laredo Transportation Company. The sides of the pants had a black line, about an inch wide, running lengthwise. He explained to Mamá and to the group that since the Arroyo El Zacate Bridge was closed, he was given another route. I was too tired from all the excitement. The lights were turned off and we all fell asleep on the cold linoleum floor. 

A crashing knock at the door woke me up from a deep sleep. We were all in a state of somnambulism. Somebody managed to turn on the lights while Don Ruiz opened the door. The National Guard soldier with the loud bass voice told him that we had to leave because the water was getting close to the first floor. He said that there was no time to waste. Papá looked at his watch and said it was after midnight. We all went outside and waited while three soldiers were saying something to the adults and pointing west. Leaving them behind, we started walking in the middle of Iturbide Street. There was not a car in sight. Mamá was holding Lupe’s hand and mine. Peter was walking with Papá and Pana and Memia. People started getting out of their houses and joining us. I had no idea where we were going.

After walking for five blocks, we turned right on San Eduardo Avenue and then immediately to our left were some open empty rooms that were part of a long one story building. Some more National Guard soldiers were standing outside and motioning us to go inside one of them. Papá, Mamá, Pana, Memia, and the three of us went in and lay on the cold stone floor. The rest of the people went into the other ones. We slept through the night. I did not bring any of my toys or books with me. I did not have time to think about them or anything else. All we could salvage was the clothes on our backs. Early the next morning, someone from the Red Cross knocked at the door and brought us cold milk, beef tacos, and coffee for the grownups. Our room contained a bathroom with a flushing toilet and a sink. I was so grateful we didn’t have to use a chamber pot. We were completely safe because the flood did not reach this far. After breakfast we walked down Iturbide Street one block to San Francisco Avenue to watch the National Guard soldiers patrol the streets on boats. 

I found out by listening to Pana and Papá talking that this place belonged to la Señora María Bertani, a very wealthy woman who allegedly owned half of the city of Laredo. She lived all by herself in a huge two-story frame house on Iturbide Street and around the corner from where we were staying. It had a big garden in the front that resembled a park, and a rod iron fence higher than my head surrounded the property. Pana was telling Papá that he was her gardener on weekends. I often heard the loudspeaker on top of a patrol car coming by very slowly almost at a snail’s pace, telling the people in Spanish to bring containers and to go to a certain location and receive clean drinking water. To get something to eat, Papá was told to take the family to Central Elementary School (La Escuela Amarilla), a distance of five blocks, where the Red Cross was providing food. 

That afternoon I borrowed the Laredo newspaper that somebody had given Papá. It was dated June 30, 1954, and the headlines read: ”Rio Grande Starts Dropping, Big Flood Crests At 62 Feet,” and the article started with, “Thousands Left Homeless; Sister Cities Isolated.” According to the story, this inundation was the biggest on record, “which left thousands in the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo area homeless, virtually isolated the sister cities and did untold damage, began subsiding Wednesday morning…” This confirmed what the grownups were talking about the destruction to the houses on both sides of the creek. I ran to Mamá to ask her if our house was still there. She said she did not know. I also heard Papá saying that the International Bridge had been destroyed. Now, there was no possible way of going across to the Mexican side and find out what happened to our aunt Mamatay and her husband Don Manuel Ibarra, and Father Tomás Lozano.

Every day we went to Central Elementary School to receive our ration of food and drinking water from the Red Cross. For about a week, I did not take a bath, nobody did. But I became so chafed that I could barely walk. Papá went to see what he could salvage from our house and told us that he had to take off his shoes and socks because the water was knee deep. One day we all walked many blocks that I lost count. We were told to go to this huge building that was Martin High School. Inside the big gymnasium, there were hundreds of people, all moving rather slow in several queues. We got behind one and I heard children crying up ahead where there were some men and women in white coats. We were going to get typhoid inoculations. 

A National Guard soldier knocked at our door one afternoon and told Papá that the waters had completely receded and that it was safe for us to return to our home. It had seemed like an eternity. We all had a big smile and a happy face. The sky was sunny and cloudless when we hurriedly and anxiously walked back. I noticed some cars going by in both directions on Iturbide Street which meant that thru traffic across the Arroyo El Zacate Bridge was now open. We left Pana and Memia at their house and noticed that Don Basilio and his family were back home busy cleaning the floors, and so was the Ruiz family. Their pet dog Spot was with them and came running when he saw me. When Mamá opened the wooden front door, the sunlight hit us and we knew something was terribly wrong. 

A big part of the west wall had fallen. Chunks of bricks with mortar were all over the two small beds and the roll away bed and they were bunched in one corner of the room under a foot of stinking mud. Only a sliver of wall remained miraculously holding the framed picture of Our Lady of Guadalupe and Mamá’s little altar. All our clothing was gone, as was the chamber pot. The few pieces of furniture were completely ruined. In other words, we did not have a home anymore. The house looked like a bomb had hit it. Poor Mamá, she uttered a loud scream and then started crying in front of the venerable icon. I did not see any of my books or toys. We had lost everything. Those wonderful memories were all I had left. Her oil lamp was on the floor covered with mire. The musty, stale and putrid stench emanating from the remaining walls and the floor was unbearable.

Papá went to see his parents, Pana and Memia, while Peter, Lupe, and I stood next to Mamá and prayed silently. My only plea to Jesus, my Lord and Savior, was why? I also asked Him to help our parents. He came back and told us that we were going to stay with our grandparents for a few days until we could find another house. We did not have a choice. He was not working so Pana helped us financially by buying groceries. In the meantime, Papá came down with an infection on his feet and was totally incapacitated. Dr. Raúl de la Garza came and said that he had contracted a serious bacterial agent by walking barefooted in the dirty waters when he went to check on the house and that unknowingly, the contamination set in through minor cuts. He gave Mamá a prescription to take to the pharmacy. I went with Pana and he paid for the medications. Two days later, he came home after work and told us he had found a house for rent. It was situated at 210 Iturbide Street, one and a half blocks away.

By the way, the old frame house where I was born, at the northwest corner of San Pablo Avenue and Lincoln Street, is still there. We lived in this house from 1945 until 1950. The streets were not paved then. Then we moved up the street to 402 San Pablo, close to the corner with Iturbide Street (directly across from where the police substation is now located), when I was four years old. The house now looks dilapidated and abandoned. It is all boarded up. When we were living there Mamá made sure we had a "home," with lots of affection. love, care, and compassion and three complete meals every day. Our home was filled with God's love, mercy, and blessings, and we never utter a complain. We always had new clothing and new shoes all the time. She made sure we took a bath every night and brushed our teeth before going to bed. The house had only two rooms, the kitchen and dining room were together in one room and the other room was for the two beds and a roll away bed. We had no running water except in the kitchen. Since we lived across the Arroyo El Zacate, I remember two instances when we encounter rattlesnakes inside the house! 

After the 1954 flood, July 3, at 10:30 A.M. View of the intersection of Zaragoza Street and Convent Avenue

June 30, 1954 flood, 2:05 P.M.


July 3, 1954, at 10:30 A.M. The vehicles are parked at City Hall on San Agustín Avenue. The St. Augustin Church bell tower is in the background. Notice the "Gly," sign across Julian Treviño's store on Lincoln, which was part of the "PIGGLY WIGGLY" grocery store, located at the corner of Lincoln Street and San Agustín Avenue. 


Take care and may God continue to fill your day with an abundance of blessings.

Gilberto  
jgilbertoquezada@yahoo.com
 





Army Times News, September 16, 2017
Report: Army ends enlistment contracts for foreign-born recruits
By: Kyle Rempfer   

================================== ==================================
The Army has ended enlistment contracts for hundreds of foreign-born recruits, risking deportation for some, the Washington Post reported Friday.

The Army has ended enlistment contracts for hundreds of foreign-born recruits, risking deportation for some, the Washington Post reported Friday, citing several affected recruits and former officials familiar with their situation.

The contracts were ended so recruiters could focus on individuals who could potentially move more quickly through the time-intensive enlistment process, recruits and experts told the newspaper.  

Many of the recruits were part of a previous push to attract skilled immigrants in fields such as medicine and language into the military in exchange for fast-tracked citizenship, the Washington Post reported.

The Military Accessions Vital to National Interest, or MAVNI, program began in 2009 and aimed to recruit “certain legal aliens whose skills are considered to be vital to the national interest,” according to the Defense Department website.
The Pentagon on Friday pushed back against the Post’s story, saying Army recruiters had no incentive to remove recruits who joined via the MAVNI program.

Instead, the law requires the Army to discharge a recruit who has not shipped to initial military training within two years, said Lt. Col. Paul Haverstick, a Defense Department spokesman, in a statement.

“Unfortunately, some MAVNI pilot program recruits have been unable to complete the increased security screening required by the Department of Defense to ship to training within two years of enlistment,” Haverstick said.

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MAVNI recruits in the delayed entry program are not discharged prior to the end of the two-year period unless they request it, are unable to complete the required security screening requirements within the statutory timeline, or are found unsuitable for military service during the course of the screening, Haverstick said.
The Army has about 1,600 recruits contracted through the MAVNI program who were currently working to complete the security screening, Haverstick said.
The Defense Department, under then-Secretary Ash Carter, suspended the MAVNI program last September after an internal investigation into the security vulnerabilities in the program, according to DoD.

While DoD is not accepting new applicants, it is continuing to process existing MAVNI recruits who are waiting to report for initial training, Haverstick said.

Hundreds of recruits in the enlistment process could be affected, Margaret Stock, a retired Army officer and immigration lawyer who spearheaded MAVNI told the Washington Post.

A recruiter told Stock that there is pressure from the Army Reserve to meet recruiting numbers before the end of the fiscal year.
“It’s a dumpster fire ruining people’s lives. The magnitude of incompetence is beyond belief,” Stock told the Washington Post. “We have a war going on. We need these people.”

MAVNI faced problems earlier this summer as well.  In June, a Defense Department memo cited possible security concerns with foreign-born recruits. The internal memo sent to Defense Secretary Jim Mattis noted that 1,000 recruits awaiting active-duty training were at risk for deportation.

The memo cited problems with MAVNI, such as the diversion of “already constrained Army fiscal and manpower resources.”
Extra resources are often devoted to the background investigations of recruits with knowledge of highly sought after languages, such as Mandarin Chinese and Pashto, but who were also born in areas that garner extra scrutiny during the investigative process.  Since its implementation, the MAVNI program has resulted in the recruitment of nearly 11,000 recruits.                                                                            

Sent by Juan Marinez jmarinezmaya@gmail.com 






In attacking Columbus, Antifa tries to finish what the Klan started By J.P. McCusker


Sep 9, 2017 


In an effort to fight the hateful rhetoric of neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan in the wake of the violent protests in Charlottesville earlier this month, many protesters and government officials have called for the removal of Confederate monuments throughout the country. But for some, Confederate monuments represent just the tip of the iceberg — and they are actually doing the very thing the KKK worked for a century ago.  

Christopher Columbus is also on the growing list of targeted historical figures. There are calls to remove statues of Columbus in several cities — even Columbus, Ohio — as well as petitions to Columbus Day celebrations. And in a move rich with tragic irony, vandals — dressed in the now familiar dark hooded garments worn by Antifa and its allies — defaced the oldest monument in the country dedicated to Christopher Columbus in Baltimore on Sunday night.  

In doing so, those in the dark hoods inadvertently did the bidding of those in white hoods, who for years sought to expunge statues and celebrations of the Italian Catholic explorer who sailed under Spain’s banner, precisely because he was Italian and Catholic.

In the 1920s, from coast to coast, members of the Ku Klux Klan opposed Columbus. In Richmond, they tried to stop the erection of a Columbus monument. In Pennsylvania, they burned fiery crosses to threaten those celebrating Columbus. The Klan newspaper, The American Standard, attacked honoring Columbus — on the basis that a holiday for him was some sort of papal plot.  

The Klan was no fan of Columbus. He stood athwart their nativist desire for a country pure in its Anglo-Saxon and Protestant origins.  

What Americans have forgotten is that white supremacy has historically sought not only the denigration of African-Americans and Jews but also of Catholics — and among them Hispanics — ascribing to the latter all manner of harmful stereotypes as brutal criminals and sexual predators. This narrative is known throughout the Spanish-speaking world and in academic circles as the “Black Legend.”  

Historian Philip Wayne Powell wrote of this smear campaign: “The basic premise of the Black Legend is that Spaniards have shown themselves, historically, to be uniquely cruel, bigoted, tyrannical, obscurantist, lazy, fanatical, greedy, and treacherous; that is, that they differ so much from other peoples in these traits that Spaniards and Spanish history must be viewed and understood in terms not ordinarily used in describing and interpreting other peoples.”  

It began as a tool of Anglo supremacy over its Iberian foes during the competition for territory on this continent, but as Powell notes, it was “extended to form part of a larger picture of English moral, racial and religious superiority over the Spaniard” — and we might well add, those who sailed for Spain.  

This slander was picked up again by the American propagandists during the Spanish-American War and echoes of it continue in the dim and prejudiced view some hold of Hispanics generally to this day.  

In the rush to judge and deface, few remember that it was Spain that forbade slavery of most Native Americans and made them Spanish citizens. Fewer still remember that Columbus seems to have faced arrest by his fellow explorers for punishing — even executing — those who had abused Native Americans.  And although it was the exaggerating zealot Bartolome De Las Casas who is most often cited in smearing Spanish exploration, and with it Columbus,  . .  . no one recalls, it was actually Casas himself  who proposed African slavery for the New World.  

In a world that had no knowledge of microbes or carcinogens, Columbus cannot be blamed for the diseases that his men brought to these shores any more than the Native Americans can be blamed for introducing tobacco to the Europeans.  

While Columbus is blamed for much that went wrong in the New World after his arrival, Dr. Carol Delaney, a professor emerita at Stanford University and a visiting scholar at Brown University, describes his relations with the Natives Americans as generally “benign,” and his intentions as generally good.  

This is not to suggest that Columbus was a perfect man, or that he — or any 15th century European or indigenous person — would fit comfortably in our modern world. But he is certainly not the sinister villain that he’s been made out to be, and was himself a target of white supremacists. Our modern iconoclasts would do well to think before they smash, and to realize that when the black hoods follow the dictates of the white hoods, it is the Klan that wins and history that loses.  

J.P. McCusker is president of the National Christopher Columbus Association (NCCA) and Patrick Korten serves on its board of directors. The NCCA seeks to honor not only the memory of Columbus and his historic achievement in linking the old world and the new but also the higher values that motivated and sustained him in his efforts.

Sent by Maria Angeles O'Donnell Olson,  
conhon.espana.sd@gmail.com
 






JEFFERSON Y FRAY JUNÍPERO SERRA  
by
Francisco Javier Vallaure de Acha 

 

Monticello es un lugar muy grato para vivir. Tiene esa arquitectura un poco cursi y pretenciosa, típica de la Ilustración. La imitación del Neoclasicismo en los edificios fue una obsesión de Thomas Jefferson. Eso, pero sobre todo la falta de arquitectos solventes en el territorio recién independizado, le hicieron copiar sin pudor edificios del estilo en boga por toda Europa en su etapa de embajador. Los planos cruzaron el Atlántico y fueron replicados una y otra vez. Como quiera que sea, y aunque resulte a todas luces excesivo, lo que puede leerse en cualquier sitio es que el edificio fue “diseñado” por Th. Jefferson y esta es una de las razones que justifican que fuese declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Debe haber en Europa mil casonas como esa, pero no han merecido tan alto honor. 

Debía vivirse bien en Monticello. Las estancias son agradables, el paisaje, solemne, y la plantación muy hermosa. Especialmente si para mantener todo eso no tienes que hacerte callos en las manos. Y efectivamente nadie los tenía en aquella casa, porque para eso estaban los más de 600 esclavos que Th. Jefferson poseyó toda su vida. Esto, sin embargo, no ha hecho ni de Monticello ni de Th. Jefferson un símbolo de la esclavitud. Si en los tiempos en que se luchaba para que los negros no tuvieran que viajar en la parte de atrás del autobús o para que el matrimonio mixto (recuérdese la maravillosa Adivina quién viene esta noche de 1967) no fuese un delito, se le hubiese ocurrido a Martin Luther King ofender de palabra o de obra estos símbolos, simplemente mencionando los hechos mentados arriba, hubiera vivido todavía menos tiempo del que vivió. Ni entonces ni ahora, nadie de ningún color político ni de ninguna raza se ha atrevido a semejante cosa en los Estados Unidos de América. No sólo no se ha atrevido, es que ni se le ha ocurrido. Porque la potencia de estos símbolos es la del grupo que los creó, que vive en ellos y se expresa a través de ellos. Esa es la vida que los símbolos tienen, mil veces más potente que el lenguaje, la del grupo al que representan, que la insufla en su interior. Jamás sufrirán una agresión, como nunca nadie tocó en los buenos tiempos de Roma, los altares de la Triada Capitolina que había por todos los territorios del imperio.

Esta es la mitad de la explicación, ex contrario, de por qué el concejal Mitch O’Farrell ha pedido y conseguido que el Columbus Day deje de ser fiesta en Los Ángeles y también explica la decapitación y los destrozos que han sufrido estatuas de Cristóbal Colón y de fray Junípero Serra en varios lugares de Estados Unidos. La moda ahora en la heroica lucha a toro pasado contra la discriminación es el indigenismo. Y este indigenismo de salón, que hace furor en los departamentos universitarios, va a buscar enemigos destructores de los pueblos nativos a los que agraviar en donde sabe que puede hacerlo sin peligro: entre los blancos católicos, pero jamás entre los blancos protestantes. Porque hace tiempo ya que todos los símbolos del mundo hispanocatólico o latinocatólico son res nullius. Se puede entrar en ellos como en una finca sin amo para buscar el aval de respetabilidad que se necesite en cada momento. Y con esto llegamos a la segunda mitad de la explicación: limpiar la propia reputación acusando a otro.

Es un sistema tan simple y tan tonto que da vergüenza explicarlo. Pero es clave para entender el triunfo de ese grupo humano que denominamos wasp (white anglo saxon protestant). El concejal Mitch O'Farrell no va a pedir que se retire la Medalla de Honor del congreso con que fueron condecorados los veinte soldados del Séptimo de Caballería que, obedeciendo órdenes, perpetraron el genocidio de Wounded Knee el 19 de diciembre de 1890 sobre población lakota desarmada e indefensa. Primero se les prometió que se respetarían sus vidas si entregaban las armas. Lo hicieron. Después fueron rodeados por cañones manejados por los veinte heroicos soldados y bombardeados hasta la aniquilación, con mujeres y niños. Tampoco se va acordar O'Farrell de la matanza dirigida por el general Custer en Washita en 1868 sobre población cheyenne. ¡Y cómo hemos amado todas a ese Errol Flynn encarnando al gran general en “Murieron con las botas puestas” (1941)! Pocas posibilidades hay de que ningún indigenista, así hable inglés o español, se ponga a recordar, con evidente mal gusto, la matanza de Río Colorado en 1832 a las órdenes de general Henry Atkinson, ni la de Río Sacramento en 1846 ni la de Río Pit en California en 1859 sobre los indios achomawil... Y si sigo me falta periódico. Eso sin salir del siglo XIX. Vamos también a saltar por encima de detalles molestos que no quedan bien en Hollywood, como que el famoso Gerónimo, hijo de Hermenegildo Monteso y Catalina Chagori, era un indio hispano y católico. Su historia tiene mucho interés pero no está en las películas. Total, que si Vd. quiere ser un indigenista de pro, lo que tiene que hacer es irse a apedrear la estatua de Colón o del pobre fray Junípero, que nunca tuvo esclavos ni mató a nadie. Res nullius.

Cabe un cierto alivio en pensar que los diplomáticos españoles no han vuelto la cara para otro lado, ni el cónsul en Los Ángeles D. Javier Vallaure ni el embajador en Washington D. Pedro Morenés, que han trasladado su decepción a las autoridades locales. Pero esta actitud honrosa no borra el estado de indiferencia general de la comunidad hispana ante la supresión del Columbus Day. Y ese es realmente el problema, el autoodio, la vergüenza de lo propio que ha debilitado hasta la disolución política a los hispanos de un lado y otro del Atlántico. O por decirlo de un modo comprensible para todos, a los hispanos y a los españoles. 

La superioridad moral indiscutible es un logro de la mentalidad anglosajona cuyos mecanismos resultan invisibles para quienes no lo son. En nuestra órbita cultural, quedó asumido hace ya mucho que la victoria del Norte sobre el Sur está justificada por su irremediable inferioridad moral, que viene aparejada a otras muchas manifestaciones, tanto genéticas como físicas de esta mala calidad. Por eso John W. Draper (1811-1882) de la Universidad de Nueva York escribió “Si este justo castigo [la desmembración del imperio] no hubiera caído sobre España, los hombres hubieran ciertamente dicho: no hay retribución, no hay Dios”.

Para tapar la explosión de fanatismo y violencia que la irrupción del protestantismo trajo consigo, el decorado de Europa se adornó de horrores inquisitoriales. Y ya no importa en realidad que es lo que realmente ocurrió ni quién, en medio de la intolerancia generalizada, demostró más comprensión y más humanidad. 

En Estados Unidos la limpieza de la sangre derramada y la desaparición de las poblaciones nativas se taparon acusando a los españoles de ser los exterminadores de los indios. Y ese mecanismo que vende confort y lustre al grupo dominante, garantiza el éxito del concejal del ayuntamiento de Los Ángeles, el cual ha obtenido, gratis, no sólo un éxito político sino una notoriedad social que de otro modo difícilmente hubiera podido conseguir. Su “gesta” ha sido comentada en los periódicos más importantes de su país y también en las televisiones. Todo el mundo conoce hoy su rostro, que además se asocia con la defensa de los pobres indios.

El asombro que cualquier persona en su sano juicio puede sentir ante lo descrito, queda o debería quedar neutralizado ante la constatación de que el mecanismo dual de la transferencia de la culpa está en todas las cabezas humanas. Si un ladrón acusa violenta y apasionadamente a otro de ser ladrón, presuponemos que el primero no lo es, de manera automática e irreflexiva.

Cuando se suben las escaleras del monumento a Jefferson en Washington se tiene la sensación de estar ingresando en un templo, porque lo es. La imponente estatua se yergue majestuosa en el centro y las flores se acumulan a sus pies. No importa la enorme diferencia que hay entre el hombre y el mito, porque lo importante es la capacidad de un pueblo para crearlos y hacerlos respetar. Es indiferente para el problema que aquí nos ocupa y que podríamos resumir como “qué estatuas merecen respeto y cuáles no”, que Jefferson escribiera “todos los hombres nacen libres e iguales” sin encontrar contradicción entre lo que ponía en un papel y lo que hacía cada día, o que sus descendientes negros, pues tuvo hijos con una esclava, hayan pleiteado durante décadas por el derecho a llevar el nombre de su padre, derecho que les ha sido negado una y otra vez. El mito está ahí y es intocable. Y esa es su grandeza. Cuesta trabajo determinar si un pueblo se vuelve grande porque es capaz de generar mitos en torno a los que aglutinarse o al revés. Hace una década hubiera escrito que la mitificación es el resultado de la hegemonía. Ahora no lo veo tan claro.

 

Source: Francisco Javier Vallaure de Acha 

Consulado General de España en Los Angeles

5055 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 860, Los Angeles, CA 90036

Tfno: +1-323-938-6002  Fax: 1-323-938-0112

Email: javier.vallaure@maec.es

Este artículo de la historiadora española Mª Elvira Roca aparecerá publicado mañana día 19 en el periódico español "El Mundo".

Via . . . María Elvira Roca Barea

Sent by Maria Angeles O'Donnell Olson,  
conhon.espana.sd@gmail.com
 

 

 

 




Protestors for Hire

The ad above was placed in Craigslist.  They specifically wanted protesters to protest against the white nationalists. $25 dollars an hr. Asked if could work all day, they said "could work 24hr straight if want to!" They were willing to pay $25 an hr for 24hrs.

They had transportation ready from every state within the USA, too! Asked how would they know if was working at all? Here's the good part, they had a tracker on you, sort of like a credit card. You had to check in every 5hrs with a lead! Asked if could work again. Was told that they had work for the next 3.5 yrs!  The funds to pay for the protestors work hours were traced by to George Soros and a few other wealthy individuals and political groups.

Sent by Yomar Villarreal Cleary

Seven Antifa Members Arrested for Fighting in Portland, Oregon

News Commentary by  Matt | Contributor  |  September 11, 2017
 
We should be thanking God that there isn’t an actual Nazi threat in modern America. That’s because if the so-called “anti-fascists” that make up Antifa were our only line of defense against it, I’m pretty sure we would all be dead.
Heck, I’m even positive that the brave American soldiers who actually fought and defeated the Nazis in World War II held political views that Antifa would find very Nazi-esque! Given that anyone to the right of Joseph Stalin appears to eligible for the “Nazi” label nowadays, my assertion isn’t that much of a stretch.

For people who claim to be fearful of a wave of political violence in Trump’s America, Antifa are nearly always the the main perpetrators of aggression. Aside from one nutjob in Charlottesville, what violence have we seen from the far-right lately? Not much. In fact, according to one calculation, Americans are 51 times more likely to be killed by a jihadist than a right-wing terrorist, and 13 times more likely to be killed by leftist terrorism.


And speaking of leftist violence, based off their mugshots, the “faces of Antifa” really aren’t all that distinguishable from those “faces of meth” anti-drug ads. Thanks to a protest Antifa held in Portland yesterday, we have seven fresh-off-the-press mugshots. These criminals came to a demonstration equipped with rocks, smoke bombs, and other projectiles. And now they’re paying the price.

It turns out that attacking the police is a quick and easy way of getting arrested. Here are the mugshots of the perpetrators, courtesy of Breaking 911.


Editor Mimi:  
I was glad to see these photos of the Antifa 
rioters.  They did not fulfill my expectancy of what I thought an anti-fascist would look like.  They look like a stereotyped fascist to me. 

 Sure can't tell by looking.

A survey of Antifa members in Europe found that 92 percent still live with their parents. There’s little reason to believe that figure is different in the U.S.

                              Here are their identities and relevant charges:


  • 27-year-old Tyler W. Bristow was arrested near Southwest Park Avenue and Southwest Taylor street on charges of Interfering with a Police Officer and Resist Arrest.
  • 37-year-old Chad Skjei was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on charges of Interfering with a Police Officer, Disorderly Conduct in the Second Degree, and Attempt Theft in the Second Degree.
  • 18-year-old Thomas “Sarah” Wallace was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on charges of Assault on a Police Officer (two counts) and Harassment.
  • 35-year-old Deaclan S. Lenartz was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on charges of Interfering with a Police Officer and Disorderly Conduct in the Second Degree.
  • 42-year-old Naomi G. Seraphina was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on charges of Interfering with a Police Officer and Disorderly Conduct in the Second Degree.
  • 27-year-old Alice E. Hall was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on charges of Interfering with a Police Officer and Disorderly Conduct in the Second Degree.
  • 37-year-old Eli F. Richey was arrested near Southwest 3rd Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street on a charge of Interfering with a Police Officer.

 

.
Sent by Odell Harwell  harwell74@att.net)   
For more information go to:  http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml




 




Afraid of the “Islamophobia” Label, Teachers Avoid 9/11 Lessons

Posted On 12 Sep 2017   By :

 


There can be no greater indication that the Islamists are winning the fight for hearts and minds than this recent story out of the UK. Apparently, teachers feel nervous and afraid about teaching their students lessons on 9/11 because they don’t want to be accused of Islamophobia. Teachers in Britain who have Muslim students in their classes are worried that, by delving into the (true, indisputable) facts about one of the worst terrorist attacks in history, they will accidentally offend parents.

Kamal Hanif, a government-appointed educator charged with turning schools around, advised that while he was aware that some teachers were uncomfortable with 9/11 lessons, their fears were unnecessary.

“Teachers sometimes have a fear that this might be controversial,” he said. “They think if we teach about this we might get Muslim parents objecting. There is a fear [among teachers] but it is not really grounded in anything. It is based on their stereotypical view of a community as opposed to the reality. It is very misplaced. It is an assumption.”

Now, we don’t know Mr. Hanif’s religious background, but you can read into his name what you will. All we know is that his defense for this sounds just like the politically-correct BS you hear from Islamists and Islam apologists. And since you clearly don’t have to be a Muslim to fall for this propaganda, it really doesn’t matter whether Mr. Hanif prays at a church, synagogue, or a mosque. This is an infection that has spread to liberals of every stripe and creed.

The truth is that these teachers are very much justified in their fears, and it’s because the Islamists are winning. They have successfully convinced the West, in the 16 years since 9/11, that we have to walk on eggshells when talking about the connection between Islam and terrorism. That we have to deny the facts that are right in front of our faces. That it is bigoted and heartless to place any blame WHATSOEVER for terrorism on the Islamic faith. That, indeed, there is no correlation between the Quranic teachings and the views of Al Qaeda and ISIS.

It is, ultimately, a denial of reality, and it can’t be overstated how effective they have been in pulling the wool over people’s eyes.

http://www.restoreamericanglory.com/freedoms/afraid-of-the-islamophobia-label-teachers-avoid-911-lessons/ 





 





Gilberto Bosques 

Mexican diplomat Gilberto Bosques
The diplomat who saved 40,000 lives

Gilberto Bosques was consul general 
in Paris at the outbreak of World War II

http://mexiconewsdaily.vph0gbkbe8vjgt4.maxcdn-edge.com/wp-content/themes/mexicochronicle/images/alvaro-amador.jpgBy Alvaro Amador Muniz


Mexico News Daily | Friday, July 21, 2017

 

Oskar Schindler was a German businessman who saved more than 1,000 Jews during World War II by cunningly convincing the Nazi regime that he needed the free labor to keep his army-supply factory functioning.

Most of us have at some point heard, read or seen something on television about Mr. Schindler’s heroic crusade to save lives. His accomplishments have been widely disseminated through numerous books and documentaries and even Steven Spielberg immortalized his life in the Oscar-Winning film “Schindler’s List.”

Another noteworthy historical figure known for his humanitarian efforts during World War II was Angel Sanz Briz, the Spanish diplomat who saved thousands of Jews from the Nazi regime while serving in Hungary.

In order to persuade the German occupiers to free some prisoners, Mr. Sanz claimed that all of the Sephardic Jews were entitled to Spanish citizenship because they were the descendants of those expelled from Spain by the Catholic monarchy in the late 15th century.

With this scheme, Mr. Sanz saved more than 5,000 Jews and granted them Spanish citizenship. Mr. Sanz’s cause was also captured by the media in a Spanish movie called “The Angel of Budapest.”

There were many other diplomats, individuals and even a few Nazi officials who tried to save lives from the atrocities of “The Final Solution” and war throughout the continent, but there is one case that is often overlooked by historians.

Mexican diplomat Gilberto Bosques Saldívar snatched 40,000 prisoners from the grip of fascism during the second world war. Mr. Bosques’ case is particularly remarkable because of the number of lives he managed to save and because we don’t often hear about the role played by Mexico during World War II.

Mr. Bosques was born on July 20, 1892 into a middle-class family in a small town in the state of Puebla. After his active participation in the Mexican Revolution, Mr. Bosques’ political career advanced rapidly, and in 1924 he became an elected congressman.

In 1939, after the fall of the Spanish republic at the hands of Francisco Franco, Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas (the same president that expropriated the oil industry) appointed him as consul general of Mexico in Paris.

Not long after his arrival, however, the German occupation of Paris became imminent and Mr. Bosques moved Mexico’s consular operations first to Bayonne and later to French-controlled Marseille.

The original mandate of Mr. Bosques was to protect Mexican citizens trapped in the middle of the conflict, but when he witnessed the desperation of the displaced trying to escape the Nazi regime, he convinced President Cárdenas to facilitate the transport of refugees to Mexico and to grant Mexican citizenship to all of them upon arrival.

In order to save as many refugees as possible, Mr. Bosques rented two castles in Marseille, planted the Mexican flag in both and kept and fed as many refugees as he could fit, many of them rescued from concentration camps and underground safe houses.

Mr. Bosques then convinced the Mexican government to send passenger vessels to the coast to pick up the refugees and take them to Mexico.

In 1942, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with occupied France. Not long after, German forces occupied the Mexican consulate and arrested the refugees that were waiting to be transported to Mexico. They confiscated documents and property of Mr. Bosques and his family, and he and the 43 members of the Mexican consulate were sent to the German-controlled locality of Amélie-les-Bains.

That same year, German submarines destroyed Mexican tankers that were transporting oil to the United States, and in response Mexico declared war on the Axis powers. At that point Mr. Bosques and his family became prisoners of war and were taken to a prison-hotel in the German town of Bad Godesberg.

It was not until 1943 that Mr. Bosques was freed and returned to Mexico where he was received as a hero by the refugees he had saved.

The problem of refugees is unfortunately not limited to the history books of World War II. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently 22.5 million in the world, and countries that have traditionally welcomed them are starting to reduce the numbers they accept each year.

In recent months in Mexico it has not been uncommon to find articles in the newspapers about Haitian refugees in Tijuana and the northern border states, or news about Central Americans looking for a better life in Mexico. (Unfortunately it’s not always good news).

There are also stories about a few Syrian refugees in Mexico. Reports from COMAR (the Mexican Commission for Assistance to Refugees) show that Mexico is receiving applications from refugees from countries as far away as Sri Lanka, Eritrea and Iraq.

Mexico has always been a hospitable society, and we need to work to preserve that. Even today, we can see the thriving descendants of the refugees Mr. Bosques helped to escape. The contributions, loyalty, and thankfulness of refugees makes for a stronger and more diverse society.

The common thread of the stories of these World War II heroes was the great risk they took to preserve human life and to protect the most vulnerable members of society. We need to build more bridges, not walls. We need more Oskar Schindlers, more Angeles Sanz, and we definitely need more Gilbertos Bosques.

“It was not me, it was Mexico,” is what Gilberto Bosques Saldívar said every time he was thanked by a refugee.

Alvaro Amador Muniz hails from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, is an honorary Tennessean and an avid basketball player currently living in Mexico City. He can be contacted at alvaroamadormu@gmail.com.

Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera  scarlett_mbo@yahoo.com




1883

New United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) 
textbooks for Palestinians demonize Israel and Jews

 By Danielle Ziri 
Jerusalem Post,  September 28, 2017 

New UNRWA textbooks for Palestinians demonize Israel and Jews
A veiled Palestinian teacher gestures as children attend a lesson at a United Nations Relief and Work Agency 
(UNRWA)-run school in Gaza. (photo credit:REUTERS) 

================================== ==================================
NEW YORK - New schoolbooks used in United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools in Gaza and the West Bank display extreme anti-Israel and anti-Jewish sentiments and no hope for peace in the region, according to a study released on Wednesday by the Center for Near East Policy Research, The Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Middle East Forum.

The research, authored by Arab textbooks expert Dr. Aaron Groiss in collaboration with leaders of each of the involved organizations, examined some 150 textbooks of various school subjects, taught in grades one through 12. Seventy-five of the books checked were published in the years 2016 and 2017, as part of a new project initiated by the Palestinian Authority, which provides its curriculum to UNRWA schools. 

The contents of the books were analyzed focusing on the depiction of the Jewish/Israeli "other," which revealed three fundamentals: delegitimization, demonization and indoctrination to violent struggle instead of peace.

According to the Palestinian schoolbooks, Jews have no rights whatsoever in the region but only "greedy ambitions." The books also say that Jews have no holy places there either – the Western Wall in Jerusalem, the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem are all presented as Muslim holy places threatened by Jews.

The study also shows that cities established by Jews in modern times, including Tel Aviv, are sometimes not shown on maps. 
“Israel is not a legitimate state according to the PA schoolbooks studied at UNRWA schools,” the study says. “The name ‘Israel’ does not appear on the map at all.”

In many cases, “Palestine” appears instead and covers Israel's pre-1967 territories as well. The almost complete erasure of the name "Israel" from the newly published PA schoolbooks of 2016-2017 is “a disturbing development,” the researchers wrote. “[As are] the numerous demonizing descriptions of the Jewish state and its replacement by the expression ‘Zionist occupation.’

“Even the former expression ‘the Arab-Israeli conflict' is now spelled 'the Arab-Zionist conflict,'” they added. “This change signals an intensification of the non-recognition attitude regarding Israel on the part of the Palestinian educators. While demonization of Jews is less evident in the PA schoolbooks, compared to books of some other Arab governments, Jews are still demonized as opponents of Islam's revered prophets, namely, Moses (?), Jesus (?) and Muhammad."
[How can they voice this position, when current events
record Jews and Christians are murdered by Muslims for their belief in them.]

"The first group of Jewish settlers came to Palestine from Russia in 1882 and the second group was in 1905,” one of the books reads. “The arrival of the Jewish throngs to Palestine continued until 1948 and their goal was taking over the Palestinian lands and then replacing the original inhabitants after their expulsion or extermination." Israel is also presented as an enemy who aims its weapons at Palestinian children.
One 2016 edition textbook emphasizes a poem with the motif of the struggle for the liberation of Al-Aksa Mosque and of the whole country, beyond the territories occupied by Israel in 1967, namely, the cities of Haifa and Jaffa within Israel's pre-1967 borders.

The study also points out that the concept of violent liberation is further intensified in the books published in 2016, as they now include, for the first time in the history of the PA curriculum, a reference to the fate of the 6 million Jews living in the country after its supposed liberation. According to the texts, they will endure expulsion from the land and the “extermination of its defeated and scattered remnants."

A 2017 text even reveals a shocking attitude toward Israelis by describing a Molotov-cocktail attack on an Israeli civilian bus as a "barbecue party," and another such text exalts a Palestinian female terrorist responsible for the killing of over thirty civilians in an attack on another Israeli bus.

“This list of items taught in UNRWA schools is incriminating,” the researchers concluded. “UNRWA, in fact, not only does propagate a non-peaceful line contrary to UN resolutions on the Middle East, and not only does allow the presentation of Israel and its Jewish citizens as illegitimate with heavy layers of demonization. UNRWA also betrays its moral obligation toward the Palestinian children and youths' human rights and well-being, by letting the PA prepare them for a future war with Israel.”

Using these textbooks, they added, is the UN agency’s contribution to perpetuating the conflict. “It is now high time that UNRWA change its policy of non-intervention in the contents of local curricula taught in its schools,” they added. “An international organization of this caliber committed to the ideal of peace and relying in its funding on democratic countries mostly, should have a say in this matter, especially in view of its relatively large share of Palestinian educational activity.”

The authors of the study made clear they strongly believe that a meaningful peace must start with education, and that “there are things that UNRWA must not teach.” 

About half of UNRWA's total regular budget is dedicated to education. The agency also offers health and social services. UNRWA provides free-of-charge basic education to children of Palestinian refugees in the Palestinian Authority-controlled West Bank, the Gaza Strip, east Jerusalem, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. 

REMINDER . . . 

 

--More than half the U.N.’s membership will be assessed less than $1 million each for both budgets (compared to $3.024 billion for the U.S. alone).

--The 119 members of the Non-Aligned Movement together will account for around $490 million (compared to $3.024 billion for the U.S. alone).

--The 56 countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) – which include 10 of the world’s 20 top oil-producing nations – will together contribute around $360 million (compared to $3.024 billion for the U.S. alone).

--The other four permanent members of the U.N. Security Council – Russia, China, Britain and France – will together account for around $2.523 billion (compared to $3.024 billion for the U.S. alone).

 

~Mimi . . . 

It is clear that the United States is the largest contributor to the United Nation budget, and also clear that we, as a nation, are out-voted regularly. 

The 56 countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation have continued to control of the funds and message and is not performing as a global leader for peace.   In fact, they are willfully promoting hatred and anti-Jewish and anti-American sentiments.  Our tax dollars are paying for books that demonize the one ally we have in the Middle East, Israel.   These text-books are proof that world peace is not the goal of those currently in control of the United Nations.   

We need to be historically educated and alert to resist the false history being used to support action which does not lead to unity and peace.  

Over 30 years ago, my husband I and I traveled to Israel and Egypt, on our own, no tour.  We happened to rent a room and stay almost a week with a very senior older lady who came to Israel in the first wave of Jews seeking peace.  She described purchasing unwanted swamp land, cutting trees, branches, and brush, first and with soil.  "We worked hard and  rescued the land.  We made it usable, productive. We did not take, we bought, and made it bloom."  

As we flew over-head, the contrast from the plane, the trees and green of Israel to the yellow dust of the rest of the middle-east was stark.  My Mom had said, you'll know when you fly over Israel.  When I asked her how, she just said, "you'll know"  . . .  and I did.

The agricultural and animal husbandry skills of Israel's scientists are miraculous.  You will see apple trees, planted next to banana trees, the use of salt water to irrigate, and many more methodology and systems to maximize the fruitfulness of the land.   I can understand why the Arabs want the land,  but the Jews have been caring for the land and made it what it is . . .   It was reclaimed a hundred years ago both financially and with dedicated hard work. 

AND . . .  they are willing to share all their expertise with whoever wants to avail themselves of their knowledge.

Heritage Foundation scholar Brett Schaefer told the Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee responsible for multilateral institutions that he believed "it was in the interests of the U.S. to have an effective United Nations, but to be useful the U.N. must be competent, efficient, transparent, accountable, and must hold employees to the highest standards of conduct."  

“Unfortunately, the current organization falls short.”

Source of data: https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/us-pays-3b-un-more-185-other-countries-combined 



The End of Prayer Shaming  

 https://www.youtube.com/embed/jFz4uUfPfN8?rel=0&autoplay=1 



East Catholic High School, Hartford, Connecticut:  'End Of Prayer Shaming' video 
shows students and staff holding signs bringing attention to the importance of prayer

Jesse LeavenworthJesse LeavenworthContact Reporter

East Catholic students' video challenges "prayer shaming"

MANCHESTER — In a video that has captured a national audience, East Catholic High School students refute the idea that prayer in the face of bloody chaos is an empty platitude.

"The message that we wanted to send was that prayer does matter; prayer is part of action," Principal Jason Hartling said Tuesday.

The school posted the video on its Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/EastCatholicHighSchool/?fref=ts) Monday morning, and as of late Tuesday morning, 3,327 users had shared it. Calls of thanks and encouragement have come in from throughout the country, Hartling said.

The video, which also has been posted on several news sites, shows students holding handwritten placards with messages such as, "So many have told God that he's not welcome in public" and "Pray that God is allowed back into our lives." Representing a cross section of religions, the students call "for people of all faiths to stand together and to pray" for the victims, their families and "our First Amendment."

The reaction stems from so-called "prayer shaming" in the wake of the massacre in San Bernardino, Calif., on Dec. 2. After 14 people were killed and many more wounded by a married couple who proclaimed allegiance to the Islamic State, Sen. Chris Murphy of Connecticut blasted his colleagues for resorting to boilerplate "thoughts and prayers" while rejecting policies that would better control gun sales.

"Your 'thoughts' should be about steps to take to stop this carnage," the Democrat tweeted. "Your 'prayers' should be for forgiveness if you do nothing — again." Murphy later called expressions of sympathy by lawmakers who reject stricter gun laws "a political cover for cowardice." "Thoughts and prayers," while worthy gestures, are no substitute for enacting policies that could deter future attacks, they assert.

The day after the killings, the headline on the cover of the New York Daily News read, "God Isn't Fixing This."

"As the latest batch of innocent Americans are left lying in pools of blood," the story reads, "cowards who could truly end gun scourge continue to hide behind meaningless platitudes."

But East Catholic students do not favor prayer over action, Hartling said. Students are immersed in community service, volunteering at area soup kitchens, raising money and collecting food for needy families and distributing Christmas gifts to poor children.

"Our kids are constantly acting, but what they haven't forgotten is the power of prayer," Hartling said. "Action without prayer is as hollow as prayer without action."

Copyright © 2017, Courant Community  

Sent by Lydia Cano and Odell Harwell  
lydia.cano2003@sbcglobal.net



 




So you want to take a knee.
by Oscar Ramirez 
osramirez@sbcglobal.net
  

 



Take a little trip to Valley Forge in January.  Hold a musket ball in your fingers and imagine it piercing your flesh and breaking a bone or two. There won't be a doctor or trainer to assist you until after the battle, so just wait your turn. Take your cleats and socks off to get a real experience. Then take a knee.

Then, take one at the beach in Normandy where man after American man stormed the beach, even as the one in front of him was shot to pieces...the very sea stained with American blood. The only blockers most had were the dead bodies in front of them, riddled with bullets from enemy fire.

Take a knee on "Old Baldy" where Chinese and North Korean's army led a ferocious attack against American forces during that freezing winter of the Korean War. Yes, how about the standoff at the 38th Parallel where childhood friends were wounded and killed?  It was so loyal Americans could continue honoring the American flag and principles it stands for.  The time has come for those hyphenated athletes to honor our country first and football last. Professional sports, particularly basketball, are the most segregated ones in the country. Fairy-Tale athletes need to change that equation before they scream discrimination.

Take a knee in the sweat soaked jungles of Vietnam. from Khe San to Saigon...Anywhere will do. Americans died in all those jungles.  There was no playbook that told them what was next, but they knew what flag they represented. When they came home, they were protested as well, and spit on for reasons only cowards know.

 


Take another knee in the blood drenched sands of Fallujah in 110° degree heat.. Wear your Kevlar helmet and battle dress...Your number won't be printed on it unless your number is up! You'll need to stay hydrated but there won't be anyone to squirt Gatorade into your mouth. You're on your own.

There's a lot of places to take a knee. Americans have given their lives all over the world. When you use the banner under which they fought as a source for your displeasure, you dishonor the memories of those who bled for the very freedoms you have. That's what the red stripes mean. It represents the blood of those who spilled a sea of it defending your liberty.

While you're on your knee, pray for those that came before you, not on a manicured lawn striped and printed with numbers to announce every inch of ground taken...but on nameless hills and bloodied beaches and sweltering forests and bitter cold mountains...every inch marked by an American life lost serving that flag you protest.

No cheerleaders, no announcers, no coaches, no fans – just American men and women – delivering the real fight against those who chose to harm us – blazing a path so you would have the right to "take a knee."

You haven't an inkling what it took to get you where you are – but your "protest" is duly noted.  Not only is it disgraceful to a nation of real heroes, it serves the purpose of pointing to your ingratitude for those who chose to defend you under that banner that will still wave long after your jersey is retired.

If you really feel the need to take a knee, come with me to church on Sunday and we'll both kneel before Almighty God. We'll thank him for preserving this country for as long as He has. We'll beg forgiveness for our ingratitude for all He has provided us. We'll appeal to Him for understanding and wisdom. We'll pray for liberty and justice for all...because He is the one who provides those things.

But there will be no protest. There will only be gratitude for His provision and a plea for His continued grace and mercy on the land of the free and the home of the brave. It goes like this...

GOD BLESS AMERICA!







Sent by Joe Sanchez and Oscar Ramirez


 

SPANISH PRESENCE IN THE AMERICAS' ROOTS

Preserving Living History: The Future of the Wilbur-Cruce Colonial Spanish horse in the Americas 
        by Ann Troutner (Ana Trucha)

El que tenga valor que me siga: En vida de Bernardo de Galvez by Eduardo Garriguesr 



Preserving Living History: The Future of the Wilbur-Cruce

Colonial Spanish horse in the Americas
  by Ann Troutner (Ana Trucha) September, 2017

 


Both the Mare and the Colt have Caspian markings.


           
Relationships between horses and humans are documented in Paleolithic paintings, as far back as, 33,000 years ago, in the Chauvet Pont d'Arc Cave in France. “The cooperative union...represents a qualitative leap in human psychology and physiology that permitted man to act beyond his original biological means. The technology of riding...must have consisted of an important neurophysiological adaptation between horse and rider” (Rink, 2004, pp. 23-29). Thousands of years ago in Central Asia the first nomadic tribes began to domesticate horses.

Early human civilizations concentrated in the fertile valleys along large rivers. Animal domestication and farming advancements led to the rise of empires. Civilizations developed and trade increasingly expanded, as did the need for controlling important trade routes. Domesticated equine were an integral part of this system of development. Horses tended to be differentiated by use rather than breed. Different in size and build from modern horse, the heritage horses were vital for agriculture, transportation and war.

            According to Robin Collins, Founder and President of Heritage Discovery Center,

the Iberian Peninsula identifies three distinct equine types, which date back to Paleolithic times: the Iberian saddle horse from the southern half of the peninsula; the Garrano pony now from North Portugal; and the Galician or Asturian pony/cob from the north-west Spain, which is thought to be a mixture of the first two types. The Iberian horse with his extraordinarily dominant genes has survived all manner of change and adversity and still today has a place in breeding for the future…No creature, with the possible exception of the dog, means as much to man as does the horse. Our history is linked more closely to this animal than to any other species. (Collins, 2016)

 

When the Spanish colonial explorers arrived in the Americas, they brought with them the descendants of the Iberian horses. Among the Jesuit Missionaries, who sailed from Spain with Francisco de Ortega in 1683, was Father Eusebio Kino, a Franciscan missionary, explorer, cartographer and rancher. Father Kino was fundamental in the establishment of heritage breeds of livestock in the Americas.

             He arrived in Mexico City from Veracruz, traveling by horse through central and northern Mexico, Arizona, Baja and southern California. In 1687, Padre Kino ventured up the Altar River to Sonora, founded the Mission Dolores in Pimeria Alta, and began to selectively breed quality livestock to sell throughout the region. Kino bred for characteristics of sure footedness, great endurance, strength and an ability to create deep bonds with their human partners.



Padre Kino bronze in Tucson, AZ.

            In 1860, Dr. Wilbur from Arivaca, Arizona, acquired twenty-six Spanish horses from Padre Kino’s historic herd. In her 1987 autobiography, ‘A Beautiful, Cruel Country,’ Eva Antonia Wilbur-Cruce, granddaughter of Dr. Wilber and a native Arizonan, notes that her Wilbur-Cruce (WC) horses were bred in isolation, thrived and multiplied into the hundreds. Then in 1990, she sold part of the ranch to The Nature Conservancy; the sale required the removal of the horses. Eva Antonia contacted her friend, Dr. Phil Sponenberg, DVM, President of American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, and together they placed the WC horses in three viable breeding groups.

            Later that same year, Dr. Sponenberg, who is also a geneticist, was the first to test the blood type of these WC horses. The results of the testing indicated Iberian bloodlines. Later, DNA tests revealed Spanish markers that include bloodlines from the Pure Spanish Horse (PRE), Andalusian, Lusitano and Lipizzaner, as well as, several ancient breeds, the Caspian, the Turkoman and the Akhal-Teke.

These are the only known strain of pure Spanish horse that remains today…the need to preserve these horses is great. Spanish horses in North America lost their Spanish identity. Infused with other types of horses brought from the East to the West, helped to start new American breeds…and the Spanish horses used by the indigenous populations to transform lifestyles…and those who escaped or were turned lose to create the great herds of Mustangs of the West…Only for a brief time were the first/original Spanish horses used to manage the vast cattle herds of the great Ranchos…and create the legend of the Californio and Vaquero. (Sponenberg, 2005)  

      Personal commitment, conservation and preservation are at the heart of the Arizona Wilbur-Cruce Spanish Mission/Ranch horse cause. Robin Collins (Keller), equine educator/trainer, and animal behaviorist, acquired conservatorship of twenty of the WC horses, consisting of stallions, pregnant mares and mares with foal, and transported them from Arizona to their new home at Rancho Del Sueño (RDS), Monterrey, CA., and later to Madera, CA., near Yosemite National Park. For twenty-seven years, through Robin’s tireless efforts, she maintained the Heritage Discovery Center, Inc., a nonprofit organization that provides interaction with the rare and talented WC horses. The center provides hippotherapy and Equine-Assisted experiential learning, and private and group sessions, for veterans, children, women’s groups, special/challenged populations and corporate team building retreats by appointment. We offer event and banquet services for your special occasions, like birthdays, weddings and anniversaries. 


A blind nine year old is awed by the thrill of stroking Jalon. .

            The Heritage Discovery Center, Inc. is a 501(c)3 nonprofit, established in 1992, and your donations are tax deductible. One hundred percent of all donations go to the care and feeding, to preserve fifty-five horses, the largest herd of WC horses in the Americas.

There are less than 200 Wilbur-Cruce Spanish Mission/Ranch horses on the planet.

            The WC horses at RDS present in diverse coat colors, still embody magnificent character and adaptability, and carry the rare genetics of the ancient breeds. They are a Genetic Time Capsule from the Old World. RDS is home of the largest stallion station of Spanish Colonial WC horses in the Americas.

            Our projected budget in 2018 is upwards to $135,000 in operating expenses. This budget would cover feed and medical, and does not include renovation or expansion campaigns. Due to donation shortfall we may not have enough feed to get through to the end of this year, and with our coffers empty, we critically need your support NOW to preserve these rare treasures.

What you can do to help:

·         Please contribute with Donate/PayPal button on www.ranchodelsueno.com  
     
Ask your family and friends to DONATE to preserve this living heritage  
     
Pass the ‘feed bucket’ to preserve the WC herd  
      Plan and host a fund raiser in your community  
      Please contribute with GoFundMe.com/endangered horses  
     
Please contribute to Heritage Discovery Center, Inc. with https://smile.amazon.com/

·         Sponsor a WC horse for one year, and receive a signed matted photograph, free event participation and a ranch visit, for the support of horse of your choice. Annual cost feed only is $2,400 for a Stallion or $1,800 for a Mare.       
      Bequeath a preservation gift for Wilbur-Cruce horses in your will  

     
Book a party at or guest speaker from the Heritage Discovery Center  
     
Give a holiday or celebration gift of an overnight at our ranch B&B  
     
Give $1000 Legacy for two to enjoy a day at the ranch and all our public events

·         Promise to donate $5 to $25 each month. Save your heritage www.ranchodelsueno.com

      As Executive Director of Heritage Discovery Center, I am committed to preserving a future for the Wilbur-Cruce herd. Rancho Del Sueño looks forward to your participation, to continue the legacy of the Hispanic heritage of California, Arizona and Mexíco, and the Arizona Wilbur-Cruce Spanish Mission/Ranch horses.

Ana and Diamoro meet at Rancho Del Sueño, CA.

Ann Troutner, M.A. (Ana Trucha) is an Arizona born artist and educator based out of Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico. She is a recent graduate of Prescott College, AZ, where she earned a master’s degree in Equine-Assisted Experiential Learning. Ana founded Bella Equestre LLC and Coordinator for DIF Equinoterapia GTO, where experiential learning and hippotherapy services were provided for special populations. Currently, Ana is the Executive Director of the Heritage Discovery Center, Inc, a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, home of the Wilbur-Cruce horses and Robin Collins, Founder and President of the Heritage Discovery Center.

Contact:  
Ann Troutner, M.A. (Ana Trucha)  

atroutner@prescott.edu
 

520-261-9580

and/or
Robin Collins
(Keller) 
40222 Millstream Lane
Madera, CA 93636 
hdc.ranchodelsueno@gmail.com
www.ranchodelsueno.com       PayPal  
559-868-8681

References

Collins, R. (2016). The forgotten spanish treasure, Somos Primos, Retrieved from http://www.somosprimos.com/sp2016/spmay16.htm

Rink, B. (2004). The centaur legacy: How equine speed and human intelligence shaped the course of history. United States: The Long Riders’ Guild Press.

Sponenberg, D. P. (2005). North american colonial spanish horse update, April 2005. Heritage Breeds Southwest. Retrieved from http://www.heritagebreedssouthwest.com/update.shtml

Troutner, A. (2016). Comparison of equine assisted modality studies for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

================================== ==================================

 



Cartel anunciador de la presentación del libro.

El que tenga valor que me siga; 

En vida de Bernardo de Galvez 

Eduardo Garrigues

La obra analiza el papel de España en la Guerra de Independencia Estadounidense

Arte Público Press y el Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos de la Universidad de Houston han organizado la presentación del libro ‘El que tenga valor que me siga’, de Eduardo Garrigues, sobre el importante papel de España en la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos. El acto tendrá lugar el próximo 27 de septiembre, a las 17:30 horas, en la Universidad de Houston (Univ. Hilton: Palacio del Río Room).

 

Cartel anunciador de la presentación del libro.

Además del autor, intervendrán en la presentación Enric Panés, cónsul general de España en Houston; Miguel Ángel Fernández de Mazarambroz, excónsul de España en Houston; y, como moderadora, Gabriela Baeza Ventura, profesora de Estudios Hispánicos de la Universidad de Houston.

Cuando España declaró en 1779 la guerra contra Gran Bretaña para ayudar a los Estados Unidos a ganar su independencia, el rey Carlos III le encomendó a Bernardo de Gálvez la difícil misión de recuperar las fortalezas de los ingleses en el Golfo de México, de las que la más importante y mejor defendida era la plaza de Pensacola.

Pero cuando Gálvez consiguió desembarcar sus tropas en las inmediaciones, el comandante de la flota, el capitán Calvo de Irazábal, se negó a que sus buques entrasen en la bahía por temor al fuego de las baterías inglesas.

Decidido a jugarse el todo por el todo, Gálvez le mandó al capitán Calvo este mensaje: “Una bala de cañón de a treinta y dos recogida en el campamento, que conduzco y presento, es de las que reparte el fuerte de la entrada. El que tenga honor y valor que me siga. Yo voy por delante con el Galveztown para quitarle el miedo”.

A lo que Calvo de Irazábal contestó: “El general es un audaz malcriado, traidor al rey y a la patria, y el insulto que acaba de hacer a mi persona y a todo el cuerpo de marina lo pondrá a los pies del rey. El cobarde lo es él, que tiene los cañones por culata”.

A continuación, Bernardo de Gálvez entró en solitario en la bahía bajo el fuego de las baterías inglesas, una hazaña que Eduardo Garrigues cuenta con maestría en una novela donde también aparecen historias de espionaje, intrigas diplomáticas, escándalos de contrabando y una relación apasionada con la bella criolla Felicitas St. Maxent.

Sent by María Ángeles O'Donnell-Olson
Cónsul Honorario de España en San Diego
conhon.espana.sd@gmail.com
Teléfono: 1-619-448-7282
 

 

 

HISTORIC TIDBITS

Republic of Texas colony holds election, September 12, 1844
April 2017 marked the 100th anniversary of the U.S.’s entry into World War I.

 


Early colony holds first election, September 12th, 1844

On this day in 1844, just nine days after reaching their new settlement, Henri Castro, impresario of the Republic of Texas, and his first thirty-five colonists held an election to choose two justices of the peace, a constable, and the settlement's name, Castroville. Henri Castro, a learned, wise, and humane man, received contracts for two grants of land on which he was to establish 600 families. In the management of his colonies, he is more comparable to Stephen F. Austin than any other Texas impresario. He had an unbounded faith in the capacity of intelligent men for self-government. During Castro's colony's first year the population grew to 2,134. Although the colony suffered from Indian depredations, cholera, and the drought of 1848, the population increased sufficiently for the formation of Medina County in 1848.   

Note: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between Mexico and the United States was signed February 2, 1848.

 

 
USCIS Seal

September Updates from the USCIS History Office and Library

WWI


April 2017 marked the 100th anniversary of the U.S.’s entry into World War I. On the
USCIS WWI Centennial website, the USCIS History Office and Library is commemorating the history and service of its legacy agencies, their employees, and the many immigrants and naturalized citizens who served in the U.S. military during the war.

Our first entry highlights the little-known fact that the Bureau of Immigration played a key role in the U.S.’s first act of World War I. Only minutes after the U.S. declared war on Germany, immigration officers at ports around the country board German ships and detained their crews. Read more about it.

As the American military mobilized to enter World War I in 1917, its ranks filled with a diverse cross-section of American society, including immigrants from around the world. Our second entry discusses immigrant contributions to the U.S. armed forces. 

Be sure to check our WWI Centennial page for updates throughout the centennial. 

 

 

HONORING HISPANIC LEADERSHIP

CAPT. Richard L. Whynot, USCG (RET.)

Jose Ramos, a Purple Heart recipient and longtime Vietnam veterans advocate, dead at 68

 


Obituary for CAPT. Richard L. Whynot, USCG (RET.)

CAPT.  Richard L. Whynot, USCG (RET.)
October 3, 1928 - September 8, 2017
San Antonio, Texas  | Age 88

Tue, Sep 12, 2017 
jperez329 (jperez329@satx.rr.com)
Granaderos y Damas de Galvez,

This is a follow-up to my previous email regarding the passing of our dear friend and Granadero Richard Whynot. The obituary for Granadero Richard Whynot may be found at the following link:
http://porterloring.tributes.com/obituary/show/Richard-L.-
Whynot-105181620

Funeral Arrangements for Granadero Richard Whynot

Granadero Richard Whynot "slipped the mooring" to join his loving wife Mary of 51 years of Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. His funeral service due to his rank when he retired from the Coast Guard, the Granaderos y Damas de Galvez Fife & Drum Corps will  play in his funeral procession at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery on Wednesday, September 20 at 9:30 a.m. We are honored that he requested us and we will play "Semper Peratus" (the Coast Guard Anthem) and "La Marcha de los Granaderos" (March of the Grenadiers). If you are able to attend, it is requested that Granaderos wear their membership blazons on a blue blazer and Damas wear their membership brooches to show our solidarity in support and respect for our friend who passed.

Respectfully,
Joe Perez
Governor, San Antonio Chapter
Order of Granaderos y Damas de Galvez

=============
Below is Richard's obituary:


The ship's bell stuck eight, the watch changed, and CAPT. Richard L. Whynot "slipped the mooring" to join his loving wife of 51 years at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery on Friday, September 8, 2017. Born 3 October, 1928 in Newton, MA, he was preceded by his wife Mary (Signorelli); his father Roland, his mother Ora (at age 102); younger brother Robert (Beverly).

Survived by son John (Susan); granddaughter Kathleen (Michael); grandson Patrick; granddaughter Sarah (Anthony); siblings Irving (Dorothy); Karl (Betty); Shirley (Richard); David (Laura) and many members of the Whynot and Singorelli families.

In 1944, at age 16 he joined the US Maritime Service; transferred to the US Army Transportation Services; the US Navy Military Sea Transportation Service (as navigation officer on the USNS Gen. Hersey he met the love of his life, Mary, a ship's nurse) and the US Coast Guard Reserve. He served on ten military vessels and after leaving active service for the Reserve, commanded four USCG Reserve units.

Among the awards received were the WWII Victory Medal, Atlantic and Korean War Zone and the Army Sea Service Ribbon. An expert on Artic operations, he instructed other CG officers (1969-1971) on the skills required in that hostile maritime environment.

He retired in 1988 from the Reserve and continued his civilian career in the insurance/consulting business. He attended Northeastern Univ. and graduated from San Antonio College. A registered professional engineer, he rose to senior and presidential levels in several national and international insurance/consulting companies, directing projects that ranged from the Middle East, Europe, the Caribbean and the United States.

Moving back to San Antonio and retiring for the second time, he joined Preservation Fort Sam Houston and the Granaderos y Damas de Galvez. This provided the opportunity to research and lecture on military and Spanish Colonial history, in Texas and Louisiana.

In 2003, after Mary passed away, he established a scholarship program in her memory at Charity Hospital School of Nursing, New Orleans (where she graduated in the Class of 1946) providing two scholarships annually to deserving students.

In addition to research and lecture activities, he found time to participate in competition dancing and with a professional partner/instructor, won a number of awards in Las Vegas, New Orleans, Austin and San Antonio venues.

With a history of mariners in his family, he embraced the saying that "they who go down to sea in ships will always wish for fair winds and a following sea" when bound for the final homeport.

The family will receive friends Tuesday, September 19th from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm at Porter Loring on McCullough Ave.

In lieu of flowers, contributions can be made to the "Mary Signorelli Whynot Scholarship" c/o Charity Hospital School of Nursing Alumni Association, 430 South Claiborne Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112.




Whittier resident Jose Ramos, a Purple Heart recipient and longtime Vietnam veterans advocate, dead at 68

By Sandra T. Molina, Whittier Daily News

Posted:

*** STAFF FILE PHOTO *** Vietnam Veteran, Jose Ramos, the founder of the Welcome Home Vietnam Vedterans Day, stands in his Whittier home on Thursday March March 11, 2010. Ramos will speak durijng the opening ceremony of the traveling Vietnam Memorial Wall at Rose Hills Memorial Park. (SGVN/Staff Photo by Keith Durflinger/SWCITY)

** STAFF FILE PHOTO *** Vietnam Veteran, Jose Ramos, the founder of the Welcome Home Vietnam Vedterans Day, stands in his Whittier home on Thursday March March 11, 2010. Ramos will speak durijng the opening ceremony of the traveling Vietnam Memorial Wall at Rose Hills Memorial Park. (SGVN/Staff Photo by Keith Durflinger/SWCITY)

 

WHITTIER >> Vietnam veteran Jose Ramos, an Army combat medic who cycled his way across the country and rubbed elbows with politicians and royalty alike on behalf of his fellow veterans, died Sunday from cancer treatment complications, his family said.  He was 68.

The longtime Whittier resident’s advocacy spanned decades after he came home from the war. His years of grass-roots effort culminated in the official recognition of March 30 as Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day in the state of California.

Then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the day into law in 2009, with Ramos by his side.

The governor and Ramos trekked out to Twentynine Palms Marine Base near Joshua Tree National Park for the signing. At the ceremony, Schwarzenegger likened the veteran’s tenacity to a tick that had latched on to you.

“He comes up with the idea and then he’s like a tick,” the governor said. “He hangs on you and he fights and he fights and he fights until he gets it done.”

Thirty-eight states and Puerto Rico joined in recognizing the day. The U.S. Senate in 2011 formally recognized Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day.

“I was so proud of him and how much he cared about his family and his fellow veterans,” his wife, Sylvia, said Wednesday. “I was blessed to have been married to him.”

The couple were married for 50 years.

Jose Guadalupe Ramos was born on Sept. 17, 1948, in East Los Angeles to Augustine and Herminia Ramos, and was the youngest of their eight children.

He attended Garfield High School but enlisted in the Army as a 10th-grader in December 1965.

Ramos received an honorary degree in June.

He called himself “a grunt with an aid kit.”

Ramos said in an interview this summer that it took him two months of combat in Vietnam, that entire time saddled with trying to keep his soldiers alive, to learn that he had to shut down his emotions to be a good medic.

He was shot in the leg and received the Purple Heart, returning home in October 1968. It took decades for him to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Ramos worked in the emergency rooms of Los Angeles County USC Medical Center and at Martin Luther King Jr. Community Hospital before retiring in 1999.

Around the same time, Ramos began his work recognizing Vietnam veterans.

He first rode in 1998 in a bicycle tour through Vietnam with other war veterans from both sides of the conflict. Two years later, Ramos rode his bicycle from Whittier to Washington, D.C., to ask then-President George W. Bush to proclaim March 30 a holiday remembering Vietnam veterans.

In 2004, Ramos again led a bike ride, this time from Irwindale to Washington, D.C., with seven other cyclists.

He counted Rep. Linda Sanchez as an ally and was a member of her veterans advisory committee.

“Jose will always be remembered for his tireless work to gain national recognition for Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day,” Sanchez said in a written statement. “He became a powerful advocate for veterans in our community and across the country ... and inspired many, including me, to help give Vietnam veterans their long overdue ‘welcome home.’”

In July 2011 he met Prince William and his wife, Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge, at a veterans event in Los Angeles.

“The prince came up, and said, ‘You must be Mr. Ramos,’” he remembers the prince telling him. “I thought, ‘Oh my god.’”

Fellow Vietnam veteran John Gutierrez, who served in the Marines, knew Ramos for 20 years. He said he owed his life to his friend.

“He saved me from suicide twice,” he said. “Day or night I could call him and he was there for me and so many others.”

Gutierrez called Ramos’ ability to reach out to people a gift.

Ramos’ nephew, Adrian Morales, an Iraq War veteran, agreed.

“He was that guy who everyone turned to for anything and everything,” he said.

“Jose was the best counselor you can have,” Sylvia Ramos said. “He thought outside the box and analyzed any situation to come up with the best solution.”

He is survived by his wife, their children, Eric Ramos and Jema Herrera; four grandchildren, Dennis Ramos, Janelle Ramos, David C.J. Herrera and Jacob A.J. Herrera; and his brother, Ray Ramos, and sister, Conchita Quinonez.

Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera  
scarlett_mbo@yahoo.com
 

http://www.whittierdailynews.com/obituaries/20170906/whittier-resident-jose-ramos-a-purple-heart-recipient
-and-longtime-vietnam-veterans-advocate-dead-at-68
 


 


JOSE G. RAMOS FOUNDER OF WELCOME HOME VIETNAM VETERANS DAY PASSES AWAY

Whittier, Ca. September 11, 2017

 

Jose G. Ramos, Vietnam Veteran, Whittier resident and Founder of the Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day Organization passed away quietly Sunday morning on September 3, 2017. Mr. Ramos died from cancer treatment complications, his family said. He was 68.

José G. Ramos, himself a Vietnam War veteran, wanted his fellow vets to get the recognition they deserved. So he began a campaign to establish a day of recognition and support for Vietnam veterans. In 1998, Ramos had participated in a 16-day, 1250-mile bicycle ride through Vietnam. From that experience, he decided to organize a bicycle ride across the United States to promote his plan.

Whittier, Ramos’s hometown, in 2002 became the first city in America to proclaim a "WHVV Day." The following year Rep. Linda Sanchez took up the cause. She, along with forty-four other members of the House of Representatives, sent a request to the White House, asking the President to designate a day of thanks and recognition for Vietnam Vets. The President did not issue the proclamation, but gradually Ramos built support for his proposed bicycle trek.

On May 15, 2004, the WHVVD team left Whittier for Washington, D.C. The cyclists stopped at dozens of Vet Centers and VA hospitals along the way, and they visited with hundreds of veterans. Arriving in Washington on June 7, the team asked the Administration to declare March 30 the national "Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day."

(March 30 was the day the last combat and support troops withdrew from Vietnam.) They got a "cold reception" at the White House but, undeterred, began a six-day door-to-door campaign, visiting every member of the House of Representatives and gaining sponsors among them.

At Twenty-nine Palms Marine Base near Joshua Tree National Park Then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the day into law in 2009, with Ramos by his side. At the ceremony, Schwarzenegger said he loved Jose’s persistence

Rep. Sanchez’s resolution passed the House three years later. In 2009, a bill establishing March 30 as "Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day" was signed into law in California. Ramos, who was present at the signing ceremony, vowed to continue to fight for a national day of recognition. In 2011, a resolution passed the U.S. Senate. As Ramos said in 2009, "There was a mistake made, thirty, forty years ago. The veterans serving today, this will never happen to you." Observe Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day on March 30 every year.

He is survived by his wife, their children, Eric Ramos and Jema Herrera; four grandchildren, Dennis Ramos, Janelle Ramos, David C.J. Herrera and Jacob A.J. Herrera; and his brother, Ray Ramos, and sister, Conchita Quinonez.

Services for Jose G. Ramos

Rosary; Friday, September 15th @ 6:30 P.M. at Saint Mary of Assumption Church
7215 Newlin Ave, Whittier CA, 90602

Funeral Services;  Saturday, September 16th starting @ 10:30 A.M. at Saint Mary of Assumption Church
7215 Newlin Ave,  Whittier CA, 90602

Internment Rose Hills Cemetery between 1:00 P.M. – 1:30 P.M.
3888 Workman Mill Rd., Whittier, Ca. 90601

Alfred Lugo
Public Affairs Officer 
Welcome Vietnam Veterans Day Organization 
Pess Release, Contact John Mercado |  562-896-5646   |  Jmercado005@yahoo.com 

 

 


WHITTIER VIETNAM VETERAN JOSE G. RAMOS TO RECEIVE HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA


Today, June 15, 2017, there appeared an article in our local Whittier newspaper, talking about how I finally received my high school diploma from Garfield HS in ELA, fifty years after walking off of the campus for the very last time in 1965, just prior to my enlistment into the US Army. 

Receiving my diploma after so many years, turned out to be a very important event in my life. I never planned or contemplated on the idea of a diploma, however, it did naw at the back of mind. After so many years of serving my country, and in more recent years, serving my Veterans and my community, I have been to so many places, met so many famous Politicians, movie stars and people of importance, including the Prince and Duchess of England!!!  I've received several awards, medals, plaques, etc, for recognition for some of the work I have done to help our Veterans move forward after their military obligations are completed. 

Ironically though, this HS diploma has turned out to be one if the best days of my adult life, no kidding. 

Fellow Vietnam Veteran Alfredo Lugo, was the main force behind this diploma becoming a reality, with an additional push from Carlos Venegas and Arnulfo Hernandez, also fellow Vietnam Veterans. Thank you all. 

However, I would like to tell you about Alfredo Lugo. He is well regarded and respected in the entertainment world as a produced Playwright, a fellow author and has produced several documentaries for PBS Television along with many for private organizations, many of these, pro bono. In most of his creativity, there is usually a Veteran or a Veterans cause affiliated with his "projects". I've seen Alfredo ride his bicycle across the nation, in order to find and film the homeless Veteran disgrace, while toting around tons of filming equipment plus personal gear. I've seen Alfredo Lugo go on travels that have taken him across the nation or across the globe for personal time or creative business, and on each occasion he returned with containers, holding something which brought within it, a sense of hope, of possibilities for a brother, a Vietnam Veteran who is suffering with incurable, inoperable cancer. He brought a small tin container with special dirt from a special place, a small bottle with a special oil, from a special place to give to me, his special  friend, his fellow Vietnam Veteran José G. Ramos. 

How do you thank someone like Alfredo?  How do I find the proper words? I think my best route might be to just share my story with those who know me, us, Alfredo and I.

To allow others to know, that I am very, very grateful to another human being, not only for caring but for ALWAYS taking the extra step and making the extra effort. 

Alfredo, you are a special kind of man and I am so glad that God chose to put you in my life. Thank you friend, God bless you and welcome home. 

José G. Ramos 

 


Latino soldiers
 Cebu, Phillipines, WW II

AMERICAN PATRIOTS

USNS:  Cesar Chavez (T-AKE-14)

These soldiers can no longer stand up for our National Anthem
In honor of America's military heroes, resources compiled in support by Amanda Bartow



Sent by Rick Leal, President of the Hispanic Medal of Honor Society
ggr1031@aol.com
  



 



Sent by Yomar Villarreal Cleary




IN HONOR OF AMERICA'S HEROES 
Resources compiled in support of our military by Amanda Bartow

The How-to Guide for Packing Your Home Before Deployment

Guide to Coping with Deployment and Combat Stress

Interested in Using a VA Home Loan? Here’s What You Need to Know

VA Loan Information for Veterans & Active Military

Financial Resources for Veterans Returning to School

PTSD Issues for Current Military Service Members

The Guide to Managing PTSD As A Tradesman

Affordable Mental Health Options for Veterans and their Families

21 Strengths Arising From Military Experience

Thanks in advance for sharing these! I love being able to honor our heroes!
Very best, Amanda Bartow  amanda@recognitionworks.org 

 

EARLY AMERICAN PATRIOTS

The de Riberas, Chapter Nineteen-The War of 1812 by Michael S. Perez 
Civil War Reenactment Cancelled for Safety Reasons by Paul Bois



The
de Riberas, Chapter Nineteen-The War of 1812
By Michael S. Perez 
http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm#rib  

Editor Mimi: Michael continues his extensive de Riberas family history, which is included in Somos Primos resources.  The 19th chapter is devoted to the important Spanish military contributions and participation in the War of 1812 . . .  in support of the American colonists..  In addition, Michael has meticulously compiled a list of the soldiers, by name, rank and the company in which they served. 

================================== ==================================
The family history of The de Riberas, Chapter Nineteen-The War of 1812, is also one of a Spanish family. Given the fact that by and large the history of the North American Continent has been written by non-Spanish writers it is without a doubt skewed toward an Anglo-American and Northern European perspective. The nature of American history has been wholly deficient in its content regarding Hispanics and their contributions to the freedom in the United States of America, which includes its wars. 

I would like to offer some comments on traditional American history which portrays its warrior officers, soldiers, and sailors of the 18th and 19th-Century C.E. as being almost exclusively of Anglo-American or Northern European descent. “To the victors go the spoils and the writing of history.” There is nothing wrong with this emphasis, as it a reality of life. With time and the transition in populations and cultures a newer weltanschauung is brought about. 

Each successive wave of immigrants brings new thoughts, ideas, food, culture, historical perspective, etc. to that melding of an empire.
 

As this family history has taught me, each succeeding empire’s conquest brings with it a need, or want to superimpose its culture and a new weltanschauung upon the conquered. Regarding the Anglo-American empire of the United States, its cultural and historical genesis was that of England and later Britain. With expansion came other Northern European stock which melded with the majority over time. Thus, American emphasis on these two groups in writing their history. In time, Southern Europeans joined the mix, integrated, intermarried, and became Americans. This includes those of Spanish stock. These would eventually want their part of the story told. 

It should be remembered that wars and those who fight them, and the lands and seas on which they are fought, are not removed from history. Rather, they continue to be a part of it. They are in fact subject to that history. Just as time passes over a geographic area, a city, or town so it does with empires and those who lead them. In the case of Louisiana, it had been held by Napoleon’s Empire Français, then el Imperio Español, and finally in 1803 C.E. the American Empire. Each contributed to its unique culture and history and none should be excluded whether by accident, ignorance, or by purpose. 

What many don’t understand is that world-views are pervasive in one’s society or culture. Thus, there is no need to speak of them. It is accepted that everyone already knows them. These views guide most of the society we are a part of.  In the United States, we have lived with these American world-views all of our lives. They comprise the system under which we operate.
There are many American world-views. 
Among them are: 
Our time sense is futuristic; 
our sense of nature involves mastery; 
our social sense is individualistic;
and our sense of the proper way of being
       is to value doing. 
These values suggest: 
1) Time focuses on the future rather than the past. 
2) We should be able to control nature; it is here for our use it.
3) Given human nature, you can count on people to do the right
     thing, given the chance. 
4) The individual’s wishes, needs and aspirations are more
     important than the groups (including the family). 


It is difficult for many to understand that to be an American is not solely being of one ethnic, cultural, or racial group.
Clearly, it’s more than being a native or citizen of the United States. These uniquely American world-views are only a part of why these men and women willingly gave their lives and fortunes for its survival and growth. They didn’t make up their minds to fight and die as Whites, Blacks, Native Americans, Hispanics, or others. They did so simply for the love of country and its precious freedoms. 

Only in the recent past have Black Americans forced the rewriting of that history to include their progenitors, which in my estimation is the right thing to do. Due to this Northern European-centric view of American history, I felt duty bound to offer some insight into Hispanic contributions to the continued success of America and its Hispanic soldiers that fought during the War of 1812. In this vein, I would like to offer to the reader that there were those of Spanish, Hispanic, and Hispano descent who also fought in the War of 1812. This includes the de Riberas. This I state not as conjecture, but fact.
 

Pre-statehood settlers of Louisiana generally came from eastern Canada, France, Germany, the West Indies, Spain, and Africa. During the Revolutionary War many other immigrants arrived from the Atlantic states. After the Americans arrived, the French, Españoles, and others remained to live, have their children, and die. 

In the case of the Españoles, previous to the Américanos, they had held the land as Spanish Luisiana from 1762 C.E. to 1802 C.E. Many things can happen over a fifty year period, as it did from 1762 C.E. through 1812 C.E. 

They came, lived, and intermarried with other groups which had settled there. The Españoles’ surnames morphed to become more like their French neighbors, later they were anglicized. Some took non-Spanish names through marriage or for other reasons. But none the less, they were still of Spanish stock. In this chapter, I will provide some of those names of the soldiers of Spanish, Hispanic, and Hispano descent that fought and died during this war.

Michael

 

Editor Mimi:  Below is one page from the 35 pages of compiled Spanish military . 
Go to >  http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm#rib  

 

NAME

RANK

COMPANY

Acantara, Joseph

Private

2nd Battalion (Peire's) La. Vols. Original filed under Alcantara, Joseph)

Ache, Elvix

1st Lieutenant

3rd Reg't. (de la Ronde's) La. Mil.

Achi, Joseph

Private

6 Reg't. (Landry's) La. Mil.

Acosta, Antoine

Private

Captain Hubbard's Mounted Company La.  Mil.

Acosta, Baptiste

Private

3rd Reg't (de la Ronde's)La. Mil.

Acosta, Christopher

Private

8 Reg't. (Meriam's) La. Vol.

Acosta, Ignacio

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La. Mil.

Acosta, Jn. Isadras

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La. Mil.

Acosta, Jose

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La.  Mil.

Acosta, Juan

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La.  Mil.

Acosta, Lorenzo

Private

Captain Hubbard's Mounted Company, La.  Mil.

Acosta, Lorenzo

Corporal

3rd Reg't. (de la Ronde's) La. Mil.

Acosta, Roco

Private

3rd Reg't. (de la Ronde's) La. Mil.

Acosta, John

Private

8 Reg't. (Meriam's) La. Mil.

Acoste, Lorrance

Private

8 Reg't. (Meriam's) La. Mil.

Acquera, Anthony

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Vols. (Orig. under Aquera, Anthony)

Aguera, Anthony

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Volunteers

Aguerra, Antonio

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Volunteers (Orig. under Aguera, Anthony)

Aguerre, Anthony

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Volunteers (Orig. under Aguera, Anthony)

Aguilera, Torriblio

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Volunteers

Aguillard, Fcois

Private

2nd Reg't. (Cavelier's) La. Mil.

Aguillard, Jn.

Private

2nd Reg't. (Cavelier's) La. Mil.

Alamas, Jn. Jose

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment La.  Mil.

Alamia, Lancia

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment La.  Mil.

Alamias, J. Jose

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La. Mil. (Orig. filed under Alamas Jn Jose)

Alamilla, Hilario

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La. Mil.

Alard, Aramin

Private

3rd Reg't. (de la Ronde's) La. Mil.

Albarades, Balthazer

Private

7 Reg't. (Le Beuf's) La. Mil.

Albarado, Francisco

3rd Lieutenant

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Reg. La. Mil.

Albaras, Antoine

Private

6 Reg't. (Landry's) La. Mil.

Albaras, John

Private

6 Reg't. (Landry's) La. Mil.

Albaraz, John

Private

(Landry's) La. 6 Reg't. Mil. (Orig. filed under Albaras, John)

Albares, Francisco

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Vols.

Albarez, Francisco

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Vols. (Orig. filed under Albares, Francisco)

Albarodo, Fs.

3rd Lieutenant

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La.  Mil. (Albarado, Francisco)

Alborado, Manuel

Private

De Clouet's Regiment, La. Mil.

Alcantara, Joseph

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Vol.

Alcebdo, Peter

Private

2nd Batt'n (Peire's) La. Vol. (See also 7 Reg't.)

Alde, Inacio

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La.  Mil.

Aldea, Ignacio

Private

17, 18, and 19 Consolidated Regiment, La.  Mil.

Ale'gre, Thomas

Private

2nd Reg't. (Cavelier's), La. Mil.

Algire, Theodore

Private

2nd Reg't. (Cavelier's), La. Mil.

Allegre, Charles

Private

1st Batt'n. (Fortier's), La. Mil. (Orig. under Legre, Charles A.)

Allerman, Jean

Private

7th Reg't. (Le Beuf's), La. Militia (Orig. under Aleman, Jean)

Allemand, Antoine

Private

Captain Hubbard's Mounted Company, La.  Mil.

Allemand, Jean

Private

7th Reg't. (Le Beuf's), La. Mil.

Allemand, Manuel

Private

Captain Hubbard's Mounted Company, La.  Mil.

Alleque, Narcisse

Sergeant

1st Batt'n. (Fortier's), La. Mil.

Allimo, Bartholomy

Private

Captain Thomas' Co., La. Mil.

Allimo, Nicholas

Private

Captain Thomas' Co., La. Mil.

Almajor, Joseph

2nd Lieutenant

1st Batt'n. (Fortier's), La. Mil.

Alom, Benite

Private

1st Batt'n. (Fortier's), La. Mil.

Alphuente, Joseph

Private

2nd Reg't. (Cavelier's), La. Militia (Orig. under Alpuente, Joseph






Civil War Reenactment Cancelled For Safety Reasons

"We can't even have a Civil War themed event"

 

 

 

EDUCATION

LATINO STUDIES at Austin Embraces the Americas 
UCI sanctions student Palestinian group for disrupting Israeli event on campus
Hillsdale College and Free Online Courses Teach Americanisms 
Countdown to College


LATINO STUDIES at Austin Embraces the Americas 
LATINO STUDIES at The University of Texas at Austin consists of three interconnected units that provide cutting edge research, rigorous teaching, and public programming on the Mexican American and Latina/o communities of the Americas. The Center for Mexican American Studies, the Latino Research Initiative, and the Department of Mexican American and Latina/o Studies work independently and collectively to advance the academic, intellectual, and social agendas of the UT campus and broader community.

To give you a sense of the scope of their inclusion, these are the weeks posting for Sept 18. 
All I can say is wow and good for them !  ~Mimi
================================== ==================================

Latino Studies Newsletter • 
Week of September 18, 2017

EVENTS

UT Latinx Voices: A Supportive Group for Latinx Students
EVERY TUESDAY | 2–3:30 PM | Gordon-White Building  (GWB 1.130) | UT Austin
Meets weekly to engage in safe, inviting, and authentic discussion around students' experiences as Latinx students at UT. Willingness to engage in respectful conversation and to honor each other's privacy is the only requirement to attend. Students are not required to participate each week or be present for the entire discussion. Drop in at your convenience. For more information, please contact Sebastian J Colón-Otero, LCSW, Diversity Coordinator from UT's Counseling and Mental Health Center or Natasha Saldaña Senior Academic Program Coordinator, Mexican American Latina/o Studies.


Fall 2017 MALS Graduate Portfolio Symposium
Friday, September 22 | 1 PM | Gordon-White Building Multi-Purpose Room (GWB 2.206) |  UT Austin
MALS has implemented a change in the requirements for the Graduate Portfolio Program in Mexican American and Latina/o Studies. Effective the Fall Semester 2017, MALS will be hosting an afternoon symposium that will replace the individual portfolio pláticas that we previously scheduled. The MALS Graduate Portfolio Symposium will be held in the fall and then in the spring, allowing participating students to present their research topics in a 20 minute talk followed by a question and answer period. The goal of the symposium is to maximize the audience for all portfolio students as they present their research to the University community. For more information on who will be presenting, visit our website.

SAVE THE DATE

CMAS Plática: Mintzi Martinez-Rivera 

Tuesday, September 26 | 4 PM | Gordon-White Building Multi-Purpose Room (GWB 2.206) |  UT Austin  
Mintzi Martinez-Rivera, Ph.D., is a Visiting Scholar in the Latino Studies Program and a Visiting Researcher in the Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology both at Indiana University-Bloomington. She will present her talk, titled, "Cultural Practices in Times of Violence: P’urhépecha Social Networks and Reciprocity" on Tuesday, September 26. For more information visit our website.

MALS Study Abroad Info Session
Thursday, September 28 | 5 PM | Gordon-White Building Multi-Purpose Room (GWB 2.206) |  UT Austin
Join us for an info session to learn more about the MALS Study Abroad Program in Mexico City! In our LEARNING FROM MEXICO CITY program, students will examine Mexican tourism, informal/formal economies, art, performance, language, and patterns of migration through participant observation research and cultural studies methodologies. The program includes visits to cultural and archaeological sites in and around Mexico City like Templo Mayor, Palacio de Bellas Artes, the Museo Nacional de Antropología, and Teotihuacan, as well as an educational weekend excursion to Tepoztlán, Morelos.

CMAS Américo Paredes Distinguished Lecture - Stephen Pitti, Ph.D.
Tuesday, October 3 | 6 PM | Santa Rita Suite (UNB 3.502) | Texas Union | UT Austin
The Center for Mexican American Studies is pleased to announce that Stephen Pitti, Ph.D., will give the 2017 Américo Paredes Distinguished Lecture on Tuesday, October 3, 2017.  The title of the lecture is, "Mexican American History in Tough Times."
 For more information on Pitti and his lecture, visit our website.

Film Screening & Discussion: Mezcla Documentary
Thursday, October 5 | 3 PM |
Gordon-White Building Multi-Purpose Room (GWB 2.206) |  UT Austin
Please join us for a screening of the documentary film about the Cuban musical group, Mezcla. Robin Moore, Professor in the Butler School of Music, will faciliate a discussion after the screening. Under the direction of guitarist Pablo Menendez, Mezcla has been a part of the sound-track of the Cuban music scene for the past thirty years. Mezcla brings together several veteran masters with some the best of young players on the scene today. When at home in Cuba they perform regularly at Havana's premier jazz club La Zorra y el Cuervoand at the annual Havana Jazz Festival (Jazz Plaza). Mezcla's music is a genuine celebration of the culture and musical roots of the Pearl of the Antilles.
COMMUNITY

Faces of Migration Film Series featuring View From The Bridge
Tuesday, September 19 | 7 PM | CLA 1.302B | UT Austin
Migration is a deeply human experience across all parts of the world, even as specific conditions of need, gender, geography, culture, and coercion frame particular journeys. The feature films in this series capture the emotions and stories of migrants in a multitude of settings. Each film will be introduced by a faculty member and followed by discussion of the film and the questions it raises about migration as a common experience that can both divide and unite us. Films will be screened alternate Tuesdays at 7 PM and are open to the UT Austin community and the public. Parking: Brazos Garage, 210 E. MLK Blvd. Read more here.

Preview Screening: "A Strike and An Uprising (in Texas)" by Anne Lewis
Tuesday, September 19 | 7 PM | Burdine Hall (BUR 134) | UT Austin
“A Strike and an Uprising (in Texas)” is Sr. Lecturer Anne Lewis’s experimental documentary based on the telling of two events: the 1938 San Antonio pecan shellers’ strike led by Emma Tenayuca (pictured) and the 1987 organizing campaign of black workers at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches. Tied strongly to contemporary events, it culminates with the removal of the Jefferson Davis statue at UT. The Q&A with filmmaker Anne Lewis will follow the screening. View the trailer of “A Strike and an Uprising (in Texas)” here
Deudos / Death Debt: The Art of Eduardo Lalo
Thursday, September 21  | 4 PM | LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections |
UT Austin
The Benson Latin American Collection celebrates the opening of Deudos / Death Debt: The Art of Eduardo Lalo, an exhibition of black-and-white photographs by the acclaimed Puerto Rican writer and visual artist Eduardo Lalo. This event includes a panel discussion with remarks by the artist at 4:00 p.m. followed by a reception at 5:00.

Screening: Bruising for Besos

Sunday, October 1 | 11 AM | Alamo Drafthouse Cinema - Mueller
The Official Theatrical Release of the LGBTQ people of color indie film, Bruising for Besos, written and directed by Adelina Anthony, produced and presented by AdeRisa Productions. (Filmmakers, Adelina Anthony and Marisa Becerra, will be in attendance.) Bruising for Besos: a charismatic Xicana seduces an alluring Puerto Rican woman only to find herself recreating a tumultuous past. Get your tickets here.

Public Concert: Mezcla
Friday, October 6 | 7:30 - 9:30 PM | Bates Recital Hall

Please join us for a concert by the Cuban musical group, MezclaUnder the direction of guitarist Pablo Menendez, Mezcla has been a part of the sound-track of the Cuban music scene for the past thirty years. Mezcla brings together several veteran masters with some the best of young players on the scene today. When at home in Cuba they perform regularly at Havana's premier jazz club La Zorra y el Cuervo and at the annual Havana Jazz Festival (Jazz Plaza). Mezcla's music is a genuine celebration of the culture and musical roots of the Pearl of the Antilles.

OPPORTUNITIES

Participants Requested: LLAMA LAB

210 W. 24th St | Gordon-White Building (GWB 2.102J) | UT Austin
SIGN UP HERE!
Do you speak both Spanish and English? Then you are able to participate in this research study! No fluency requirements. Please help us increase the available knowledge base for social scientists in this field. Receive a FREE T-SHIRT and be entered to win 1 of 3 $50 Amazon gift cards, just for participating! Please contact Dr. Belem López with any questions: llamalab.mals@gmail.com.

Interns Wanted: Latinitas
Make a difference in someone's life while putting your professional skills to practice. Latinitas is looking for driven, creative, and energetic interns to join the team this fall. They have internship positions available for college students and graduates interested in getting a hands-on experience in communications and public relations, video production and photography, and graphic design. Bilingual students and graduates are encouraged to apply! Course credit is available upon request. Click here to learn more about available positions and how to apply. For questions regarding the application process, please contact Briseida Diaz at bris@latinitasmagazine.org or call Latinitas Austin at (512) 900-0304.

Diplomacy Begins Here" Summit
Tuesday, September 19 | Texas State Capitol
The Summit will feature expert speakers on US foreign policy priorities and how they affect our communities. Speakers will include community leaders, elected officials, business leaders, and foreign policy experts. We'll focus on current and emerging US foreign policy priorities, their impact on Texas, and the role of local citizens in reaching out to international visitors for an exchange of ideas and perspectives. High School and College students will have the opportunity to attend simulation exercises during the Summit. Interested students (grad or undergrad) can register by clicking on the Student "Sign-Up Form For Diplomacy Simulation" link. There is no charge for a student to participate in the diplomacy simulation.

American Latino Experience Building Curatorial Excellence Pre-Doctoral Fellowships
Application Deadline: 10/15/2017
The Division of Armed Forces History and the Division of Medicine and Science are currently accepting applications for two one year Pre-Doctoral fellowships that would offer an opportunity for a fellow to conduct independent research or study focused on the experiences of Latino Americans relating to the United States military, or focused on public health, medical care, and the experiences of Latino Americans, respectively. Read more about these opportunities on their website.

Center for Mexican American Studies | Gordon-White Building (GWB 1.102)
210 W. 24th Street | STOP F9200 | Austin, Texas 78712

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Sent by lchoffel@austin.utexas.edu



UCI sanctions student Palestinian group for disrupting Israeli event on campus

Published:
A UC Irvine student Palestinian-support group begins the school year this month with a two-year probation for disrupting an event on campus featuring young veteran Israeli soldiers.
=============================== ===============================
The campus chapter of the Students for Justice in Palestine, SJP, faces disciplinary probation for two academic years. 

During that time, members must meet with the dean of students 12 times to discuss free speech issues and must also consult with a representative of the dean’s office before hosting or co-hosting any campus event.
This is not the first time SJP has been accused of disrupting an Israeli-related event. The group is appealing the administration’s decision and has filed its own complaint against UCI’s Students Supporting Israel. Meanwhile, any further violations of the campus code of student conduct could lead UCI to suspend or revoke the student Palestinian organization’s status, university officials said.
“UCI welcomes all opinions and encourages a free exchange of ideas – in fact, we defend free speech as one of our bedrock principles as a public university,” read a statement issued last week.
“UCI welcomes all opinions and encourages a free exchange of ideas – in fact, we defend free speech as one of our bedrock principles as a public university,” read a statement issued last week.

“Yet, we must protect everyone’s right to express themselves without disruption.  This concept is clearly articulated in our policies and campus messaging.  We will hold firm in enforcing it.”

Kevin Brum, president of UCI’s Students Supporting Israel, said Monday: “This is not the first time SJP has tried to shut us down or trample our rights. We’re happy the university is taking it more seriously than they have in the past.”

Liz Jackson, staff attorney with Palestine Legal, an organization dedicated to supporting the Palestinian rights movement, said UCI’s decision is “not about the facts or the law. It’s a politically motivated choice to curtail the speech activities of students who stand up for Palestinian rights.”

“It’s clearly UCI that needs the lesson in free speech, not the students,” Jackson said in a statement. Individual students were not sanctioned, she said in an e-mail.

 

On May 10, the UCI Students Supporting Israel group hosted five former Israeli soldiers to campus. About a dozen people attended the program when about an hour into the event, as a Q&A was underway, a group of more than 30 members and supporters of the SJP group walked in.

At first, they were invited to participate and ask questions, as seen in videos posted online.  The Israeli soldiers answered several of the questions about the conflict plaguing the Middle East but emotions soon began to flare. Shouted questions and clapping later dissolved into chants against Israel. “You’re killing our people,” one woman screamed.

The forum with the soldiers took place the same week the campus Muslim Student Union and other organizations put on the annual “Anti-Zionism Week,” which includes marches with chants like “Long Live the Intifada.”

During the week, organizers erect what they call an “apartheid wall,” symbolic of the one built in Israel after terrorist attacks; it is viewed by Israelis as a security measure and by Palestinians as segregationist. “Anti-Zionism Week” organizers say they see the week as an opportunity to share their views on the conflict in the Middle East.

This year, the young Israeli veterans, part of a group called Reservists on Duty, attended every day to pass out their own literature and share their views on the conflict with passersby.

Palestine Legal has filed a complaint against Students Supporting Israel, saying the former soldiers invited to campus harassed the SJP group and their supporters.

Brum, of the Students Supporting Israel group, said the soldiers did not harass anyone. Instead, they were on hand to answer questions, challenge information written on the so-called “apartheid wall” and counter what he called lies propagated by the student Palestinian group.

“They have this whole week where they put up a wall and have a monopoly on the conversation,” Brum said.

Last year’s “Anti-Zionism Week” included a counter-event featuring a movie about Israeli soldiers. That movie event was disrupted by protesters and it created a firestorm of controversy, with dozens of organizations supporting each side and demanding the university act. Administrators eventually gave the SJP a warning letter, saying the group violated conduct policies.

There have been other conflicts. Most notably, in 2010, 11 Muslim students from UCI and UC Riverside were arrested and charged for conspiring to disrupt a speech by then-Israeli Ambassador Michael Oren. The following year, a jury found 10 of the students guilty and they were sentenced to three years of probation, cut to one year if they served community service.

Source: The OCR
http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/04/uci-sanctions-student-palestinian-group-for-disrupting-israeli-event-on-campus/
 

Editor Mimi:
I was so glad to read that at least a few of these Palestinian-support students were identified and received some semblance of punishment.  I  was looking forward to read  in our local news what then-Israeli Ambassador Oren was going to share.  The newspaper had reported he would be speaking.  Happenstance, I caught the Ambassador's attempting to speak on local television. 

What I saw was a well organized and orchestrated disruption of  Ambassador Oren by a mob of 20-30 year olds, scattered strategically throughout the assemblage.  The audience was primarily older people, from the community, obviously concerned with what was escalating.   

The Palestinian-support students would not allow the Ambassador to speak.  Screaming condemnations, the disruptors read from little pieces of papers, rapidly yelling out, one after another, drowning out the Ambassador, until he just stopped.  

This was not a handful of students of ten students.  The campus police were brought it.  As the police lead them out, my estimate would be much closer to 50-70 individuals.  Many said they were not UCI students .  It was quite apparent, outside agitators were brought it.  

This Irvine action might have been one of the beginnings of student directed strategy of being the forerunners for opposing free speech on university campuses in the US.  All over the country there are growing numbers of incidences of student confrontations now touching on the issue of free-speech.    


Hillsdale College and Free Online Courses Teach Americanisms 



Dear Mrs. Lozano Holtzman,

I write to share two encouraging messages I recently received from high school students.

A young woman in Utah wrote:

Thank you for being an amazing American institution. I am a senior in high school and I have learned so much from your online courses, and I look forward to applying this fall. I love America, I love knowledge and wisdom, and I love Hillsdale.

And a young man in Florida who is beginning his senior year in high school wrote this:

Without sites and organizations such as Hillsdale College I would not have been exposed to the truth I was skeptical ever existed. Living in a community like mine, conservatives are virtually non-existent…. After graduation my plan is to enlist in the United States Marine Corps to offer my service to the country that has provided me with so much.

These emails are encouraging because they tell me that Hillsdale College is reaching young people—such an important audience—through Imprimis, our free online courses such as “Constitution 101,” and our other educational outreach.

This success would not be possible without the support of hundreds of thousands of friends of the College, and I could not be more grateful.

Will you join Hillsdale in our efforts to teach all Americans—and especially young people like those two high school students—about the principles and traditions of American liberty?

I’ve included a secure link for you to learn more about our new ambitious plans and make your contribution: https://secure.hillsdale.edu/help-revive-american-civics-education-the-key-to-restoring-freedom-and-limited-government.

Thank you.

Warm regards,

Larry P. Arnn
President, Hillsdale College
 

 




Countdown to College

 

Most parents want to give their children the best opportunity for success, and getting into the right college may help open doors. According to the Census Bureau, 33% of American adults have a bachelor's degree, and those with a bachelor's degree earn 67% more on average than those with just a high school diploma. ¹

Unfortunately, being accepted to the college of their choice may not be as easy as it once was. These days, preparing for college means setting goals, staying focused, and tackling a few key milestones along the way.

Before High School

The road to college begins even before high school. Start by helping your elementary and middle school children develop a love for learning. Encourage good study habits and get them dreaming about college. A trip to a nearby university or your alma mater may help plant the seed in their minds. When your child reaches middle school, take the time to find out which prerequisite courses may set the right track for math and science in high school.

The earlier you consider how you expect to pay for college costs the better. The average college graduate today owes $37,172 in debt, while the average salary for a recent graduate is $49,785.²

Freshman Year

Before the school year begins, consider meeting with your child’s guidance counselor. Discuss college goals and make sure your child is enrolled in classes that are structured to help him or her pursue those goals. Also, encourage your child to choose challenging classes. Many universities look for students who push themselves when it comes to learning. At the same time, keep a close eye on grades. Every year on the transcript counts. If your child is struggling in a subject, don’t wait to get a tutor. One-on-one instruction can be a huge benefit when mastering difficult material.

In addition to academic performance, many colleges want prospective students to be well rounded, so encourage your child to engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports, music, art, community service, and social clubs.

Sophomore Year

During their sophomore year, some students may have the opportunity to take a practice SAT. The practice test is a good way to give your child an idea of what the test entails and which areas need improvement. If your child is enrolled in advanced placement (AP) courses, encourage good performance on AP exams. A solid grade shows universities your child can succeed at a higher level of learning.

Sophomore year is also a good time to get some depth in extracurricular activities. Help your child identify passions and stick to them. Encourage your child to read as much as possible. Whether they read Crime and Punishment or Sports Illustrated, they will expand their vocabulary and critical thinking skills. Summer may be a good time for sophomores to get a job, do an internship, or travel to help fill their quiver of experiences.

Junior Year

Near the beginning of junior year, your child can take the Preliminary SAT, (PSAT), also known as the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT). Even if he or she won’t need to take the SAT for college, taking the PSAT could open doors for scholarship money. Junior year may be the most challenging in terms of course load. It is also a critical year for showing good grades in difficult classes.

Top colleges look for applicants who are future leaders. Encourage your child to take a leadership role in an extracurricular activity. This doesn’t mean he or she has to be drum major or captain of the football team. Leading may involve helping an organization with fundraising, marketing, or community outreach.

In the spring of junior year, your child will want to take the SAT or ACT. An early test date may allow time for taking the test again in senior year, if necessary. No matter how many times your child takes the test, colleges will only look at the best score.

Senior Year

For many students, senior year is the most exciting time of high school. They will finally begin to reap the benefits of all their efforts during the previous years. Once your child has decided which schools to apply for, make sure you keep on top of deadlines. Applying early can increase your student’s chance of acceptance.

Now is also the time to apply for scholarships. Your child’s guidance counselor can help you identify scholarships within reach. Also, find out about financial aid and be thorough. According to research by NerdWallet.com, nearly $3 billion in free federal grant money goes unclaimed each year simply because students fail to fill out the free application.³

Finally, talk to your child about living away from home. Help make sure he or she knows how to manage money wisely and pay bills on time. You may also want to talk about social pressures some college freshmen face for the first time when they move away from home.

For many people, college sets the stage for life. Making sure your children have options when it comes to choosing a university can help shape their future. Work with them today to make goals and develop habits that will help ensure their success.

Sincerely,

Norbert Ruiz

  1. Census Bureau, March 2016; Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 20, 2017
  2. U.S. News and World Report, May 9, 2016; Time.com, May 12, 2017
  3. NerdWallet, January 27, 2016


Norbert Ruiz
ruizn@ceteranetworks.com
Ruiz Financial Group
247 S. Willow Springs Rd.
Orange, CA 92869
714.726.1726 | www.norbertruiz.com

 

 

 

 

RELIGION

A Catholic School in California Removes statues of the Virgin Mary and Jesus
Western Heritage and The Hebrew legacy and emergence of Christianity



A Catholic School in CA Removes Statues of the Virgin Mary and Jesus So They Can Be More Inclusive


The Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ are two of the most significant figures in Christianity. They are both such fixtures of the faith that frequently statues of them grace the halls or doorways of hospitals, churches, schools, homes and cars. This has also been true of Catholic schools, until now, that is. One Catholic school in San Anselmo, California has decided they needed to remove and relocate some of their statues, including those of the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and other religious figures, under the guise of being more inclusive and diverse.

According to Amy Skewes-Cox, who serves as chair of the school’s board of trustees, “If you walk on the campus and the first thing you confront is three or four statues of St. Dominic or St. Francis, it could be alienating for that other religion, and we didn’t want to further that feeling.”

Head of the school, Cecily O’Byrne Stock defends the removal and relocation of the religious statues by stating that Catholic students are now the minority at the school. She says, “Right now about 80 percent of our families do not identify as Catholic.”

Despite current statistics, it doesn’t change the fact that the school was founded by Mother Mary Goemaere and the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael in 1850, becoming the first independent and first Catholic School in California. Through the years, despite many financial difficulties, the Sisters were determined to keep the school going. Eventually, it became one of the most reputable schools in the state. In 2014, the school, which originally served female students only, was approved for coeducation. This decision had to be approved by the Dominican Sisters of the Dominican Order, who oversees the school.

So while the school does claim to be both independent and Catholic, its history includes those of the Catholic faith who were instrumental in the success of the school. And for that reason, many parents who had children graduate from the school or who have children currently enrolled in the school, consider it an abomination that religious statues symbolizing the Catholic faith are being removed. They also feel that it’s a slap in the face to those of the Catholic faith who founded the school.

One parent, Shannon Fitzpatrick has said that removing and relocating the statues is an indication of the steady erosion of the school’s Catholic image. In a letter she had written to school officials she said, “Articulating an inclusive foundation appears to mean letting go of San Domenico’s 167-year tradition as a Dominican Catholic school and being both afraid and ashamed to celebrate one’s heritage and beliefs.”

Fitzpatrick goes on to say that during her 8-year old son’s time at the school, school officials removed the word “Catholic” from their mission statement and also discontinued some of the sacraments from being part the curriculum. Other things have also changed so that the school could appear to be “less Catholic” such as the uniforms, the colors, and the logo.

Another parent, Cheryl Newell, who had four children graduate from the school says, “They’re trying to be something for everyone and they’re making no one happy.”

Joe Perticone, a reporter for the Independent Journal Review in Washington D.C., is a former resident of San Anselmo. After finding out about the debacle he tweeted, “Insane. My hometown’s Catholic school is removing statues of Mary and Jesus because, “it could be alienating.”

Michael Brown, spokesman for the Archdiocese of San Francisco says, “We are going to be in contact with the school, just to clarify what the situation is, but it isn’t in any sort of crisis mode. There’s just been a lot of publicity and public concern, so we’ll be having private conversations with the school hierarchy.”

Kate Martin, Director of Communications for the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael has stated they intend to look into the matter further and find out what is going to happen to the statues that have been removed.

The plan to remove some of the statues was based on a unanimous decision by the school board. While officials at the school state they are removing the religious statues in order to appear more inclusive, critics argue that being inclusive means being accepting of differences, not eliminating them altogether.

~ Christian Patriot Daily

 




Western Heritage and The Hebrew legacy and emergence of Christianity

 

http://paracom.paramountcommunication.com/ct/44041589:WQEH93EiN:m:1:1396327371:773E5C9E7ADA31CC723E27096BDF96FE:r

 

Fellow American,

You cannot call yourself educated unless you know the story of Western Civilization. That is why we are offering our free online course, "Western Heritage." Based on a class that everyone at Hillsdale College must take in order to graduate, this course covers topics such as:

  • The Hebrew legacy and emergence of Christianity
  • The Greek legacy, including Socrates’ echoing question: “What is the right way for a man to live?”
  • The Renaissance and rebirth of the glories of antiquity
  • The Reformation of the Christian church
  • The Scientific Revolution
  • and more...


This course gives you a complete overview of the grand and unique story of the West. I encourage you to take this course and share it with your friends and family.

I hope you enjoy your free online course. Start your course right now >>

http://paracom.paramountcommunication.com/ct/44041589:WQEH93EiN:m:1:1396327371:773E5C9E7ADA31CC723E27096BDF96FE:r

Warm Regards,

larryarnn-sig

Larry P. Arnn
President, Hillsdale College
Pursuing Truth—Defending Liberty since 1844

 

 


CULTURE

E​l​ verdadero origen de los tacos de carnitas mexicanos !
How Much Spanish Can An Italian Understand?
Today, Google September 7th launched, Google Arts & Culture: Latino Cultures in the US


E​l​ verdadero origen de los tacos de carnitas mexicanos !

Pero que creen... Los españoles trajeron ​cerd​os y se unieron a la fiesta los tlaxcaltecas y los totonacas y ellos pusieron el pulque y que se arma la primera pachanga y borrachera en estas tierras por la victoria contra los aztecas. Y así nacen nuestros hermosos tacos. 

Y todavía se niegan a aceptar que don ​Hernan ​C​ort​é​s es el padre de la mexicanidad ? Gracias a Cort​és​ y a España, ahora disfrutamos los tacos 



Sent by Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante 
campce@gmail.com

 



How Much Spanish Can An Italian Understand?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SeRkjYPmiQ

Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. Estimates of the number of languages.

The differences between Latin and Spanish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SeRkjYPmiQ 




Today, Google September 7th launched, Google Arts & Culture: Latino Cultures in the US
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/project/uslatinocultures 

================================== ==================================
One of the largest digital collections of US Latino art, culture, and history ever curated online. This new digital collection preserves and shares stories and exhibits related to Latino history, culture and
contributions in the US -- content that has traditionally been underrepresented both online and offline. 

The online project gives access to critical moments of Latino history with unprecedented new ways to help ensure these important moments and markers of history are not forgotten.  
Exhibit Highlights - Culture

Latinos in News and Entertainment (Archive of American Television) What it is: Celebrates the contributions of Latinos to the news and entertainment industries

Why it is interesting: Stories include actors/ actresses discuss considering changing their names, representing their communities, stereotypical portrayals, challenges, successes, etc.

As part of the initiative, Google will work with educators to create a curriculum for students based on the collection.
Celebrating our Latinidad (Smithsonian Latino Center) What it is: An exhibit on how families of migrants in the United States preserve their identity and traditions by passing them on to their loved ones through generations of foodways.

Why it is interesting: Recipes, holiday celebrations, language, and traditions become a bridge to connect the collective memory of many people that arrive in a new territory in search of building a new life according to the new communities and land where they now live.

Survey of the Center’s LGBTQ and women’s collections 
(UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center)  Why it is interesting: The initiative aims to educate women/ LGBT communities on preserving Latino history, educate on the importance of these stories and histories, provide these archival materials 
as a source of pride and inspiration, and inspire other archival institutions to do the same
California’s Missions (California State Archives)
What it is: The history of Franciscan missions that dominated the economic and spiritual fabric of Spanish and Mexican California from 1769 to 1835.

Why it is interesting: The exhibit surveys the complex interplay between European and Native American cultures, power struggles between the Catholic Church and Spanish and Mexican civil and military authorities, and tensions surrounding relationships between the friars and the neophytes.

Freedom Tower, Tower of Hope 
(Miami Dade College)
What is it: An in depth history of The Freedom Tower
Why is it interesting: The “Statue of Liberty of the South”, called by Cubans "El Refugio", which offered health care, housing, finances, and education services.
La Experiencia Americana (U.S. National Archives) What it is: An overview of many Hispanic experiences in 20th Century America Why it is interesting: The exhibit covers topics ranging from
military, government, workforce, and activism.

Sandra Cisneros Reading & Discussion of New Book Sandra Cisneros, one of the most important and well known Latina authors, discussing her work.

Judge Sonia Sotomayor Nominated to the Supreme Court 2nd Court of Appeals judge, Sonia Sotomayor, accepts her Supreme Court nomination by thanking her family, reflecting on her modest upbringing in The Bronx, New York, and highlighting her previous positions as an assistant district attorney and a federal district court trial judge as experiences that have readied her for the position of Supreme Court
Justice.
The Dream 9 Change History by Steve Pavey
After the Dream 9 happened, President Obama responded with DACA, an executive order that gives immigrant youth relief from deportation

Dolores Huerta and the United Farm Workers
Civil rights activist and labor leader Dolores Huerta, who co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez in the 1960s, talks about how they fought to improve working conditions for field laborers
in California.

Service Record for Roberto Clemente Walker
Better known as a right fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates, the baseball player was also a U.S. Marine. Clemente served as an infantryman from 1958 until 1964.

                             By Audrey Ponzio
                                  512.653.4640
Source:  Nora Comstock, National/International Founder
Past President / Current Board Member Las Comadres para Las Americas
512-928-8780  LATIN@S VISIBILITY PROJECT -- New Venture!

Additional Contact info for:  Las Comadres / 512-710-8181
PO Box 141071, Austin, TX 78714

Sent by Yvonne Gonzalez Duncan  yvduncan@yahoo.com 


BOOKS  

Not Getting Stuck: Success Stories Being Latina & Transferring from a CCC by Lily E. Espinoza
Interview of author Isabel Delia Gonzalez, Breaking and Bleeding of a Macho Man by Mimi Lozano
Mexican-Origin Foods, Foodways, and Social Movements, edited by:
        Devon G. Pena, Luz Calvo, Pancho McFarland, and Gabriel R. Valle
Feathered Serpent Dark Heart of Sky: Myths of Mexico by David Bowles
Latina Style Digital Magazine
NALIP is thrilled to announce the We Are Inclusion Campaign 


 





Hello Ms. Lozano!

I heard about Somos Primos and wanted to share news about my book based on interviews of Latinas in Orange County, CA. I was born and raised in Fullerton. My mother came from Culiacan, Sinaloa when she was 16 years old. This book is important research into the Latina experience. 

Not Getting Stuck: Success stories of being Latina and transferring from a California community college is the first book ever to discuss college success from the Latina student point of view. No other book is dedicated to voices of students in the process of transferring from community college to the university. This is a book for every instructor/student/parent who wants to support students with their college choice!

Best, Lily E. Espinoza    
lilyespinoza2002@yahoo.com
  
 707-410-8434

The author, Lily E. Espinoza, has 15 years of experience working in higher education and has worked in California community colleges, including Foothill College, Evergreen Valley College, Fullerton College, Diablo Valley College, Los Medanos College, and Solano College. She has had articles and interviews in Orange County Register, KPFA La Raza Chronicles, and Times/Herald in Solano County!

This book is a collection of nine personal narratives Dr. Espinoza used as part of her original research for her dissertation in Educational Leadership with a focus on Community College Leadership. 

The college choice process can be complicated for students, school leaders, and policy makers alike. Dr. Espinoza surmises, “This book provides hope for high school and community college students as well as a call to action for educational leaders in all sectors of higher education.”

In Not Getting Stuck: Success stories on being Latina and transferring from a California community college, students discuss the factors that led to their personal and academic success.

Dr. Lily E. Espinoza is currently working as an instructor in the Upward Bound program at Mills College in Oakland, CA. Lily (Ploski) graduated from Fullerton High School in Fullerton, California. She holds an A.A. in Liberal Studies from DVC, B.A. in Women’s Studies from UC Berkeley, M.A. in Student Personnel Administration from Columbia University, and an Ed.D. in Educational Leadership from California State University, Fullerton. In addition to her degrees, Dr. Espinoza completed graduate work in teacher education at University of Southern California.

Customer reviews

This book is well written and gives a voice to latina students going through the process of transferring from a 2 year to a 4 year university. The stories are inspiring, entertaining , personal, and heartfelt. A great book to give to any student especially high school students as a graduation present. Too many people look at high school commencement as the end instead of it as a beginning to higher learning or a new chapter for further learning. Recommended for all faculty involved in education.
  ~ Janet Needhamon 
"By paying keen attention to the voices of these students and the stories they tell – such as those summarized in this book – fresh policy and practice alternatives may emerge that can help them and their schools effectively manage this challenging transition.” 
~ George D. Kuh, Chancellor’s Professor of Higher Education Emeritus, Indiana University

“Much of what is revealed in these stories may provide new and fresh perspectives on how to help students deal successfully with the challenges in transferring.” 
~ Amaury Nora, Professor, Associate Dean for Research, & Director, Center for Research and Policy in Education, University of Texas at San Antonio

“This text provides the research and stories that educational practitioners need in order to implement new policies, practices, and strategies that will create successful transfer pathways for Latinas It is an inspirational text that provides intimate details of the aspirational capital that colleges need to support and develop for women of color.”  ~Miguel A. Alvarez, Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions, University of California, Berkeley

"Her research into the lived experience of Latina transfer students provided a new dimension of understanding the obstacles students face in their educational journey. The student narratives showcased success strategies that helped them reach their goals and which can be applied by educators. I am thrilled that these student voices and experiences will now reach a wider audience." 
~John C. Hernandez, Interim President, Santiago Canyon College, Orange, California

"Higher education has done a better job as of late in tracking Latino/a/x students. This valuable book begins to fill that gap, and it does so in powerful ways." 
~ John Hoffman, Associate Professor and Chair School of Education, California State University, Fullerton

You can order it today on Amazon or Barnes and Noble for $16.95!  This book is a collection of nine personal narratives Dr. Espinoza used as part of her original research for her dissertation in Educational Leadership with a focus on Community College Leadership. 


 




Interview of author Isabel Delia Gonzalez by Mimi Lozano
September 28, 2017


Mimi Lozano: Delia, congratulations on your recent book Breaking and Bleeding of a Macho Man recognized with an award from the 2017 International Latino Book Awards organization.

Isabel Delia Huffman: The book Breaking and Bleeding of a Macho Man gave a voice to many individuals, including the emotionally, psychically abused and mentally ill. I am very grateful the book was acknowledged and I hope the book can be used by readers for general reading, and also by individuals who interact professionally with people and who themselves have been touched within their own lives and in the lives of others, with these types of challenges.

Mimi Lozano: Was it difficult writing the book based on the true events of your father’s life?

Isabel Delia Huffman: Yes, it was difficult but understanding the backdrop of the history of the country once called New Spain, and now called Mexico gave me great insight as to where the Macho Man behavior enter into his life with the Spanish culture. The values and influence cross the landscape, with and wherever the Spanish went,  also went the Macho ideals.

Mimi Lozano: You speak in the book of how witchcraft was used to attempt to erase the memories of what all went wrong when your grandfather was accused and convicted of raping his daughter. With superstitions, minds can be led a strayed into black magic.  For Mexicans, involvement with black magic is preferred, than the stigma associated with physical and emotional abuse, or mental illness.

Isabel Delia Huffman: Yes, today throughout the world people use witchcraft as a means to make changes in individuals lives. People can accept this, versus going to a specialist and getting the proper treatment and care for mental illness.

Mimi Lozano: Did your father learn when he crossed the Rio Grande from Mexico to the USA he was entering illegally?

Isabel Delia Huffman: The book notes on how individuals in Mexico leave to work in the fields,  find like my father, the history of how Mexico lost the lands to the United States.  The irony of picking crops on land that once belonged to native Americans was realized. As land changed hands by Spanish land grants, native Americans were displaced.  Writing a family history book, including the experiences of ancestors within the history of the Mexican revolutionary war was pivotal in helping me to understand what is occurring today, as people continue entering the USA from Mexico illegally.

Mimi Lozano: What did your father learn while working in the fields?

Isabel Delia Huffman: First and foremost, the behavior of the owners of the land. They could only see the workers in the fields as hands and strong backs. Also, he having Caucasian features offered opportunities such as dining inside restaurants and using the indoor restrooms. He could see on the faces of those he worked alongside of him; he felt that some resented the color of his skin and his Caucasian features. Also later, when attending a private school, again, he felt different.  His classmates had never picked a crop, or used an outside bathroom. He had to hide this part of his life. Not until he shared this part of the story, did I learn he picked crops to survive when he was fourteen.

Mimi Lozano: You note in the book the physical and emotional abuse of your father toward his sons. What type of emotions did this bring out?

Isabel Delia Huffman: You have to digest the feelings and to concentrate on the outcome. My father could had been bitter and resentful of things out of his control but he carried a large dose of shame for many years. When he finally told his part in the book I knew his past behaviors stemmed from the experiences he had with abuse. He lacked confidence but along the way he accomplished many admirable things. In spite of his shame, because of his love for his family and being a good father,  you would never have known he had been emotionally and physically abused.

Mimi Lozano: What do you want your readers to know about you?

Isabel Delia Huffman: Mental health issues can impact across the generations. Having dealt with chronic depression throughout my life I had to come to terms with the inheritance of many attributes, including the sting of chronic depression. In addition, the ramifications of being Mexican raised in an all Caucasian community can be uplifting, but also with pitfalls. Individuals trying to stereotype me, as a one dimensional human being, can put up unnecessary road blocks. I can be stereotyped, by a Caucasian, African-American, Asian-American but also the Hispanic community. Fortunately for me I have been able to have excellent psychotherapy and excellent medical insurance coverage.

In the book my paternal grandmother attempts to kill herself but botches the attempt. She suffered mental illness due to what occurred to her daughter, and the marginalizing of her community and family, when her life fell apart. She turned to witchcraft to save herself, instead of seeking professional help. To seek professional help would have meant she would carry the stigma. The Stigma killed my grandmother.

The lack of Latino/Hispanic community intersection with mental health issues has been well documented . .  of keeping a mental health issue internally,  not looking outside for assistance.

I am hoping I can change this, so at least one individual would seek help after reading the book or hear me speak about why I wrote the book. To show the strength of my grandmother in spite of her dying because of the suicide attempt. Yes, my father is pivotal to the story but he would not have had survived the emotional or physical abuse, if it had not been for the enduring love of his mother.

If anyone wants further information, please go to www.scribbler.company.com.

Mimi Lozano: I believe mental health issues touches everyone in society, in one way or another. I hope you write a sequel to this book to share the road your father traveled from Mexico into the USA! Best wishes, Isabel Delia.

 

 

 



Mexican-Origin Foods, Foodways, 
and Social Movements


Decolonial Perspectives

EDITED BY DEVON G. PEÑA, LUZ CALVO, PANCHO MCFARLAND, 
AND GABRIEL R. VALLE


Devon G. Peña
is a professor of American ethnic studies and anthropology at the University of Washington.

Luz Calvo is a professor of ethnic studies at California State East Bay.

Pancho McFarland is an associate professor of sociology at Chicago State University.

Gabriel R. Valle is an assistant professor of environmental studies at California State University, San Marcos.

 AVAILABLE NOW  

 

================================== ==================================
“We live in a time when a handful of global corporations and philanthrocapitalists are pushing for a nonsustainable, unjust, unhealthy, and undemocratic model of ‘One Agriculture, One Science.’ This paradigm is based on GMO monocultures and patent monopolies on seed and knowledge.

This volume offers a diverse chorus of insightful voices from farmers, cooks, seed savers, plant breeders, organizers, farm  workers, and scholar activists. Together they are creating alterNative worlds. Mexican-Origin Foods, Foodways, and Social
Movements shows many of the vital pathways to decolonizing and postcaptalist futures offered by the unity of biological and cultural diversity in shaping food as a vital source of cultural and ecological resilience, social and economic justice, and democratic values.” —Vandana Shiva

This collection of new essays offers groundbreaking perspectives on the ways that food and foodways serve as an element of decolonization in Mexican-origin communities.
The writers here take us from multigenerational acequia farmers, who trace their ancestry to Indigenous families inplace well before the Oñate Entrada of 1598, to tomorrow’s transborder travelers who will be negotiating entry into the United States. Throughout, we witness the shifting mosaicof Mexican-origin foods and foodways in the fields, gardens, and kitchen tables from Chiapas to Alaska.

Global food systems are also considered from a critical agroecological perspective, including the ways colonialism affects native biocultural diversity, ecosystem resilience, and equality across species, human groups, and generations.

Mexican-Origin Foods, Foodways, and Social Movements is a major contribution to the under- standing of the ways that Mexican-origin peoples have resisted and transformed food systems. It will animate scholarship on global food studies
for years to come.


We appreciate your support. All royalties and honoraria from this book and tour will go toward the co-editors' select non-profit organizations including the construction of a home for the first campus of the emerging Universidad del Maiz, a network of more than fifty indigenous corn growers and protectors to be hosted by the Acequia Institute.
 
To order directly from the press go to: 
To preview chapters go to:
https://www.amazon.com/Mexican-Origin-Foods-Foodways-Social-Movements/dp/1682260364
440 pages, 6 × 9, 33 images   |  $27.95 paper 978-1-68226-036-4  |  e-book 978-1-61075-618-1
We are launching national, regional, and local book signings and readings, so if you're interested email me.
Devon G. Peña, Ph.D.  
devonpena@gmail.com
 

"Memory is a moral obligation, all the time."   -J. Derrida

 



m




 

 



New book, forthcoming: 
 
FEATHERED SERPENT DARK HEART OF SKY
Myths of Mexico
by 
David Bowles, 

REFORMA/ALSC Pura Belpré Award 
Honor Winner and author 
of the 
Garza Twins series and much more! 

Also a great translator into/from 
Spanish and Nahuatl on other books. 

Gloria Hernandez gloriadefensora@gmail.com 



For the past 20 years, the LATINA Style 50 Report has highlighted thousands of companies from a variety of industries. Today we recognize companies that support programs encouraging training, mentorship, and promotion for Latinas. The LATINA Style 50 report is a navigator for Latinas as they seek advancement and career opportunities. Find out which company made it as the "Company of the Year" and the listing of the companies that have generated the best opportunities for Latinas in the United States for 2017.
Latinas are taking the reins in health-related STEM fields that directly impact the Latino community. Four Latinas reaching new horizons in health are: Jennifer Boada-Rodriguez who delivers toothpaste and mouthwash packaging-development programs at Colgate-Palmolive Co.; Eliana Nunez who prioritizes projects and initiatives that offer healthcare solutions to Cigna Corporation customers; Grace Figueredo who leads the Diversity and Inclusion strategy at Aetna; and, Jocelyn Gilmartin who is director and therapeutic area lead for infectious diseases and vaccines in Translational Pharmacology Clinical Operations at Merck. Find out more about their journeys in this edition.
Are you passionate about cars as we are? If so, immerse yourselves in driving the new models we have selected for you. For this issue, we chose three compact CUVs that are in the "sweet spot" of sales today and a full-sized SUV that can carry more family, friends, and gear, as well as tow bigger loads, such as boats, horse trailers or small RVs. We hope there's something that will catch your eye.

If you have a story to share, email us at  info@latinastyle.com

Get Your Copy of LATINA Style Magazine, Vol. 23, No. 4 Today! 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



NALIP is thrilled to announce the #WeAreInclusion Campaign will be featuring outstanding NALIP content creators and their contributions to the industry. Contribute, collaborate and create with NALIP as we continue to push for inclusion and support Latino voices across all media. 

For many examples of what is happening among Latinos in the film industry, do watch these segments.  You will be uplifted.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tMaCNgI5EQ&feature=youtu.be 


Stay tuned for more exciting news to come from #WeAreInclusion! 

 

 

2017 Latino Media Fest Nominees and Official Selection Program 
Wed, Aug 30, 2017 11:36 am
NALIP (membership@nalip.org)

The 2017 NALIP Latino Media Fest is presented by Comcast NBCUniversal Telemundo and additionally sponsored by MPAA, FOX Inclusion, Labo Digital, El Rey Network and venue sponsor AMC Independent. The Latino Media Fest will take place at the AMC Century City 15 on September 26-27, 2017.

NALIP is happy to announce the nominees for the 2017 Latino Media Fest Awards for Best LatinX Film of the Year, Best LatinX Filmmaker, Best Latin American Film and Best Latin American Filmmaker
Best LatinX Film of the Year
The Shape of Water
Beatriz at Dinner
Everybody Loves Somebody

Best LatinX Filmmaker
Catalina Aguilar Mastretta - ‘Everybody Loves Somebody’
Janicza Bravo - ‘Lemon’
Miguel Arteta - ‘Beatriz at Dinner’

Best Latin American Film
I Dream in Another Language 
The Untamed
Woodpeckers

Best Latin American Filmmaker
Amat Escalante - ‘The Untamed’
Lucrecia Martel - ‘Zama’
Sebastián Lelio - 'A Fantastic Woman’
VOTE now for your favorite nominee for the 2017 NALIP Latino Media Fest Awards
HERE. 
Voting will end on Sunday, September 3rd.

Throughout the two-day event, NALIP will present a diverse schedule of panels, workshops, screenings, showcases and more. Highlights include:
Special Shorts Screenings
(Tuesday & Wednesday, September 26-27)
U.S. Latinos will be showcasing their best projects, selected by NALIP, to highlight quality Latino content across all platforms. Congratulations to the following selected participants and projects who are part of the 2017 Official Selection for Latino Media Fest and will showcase their work during the 2017 Latino Media Fest:

Brandon Arroyo - Estrella
Cristian Proa - The Spirit Was Gone
Davy Perez - Parallax Effect: Abduction
Ignacio Garcia-Bustelo - Wonderland
Jean Lee - Paloma
Maria Arida - Needle
Matias Nilsson - Welcome Back
Miguel J. Soliman - Desde El Principio
Rodrigo Zanforlin - Jimbo
Samantha Smith - The Melancholy Man
William D. Caballero - Victor & Isolina

Animation Master Class
(Wednesday, September 27)
Jorge R. Gutiérrez will take part in NALIP’s Animation Master Class where he will discuss the specifics of making animated features and the process of telling unique stories that are relatable to global audiences. Gutiérrez has worked on Book of Life, El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera and most recently, Son of Jaguar. 

The 2017 NALIP Latino Media Fest Awards
(Wednesday, September 27)
The awardees, that were voted for in the respective following four award categories -- Best LatinX Film of the Year, Best LatinX Filmmaker, Best Latin American Film and Best Latin American Filmmaker -- will be recognized for their work on Wednesday, September 27th.
Get your Fall Sale tickets now at www.latinomediafest.com.

NALIP
http://www.nalip.org/ 

NALIP • 3415 S Sepulveda Blvd, #1100, Los Angeles, CA 90034, United States 
© 2017 Oath Inc. All Rights Reserved


     

Spanish SURNAME

Corona Páez 


Escudo partido: 1º., de gules, con tres coronas de oro, puestas en palo y, segundo, de plata, con una torre de azur. Bordura general de gules, con cinco estrellas de azur, de seis puntas, tres en jefe y una en cada cantón inferior. Va timbrado el escudo de armas de un casco de acero bruñido, con bordura y grilletas de oro, forrado de gules.

Certificación de blasones expedida a favor de Sergio Antonio Corona Páez por el Cronista Rey de Armas y Decano del Cuerpo, D. Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, en Madrid, el 27 de noviembre de 1989. Protocolo 1-1990. Folios 105-107. Registrado, legalizado y sellado en el Ministerio de Justicia el 28 de noviembre de 1989 con el folio 15486. Firmado por la subsecretario de legalizaciones Mª. del Carmen Guijarro González.

Este blasón y genealogía se encuentran debidamente registrados en Burke´s Peerage & Gentry International Register of Arms (Inglaterra)

================================== ==================================
INFORMACIÓN DEL APELLIDO

Sergio Antonio Corona Páez nació en Torreón, Coahuila, México, el 12 de octubre de 1950. Casó con Olga Patricia Reyes Fernández el 13 de marzo de 1982 (matrimonio civil) y el 29 de mayo del mismo año (matrimonio eclesiástico). De esta unión proviene Sergio Antonio Corona Reyes, nacido en Torreón el 12 de junio de 1983. Es hijo de Félix Edmundo Corona de la Fuente (nacido en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, el 7 de octubre de 1911) y María Concepción Páez Martínez (nacida en San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México, el 7 de junio de 1922). Casaron el 13 de diciembre de 1939.

Abuelos paternos:
Félix Edmundo Corona Toledano (nacido en Jonacatepec, Morelos, México, el 20 de noviembre de 1880) y de María Antonia de la Fuente Treviño (nacida en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, en enero de 1891). Casaron en Monterrey el 31 de julio de 1909.
Félix Edmundo Corona Toledano era miembro del linaje Corona, de Cantabria. A la caída del Imperio de Moctezuma II (1521) y surgimiento de la Nueva España, se establecieron colonos hidalgos de este apellido (Corona, de la Corona) en la región de Puebla-Tlaxcala. Se les otorgaron tierras como “vecinos” y “descubridores, pobladores y pacificadores” (es decir, hidalgos de linaje y solar conocido de acuerdo a la Real Cédula de Felipe II de 13 de julio de 1573) lo cual les permitió mantener su estatus de hidalguía.
María Antonia de la Fuente era novena nieta del Capitán Domingo de la Fuente y de su mujer Francisca Martínez-Guajardo. En 1609, el Capitán de la Fuente era colono de la Villa de Santiago del Saltillo, en la Nueva Vizcaya de la Nueva España, y miembro de la pequeña nobleza de sangre del lugar. Era “Benemérito” de la Corona, encomendero, conquistador, minero y comerciante. Durante su vida, tuvo los siguientes oficios en Saltillo: Escribano de Cabildo (1610), Regidor Alguacil Mayor (1616, 1618), Procurador General (1619, 1631), Regidor de Segundo Voto (1624), Diputado de Segundo Voto (1643).

Por el matrimonio de Luis de la Fuente Cabello (bisnieto del Capitán Domingo de la Fuente) con Josefa González de Paredes y de la Garza-Falcón el 7 de enero de 1710, María Antonia era décima nieta del Capitán Alberto del Canto, portugués de la isla Terceira, quien fundó la villa de Santiago del Saltillo en 1575, y de su esposa Estefanía de Montemayor Porcayo, y a la vez décimo primer nieta del Capitán Diego de Montemayor, fundador de la Ciudad de Monterrey, en el Nuevo Reino de León (México) y de su esposa, Juana Porcayo de la Cerda.

Abuelos maternos:
Antonio Páez Sánchez (nacido en San Luis Potosí, México, el 13 de junio de 1867) y María Altagracia Martínez Castro (nacida en Alaquines, San Luis Potosí, México el 6 de enero de 1894), casados en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí el 28 de mayo de 1914.
Antonio Páez Sánchez era hijo de Rafael Páez y Saavedra, nacido en Chalatenango (entonces Guatemala, actualmente El Salvador) en 1830 y de María Felipa Sánchez Gutiérrez, nacida en San Juan de los Lagos (Jalisco, México, el 27 de mayo de 1836). Esta pareja casó en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí el 7 de enero de 1863 en la Iglesia de La Compañía de Jesús. Los padres de Rafael Páez y Saavedra lo fueron el General Gerónimo Páez y Saavedra (miembro de la antigua y noble familia de terratenientes, los Páez de Monteseros o “Páiz de Monteseros”, dueños de San José Huité) y Tiburcia Saavedra, quienes casaron en la ciudad de San Salvador (El Salvador) en 1824.

El General Gerónimo Páez y Saavedra fue un héroe nacional, Teniente del Cuerpo de Dragones “Libertad”, General de Brigada, Alcalde de San Salvador, Diputado, Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador (1831). Era propietario de la “Hacienda Sabanetas” en Chiquimula, Guatemala.
El General Gerónimo Páez y Saavedra era hijo de Juan Antonio Páez de Sosa, nacido en 1765 en Guastatoya (Zacapa, Guatemala) y de María Estefanía Saavedra y Acevedo, nacida el 2 de septiembre de 1770 en Zacapa (Zacapa, Guatemala) y era hija del Condestable de la Artillería Alejandro Saavedra Buenafé y de María Inés Acevedo Portillo.

María Altagracia Martínez Castro pertenecía a la familia Martínez-Moctezuma, propietaria de la vasta “Hacienda de las Tuzas” en la jurisdicción de San José de los Montes Alaquines, actualmente Alaquines, San Luis Potosí (México). Los Martínez-Moctezuma constituían una de las diversas ramas del linaje Andrada-Moctezuma o Andrade-Moctezuma, descendiente del conquistador Juan Pedro Gallego de Andrada y la princesa Isabel de Moctezuma, a través de su primogénito, Juan de Dios Andrada-Moctezuma.
El blasón que se muestra pertenece a Sergio Antonio Corona Páez, Maestro y Doctor en Historia por la Universidad Iberoamericana Santa Fe (México) cum laude, quién ostenta los siguiente títulos:
- Comendador de la Real Orden de San Miguel del Ala,
- Comendador de la Orden Imperial del Dragón de Annam,
- Ballestero de Hermandad de la Noble Compañía de Ballesteros Hijosdalgo de San Felipe y Santiago,
- Ciudadano Distinguido de Torreón y Premio M. Mondragón al mérito Académico y Científico (Decreto del Cabildo del 11 septiembre de 2006),
- Cronista Oficial y Notario Histórico de Torreón (Decreto del Cabildo del 8 de abril de 2005, vitalicio),
- Correspondiente para México de la Academia Melitense Hispana (Madrid, 16 de diciembre de 2003),
- Miembro Correspondiente para Torreón del Seminario de Cultura Mexicana,
- Miembro de la Asociación de Poseedores de Certificaciones de Armas otorgadas por los Cronistas Reyes de Armas del Reino de España, y
- Miembro de diversas instituciones de carácter histórico académico.
Benicio Samuel Sánchez García
Presidente de la Sociedad Genealógica y de Historia Familiar de México
Genealogista e Historiador Familiar

Miembro de la Federation of Genealogical Societies
Miembro de la International  Society of Genetic Genealogy
Miembro de Hispagen
Miembro de Hispania Nostra
Miembro de la Asociación Canaria de Genealogía
Miembro de la APG



Email: samuelsanchez@genealogia.org.mx
Website:  http://www.Genealogia.org.mx

Cell Phone: 811 1916334 
Desde Monterrey agrega 044+811 1916334
Cualquier otro lugar de Mexico 045+811 1916334
Desde USA 011521+811 1916334

 

 

DNA

New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups by Roberta Estes
https://dna-explained.com/ 2017/03/02/new-native- american-mitochondrial-dna- haplogroups/
Posted on March 2, 2017  Found by Dr. C. Campos y Escalante, campce@gmail.com who writes:

Este artículo de Roberta Estes fue encontrado en el foro de FamilyTreeDNA.
 
Menciona una recopilación de estudios​ realizados para conocer mejor el ADN mitocondrial de los "Nativos americanos" que enfocado a conocer los orígenes genéticos de los nativos de los actuales Estados Unidos se puede extrapolar a todos los nativos del continente americano.
Explica la genética de los haplogrupos comprobados A, B, C, D y se extiende a considerar el haplogrupo X y M.
Es un tema largo y complejo que apenas se empieza a estudiar, sirva éste artículo de introducción.

Nota:
Como muchos investigadores angloparlantes al igual que el pueblo llano cuando se refiere a América la autora se está refiriendo sólo a los Estados Unidos y no al todo el continente americano a diferencia del resto de la población iberoamericana para quienes América es todo el continente y no el nombre de un sólo país.

La lectura cura la peor de las enfermedades humanas, "la ignorancia".

 

Editor Mimi:  This is a very extensive, detailed study, but I've included only the very first quarter for the reader to get a feeling for the abundance of information that is being gathered on this subject.  My DNA is 20% Native and I found the information personally fascinating.  I so admire the scientific brilliance and dedication of those delving into these mysteries of who we are  . . .  clearly our ancestors did not sit still . . .   with sincerest of thanks . . .  do enjoy and do go to the full study for more.

 

================================== ==================================

At the November 2016 Family Tree DNA International Conference on Genetic  Genealogy, I was invited to give a presentation about my Native American research findings utilizing the Genographic Project data base in addition to other resources. I was very pleased to be offered the opportunity, especially given that the 2016 conference marked the one year anniversary of the Genographic Project Affiliate Researcher program.

The results of this collaborative research effort have produced an amazing number of newly identified Native American mitochondrial haplogroups. Previously, 145 Native American mitochondrial haplogroups had been identified. This research project increased that number by 79% added another 114 haplogroups, raising the total to 259 Native American haplogroups.

 

Guilt by Genetic Association

Bennett Greenspan, President of Family Tree DNA, gave a presentation several years ago wherein he described genetic genealogy as “guilt by genetic association.” This description of genetic genealogy is one of the best I have ever heard, especially as it pertains to the identification of ancestral populations by Y and mitochondrial DNA.

As DNA testing has become more mainstream, many people want to see if they have Native ancestry. While autosomal DNA can only measure back in time relative to ethnicity reliably about 5 or 6 generations, Y and mitochondrial DNA due to their unique inheritance paths and the fact that they do not mix with the other parent’s DNA can peer directly back in time thousands of years.

Native American Mitochondrial DNA

Native American mitochondrial DNA consists of five base haplogroups, A, B, C, D and X. Within those five major haplogroups are found many Native as well as non-Native sub-haplogroups. Over the last 15 years, researchers have been documenting haplogroups found within the Native community although progress has been slow for various reasons, including but not limited to the lack of participants with proven Native heritage on the relevant matrilineal genealogical line.

In the paper, “Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins,” published in 2011, Kumar et al state the following:

For mtDNA variation, some studies have measured Native American, European and African contributions to Mexican and Mexican American populations, revealing 85 to 90% of mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin, with the remainder having European (5-7%) or African ancestry (3-5%). Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46%. The difference is indicative of directional mating involving preferentially immigrant men and Native American women.

The actual Native mtDNA rate in their study of 384 completely sequenced Mexican genomes was 83.3% with 3.1% being African and 13.6% European.

This means that Mexican Americans and those south of the US in Mesoamerica provide a virtually untapped resource for Native American mitochondrial DNA.

The Genographic Project Affiliate Researcher Program

At the Family Tree DNA International Conference in November 2015, Dr. Miguel Vilar announced that the Genographic Project data base would be made available for qualified affiliate researchers outside of academia. There is, of course, an application process and aspiring affiliate researchers are required to submit a research project plan for consideration.
================================== ==================================

I don’t know if I was the first applicant, but if not, I was certainly one of the first because I wasted absolutely no time in submitting my application. In fact, my proposal likely arrived in Washington DC before Dr. Vilar did!

One of my original personal goals for genetic genealogy was to identify my Native American ancestors. 

It didn’t take long before I realized that one of the aspects of genetic genealogy where we desperately needed additional research was relative to Native people, specifically within Native language groups or tribes and from individuals who unquestionably know their ancestry and can document that their direct Y or mtDNA ancestors were Native.

 

Additionally, we needed DNA from pre-European-contact burials to ascertain whether haplogroups found in Europe and Africa were introduced into the Native population post-contact or existed within the Native population as a result of a previously unknown/undocumented contact. Some of both of these types of research has occurred, but not enough.

Slowly, over the years, additional sub-haplogroups have been added for both the Y and mitochondrial Native DNA. In 2007, Tamm et al published the first comprehensive paper providing an overview of the migration pathways and haplogroups in their landmark paper, “Beringian Standstill and the Spread of Native American Founders.” Other research papers have added to that baseline over the years.

 

https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/beringia-map.jpg

“Beringian Standstill and the Spread of Native American Founders” by Tamm et al

 

In essence, whether you are an advocate of one migration or multiple migration waves, the dates of 10,000 to 25,000 years ago are a safe range for migration from Asia, across the then-present land-mass, Beringia, into the Americas. Recently another alternative suggesting that the migration may have occurred by water, in multiple waves, following coastlines, has been proposed as well – but following the same basic pathway. It makes little difference whether the transportation method was foot or kayak, or both, or one or more migration events. Our interest lies in identifying which haplogroups arrived with the Asians who became the indigenous people of the Americas.

Haplogroups

To date, proven base Native 
haplogroups are:

Y DNA:

  • Q
  • C

Mitochondrial DNA

  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • X

Given that the Native, First Nations or aboriginal people, by whatever name you call them, descended from Asia, across the Beringian land bridge sometime between roughly 10,000 and 25,000 years ago, depending on which academic model you choose to embrace, none of the base haplogroups shown above are entirely Native. Only portions, meaning specific subgroups, are known to be Native, while other subgroups are Asian and often European as well. The descendants of the base haplogroups, all born in Asia, expanded North, South, East and West across the globe. Therefore, today, it’s imperative to test mitochondrial DNA to the full sequence level and undergo SNP testing for Y DNA to determine subgroups in order to be able to determine with certainty if your Y or mtDNA ancestor was Native.

And herein lies the rub.

Certainty is relative, pardon the pun.

We know unquestionably that some haplogroups, as defined by Y SNPs and mtDNA full sequence testing, ARE Native, and we know that some haplogroups have never (to date) been found in a Native population, but there are other haplogroup subgroups that are ambiguous and are either found in both Asia/Europe and the Americas, or their origin is uncertain. One by one, as more people test and we obtain additional data, we solve these mysteries.
Let’s look at a recent example.

================================== ==================================

Haplogroup X2b4

Haplogroup X2b4 was found in the descendants of Radegonde Lambert, an Acadian woman born sometime in the 1620s and found in Acadia (present day Nova Scotia) married to Jean Blanchard as an adult. It was widely believed that she was the daughter of Jean Lambert and his Native wife. However, some years later, a conflicting record arose in which the husband of Radegonde’s great-granddaughter gave a deposition in which he stated that Radegonde came from France with her husband.

Which scenario was true? For years, no one else tested with haplogroup X2b4 that had any information as to the genesis of their ancestors, although several participants tested who descended from Radegonde.

 

Finally, in 2016, we were able to solve this mystery once and for all. I had formed the X2b4 project with Marie Rundquist and Tom Glad, hoping to attract people with haplogroup X2b4. Two pivotal events happened.

  • Additional people tested at Family Tree DNA and joined the X2b4 project.
  • Genographic Project records became available to me as an affiliate researcher.

At Family Tree DNA, we found other occurrences of X2b4 in:

  • The Czech Republic
  • Devon in the UK
  • Birmingham in the UK

 

======================== ==================================

Was it possible that X2b4 could be both European and Native, meaning that some descendants had migrated east and crossed the Beringia land bridge, and some has migrated westward into Europe?

Dr. Doron Behar in the supplement to his publication, “A Copernican” Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root” provides the creation dates for haplogroup X through X2b4 as follows:

 

https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/native-mt-x2b4.png
================================== ==================================

These dates would read 31,718 years ago plus or minus 11,709 (eliminating the numbers after the decimal point) which would give us a range for the birth of haplogroup X from 43,427 years ago to 20,009 years ago, with 31,718 being the most likely date.

Given that X2b4 was “born” between 2,992 and 8,186 years ago, the answer has to be no, X2b4 cannot be found both in the Native population and European population since at the oldest date, 8,100 years ago, the Native people had already been in the Americas between 2,000 and 18,000 years.

Of course, all kinds of speculation could be (and has been) offered, about Native people being taken to Europe, although that speculation is a tad bit difficult to rationalize in the Czech Republic.

The next logical question is if there are documented instances of X2b4 in the Native population in the Americas?

I turned to the Genographic Project where I found no instances of X2b4 in the Native population and the following instances of X2b4 in Europe.

  • Ireland
  • Czech
  • Serbia
  • Germany (6)
  • France (2)
  • Denmark
  • Switzerland
  • Russia
  • Warsaw, Poland
  • Norway
  • Romania
  • England (2)
  • Slovakia
  • Scotland (2)

The conclusion relative to X2b4 is clearly that X2b4 is European, and not aboriginally Native.

 

The Genographic Project Data Base

As a researcher, I was absolutely thrilled to have access to another 700,000+ results, over 475,000 of which are mitochondrial.

The Genographic Project tests people whose identity remains anonymous. One of the benefits to researchers is that individuals in the public participation portion of the project can contribute their own information anonymously for research by answering a series of questions.

I was very pleased to see that one of the questions asked is the location of the birth of the participant’s most distant matrilineal ancestor.

Tabulation and analysis should be a piece of cake, right? Just look at that “most distant ancestor” response, or better yet, utilize the Genographic data base search features, sort, count, and there you go…

Well, guess again, because one trait that is universal, apparently, between people is that they don’t follow instructions well, if at all.

The Genographic Project, whether by design or happy accident, has safeguards built in, to some extent, because they ask respondents for the same or similar information in a number of ways. In any case, this technique provides researchers multiple opportunities to either obtain the answer directly or to put 2+2 together in order to obtain the answer indirectly.

================================== ==================================

Individuals are identified in the data base by an assigned numeric ID. Fields that provide information that could be relevant to ascertaining mitochondrial ethnicity and ancestral location are:

https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/native-mt-geno-categories.png

I utilized these fields in reverse order, giving preference to the earliest maternal ancestor (green) fields first, then maternal grandmother (teal), then mother (yellow), then the tester’s place of birth (grey) supplemented by their location, language and ethnicity if applicable.

Since I was looking for very specific information, such as information that would tell me directly or suggest that the participant was or could be Native, versus someone who very clearly wasn’t, this approach was quite useful.

It also allowed me to compare answers to make sure they made sense. In some cases, people obviously confused answers or didn’t understand the questions, because the three earliest ancestor answers cannot contain information that directly contradict each other. For example, the earliest ancestor place of birth cannot be Ireland and the language be German and the ethnicity be Cherokee. In situations like this, I omitted the entire record from the results because there was no reliable way to resolve the conflicting information.

In other cases, it was obvious that if the maternal grandmother and mother and tester were all born in China, that their earliest maternal ancestor was not very likely to be Native American, so I counted that answer as “China” even though the respondent did not directly answer the earliest maternal ancestor questions.

Unfortunately, that means that every response had to be individually evaluated and tabulated. There was no sort and go! The analysis took several weeks in the fall of 2016.

By Haplogroup – Master and Summary Tables

For each sub-haplogroup, I compiled, minimally, the following information shown as an example for haplogroup A with no subgroup:

https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/native-mt-master-chart.png

The “Previously Proven Native” link is to my article titled Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups where I maintain an updated list of haplogroups proven or suspected Native, along with the source(s), generally academic papers, for that information.

======================================= ===========================

In some cases, to resolve ambiguity if any remained, I also  also referenced PhylotreemtDNA Community and/or GenBank.

For each haplogroup or subgroup within haplogroup, I evaluated and listed the locations for the Genographic “earliest maternal ancestor place of birth” locations, but in the case of the haplogroup A example above, with 4198 responses, the results did not fit into the field so I added the information as supplemental.

By analyzing this information after completing a master tablet for each major haplogroup and subgroups, meaning A, B, C, D and X, I created summary tables provided in the haplogroup sections in this paper.

 

Family Tree DNA Projects

Another source of haplogroup information is the various mitochondrial DNA projects at Family Tree DNA.

Each project is managed differently, by volunteers, and displays or includes different information publicly. While different information displayed and lack of standardization does present challenges, there is still valuable information available from the public webpages for each mitochondrial haplogroup referenced.

 

Family Stories

In the US, especially in families with roots in Appalachia, many families have the “Cherokee” or “Indian Princess” story. The oral history is often that “grandma” was an “Indian princess” and most often, Cherokee as well. That was universally the story in my family, and although it wasn’t grandma, it was great-grandma and every single line of the family carried this same story. The trouble was, it proved to be untrue.

Not only did the mitochondrial DNA disprove this story, the genealogy also disproved it, once I stopped looking frantically for any hint of this family line on the Cherokee rolls and started following where the genealogy research indicated. Now, of course this isn’t to say there is no Native IN that line, but it is to say that great-grandma’s direct matrilineal (mitochondrial) line is NOT Native as the family story suggests. Of course family stories can be misconstrued, mis-repeated and embellished, intentionally or otherwise with retelling.

Family stories and myths are often cherished, having been handed down for generations, and die hard.

In fact, today, some unscrupulous individuals attempt to utilize the family myths of those who “self-identify” their ancestor as “Cherokee” and present the myths and resulting non-Native DNA haplogrouip results as evidence that European and African haplogroups are Native American. Utilizing this methodology, they confirm, of course, that everyone with a myth and a European/African haplogroup is really Native after all!

As the project administrator of several projects including the American Indian and Cherokee projects, I can tell you that I have yet to find anyone who has a documented, as in proven lineage, to a Native tribe on a matrilineal line that does not have a Native American haplogroup. However, it’s going to happen one day, because adoptions of females into tribes did occur, and those adopted females were considered to be full tribal members. In this circumstance, your ancestor would be considered a tribal member, even if their DNA was not Native.

Given the Native tribal adoption culture, tribal membership of an individual who has a non-Native haplogroup would not be proof that the haplogroup itself was aboriginally Native – meaning came from Asia with the other Native people and not from Europe or Africa with post-Columbus contact. However, documenting tribal membership and generational connectivity via proven documentation for every generation between that tribally enrolled ancestor and the tester would be a first step in consideration of other haplogroups as potentially Native.

In Canada, the typical story is French-Canadian or metis, although that’s often not a myth and can often be proven true. We rely on the mtDNA in conjunction with other records to indicate whether or not the direct matrilineal ancestor was French/European or aboriginal Canadian.

In Mexico, the Caribbean and points south, “Spain” in the prevalent family story, probably because the surnames are predominantly Spanish, even when the mtDNA very clearly says “Native.” Many family legends also include the Canary Islands, a stopping point in the journey from Europe to the Caribbean.

Cultural Pressures

It’s worth noting that culturally there were benefits in the US to being Native (as opposed to mixed blood African) and sometimes as opposed to entirely white. Specifically, the Native people received head-right land payments in the 1890s and early 1900s if they could prove tribal descent by blood. Tribal lands, specifically those in Oklahoma owned by the 5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole) which had been previously held by the tribe were to be divided and allotted to individual tribal members and could then be sold. Suddenly, many families “remembered” that they were of Native descent, whether they were or not.

Culturally and socially, there may have been benefits to being Spanish over Native in some areas as well.

It’s also easy to see how one could assume that Spain was the genesis of the family if Spanish was the spoken language – so care had to be exercised when interpreting some Genographic answers. Chinese can be interpreted to mean “China” or at least Asia, meaning, in this case, “not Native,” but Spanish in Mexico or south of the US cannot be interpreted to mean Spain without other correlating information.

Language does not (always) equal origins. Speaking English does not mean your ancestors came from England, speaking Spanish does not mean your ancestors came from Spain and speaking French does not mean your ancestors came from France.

However, if your ancestors lived in a country where the predominant language was English, Spanish or French, and your ancestor lived in a location with other Native people and spoke a Native language or dialect, that’s a very compelling piece of evidence – especially in conjunction with a Native DNA haplogroup.

What Constitutes Proof?

What academic papers use as “proof” of Native ancestry varies widely. In many cases, the researchers don’t make a case for what they use as proof, they simply state that they had one instance of A2x from Mexico, for example. In other cases, they include tribal information, if known. When stated in the papers, I’ve included that information on the Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups page.

Editor Mimi:  
As stated, this is only the first quarter of a very extensive study.   Maps and graphs are included for clarity.




FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH

“d” by Pat Sajak
How to request copies of naturalization records
FamilySearch Digital Records Access Replacing Microfilm
Free Family History Library Classes and Webinars for October 2017
New Historic Records on FamilySearch











         Pat Sajak


“d”
by Pat Sajak
September 4, 2017

 

On this Labor Day my thoughts are with a laborer I wish I had taken the time to know better:

For much of my life, I carried an extra letter with me. It was a “d.” My name was Patrick Sajdak, S-a-j-d-a-k. It was pronounced as it is today (SAY-JACK), but that silent letter baffled teachers. They inevitably struggled with my name, and my fellow students enjoyed teasing me with the results of those struggles. The pronunciation difficulties followed me through school, the Army and into my adult years. I hated that “d.”

When I began to work in television, I dropped it—unofficially, at least—and viewers were introduced to Pat S-a-j-a-k. Even though the offending letter remained on my driver’s license and credit cards, my TV audience only saw the newer, sleeker version of my name. And, when I was about to marry in the late ’80s, I felt it was time to take the legal steps to finally rid myself of that “d” forever. My wife and my children would never have to deal with it. It was gone for good, and I almost never thought about it.

Then about a year ago, a viewer whose business is genealogy was doing some research for a Polish client when he ran across my name and its old spelling. For some reason, he remembered reading about that “d” in an interview, and he took it upon himself to put together a family tree that stretched back into the 1600s. He sent the information to me (along with photostatic copies of documents relating to marriages, births, deaths and immigration) explaining that he wanted to thank me for years of viewing pleasure. Of course, I wrote to thank him for the very kind thing he had done, but the documents, while interesting, were soon placed in a drawer and largely forgotten.

Recently, however, an opportunity arose for me to travel to Warsaw to help launch a Polish version of Wheel of Fortune called Kolo Fortuny, and I remembered the papers. This time, I looked at them more carefully. It turned out that my father’s father was born in a small town called Laskowa (La-SKOH-va) in southern Poland, as were previous generations dating back at least 400 years. Not only that, but my grandfather, his father, and his father’s father had all been born in the same house, designated as “House #108.” Wouldn’t it be interesting to find that house, I thought. And so it was off to Poland to spin a wheel and, if time permitted, to search for my paternal grandfather’s birthplace.


I wasn’t particularly close to Jozef Sajdak (or Joseph, as he had become in America). My grandfather was a stern man who had been a laborer all his life, had lost a leg to disease, and whose son (my father) was an alcoholic and abusive husband. There was a divorce (much less common in the ’50s) and, inevitably, its attendant unpleasantness. The result was that visits to my grandparents and my father (who had moved in with them) became experiences I didn’t always look forward to.

When my father died in 1961, I pretty much lost contact with my grandparents. In fact, when Grandpa Joe died less than three years later, I didn’t find out about it for several weeks. Even as I grew older, I never developed an interest in exploring my family’s history. Still, there I was, just three days ago, on a train from Warsaw to Krakow, where I was to be met by an interpreter and driven for about an hour to the small village of Laskowa.


The first thing I discovered upon my arrival was that Sajdak was a very common name in those parts. (The Poles pronounce it SIGH-DOCK.) You couldn’t toss a pierogi without hitting a Sajdak. But the commonness of the name made the search more difficult. Grandpa Joe had left for America in 1920, so there was no one there with any memory of him, and no one seemed to have any idea where to find House #108. For all they knew, it was long since gone. The people of Laskowa could not have been more willing to help, and I was sent from one person to another in search of clues, but nothing from personal memories to church records was providing the answer.


Happy, at least, to have seen the family village, I was ready to give up and head back, when we ran into an elderly man who seemed to remember some old houses in the hills outside of town. So up a small winding gravel road we went. After several wrong turns by the driver and shrugged shoulders by the locals, there it was. House #108. Still not positive, we knocked on the door of another small home just up the path. The owners knew all about the Sajdaks, and their oral history perfectly matched the genealogical records I had brought along. It was, indeed, the house we were looking for.

I didn’t expect to be moved by the discovery, but I was, and deeply so. I thought about Jozef and his brothers and sisters living and working and playing on the land. I thought about how difficult life was in post-WWI Poland. And, for the first time, I realized how indebted I am to this man who left the land of his birth to come to America. 




 

His life in his adopted country was hard, too. But three generations later, my children—his great-grandchildren—are enjoying the blessings of America thanks to a man who was born and raised in House #108 in Laskowa, Poland.

I wish I had gotten to know him better. I wish I had made an effort to get past his sternness. I wish I had talked to him about the town that I was gazing down on and the home in front of which I stood. But I realized at that moment that I had reclaimed the “d.” It’s not on my driver’s license or credit cards, but it is in my heart, where it has always belonged.

Thank you, Grandpa Joe.

Sent by Dr. Larry Arnn, President, Hillsdale College, Michagan




How to request copies of naturalization records

If you need to request copies of naturalization records, would you know which document number to use? Most record-keeping agencies require customers to request naturalization records by number. This includes U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), which requires a Certificate File number.  But the naturalization process begun on September 27, 1906, generated many different numbered documents.  What numbers are useful, and in what context? 

Join Marian Smith for a webinar that reviews naturalization paperwork and processes since 1906 and discusses what naturalization numbers mean to your research.  This webinar will not be recorded, so be sure to join us live.

How to Attend:
1.  Visit the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (USCIS) History and Genealogy web page.
2.  Click “Worth Repeating Webinar: Tuesday, Sept 26.”
3.  Click “Attend Session” just before the webinar start time at 1 p.m. Eastern.

See our full webinar schedule at https://www.uscis.gov/HGWebinars

Sent by Marian Smith  
uscis@public.govdelivery.com
 




UPDATE: FamilySearch Digital Records Access Replacing Microfilm

Salt Lake City, Utah (30 August 2017), Thursday, September 7, 2017, marks the closing of an 80-year era of historic records access to usher in a new, digital model. FamilySearch is discontinuing its microfilm circulation services in concert with its commitment to make billions of the world’s historic records readily accessible digitally online. (See FamilySearch Digital Records Access Replacing Microfilm). As its remaining microfilms are digitized, FamilySearch has provided additional information to users of its historic microfilm program. Find and share this news announcement easily online in the FamilySearch Newsroom

FamilySearch, a global leader in historic records preservation and access, began microfilming historic records in 1938. Advancements in technology have enabled it to be more efficient, making an unbelievable tide of digital images of historic records accessible much quicker online and to a far greater customer base.

FamilySearch released a list of helpful facts and tips to help patrons better navigate the transition from microfilm to digital.

QUICK FACTS AND TIPS

  • Patrons can still order microfilms online until Thursday, September 7, 2017.
  • After film ordering ends, if customers need access to a particular film yet to be digitized, they can express interest to have it added to the priority digitization list by contacting FamilySearch Support (Toll Free: 1-866-406-1830). 
  • All of the microfilm rented by patrons in the past 5 years have now been digitized by FamilySearch—over 1.5 million microfilms (ca. 1.5 billion images).
  • The remaining microfilms are being digitally scanned at a rate of 1,000 films per day and are projected to be complete by 2020.
  • New digital images are available as they are scanned in the FamilySearch.org Catalog.
  • Films currently on loan in family history centers and affiliate libraries are automatically granted extended loan status.
  • Affiliate libraries now have access to nearly all of the restricted image collections as family history centers.
  • Visitors to the Family History Library in Salt Lake City will still be able to order needed microfilms to use during their research visits.

HOW TO FIND DIGITAL IMAGES ON FAMILYSEARCH

Digital image collections can be accessed today in 3 places on FamilySearch.org, all under Search.

  • Catalog. Includes a description of all the microfilms and digital images in the FamilySearch collection. This is where all of FamilySearch's digitized microfilm and new digital images from its global camera operations are being published. A camera icon appears in the Catalog adjacent to a microfilm listing when it is available digitally.
  • Records includes collections that have been indexed by name or published with additional waypoints to help browse the unindexed images.
  • Books include digital copies of books from the Family History Library and other libraries, including many books that were previously copied to microfilm.

For additional help, see Finding Digital Images of Records on FamilySearch.org, or watch this how-to video “Where are the digitized records on FamilySearch?

“FamilySearch is committed to meeting customers’ needs as much as possible during this transition to digital access,” said Diane Loosle, FamilySearch’s Director of Patron Services. “We really appreciate the wonderful feedback we have received since the initial announcement. It is helping us better facilitate customer experiences during this next phase.”

Loosle said FamilySearch's over 5,000 family history centers will continue to provide access to relevant technology, premium subscription services, and digital records, including restricted content not available at home. Centers have the option to return microfilm that is available online or otherwise not needed. As more images are published online, centers may reevaluate whether to retain microfilm holdings.

See Frequently Asked Questions: Digital Access Replacing Microfilms for more information.

###

About FamilySearch

FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 5,000 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.

If you would rather not receive future communications from FamilySearch, let us know by clicking here.
FamilySearch, 50 East North Temple St, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 United States

 



Free Family History Library Classes
 and Webinars for October 2017

Salt Lake City, Utah (27 September 2017), The Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, has announced its free family history classes and webinars for October 2017. Participants can attend in person or online. The October schedule includes how-to classes for Canada, UK, US and Venzuela research, using the FamilySearch Family Tree, learning the new web-based indexing tool, and other useful tips and instruction. Some classes are available in Spanish. See the full schedule below. Mark your calendars for events you want to join so you don’t forget. (Find and easily share this announcement online in the FamilySearch Newsroom).

Online classes are noted on the schedule as webinars. Webinar attendees need to click the link next to the class title at the scheduled date and time to attend the class online. Those attending in person simply go to the room noted. Invite your family and friends. All class times are in Mountain Standard Time (MST). 

If you are unable to attend a class in person or online, most sessions are recorded and can be viewed later online at your convenience. To access these, go to the archive for Family History Library classes and webinars.

 

DATE / TIME

CLASS (SKILL LEVEL)

WEBINAR | ROOM

Monday Oct. 2,10:00 a.m.

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | 2N Lab

Tuesday Oct. 3,10:00 a.m.

Tips and Tricks for Using FamilySearch’s Historical Records Collection (Beginner)

Webinar | M Lab

Wednesday Oct. 4, 10:00 a.m.

Italian Language Indexing (1½ hours) (Intermediate)

Webinar | M Lab

Thursday Oct. 5, 1:00 p.m.

Using England Probate Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Monday Oct. 9,10:00 a.m.

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | 2N Lab

Tuesday Oct. 10, 10:00 a.m.

FamilyTree: Correcting Relationships (Intermediate)

Webinar | M Lab

Tuesday October 10,11:00 a.m.

Figuring Out Place Names for Swedish Genealogy (Intermediate)

Webinar | MF A

Tuesday October 10,1:00 p.m.

Criminals, Lunatics, and Witches, Oh My! Finding the Less Than Pleasant in Family History (Beginner)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Tuesday October 10,2:00 p.m.

Starting FamilyTree: Open Questions and Answers (Beginner)

Webinar | M Lab

Wednesday Oct. 11, 3:00 p.m.

Web Indexing Training for Temple and Family History Consultants—Brazil: (1½ hours) (Intermediate)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Thursday Oct. 12, 1:00 p.m.

Finding Jewish Ancestors in England (Beginner)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Thursday Oct. 12, 4:00 p.m.

Web Indexing Training for Temple and Family History Consultants—South America: (1½ hours) (Intermediate)

Webinar | M Lab

Monday Oct. 16,9:00 a.m.

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Monday Oct. 16,10:15 a.m.

Canada Research: Canada Census Records (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Monday Oct. 16,11:30 a.m.

Are You Your Own Brick Wall? Common Genealogical Mistakes and Their Solutions (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Monday Oct. 16,1:15 p.m.

United States Vital Records (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Monday Oct. 16,2:30 p.m.

United States Naturalization Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Tuesday Oct. 17, 9:00 a.m.

FamilySearch Wiki (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Tuesday Oct. 17, 10:15 a.m.

Canada Research: Canada Vital Records (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Tuesday Oct. 17, 11:30 a.m.

Descendancy Research (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Tuesday Oct. 17, 1:15 p.m.

United States Land Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Tuesday Oct. 17, 2:30 p.m.

United States Probate Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Wednesday Oct. 18, 9:00 a.m.

Tips and Tricks for Using FamilySearch’s Historical Records Collection (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Wednesday Oct. 18, 10:15 a.m.

Canada Research: Quebec Research (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Wednesday Oct. 18, 11:30 a.m.

A United States Case Study (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Wednesday Oct. 18, 1:15 p.m.

Census Techniques and Strategies (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Wednesday Oct. 18, 2:30 p.m.

Great Internet Sites for United States Research (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Thursday Oct. 19, 9:00 a.m.

FamilySearch Memories (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Thursday Oct. 19, 10:15 a.m.

Canada Research: Ontario Research (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Thursday Oct. 19, 11:30 a.m.

The Research Process (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Thursday Oct. 19, 1:15 p.m.

Genetic Genealogy: An Introduction to DNA (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Thursday Oct. 19, 2:30 p.m.

Using LDS Church Records (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Friday Oct. 20,9:00 a.m.

Freedman Bureau Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Friday Oct. 20,10:15 a.m.

Immigration and Canadian Border Crossings (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Friday Oct. 20,11:30 a.m.

Ask Your United States and Canada Research Question (Beginner)

Webinar | M B/C

Friday Oct. 20,1:15 p.m.

Canada Research: Canada Military (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Friday Oct. 20,2:30 p.m.

Over There! World War I Records over Here (Intermediate)

Webinar | M B/C

Saturday Oct. 21, 1:00 p.m.

Recursos Genealógicos de Venezuela (Beginner)

Webinar | VIP Room

Monday Oct. 23,10:00 a.m.

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | 2N Lab

Tuesday Oct. 24, 10:00 a.m.

What’s New at FamilySearch (Beginner)

Webinar | M Lab

Tuesday Oct. 24, 11:00 a.m.

Danish Tax Records (Advanced)

Webinar | B1 Lab

Tuesday Oct. 24, 1:00 p.m.

Exploring Probate Records in Norway (Intermediate)

Webinar | MF A

Wednesday Oct. 25, 10:00 a.m.

Spanish Language Indexing (1½ hours) (Intermediate)

Webinar | M Lab

Wednesday Oct. 25, 11:00 a.m.

Online Resources for Finnish Research (Intermediate)

Webinar | B1 Lab

Wednesday Oct. 25, 1:00 p.m.

Tracing Ancestry in Ireland’s Land and Other Records (Intermediate)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Thursday Oct. 26, 1:00 p.m.

Your British and Irish Research Questions Answered (Beginner)

Webinar | B2 Lab

Monday Oct. 30,10:00 a.m.

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | 2N Lab

Tuesday Oct. 31, 1:00 p.m.

Deciphering Portuguese Script (Beginner)

Webinar | MF B

 

About FamilySearch

FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 4,921 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.

 

 



New Historic Records on FamilySearch


New Historic Records on FamilySearch: Week of September 12, 2017

SALT LAKE CITY, UT—Over 20 million new, free historic records were added this week from the Netherlands and Denmark, including 6 Denmark censuses from 1860 to 1906. These collections include both searchable name indexes and digital images. Additional records were added from BillionGravesEnglandFrench PolynesiaLuxembourgNicaraguaParaguay, and Peru, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, the United States, and Venezuela. Search these free records at FamilySearch by clicking on the links in the interactive table below. Easily find and share this announcement online in the FamilySearch Newsroom.

Collection

Indexed Records

Digital Images

Comments

BillionGraves Index

262,608

262,608

Added indexed records and images to an existing collection

French Polynesia, Civil Registration, 1843-1999

4,853

9,903

New indexed records and images collection

Nicaragua Civil Registration, 1809-2013

60,015

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Paraguay, Catholic Church Records, 1754-2015

137,335

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Peru, Cajamarca, Civil Registration, 1938-1996

29,115

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Peru, Cusco, Civil Registration, 1889-1997

92,507

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Portugal, Portalegre, Catholic Church Records, 1859-1911

3,821

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Spain, Province of Asturias, Municipal Records, 1470-1897

29,538

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

United States, War Relocation Authority centers, final accountability rosters, 1942-1946

96,910

2,106

New indexed records and images collection

Venezuela, Catholic Church Records, 1577-1995

281,584

0

Added indexed records to an existing collection

Searchable historic records are made available on FamilySearch.org through the help of thousands of volunteers from around the world. These volunteers transcribe (index) information from digital copies of handwritten records to make them easily searchable online. More volunteers are needed (particularly those who can read foreign languages) to keep pace with the large number of digital images being published online at FamilySearch.org. Learn more about volunteering to help provide free access to the world's historic genealogical records online at FamilySearch.org/indexing.

FamilySearch is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources for free at FamilySearch.org or through more than 4,921 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.

 



ORANGE COUNTY, CA

October 14: SHHAR: John Schmal, "Los Fundadores de Mexico"
October 14: Mendez Museum Without Walls Presents: Fiesta Mendez
In Costa Mesa, California, 'Real Women' have grueling, yet gratifying lives by Eric Marchese
Artifacts preserve memories of Orange’s history as a rancho
Anaheim Schools to study historical novel: "Into the Beautiful North" by Luis Alberto Urrea
Oct 20th deadline to apply: Wallace (Wally) R. Davis Memorial Scholarship Fund
November 18: Letty Rodella, Researching Your Hispanic Ancestors





Come join us at the October 14, 2017 monthly meeting of the Society Of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research (SHHAR) featuring John Schmal, author of several genealogy/history books and genealogy researcher as our speaker.  His topic will be “Los Fundadores de Mexico (The Founders of Mexico). 

"Fundadores de Mexico" is a presentation that will discuss ways in which people can trace their Spanish ancestors in Mexico and hopefully find out where their ancestral surnames originated in Spain or Portugal. John Schmal will provide the attendees with resources for learning about the Spanish settlers that settled in various parts of Nueva Espana (New Spain), including Zacatecas, Jalisco, Chihuahua and Tamaulipas.

The free presentation will take place at the Orange Family History Center, 674 S. Yorba St., Orange.  
Volunteers will provide research assistance from 9 -10 a.m., and Schmal will speak from 10:15 -11:30 a.m.  
For information, contact Letty Rodella at lettyr@sbcglobal.net.  
   
John Schmal is a long time member of the SHHAR Board of Directors, and through-out the years has been a great resource to SHHAR and all Mexican researchers.  Somos Primos is privileged to maintain a collection of John's research.  Do access his outstanding Mexican information and data.  

http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm 

   

 


ESSAYS AND RESEARCH ON

INDIGENOUS MEXICO

By John P. Schmal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

   

POWER POINT SLIDE PRESENTATIONS 
[Large PDF files may take several minutes to download. PDF file reader needed.]

PDF 48-page file, click to view
IndigenousMexico.pdf   

PDF  53-page file, click to view
Finding Your Roots in Mexico.pdf

PDF 44-page file, click to view
Researching YourRootsinNorthernMexico.pdf  

PDF  53-page file, click to view
LatinoPoliticalRepresentation.pdf

PDF  66-page file, click to view
Indigenous Peoples of Nueva Galicia and Nueva Vizcaya.pdf
Documents: Click on name links to view pdf files

STUDIES
Click on the brown button on the left to go to the file:

THE MEXICAN CENSUS 
The Indigenous Languages of Mexico: A Present-Day Overview
Mexico's 1921 Census: A Unique Perspective
Mexico's 2010 Census: A Unique Perspective
RACIAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY IN MEXICO: 2015
Indigenous Mexico Statistics: The 2005 Conteo
Extranjeros in Mexico
(1895-2000)
Mexico and Its Religions   

INDIGENOUS ROOTS IN MEXICO
Indigenous Roots in Mexico
Tracing Your Indigenous Roots in Sonora
   Indigenous Coahuila de Zaragoza

ZACATECAS HISTORY AND RESEARCH
Mexican Americans Finding Their Roots
The History of Zacatecas

The Indigenous People of Zacatecas
The Mexicanization of the Zacatecas Indians
Genealogical Research in Zacatecas
Indigenous Roots: Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Jalisco  (the Chichimeca Story)
The Caxanes of Nochistlán: Defenders of their Homeland


 JALISCO HISTORY AND RESEARCH 
Mexico: The Best Records in the World
L
os Tapatiós de California: Returning to Their Jalisco Roots
The History of Jalisco
Indigenous Jalisco: Living in a New Era
INDIGENOUS JALISCO: FROM THE SPANISH CONTACT TO 2010

AGUASCALIENTES 
 
AGUASCALIENTES: THE GEOGRAPHIC CENTER OF MEXICO

 
THE AZTEC EMPIRE 
The Mexica: From Obscurity to Dominance
The History of the Tlaxcalans
The Defeat of the Aztecs
  Indigenous Guerrero: A Remnant of  the Aztec Empire

SOUTHERN MEXICO 
Campeche: On the Edge of the Mayan World
Oaxaca: A Land of Diversity

Indigenous Yucatán
The Mixtecs and Zapotecs: Two Enduring Cultures of Oaxaca
Chiapas - Forever Indigenous  

  NORTHWEST MEXICO  
Indigenous Baja: Living on the Edge of Existence
The Yaqui Indians: Four centuries of resistance
NW Mexico: Four centuries of resistance
An Entire Frontier in Flames
Indigenous Nayarit Resistance in the Sierra Madre
 Indigenous Chihuahua
Indigenous Durango 

  EASTERN MEXICO  
The Indigenous Veracruz
Indigenous Tamulipas 
Indigenous San Luis Potosi

  CENTRAL MEXICO  
The Indigenous Guanajuato
The Indigenous Michoacan

  SURNAME SERIES  
Bobadilla
Ledesma
Lozano
Orozco

 







In Costa Mesa, California
‘Real Women’ have grueling yet gratifying lives


Costa Mesa Playhouse’s affecting, affectionate staging of Josefina Lopez’s “Real Women Have Curves” stars, from left, Jessica Delgado, Tiffany McQuay, Anatalia Vallez, Angela Moore and Angela Apodaca. (Photo by Sara Guerrero)

Costa Mesa Playhouse’s affecting, affectionate staging of Josefina Lopez’s “Real Women Have Curves” stars, from left, Jessica Delgado, Tiffany McQuay, Anatalia Vallez, Angela Moore and Angela Apodaca. (Photo by Sara Guerrero)


Tiffany McQuay enacts the focal role of Estela Garcia, who owns and runs a tiny dress factory in the East Los Angeles garment district. (Photo by Michael Serna)
Tiffany McQuay enacts the focal role of Estela Garcia, who owns and runs a tiny dress factory in the East Los Angeles garment district. (Photo by Michael Serna)

Young Ana (Anatalia Vallez, right) expresses her frustration at being treated like a little girl by her sister’s employees, Pancha (Jessica Delgado) and Rosali (Angela Apodaca). (Photo by Michael Serna)
Young Ana (Anatalia Vallez, right) expresses her frustration at being treated like a little girl by her sister’s employees, Pancha (Jessica Delgado) and Rosali (Angela Apodaca). (Photo by Michael Serna)
Estela (Tiffany McQuay, left) enforces the shop’s “no cellphone” rule, much to the dismay of kid sister Ana (Anatalia Vallez). (Photo by Michael Serna)
Estela (Tiffany McQuay, left) enforces the shop’s “no cellphone” rule, much to the dismay of kid sister Ana (Anatalia Vallez). (Photo by Michael Serna)
During their break, Rosali (Angela Apodaca, left), Carmen (Angela Moore) and Pancha (Jessica Delgado) get an eyeful of beefcake in the form of revealing photos. (Photo by Michael Serna)
During their break, Rosali (Angela Apodaca, left), Carmen (Angela Moore) and Pancha (Jessica Delgado) get an eyeful of beefcake in the form of revealing photos. (Photo by Michael Serna)


All writers have to start somewhere. For Josefina López, it was in Los Angeles. She and her family settled there after leaving Mexico but lived in constant fear of being caught and deported by immigration officials.

López’s first major play, “Real Women Have Curves,” depicted these circumstances, with the character of Ana Garcia as the playwright’s young alter ego.

Recent high school grad Ana dreams of becoming a writer, escaping the hardscrabble life of working at a tiny East Los Angeles sewing factory – but college is an unaffordable and distant goal.

In Costa Mesa Playhouse’s production of the 1990 play, we see how López suffuses her story and characters with ethnic flavor and personal details. Anatalia Vallez captures Ana’s eye-rolling frustration over sister Estela (Tiffany McQuay), who owns the sweat shop, and their mom, Carmen (Angela Moore), who mocks Ana’s weight and her desire to better herself.

Ana hides her journal in the factory’s restroom, the only place with any privacy. Her future is dim – and worse still is that Estela, Carmen and shop employees Pancha (Jessica Delgado) and Rosali (Angela Apodaca) ridicule her and refuse to take her seriously.

In director Sara Guerrero’s finely atmospheric staging, Vallez’s Ana despairs of being dismissed by the other women as a girl and not a peer, yet stoically accepts her circumstances while privately keeping her hopes alive. Ana’s imagination emerges in her dreamy musings of the fate of a completed dress and in the way Vallez glows whenever her character speaks of becoming “rich and famous” as a writer.

López’s text, updated in 2015 to include changes in immigration laws and the advent of cellphones, accurately depicts the grueling, spirit-sapping grind of making dresses by hand, the struggle to survive on low income and the undocumented Estela’s perpetual fear of La Migra.

Ryan Linhardt’s set design of Estela’s factory creates a high degree of authenticity through an incredible level of detail, while Moisés Vázquez’s original music fosters the desired Latino flavor.

Guerrero’s well-chosen cast members breathe life into their characters, creating a believable portrait of life as a Mexican woman in a late-’80s U.S. big city, struggling to keep it together, actualize personal hopes and confront personal fears in the face of daunting circumstances.

In the play’s focal portrait, McQuay delivers Estela’s meticulous, tough-minded personality and conscientious nature regarding her products’ quality. She also deftly balances Estela’s smarts, admirable business acumen, organizational skills and pride in running her own factory with the ever-looming fear of being deported and losing everything she has worked for.

Moore aptly depicts Carmen’s displeasure at having to take orders from her own daughter and her now outmoded habits, customs and beliefs, which she shares with the like-minded Pancha. She also exploits her role’s comedic potential through Carmen’s candor, which includes jabs at both daughters and reminders that the garment district is populated by “winos and drug addicts.”

The sharp-tongued, impassive Pancha appears content within herself, yet Delgado wrings poignancy from Pancha’s longing for and inability to have children. Apodaca’s Rosali is sweet and agreeable, her obsession with dieting resulting in a pleasing shape but fueling her exaggerated negative self-image of being “fat” and “a cow.”

Guerrero and company succeed in showing the everyday realism of this comedic-dramatic slice of life and, more crucially, the tensions that roil the interrelationships of the five women – but also the loyalties and underlying bonds of caring, support and affection that connect them.
‘Real Women Have Curves’

When: Ran September 8 through Oct. 1. 8 p.m. Fridays-Saturdays, 2 p.m. Sundays 
Where: Costa Mesa Playhouse, 661 Hamilton St., Costa Mesa
Tickets: $20 ($18 seniors/students)
Length: About two hours
Suitability: Ages 12 and older (for language and content)
Info: 949-650-5269, costamesaplayhouse.com  

Sent by Sara Guerrero 
guerrero.sara@gmail.com 

http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/11/in-costa-mesa-real-women-have-grueling-yet-gratifying-lives/ 









A saddle frame, spur, and horseshoe recently given to the Orange History Center highlight the city’s past 
as part of the sprawling Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. (Photo: Jonathan Winslow, staff)


Artifacts preserve memories of Orange’s history as a rancho

By Jonathan Winslow | jwinslow@scng.com  | Orange County Register
Published: Aug 21, 2017  Updated: Aug 21


Gathered around a table in the Orange History Center, a group of history lovers passed around a horseshoe, a saddle frame and a spur – new artifacts in the center’s collection representing the days when much of modern Orange County was the sprawling Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana.

It was owned by Juan Pablo Grijalva (There is dispute by others that he had a partner).
================================== ==================================
The three artifacts were donated to the History Center by Eddie Grijalva, a sixth-generation relative of Juan Pablo and a history researcher. Grijalva spent years fighting to have his ancestor’s role in Orange County history recognized, and he said the artifacts are part of cementing a legacy. “I didn’t understand what legacy meant, I had no idea,” Eddie Grijalva said. “But I started to read more and thought, ‘Oh, you’re not going to live forever,'” Grijalva said. “It’d be nice if, when I’m gone, people can remember and say, ‘Hey, Eddie Grijalva wasn’t that bad. He left us something.'”


From left to right, historians Michael Miniaci and Douglas Westfall, researcher Eddie Grijalva and archivist Lizeth Ramirez pose with three new artifacts showing Orange’s history as part of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. 
(Photo by Jonathan Winslow, staff)
Juan Pablo Grijalva was a Spanish officer in California who retired from service to the Spanish Empire and founded Rancho Las Flores in 1795. A few years later, Grijalva’s first rancho was taken from him by the Mission San Luis Rey for agricultural use – today the land makes up Camp Pendleton.

Unperturbed, Grijalva traveled to modern Orange – just beyond the influence of nearby missions – and in 1801 established a new rancho, the 83,000-acre Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana.

Building an adobe just north of El Modena, Grijalva lived on his massive rancho, which stretched from today’s Anaheim Hills all the way to Costa Mesa and into parts of Newport Beach.

Grijalva died in 1806, and his rancho was split up into thousands of parcels by 1869.

Grijalva’s legacy faded into obscurity behind the more recognized names of Yorba and Peralta – the families that took over the rancho after Grijalva’s death.

Eddie Grijalva wasn’t OK with that. He’s dug up material, both in print and in dirt, that proved his ancestor’s involvement in the county’s history – and people have taken notice.

Today, his family heritage is recognized with historic plaques and as the namesake of Orange’s Grijalva Park.

The three artifacts given to the History Center were found at the old sites of Rancho Las Flores and Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana after being left behind in the early 1800s. In particular, the spur was left behind at the original adobe site in what is now Orange.

Lizeth Ramirez, archivist and reference librarian at the History Center, said the artifacts “bring to life” the California Rancho era and will be on display for the public soon – likely in October.

Sent by Eddie Grijalva 
edwardgrijalva6020@comcast.net
 







Anaheim Schools to study historical novel: "Into the Beautiful North"

Into the Beautiful North" by Luis Alberto Urrea has been chosen is called "Into the Beautiful North" promoted and discussed through Anaheim schools,  and several events will be scheduled, including a showing of the movie "Magnificent Seven" which has a connection to the book. 
============================= ==============================================

Story: 

Nayeli, the Taqueria worker of Urrea's fine new novel (after The Hummingbird's Daughter), is a young woman in the poor but tight-knit coastal Mexican town of Tres Camarones who spends her days serving tacos and helping her feisty aunt Irma get elected as the town's first female mayor. 

Abandoned by her father who headed north for work years before, Nayeli is hit with the realization that her hometown is all but abandoned by men, leaving it at the mercy of drug gangsters. So Nayeli hatches an elaborate scheme inspired by The Magnificent Seven: with three friends, she heads north to find seven Mexican men and smuggle them back into Mexico to protect the town. 

What she discovers along the way, of course, surprises her. Urrea's poetic sensibility and journalistic eye for detail in painting the Mexican landscape and sociological complexities create vivid, memorable scenes. Though the Spanglish can be tough for the uninitiated to detangle, the colorful characters, strong narrative and humor carry this surprisingly uplifting and very human story. (May)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Insight into the Inspiration: The Novel is based on his family's traditional village in Mexico, where they came from where there was barely any men left, because most had gone north. Urrea takes this idea and sets it in a village of Sinaloa, where we see a story develop as Narcos try to take over the village and the women decide to venture into the north and bring back their own version of the "Magnificent Seven."

Biography: 

Luis Alberto Urrea, 2005 Pulitzer Prize finalist for nonfiction and member of the Latino Literature Hall of Fame, is a prolific and acclaimed writer who uses his dual-culture life experiences to explore greater themes of love, loss and triumph. Born in Tijuana, Mexico to a Mexican father and an American mother, Urrea has published extensively in all the major genres. The critically acclaimed and best-selling author of 13 books, Urrea has won numerous awards for his poetry, fiction and essays.

Sent by Yvonne Gonzalez Duncan-President  
yvduncan@yahoo.com
  
Anaheim LULAC Council #2848
Orange County LULAC District 1-Director
714-423-9150-cell



HISPANIC BAR ASSOCIATION
of Orange County, California 


The Hispanic Bar Association of Orange County
Wallace (Wally) R. Davis Memorial Scholarship Fund


2014 Wally Davis Scholarship Recipients  at the 2014 OC HBA Annual Fundraising Event.
 Yesenia Lagunas, UC Hastings College of the Law, Hugo López, University of Missouri School of Law,
Marco Pulido Márquez
, UC Irvine School of Law, Catherine Navarro, Whittier Law School,

================================== ==================================
“Education is the key that opens up hidden treasures within”

Did you know that Latinos constitute almost 50% of California’s population, yet less than 4% of California’s attorneys are Latino? To bridge this gap, the HBA Annual Installation Dinner and Scholarship Fundraiser raises funds for the Wallace (Wally) R. Davis Memorial Scholarship Fund.

The Scholarship Fund provides financial assistance to Orange County Latino students who are presently attending law school and who have demonstrated involvement in the Latino Community. The Scholarship Fund was named in honor of Wallace (Wally) R. Davis, one of the first Hispanic attorneys in Orange County. He rose to the highest ranks in the legal profession, co-founding the HBA and championing the struggles of the Latino community. By assisting young Latino law students, this scholarship is awarded to those who would follow in his footsteps.

Applications will be reviewed by the HBA Scholarship Committee. Please note the following dates:
October 20, 2017:  Application deadline.  All materials must be postmarked by this date.
December 20, 2017:  Notification of scholarship awards will be mailed by this date.

The Wally Davis Scholarship is Available to All Student Regardless of Immigration Status. 
Other scholarships available through the Orange County Community Foundation may be obtained at www.oc-cf.org.

More information on the Hispanic Education Endowment Fund (HEEF), can be obtained at www.heef.org.

Read about past Wally Davis Scholarship Recipients


If you wish to donate to the HBA Wally Davis Scholarship Fund by mail, please send a check payable to:
OCCF/HBA And remit payment to the OC HBA at P.O. Box 6130,  Newport Beach, CA 92658
For more information please email us at info@ochba.org.   

I wish to contribute to the Wally Davis Scholarship Fund:




 

 

Orange County 
Public Libraries presents:

Letty Rodella 

"Researching Your Hispanic Ancestors"


Saturday, November 18, 2:00 pm 
San Juan Capistrano Library
 


San Juan Capistrano Library
Hours: Mon-Thurs. 10-7 I Sat.-Sun. 9-5
31495 El Camino Real 
San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675
(949) 493-1752 

ocpl.sjc@occr.ocgov.com
 

 

Letty Rodella is President of SHHAR, the Society of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research. Her love of genealogy started 18 years ago. It covers the present and moves back in history to her ancestors of the early 1500s, those who settled in what is now Texas and New Mexico.

"Researching Your Hispanic Ancestors", is based on Letty Rodella’s years of research using online Hispanic archives which date back to the 1500’s. Letty will explain the basic steps she uses and will present copies of actual document found using those steps. She will provide tips for reading the many nuances found in those documents; will offer suggestions for finding the previous generation; and will provide a list of the main resources available for researching Hispanic ancestors.

Letty Rodella, is a retired educator. She holds a degree from U. of Texas at El Paso and a Master’s from Cal State Fullerton. Letty taught in Texas and in California, retired as district administrator, and continued on as an independent educational consultant, and University supervisor for Cal State Long Beach student teachers.


 

LOS ANGELES, CA

Sept 10th: The Latino Book and Family Festival, Los Angeles 
September 29- October 22: The Uncensoring of L.A. History: A Mexican Perspective
L.A. Celebrated the 236th Anniversary of Its Founding With a Festival Downtown
For the First Time Ever, the Vincent Price Art Museum Has a Latinx Director
What were the Zoot Suit Riots? by Evan Andrews
The Los Angeles City Council bans Columbus Day, echoing the Ku Klux Klan

 

Final deadline participation is February 28, 2018
To see all past winners of the Int'l Latino Book Awards and the Latino Books into Movies Awards.
Go to www.Award.News 

========================== ==================================

lbff logo

The Latino Book Event in Los Angeles Happened September 10th
 
On September 10th at LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes, Latino Literacy Now  held it's 63rd Latino Book & Family Festival. The Festival ran from 10am till 4pm at 501 N. Main Street in Downtown Los Angeles, across from Olvera Street. The event will featured over 70 Award Winning Authors there who shared their books and experiences. In addition to the authors, workshops, and a wide variety of booths with books, artwork, educational insights, plus other great products and services for your family. 

 

Plus the event featured the web sensations, the GEM Sisters unveiling their first book. With over 7 million web views a month they are the most popular Latino children's comedy group on the web.
 
Workshops for the event include ones on:
  • Workshops on writing books:  How to Write a Children's Book and Writing Stories with Latina Characters
  • Since women excel as readers, we have some great workshops there: Empowering Latina Women; Living la Vida Latina: Stories of Modern Chicas; and Overcoming Domestic Violence.
  • Workshops for children Highlighting Award Winning Authors of Children's Books
  • For students a little older:  A workshop on Finding the Money & Succeeding in College
  • A workshop on Great Books about Latino Leaders You Know or Should Know
  • A workshop on Social & Political Issues in Fiction







The Uncensoring of L.A. History: A Mexican Perspective
September 29- October 22

In 1981, Barbara Carrasco began work on L.A. History: A Mexican Perspective, a portable mural for L.A.'s bicentennial celebration. Stories of L.A. are depicted in the strands of a woman's hair. Due to controversy of some of the stories, the mural was not shown until 1990 for two weeks at Union Station. Its 43 panels have been in a storage facility in Pasadena ... until now. 

The mural will be on view once again at the Ticket Concourse at Union Station, September 29. through October 22. More info at:  https://www.facebook.com/events/313739965759766 
 
The unveiling ceremony will begin at 10 am on Friday Sept 29th

Kirk Whisler
Executive Editor
Latino Print Network
760-579-1696
kirk@whisler.com
  




L.A. Celebrated the 236th Anniversary of Its Founding With a Festival Downtown

 

Happy birthday, Los Angeles. On August 26th, the city celebrated the 236th anniversary of its founding in 1781 with a festive gathering that began at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and continued with a colorful procession to La Placita Church. Steve Kuzj reports for the KTLA 5 News at 6 on Aug. 26, 2017.  http://ktla.com/2017/08/26/l-a-celebrates-236th-anniversary-of-its-founding-with-festival-downtown/
by


For the First Time Ever, 
the Vincent Price Art Museum Has a Latinx Director

 

m

Pilar Tompkins Rivas quickly connected with L.A.'s Chicano art scene when she moved here from Texas.

Pilar Tompkins Rivas quickly connected with L.A.'s Chicano art scene when she moved here from Texas.  Photo: Danny Liao

Sent by Dorinda Moreno  pueblosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com 
http://www.laweekly.com/arts/pilar-tompkins-rivas-is-the-vincent-price-art-museums-first-ever-latina-curator-8177546 

 

 



What were the Zoot Suit Riots?

// November 18, 2015

riots, zoot suit riots, racism 
"Zoot Suiters" under arrest in Los Angeles, 1943. (Credit: Library of Congress)

 

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled with young Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles. The June 1943 riots took their name from the baggy suits worn by many minority youths during that era, but the violence was more about racial tension than fashion.
================================== == ==================================

What Is a Zoot Suit?

During the 1930s, dance halls were popular venues for socializing, swing dancing and easing the economic stress of the Great Depression. Nowhere was this more true than in the uptown Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem, home of the famed Harlem Renaissance.

Style-conscious Harlem dancers began wearing loose-fitting clothes that accentuated their movements. Men donned baggy trousers with cuffs carefully tapered to prevent tripping; long jackets with heavily padded shoulders and wide lapels; long, glittering watch chains; and hats ranging from porkpies and fedoras to broad-brimmed sombreros.

The image of these so-called “zoot suits” spread quickly and was popularized by performers such as Cab Calloway, who, in his Hepster’s Dictionary, called the zoot suit “the ultimate in clothes. The only totally and truly American civilian suit.”

‘A Badge of Delinquency’

As the zoot suit became more popular among young men in African American, Mexican American and other minority communities, the clothes garnered a somewhat racist reputation. Latino youths in California known as “pachucos”—often wearing flashy zoot suits, porkpie hats and dangling watch chains—were increasingly viewed by affluent whites as menacing street thugs, gang members and rebellious juvenile delinquents.

Wartime patriotism didn’t help matters: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II, wool and other textiles were subject to strict rationing. The U.S. War Production Board regulated the production of civilian clothing containing silk, wool and other essential fabrics.

Despite these wartime restrictions, many bootleg tailors in Los Angeles, New York and elsewhere continued to make the popular zoot suits, which used profligate amounts of fabric. Servicemen and many other people, however, saw the oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources.


The local media was only too happy to fan the flames of racism and moral outrage: On June 2, 1943, the Los Angeles Times reported: “Fresh in the memory of Los Angeles is last year’s surge of gang violence that made the ‘zoot suit’ a badge of delinquency. Public indignation seethed as warfare among organized bands of marauders, prowling the streets at night, brought a wave of assaults, [and] finally murders.”

The Zoot Suit Riots Begin

In the summer of 1943, tensions ran high between zoot-suiters and the large contingent of white sailors, soldiers and Marines stationed in and around Los Angeles. Mexican Americans were serving in the military in high numbers, but many servicemen viewed the zoot-suit wearers as World War II draft dodgers (though many were in fact too young to serve in the military).

On May 31, a clash between uniformed servicemen and Mexican American youths resulted in the beating of a U.S. sailor. Partly in retaliation, on the evening of June 3, about 50 sailors from the local U.S. Naval Reserve Armory marched through downtown Los Angeles carrying clubs and other crude weapons, attacking anyone seen wearing a zoot suit or other racially identified clothing.

In the days that followed, the racially charged atmosphere in Los Angeles exploded in a number of full-scale riots. Mobs of U.S. servicemen took to the streets and began attacking Latinos and stripping them of their suits, leaving them bloodied and half-naked on the sidewalk. Local police officers often watched from the sidelines, then arrested the victims of the beatings.

Thousands more servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians joined the fray over the next several days, marching into cafes and movie theaters and beating anyone wearing zoot-suit clothing or hairstyles (duck-tail haircuts were a favorite target and were often cut off). Blacks and Filipinos—even those not clad in zoot suits—were also attacked.

 

The Rioting Spreads

By June 7, the rioting had spread outside downtown Los Angeles to Watts, East Los Angeles and other neighborhoods. Taxi drivers offered free rides to servicemen to rioting areas, and thousands of military personnel and civilians from San Diego and other parts of Southern California converged on Los Angeles to join the mayhem.

Leaders of the Mexican American community implored state and local officials to intervene, but their pleas met with little action. One eyewitness, writer Carey McWilliams, painted a terrifying picture:

“On Monday evening, June seventh, thousands of Angelenos … turned out for a mass lynching. Marching through the streets of downtown Los Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot-suiter they could find. Street cars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked out of their seats, pushed into the streets, and beaten with sadistic frenzy.”

Some of the most disturbing violence was clearly racist in nature: According to several reports, a black defense plant worker—still wearing his defense-plant identification badge—was yanked off a streetcar, after which one of his eyes was gouged out with a knife.

Aftermath of the Zoot Suit Riots

Local papers framed the racial attacks as a vigilante response to an immigrant crime wave, and police generally restricted their arrests to the Latinos who fought back. 


The riots didn’t die down until June 8, when U.S. military personnel were finally barred from leaving their barracks.

The Los Angeles City Council issued a ban on zoot suits the following day. Amazingly, no one was killed during the weeklong riot, but it wasn’t the last outburst of zoot suit-related racial violence. Similar incidents took place that same year in cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit. == A Citizens’ Committee appointed by California Governor Earl Warren to investigate the Zoot Suit Riots convened in the weeks after the riot. The committee’s report found that, “In undertaking to deal with the cause of these outbreaks, the existence of race prejudice cannot be ignored.”
Additionally, the committee described the problem of juvenile delinquency youth as “one of American youth, not confined to any racial group. The wearers of zoot suits are not necessarily persons of Mexican descent, criminals or juveniles. Many young people today wear zoot suits.”

Sent by Frances Rios francesrios499@hotmail.com 
 
Editor  MimiOur family lived in East L.A. during WW II.  My Dad, Catalino Lozano was a tailor.   He used to make zoot suits.  I never equated his use of his skills as a tailor as being unpatriotic, I certainly never thought of him as an unpatriotic bootleg tailor.   He was born in San Antonio and was very patriotic. 

I appreciate this tidbit of information, maybe it explains why when I was in the 3rd grade,  Dad  closed his tailor/dry cleaning shop and took a job working in a war factory, quite a distance away.  

The factory produced silk parachutes for the war effort.   Dad only came home on the week ends.  

On February 23, 1942,  a Japanese submarine attacked our California coast line. I remember standing in front of our house in East LA. (Boyle Heights) watching the flames and hearing the sounds of the shelling, all the way from the coast. I thought it was daytime, because I remembered the  flames so well.  Given the distance to the coast; I could not understand how the flames could be seen so clearly, but finding the attack was at night, clarified the  memorable scene. 

Soon after Dad moved us  from Boyle Heights inland to Ontario, to a rented house.  It was a very brief period.  The coastal attack was three months after the December 7th, 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor.   WW II had come to our shores.  The US began to mobilize.


I had long attributed our move to Ontario, to the fact of the Japanese attack, but perhaps it was a combination of many factors.

Eventually Dad opened another tailor/dry cleaning shop on Soto St.  After the war, 1945, the Zoot suit and the
pachuco look regained (retained)  its popularity in East L.A.  I was in Jr. High, 1946-47. 

 

 

 



Editorial, Wall Street Journal, August 31, 2017 L.A.’s Gift to Trump

The Los Angeles City Council bans Columbus Day, echoing the Ku Klux Klan.

To paraphrase Marx, all great historical events occur twice: first as tragedy, second as some action by the Los Angeles City Council. The latest demonstration came Wednesday when the council banished Columbus Day from the city calendar. Henceforth in L.A., the second Monday in October will be Indigenous Peoples Day. 

We have no dispute with any group or city that wishes to celebrate the culture and achievements of indigenous peoples. Such celebrations are a staple of American life and contribute in their way to e pluribus unum. 

But L.A.’s move isn’t about celebrating. It’s about indicting anything that represents Western civilization, as Christopher Columbus most certainly does. So how ironic that in deposing the Italian explorer, Los Angeles council members find themselves taking the side of the Ku Klux Klan of the early 20th century—whose nativism led it to oppose statues, memorials and days devoted to Columbus because he was Catholic, Southern European and called to mind the new waves of non-English immigrants at the time. 

That’s precisely the danger of applying modern sensibilities to judge people from the past. Columbus had his faults, and honest histories address them. But if we honored only saints, few would make it onto pedestals. 

If Columbus has to go, does FDR’s wartime internment of Japanese-Americans mean we tear down his memorial on the national mall? Most Americans sensibly would say no, but today it’s the vandals who are ascendant, here attacking a bust of Lincoln in Chicago, there beheading a Columbus statue in New York, there desecrating a Joan of Arc statue in New Orleans. 

So perhaps it’s fitting that an L.A. City Council that thinks it is leading a politically correct charge is really completing the work urged by an earlier generation of haters and nativists. We wonder if the council knows it has given President Trump a political gift by demonstrating that what so many on the left really oppose is the larger triumph of Western civilization. 

https://www.wsj.com/articles/l-a-s-gift-to-trump-1504221331  

Sent by Maria Angeles O'Donnell Olson,  
conhon.espana.sd@gmail.com
 



CALIFORNIA 

Rafael Jesús González: 1st Poet Laureate of Berkeley
October 7th: Watershed Environmental Poetry Festival
Oct 7-8th: Battle of Dominguez Hill 
1769 "Soldados de Cuera" Commemorative Plaque
Talking sense into the California  Board of Education: Mission Impossible
Wages rise on California farms. Americans still don’t want the job
Gaspar de Portola




Primer Poeta Laureado de la Cd. de Berkeley/1st Poet Laureate of Berkeley

 

Siendo nombrado primer Poeta Laureado de la Ciudad

                        Acepto los laureles que se me otorgan
                   con gracias y humildemente sabiendo
                     que hay muchos otros más dignos
                de ser nombrado primer poeta laureado
                   de la ciudad desde que se fundó.
                        Poetas una vez se coronaban de laurel
                   por su elocuencia en alabar
                     al rey, a la nación, a la ciudad
                        pero se me conoce por ser muy
                   particular en lo o quien alabo.
                No llevaré levemente mis laureles
                       en honor de la ciudad querida
                   para alabar cuando sirva a la justicia,
                para protestar cuando no.

 

On Being Named First Poet Laureate of the City

                        I accept the laurels conferred upon me
                  with thanks & humbly knowing
                    there are many more worthy
                      to be named first Poet Laureate
                of the city since its founding.
                Poets were once laurel crowned
                  for their eloquence in praising
                the king, the nation, the city
                  but I am known to be most
                       particular in what & whom I praise.
                     I will not wear my laurels lightly
                      in honor of the belovèd city
                    to praise when it serves justice,
                       to protest when it does not.

Es un honor inesperado y muy honorado me siento
que así me haya reconocido mi querida ciudad. Es 
para ustedes, mi amada comunidad que escribo, es
 por la Tierra, la justicia, la paz que forjo mis 
palabras, es por amor a la vida.

 

It is an unexpected honor and I feel very much honored that my beloved city has so recognized me. It is for you, my dear community that I write; for the Earth, justice, peace; it is for love of life.

 

(Si se le dificulta recibir mis e-mails, por favor añada mis señas a su lista para que mis mensages no vayan a dar en los archivos de "spam." Si prefiere no recibir mis envíos de grupo, por favor hágamelo saber y quitaré su nombre de la lista. Gracias.)

 

(If you have trouble receiving my emails, please add me to your address book so that my messages do not end up in the "spam" folder. If you would rather not receive to group mailings, please let me know and I will take your name off that list. Thank you.)
 

 Watershed Environmental Poetry Festival, Saturday, October 7th
http://poetryflash.org/programs/?p=watershed_2017

 


Rafael Jesús González  2017
P.O. Box 5638
Berkeley, CA 94705 
rjgonzalez@mindspring.com

 



Schedule for Saturday:
Saturday 10:00am to 4:00pm.
Open at 10:00am
Flag Raising at 11:00am
Artillery demonstration right after Flag Raising
1st Battle at 12:00pm
Music & Period Dancing 1:00pm to 2:00pm
2nd Battle at 3:00pm.
Other living history demonstrations throughout day 
like blacksmiths, rope making, period toys, adobe brick making, gold panning, etc.
Closed at 4:00pm.

 

Schedule for Sunday:
Sunday 10:00am to 3:00pm
Open at 10:00am
Flag Raising at 11:00am
Artillery demonstration right after Flag Raising
1st Battle at 12:00pm
Talk with Dominguez Family 1:00pm to 1:20pm
Flintlock/musket demonstration 1:20pm to 1:40pm
2nd Battle at 2:00pm.
Living history demonstrations throughout day like blacksmiths, etc
Closed at 3:00pm

Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum, 18127 S. Alameda St., Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220







1769 “SOLDADOS DE CUERA” COMMEMORATIVE PLAQUE 
at 
JUNIPERO SERRA MUSEUM, SAN DIEGO, CA



By 
Sylvia Noemi Contreras 

JUNIPERO SERRA MSEUM
DEDICATED JULY 16, 1929
TO THE MEMORY OF
THE FOUNDER 
OF THE 
CALIFORNIA MISSION
*******
ON THIS HILL, JULY 16, 1769
PADRE JUNIPERO SERRA
AND THE SOLDIERS OF SPAIN
SET THE ROYAL STANDARD
RAISED THE CROSS
AND DEDICATED
THE MISSION OF SAN DIEGO DE ALCALA

Inscription on plaque


The 1769 “Soldados de Cuera” (leather-jacket soldiers) journeyed through paths from Baja California to Alta California, eventually known today as “El Camino Real.”  These many long-forgotten soldiers who followed their leaders are not usually named in museum tours or general history conversations.  That may soon change since reaching a milestone this past July 16, 2017. 

The first land expedition was March 23, 1769 led by Commander Fernando Rivera y Moncada with Fray Juan Crespi; the second land expedition was May 15, 1769 led by Governor Gaspar de Portola and Fray Junipero Serra.  The first Spanish presidio in Alta California was in San Diego, California.                                   
                                                                                                                                     

 



I became a volunteer docent at Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum February 2010.  My tours about Early California history begin with a 1769 Spanish soldier.  

Museum docent training is usually several hours over a period of time.  

Reading books and visits to historical sites have helped increase my knowledge of that era which I willingly share with others.   

One of my favorite books, I hold dear is Harry W. Crosby’s signed “Gateway to Alta California, the Expedition to San Diego 1769.”  

It includes several sleek and colorful full page maps showing the path of those soldiers.  “Alta California” has 21 missions, of which I have visited 12+ missions.  Baja California has 20+ missions, of which I visited 10 so far.  

Something about seeing an area of where one reads about, can make history come alive. 


Junipero Serra Museum, Presidio Park, San Diego, California, is located on a beautifully landscaped area. Even if the museum is closed, one can still enjoy a picnic in the park at the end of the winding road.  For many years, driving south on 5 Interstate Freeway, the lovely white building that caps a hill was presumed to be a church in operation.  A couple of years ago, while on vacation in Carlsbad, CA, I picked up a brochure of “things to do” which listed Junipero Serra Museum. Searching the internet, it was realized the building atop the hill was a museum. (So much history to learn, all in due time).  Two trips to the museum followed, at different times.  This third recent visit was a personal invitation to a once-in-a-lifetime event which will forever remain memorable to my heart. 

On Sunday, July 16, 1769, 
Fray Junipero Serra dedicated Mission San Diego de Alcala.  
Then, 160 years later, on Tuesday, July 16, 1929, 
Junipero Serra Museum is dedicated. 


On Sunday, July 16, 2017, a special event was held at Junipero Serra Museum.  A huge, heavy, bronze Commemorative Plaque with engraved names of the 1769 “Soldados de Cuera” was hung outside the museum’s corridor and unveiled that afternoon.  The presentation marked 248 years after Fray Serra’s initial mission dedication. 

Juan Jose Dominguez is the Spanish soldier included in my interpretive tours.  He is named in Crosby’s, “Gateway to Alta California.”  However, this soldier did not have recognized heirs.  The Dominguez museum’s story is primarily about his great-nephew’s family history. 

Another soldier in Crosby’s book, and very dear to me, is Jose Gabriel de Ojeda, my ancestral grandfather.  He traveled with the first 1769 Expedition.  A soldier I discovered in 2012, through my readings about Early California history.  Had I not been a docent, I would not have discovered my paternal ancestry. 

Then, there’s Ignacio Felix Cota.  A descendant of Spanish soldier Andres Cota, who also traveled in the first 1769 Expedition, along with the Ojeda soldier.  Ignacio took on an unimaginable feat to have those few brave 18th century soldiers become imprinted in 2017 for future generations. 

Five or so years ago, Ignacio spearheaded his idea of recognizing the soldiers in some way.  The thought likely came after his mother, Olga, challenged him to verifying the family’s history and stories he heard from her, the history SHE had collected. 

The irony, it is about the same time I became aware of my own ancestral connection to the 1769 soldier too. 

In November 2012, I visited Baja California Sur on a genealogy quest, digging into mission records, municipal records, and graveyards.

I met family members, who I did not know existed until then, and vice-versa.  

Too bad Ignacio and I did not cross each other’s path at that time.  But, then, our paths probably crossed at the time it was supposed to happen, in 2017. 


Sylvia and Ignacio pointing to their ancestors. To read the names of all the soldiers in the company, View below for an enlarged photo.

Ignacio reached out to family members, extracting records in Spain, Santa Barbara, CA, and wherever else.  There were several key people he connected with to help him with the project.  Harry W. Crosby’s book had a role as well, kind of like a blueprint or guide.  But I believe it was Ignacio’s self-motivation, overcoming trials and tribulations, time and expense, that led him to achieve the first step of his heartfelt vision. He wanted the 1769 Spanish soldiers to be recognized through a Commemorate Plaque.  But not just ONE, he envisions FOUR commemorative plaques.  Ignacio’s vision is three plaques installed in “Alta” California; San Diego, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara.  And one plaque installed in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.  One done, three to go!  A humungous project, one which will call for more help. At least there is one more descendant he can reach out to in Southern California - me. 

Thanks FACEBOOK (FB), which is a source for news media of the day.  Back in May, I decided to read FB page Archivos Pablo L. Martinez (APLM), La Paz, Baja California Sur.  A place visited in November 2012.  It had been a while since I read any of APLM FB posts. 

As I scrolled through APLM FB page, I read about its new building. The one I visited in 2012 was not the current building anymore.  APLM relocated late 2013.  Scrolling through the page, I almost missed a critical photo staring back at me, as I sat in my chair, in total disbelief, and excitement at the same time.  It was a plaque, still in its crate, commemorating the 1769 Expedition soldiers!  I felt nervous and jittery as my eyes ran up and down the plaque photo, searching, searching.  And YES!  There engraved, was the soldier Jose Gabriel de Ojeda.  How? Who?  When?  Bewildered, so many thoughts and questions ran through my mind.  

I contacted APLM, spoke to the museum director, Elizabeth Acosta Medina, whom I met in 2012.  She explained a bit about the plaques and kindly connected me with Ignacio Felix Cota.  I connected with him.  He was the key to the story behind the plaques.  We talked about Harry W. Crosby and his infamous book, “Gateway to Alta California.”  We talked about each other’s genealogy quests.  After hearing my story, Ignacio had no doubt I was a direct descendant from 1769 soldier Jose Gabriel de Ojeda.  Then he shared information about the forthcoming event at Junipero Serra Museum and extended a generous personal invitation.  Really?  Thank you!  Was Crosby going to be attending too?  Yes. Fabulous! 

At the event, low and behold, a face was recognized, and vice-versa.  What a surprise!  It was someone I met (2015?), Alejandro, with his wife, Olga (Cota), in Tijuana, Baja California.  We were leaving the parking lot of the museum, El Cecut, after a presentation, of all topics, about Gaspar de Portola. The couple had remembered me as I did them.  At the July 16, 2017 event, I learned Olga was Ignacio’s niece – wow!  I also met Ignacio’s uncle, Fermin Cota.  Turns out he is a Tijuana historian, also into genealogy. 

When Harry W. Crosby arrived, I quickly approached him for photos.  Book in one hand, the event’s program in the other, I was ready to immortalize the event.   My husband, Emilio, played the role of photographer to capture the day’s moments.

Commemorative 1769 soldier buttons were gifted.  I helped distribute English AND Spanish programs. A wonderful reception followed the ceremony. More time to meet and greet other descendants.  It was a gracious event on a gorgeous day.  As I gazed through the crowd towards the end of the event, my thought was, “all this because of one descendant’s amazing vision, and I am a part of that vision, thank you Lord Almighty.” 

                                                                                             Commemorative button

As an aside, representatives from the Kumeyaay Native tribe were invited to the ceremony and listed on the program.  They were scheduled to participate in the procession and offer a blessing.  My opinion, sadly and disappointing it was to realize the acceptance to participate in the ceremony appeared ill intentioned.  The group, with children, were extremely unfriendly.  A couple of men performed a native dance, which I did not understand its meaning, but felt it to be a “war” dance.  The encounter was most undesirable, a feeling not previously experienced.  Many other attendees were uncomfortable too.  Then the local authorities arrived, the group vacated the area, and the event was so pleasant thereafter. 

Two 1769 soldiers, Andres Cota and Jose Gabriel de Ojeda, traveled from Baja California to Alta California with the first 1769 Expedition.  Both soldiers returned to Baja California. Descendants were spread throughout Alta and Baja California.  Then, 248 years later, descendants, Ignacio and Sylvia, one from each soldier, Cota and Ojeda, respectively, connect via email and telephone in May, 2017.  The descendants meet for the first time at Junipero Serra Museum in San Diego, CA on Sunday, July 16, 2017 to commemorate the travels of their 1769 ancestral grandfathers.  Having met the Cota family is like have found gems.  What great memories.  Accolades to all who helped Ignacio through this arduous long-term project. 

As I mentioned, help is needed for the future plaques.  If anyone is interested in the plaque project, please feel free to contact me at 562-394-6187 (cell-text) and/or Sylvia@Linkline.com .  I will reply to confirm receipt. 

Here are informational source links: 

http://www.sandiegohistory.org/serra_museum/

https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/San_Diego_Presidio.html

http://dominguezrancho.org/history/

http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/about-us/

Sylvia N. Contreras

 

Donated by Ignacio Felix Cota to the City of San Diego, 2017

 



Talking sense into the California Board of Education: 
Mission Impossible



AP Photo/Marcio Jose SanchezFather Miguel Rodriguez pays homage to an image of Junipero Serra during Mass at the Carmel Mission, Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2015, in Carmel-By-The-Sea, Calif.

By John Phillips | Orange County Register
Published: September 7, 2017 | Updated: September 7, 2017 

It has become fashionable, of late, to erase any positive references to some of Western Civilization’s most important historical figures, and instead place the spotlight on what modern sensibilities judge as their sins and foibles.

In the South, Civil War monuments are coming down by the day, the Los Angeles City Council voted to eliminate Columbus Day from the calendar in favor of “Indigenous People’s Day,” and if Chicago Bishop James Dukes gets his way, George Washington and his statue will be scrubbed from Washington Park on the south side as well.

I imagine it’s only a matter of time before McDonald’s is forced to take down their statues of Ronald McDonald in the event that they become offensive to gingers. If not, “the resistance” will surely give Mayor McCheese the business at his next town hall.

Now, the forces of political correctness want California’s fourth grade mission project to be the next rite of passage to bite the dust.

The Sacramento Bee is reporting that California’s new history and social science framework, passed by the state Board of Education last year, recommends against the longtime tradition of building miniature replicas of the state’s Spanish colonial missions, calling it “insensitive.”
According to the framework, “Building missions from sugar cubes or popsicle sticks does not help students understand the period and is offensive to many. … Missions were sites of conflict, conquest and forced labor.”

In place of the mission project, the guidelines recommend that educators spend time teaching students about the impacts of the missions on the state’s people and its natural environment.
In other words, who cares about how California’s forefathers planted the seeds for the dynamic society we live in today, let’s focus only on the negative, and while we’re at it, let’s criticize their carbon emissions and ding them for the fact that most of their missions weren’t wheelchair accessible!
This is unfortunately only the latest example of the activist left trying to scrub any kind of positive mention of Spanish missionaries from California’s history.

In February 2015, State Sen. Ricardo Lara, D-Bell Gardens, introduced a bill in the California Legislature that would remove the statue of Father Junipero Serra at the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol and replace it with one of astronaut Sally Ride. Serra was an 18th century Franciscan friar who created the California mission system and was praised as a U.S. “founding father” by Pope Francis before he was canonized in 2015.

In 2016, a U.S. District Court judge sided with the American Civil Liberties Union when he ruled that the cross depicted on top of the San Gabriel Mission be removed from the Los Angeles County seal.

But if these scolds want a complete cleansing of Spanish contributions from the Golden State, they have a long way to go, as Americans named numerous California cities after the missions they grew up around. This list includes San Gabriel, San Fernando, San Juan Capistrano, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Santa Cruz, among others.

Even our state Capitol, Sacramento, was given its name by the explorer Gabriel Moraga, who was born in Mexico, but discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River after the Spanish term for ‘sacrament,’ specifically, after “the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ,” referring to the Roman Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist.

The bottom line is that if you don’t understand the contributions and influence of Spanish explorers and missionaries, you don’t understand California’s history.

If we take this chapter out of the history books the next generation of Californians will be ignorant about the history of the state that they call home.  

Not that this seems to bother the Board of Education. According to the 2013 results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, California fourth graders scored 46th in the nation in math, and 47th in the nation in reading.

The Board of Education seems to be fine with ignorance, so long as it’s politically correct ignorance.

John Phillips is a CNN political commentator and can be heard weekdays at 3 p.m. on “The Drive Home with Jillian Barberie and John Phillips” on KABC/AM 790.






Wages rise on California farms. Americans still don’t want the job
By Natalie Kitroeff and Geoffrey Mohan
March 17, 2017 | reporting from Stockton, Calif.


Arnulfo Solorio’s desperate mission to recruit farmworkers for the Napa Valley took him far from the pastoral vineyards to a raggedy parking lot in Stockton, in the heart of the Central Valley.

Solorio recruiting workers in Stockton

Carrying a fat stack of business cards for his company, Silverado Farming, Solorio approached one prospect, a man with only his bottom set of teeth. He told Solorio that farm work in Stockton pays $11 to $12 an hour. Solorio countered: “Look, we are paying $14.50 now, but we are going up to $16.” The man nodded skeptically.
Solorio moved on to two men huddled nearby, and returned quickly. “They were drug addicts,” he said. “And, they didn’t have a car.”

Before the day was through, Solorio would make the same pitch to dozens of men and women, approaching a taco truck, a restaurant and a homeless encampment. Time was short: He needed to find 100 workers to fill his ranks by April 1, when grapevines begin to grow and need constant attention.

Solorio is one of a growing number of agricultural businessmen who say they face an urgent shortage of workers. The flow of labor began drying up when President Obama tightened the border. Now President Trump is promising to deport more people, raid more companies and build a wall on the southern border.

Workers prune

Workers prune grapevines at the Napa Valley vineyard of Silverado Farming. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in Napa go for nearly $6,900 per ton, 10 times more than in San Joaquin County. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)
That has made California farms a proving ground for the Trump team’s theory that by cutting off the flow of immigrants they will free up more jobs for American-born workers and push up their wages.
So far, the results aren’t encouraging for farmers or domestic workers.

Farmers are being forced to make difficult choices about whether to abandon some of the state’s hallmark fruits and vegetables, move operations abroad, import workers under a special visa or replace them altogether with machines.
Growers who can afford it have already begun raising worker pay well beyond minimum wage. Wages for crop production in California increased by 13% from 2010 to 2015, twice as fast as average pay in the state, according to a Los Angeles Times analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

15,000 20,000 25,000 $30,000 (2015 dollars) ’15 '14 '13 '12 '11 ’10 '09 '08 '07 '06 ’05 '04 '03 '02 '01 ’00 '99 '98 '97 '96 ’95 '94 '93 '92 '91 ’90 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Times analysis- In 2015 dollars @latimesgraphics Farmworker pay soars California field laborer wages have risen nearly 50% since 1996. 1990: $22,622 1996: $20,343 2015:$29,632

Today, farmworkers in the state earn about $30,000 a year if they work full time — about half the overall average pay in California. Most work fewer hours.

Some farmers are even giving laborers benefits normally reserved for white-collar professionals, like 401(k) plans, health insurance, subsidized housing and profit-sharing bonuses. Full-timers at Silverado Farming, for example, get most of those sweeteners, plus 10 paid vacation days, eight paid holidays, and can earn their hourly rate to take English classes.

But the raises and new perks have not tempted native-born Americans to leave their day jobs for the fields. Nine in 10 agriculture workers in California are still foreign born, and more than half are undocumented, according to a federal survey.

Instead, companies growing high-value crops, like Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in Napa, are luring employees from fields in places like Stockton that produce cheaper wine grapes or less profitable fruits and vegetables.
Growers who can’t raise wages are losing their employees and dealing with it by mechanizing, downsizing or switching to less labor-intensive crops.

Jeff Klein is doing all of the above. Last year Klein, a fourth-generation Stockton farmer, ran a mental ledger, trying to sort out the pros and cons of persevering in the wine business or quitting. He couldn’t make the math work.
Wineries pay Klein a tiny fraction of what they pony up for the same grape variety grown in Napa, and the rising cost of labor meant he was losing money on his vineyards. So in October, Klein decided to rip out 113,000 Chardonnay grapevines that once blanketed land his family has owned for decades. Now they lay heaped into hundreds of piles, waiting to be taken to the dump.

Jeff Klein, a fourth-generation Stockton farmer, knew his vines were done for when California passed laws raising the minimum wage to $15 by 2023 and requiring overtime for field laborers. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)
“I try to make any decision I make not emotional. When you’re running a business, it has to be a financial decision,” he says, sifting through the mangled metal posts.

Five years ago, Klein had a crew of 100 workers pruning, tying and suckering his grapevines. Wineries paid $700 for a ton of grapes, and Klein could make a solid profit paying $8 an hour, the minimum wage.

Last year he could barely get together 45 laborers, and his grapes sold for only $350 per ton. Klein knew his vines were done for when California passed laws raising the minimum wage to $15 by 2023 and requiring overtime for field laborers.

“There’s not enough guys, and everybody is fighting for everybody else’s guys,” he says. “In Napa and Sonoma, they’re getting $2,000 a ton [for grapes]. So, those guys can afford to pay $15. For me, I’m just trying to break even.”

California farmers can’t find enough laborers
Although Trump earned Klein’s vote, he worries that recent executive orders ratcheting up deportation plans and calling for a wall are putting a chokehold on an already tight pool of workers.
“That’s killing our labor force,” says the 35-year-old grower.

Already, fewer Mexicans had been willing to risk border crossings as security and deportations escalated under the Obama Administration. At the same time, Mexico’s own economy was mushrooming, offering decent jobs for people who stayed behind.

With the grapevines he has left, Klein is doing what he can to pare his crews. Last year, he bought a leaf puller for $50,000, which turns the delicate process of culling grapevine canopies into an exercise in brute force. The puller hooks onto a tractor and, like an oddly shaped vacuum cleaner, sucks leaves from grapevines.

He used to spend $100 an acre culling the canopies, which allows the right amount of sunlight to hit the grapes and turn them into sugar balls. Now, he says, “It will cost me 20 bucks, and I can get rid of some labor.”
Klein says he’ll spend the next five years replacing his 1,000 acres of grapevines with almond and olive trees, which require a fraction of the human contact to grow.

About 80 miles west in Napa, growers aren’t facing quite the same challenge. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in Napa go for nearly $6,900 per ton, 10 times more than in San Joaquin County.

Leadin intro type: Benton Gothic Reg. 32/42 pt. #58595b Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Times analysis- Joe Fox / @latimesgraphics Napa farm workers are state’s highest paid Areas like Napa County, where high-value wine grapes are grown, are luring workers from lower-paying areas like San Joaquin County. > $40,000 NapaCounty:$41,940 San JoaquinCounty:$30,544 $30,000 – $40,000 $20,000 – $30,000 $10,000 – $20,000 No data available Average crop worker wages, 2015

That’s the reason that Napa County pays its farmworkers $41,940 a year, the highest in California, our analysis of federal data shows.

That’s also why Leovijildo Martinez clambers into a van around 4:40 a.m. every morning to travel from Stockton to the Napa Valley.

By 6:30 a.m. he is on a Napa vineyard, and 12 hours later, he returns to his two-bedroom apartment.  “You get home, you shower, you eat a couple of tortillas with whatever is here,” Martinez says. He gets to see his kids’ faces and give them a hug before turning in at 9:30 p.m. They still complain about not seeing him enough.
“It’s hard for me as a man and as a father,” he says.

Leovijildo Martinez, who commutes to the Napa Valley from Stockton each day, earns $19.50 an hour working vineyards that produce grapes for a winery whose bottles go for about $300. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)
Farmworker Leobijildo Martinez tends to the grapevines at Silverado Farming in Napa Valley. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)

Workers at Silverado Farming take a break. Full-timers at Silverado get benefits that include 10 paid vacation days, eight paid holidays and pay for taking English classes. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)

But the commute is paying off. A year ago, the 31-year-old from Mexico was earning $14.75 an hour doing the same work for a different Napa company. He joined Silverado in April and now he’s making $19.50 working vineyards that produce grapes for a winery whose bottles go for about $300.

“Everything in Napa is different. They treat you differently there, they don’t pressure you, and they respect the law,” he says. “If you work here, in Stockton, you don’t have enough money.”

According to the economic theory behind Trump’s immigration crackdown, Americans should be following Martinez’s van into the fields.

“The law of supply and demand doesn’t stop being true just because you’re talking about people,” says George Borjas, a Harvard economist and prominent foe of unfettered immigration. “[Farmers] have had an almost endless supply of low-skill workers for a long time, and now they are finding it difficult to transition to a situation where they don’t.”

Borjas believes the ones who reap the rewards of immigration are employers — not just farmers, but restaurant owners and well-to-do homeowners who hire landscapers and housekeepers. The people who suffer most are American workers, who contend with more competition for jobs and lower pay.

But Silverado, the farm labor contracting company in Napa, has never had a white, American-born person take an entry-level gig, even after the company increased hourly wages to $4 above the minimum. And Silverado is far from unique.

U.S. workers filled just 2% of a sample of farm labor vacancies advertised in 1996, according to a report published by the Labor Department’s office of inspector general. “I don’t think anybody would dispute that that’s roughly the way it is now” as well, says Philip Martin, an economist at UC Davis and one of the country’s leading experts on agriculture.

Indeed, Chalmers R. Carr III, the president of Titan Farms, a South Carolina peach giant, told lawmakers at a 2013 hearing that he advertised 2,000 job openings from 2010 through 2012. Carr said he was paying $9.39, $2 more than the state’s minimum wage at the time.

“ You don’t need a deep analysis to understand why farm work wouldn’t be attractive to young Americans ” — Philip Martin, agriculture expert Share this quote

He hired 483 U.S. applicants, slightly less than a quarter of what he needed; 109 didn’t show up on the first day. Another 321 of them quit, “the vast majority in the first two days,” Carr testified. Only 31 lasted for the entire peach season.

Borjas, the Harvard economist, says that it may just be that wages are still too low. “Believe me, if the wages were really, really high, you and I would be lining up,” Borjas says.

Or perhaps farms are just not a place where native-born Americans want to work. The job is seasonal, so laborers have to alternate between long stretches without any income and then months of 60-hour weeks. They work in extreme heat and cold, and spend all day bending over to reach vegetables or climbing up and down ladders to pluck fruit in trees.

“You don’t need a deep analysis to understand why farm work wouldn’t be attractive to young Americans,” says Martin, the agriculture expert.

If farmers upped the average wage to, say, $25 an hour, people born here might think twice. But that’s a pipe dream, many argue.

“Well before we got to $25, there would be machines out in the fields, doing pruning or harvesting, or we would lose crops,” Martin says.

Already, strawberry growers in Ventura are experimenting with robots that plant seedlings, and growers in Central Coast counties are culling, weeding and even harvesting heads of lettuce with machines. At the outer edge, engineers are trying to teach machines to pick fruit.

http://www.trbimg.com/img-58c9d445/turbine/la-fi-napa-farm-labor-photos-2-20170315-018/1200

Brad Goehring, a fourth-generation farmer, is re-engineering his vineyards so they can be harvested entirely by machines.

The 52-year-old owns 500 acres of wine grapes in Lodi, near Stockton. He tends another 10,000 or so acres of vineyards that belong to several clients across Northern California.

Being the boss used to be fun for Goehring, but his labor problems are wearying.  In the last five years, he has advertised in local newspapers and accepted more than a dozen unemployed applicants from the state’s job agency. Even when the average rate on his fields was $20 an hour, the U.S.-born workers lost interest, fast.

“We’ve never had one come back after lunch,” he says.

For now, Goehring is betting his future on 10 floppy rows of Malbec vines. The vines, visible from the slender country road that borders Goehring’s house, were among his first experiments in mechanization.

About five years ago, Goehring changed the wiring holding up parts of his vines so that no metal stakes exceed the height of the wire. The setup allows for a machine to prune the top of the vine, as well as both sides.

Brad Goehring, a fourth-generation farmer, is re-engineering his vineyards so they can be harvested entirely by machines. Above, Goehring with a grape harvester. (Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times)

“I think we can eliminate, I’m just guessing, 85% of the labor on these new vineyards,” he says, reducing pruning costs from $300 per acre, on average, to $80. He plans to keep spending more on machinery, like his $350,000 tractor-like vehicle that shakes grapes off the vine and catches them before they fall to the ground.

Now, he’s replanting entire ranches for clients interested in machine-managed vineyards.  Goehring’s long game is hundreds of acres of wine grapes harvested without ever touching human hands. If that doesn’t work, he’d reluctantly replace it all with almonds.

“If we have to, we’d go there,” he says. If filled with nut trees, his entire property could be managed, he says, by three employees.

Times staff writer Ben Welsh contributed data analysis to this report. The analysis has been published as open-source software.  Credits: Produced by Andrea Roberson




Gaspar de Portolá y la bahía de San Francisco


Hasta el siglo XVIII la bahía de San Francisco había sido siempre un lugar esquivo para los exploradores y navegantes españoles. Algunos de ellos – Cabrillo, Vizcaíno, Alarcón y Cermeño – habían navegado a escasos metros de su boca sin siquiera percatarse de ello y aunque nadie logró recalar en ella durante los dos siglos siguientes a la llegada de los españoles a la Baja California, lo cierto es que ya aparecía en las crónicas y  leyendas de aquella época. Así, tras  diferentes expediciones marítimas, sería por fin el 4 de noviembre de 1769 cuando Gaspar de Portolá llegaría a la bahía de San Francisco…por tierra.
================================== ==================================
LAS PRIMERAS EXPEDIONES
En 1542 el virrey Antonio de Mendoza  organizó una expedición para efectuar reconocimientos en la costa exterior californiana con el fin de demarcarla. Se designó al piloto Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo para dirigir la empresa. A bordo del San Salvador y el Victoria, Cabrillo partió el 27 de junio de 1542 hacia el norte de la península.


Aunque la expedición de Cabrillo tuvo que navegar frente a sus costas, bien por la bruma, bien por la oscuridad de la noche, la bahía de San Francisco no fue vista por los tripulantes del San Salvador pero se había conseguido ampliar el saber geográfico y poner sobre los mapas las costas de la que se llamará Alta California, así como descubrir la Bahía de San Diego.

A finales del siglo XVI, los objetivos de la monarquía en el Pacífico  se concentraban en la ocupación de las Filipinas, campaña que pudo consumarse con el descubrimiento de la ruta del tornaviaje por Andrés de Urdaneta (1565) y la instauración de la ruta Manila-Acapulco (1568) con el célebre Galeón de Manila. Desde entonces, el Noroeste adquirió un nuevo interés para España: la preservación de tan importante ruta comercial. Se temía que la costa se convirtiera en refugio de saqueadores que frustrasen dicha ruta atraídos por el tránsito del galeón de Manila. Las sospechas se confirmarían con la entrada en escena de los corsarios Francis Drake (1578) y Tomas Cavendish (1587)

El indeterminado lugar donde Drake y sus hombres “permanecieron durante un mes y medio, haciendo acopio de madera y agua, carenando igualmente el barco”, se había convertido en una leyenda y en un problema para la Corona española que se sintió amenazada en el Pacífico y hubo de emprender una campaña de consolidación y defensa de sus posiciones en el Océano.

Así las cosas, la estrategia española consistió en explorar y demarcar la costa, buscar puerto para dar descanso y proveer de agua y alimentos a los galeones de Manila y encontrar un lugar apropiado para edificar un presidio de refugio y defensa.

La expedición de Portolá

Dos siglos después, la presencia de José de Gálvez – tío del Gobernador de Luisiana Bernardo de Gálvez – en el Noroeste fue esencial para la organización de las expediciones (dos marítimas y dos partidas terrestres) que tuvieron como objetivo principal la ocupación de los dos puertos recomendados por Vizcaíno a principios del siglo XVII – San Diego y Monterrey – con el objetivo de consolidar la presencia española en la Alta California y así evitar el desembarco de colonos ingleses y rusos. La llegada al primero no revistió problemas, pues San Diego fue fácilmente identificado, pero no ocurrió lo mismo con Monterrey, por las escasas y equívocas señales con las que se había descrito.

Fue en esa época, cuando Gaspar de Portolá llegó a Nueva España;  Portolá era ya un experimentado militar curtido en Italia y en la campaña de Portugal durante la Guerra de los Siete Años. Pronto este militar ilerdense,  buen amigo de Fray Junípero Serra, fue enviado por el marqués de Croix, virrey de Nueva España, al mando de un regimiento para pacificar la región de Sonora.

José de Gálvez  eligió a Portolá para comandar la expedición militar para ocupar San Diego y Monterrey. Dicha expedición estaba dividida en dos secciones: una marítima (con dos barcos, el San Antonio y el San Carlos, que navegaron de forma separada) y otra terrestre. Esta última también se dividió en dos partes: la primera estaba mandada por el capitán de la Compañía de cuera de Fernando de Rivera y Moncada, llevando en su compañía al franciscano Juan Crespi, al pilotín José Cañizares, veinticinco soldados y numerosos indios de las misiones jesuitas. La segunda fue mandada por el gobernador Portolá, llevando en su compañía a fray Junípero Serra y al sargento José Francisco de Ortega. También formaban parte de la expedición varios soldados de cuera y criados e indios de las misiones que guardaban las numerosas mulas que transportaban los víveres y otras cargas.

El grupo, que había salido de Loreto el 9 de marzo de 1769, siguió los pasos de la primera partida, alcanzando el puerto de San Diego el 29 de junio. Portolá y Serra se unieron con todos los expedicionarios de tierra y mar, aunque numerosos marinos estaban enfermos a causa del escorbuto y varios sirvientes de las partidas terrestres habían huido durante el tránsito por la península de Baja California, decidieron que un grupo prosiguiera las exploraciones para buscar el puerto de Monterrey.

Esta última expedición salió hacia la Alta California en mayo de 1769 y fu dirigida por Portalá. Fray Junípero Serra viajó con esta partida que marchó hacia el Norte, pensando que podría encontrar la verdadera bahía de Monterey, o en su defecto, la Bahía de San Francisco de Cermeño (posiblemente Trinidad Head). 

Portolá no localizó el puerto de Monterrey y pasó de largo en dirección a lo que luego serían Santa Cruz y San Francisco. El 1 de noviembre de 1769, los expedicionarios terrestres describieron:

 

 

“Divisamos desde la cumbre una Bahía Grande formada por una punta de tierra que salía mucho la Mar áfuera y parecia Isla, aserca de lo qual se engañaron muchos en la tarde antecedente. Mar afuera como al Oeste noroeste respecto á nosotros, desde el mismo sitio al Sudueste de la misma punta, se divisavan siete Farrallones blancos de diversa Magnitud. Siguiendo la Bahia por el lado Norte, se distinguían unas barrancas blancas, y tirando asi al Nordeste se behia la boca de un Estero que parecía internarse la tierra adentro” .

El descubrimiento de la bahía de San Francisco

El 2 de noviembre un grupo de avanzada llegó a la cima de una colina y vio ante sí una gran extensión de agua. La expedición de Gaspar de Portalá Rovira acababa de descubrir la bahía de San Francisco. En un primer momento los exploradores lo identificaron con la bahía de Cermeño pero el puerto que al que acababan de llegar iba a ser mucho más trascendente para los intereses de la Corona que lo que la bahía de Monterrey jamás podría llegado a ser. La abundancia de agua potable, leña y lastre, el clima frío y saludable, la escasez de molestas nieblas, y la afabilidad de los indios que encontraron,  hacían de él un lugar perfecto para un asentamiento.

El 17 de septiembre de 1776 se establecía el Presidio. Días después el padre Francisco Palou consagraría la Misión a San Francisco de Asís. El “Gran Puerto de San Francisco” como pasaría a conocerse la escondida bahía, fue definitivamente asentado sobre el mapa para orgullo de la Corona española aunque las amenazas extranjeras continuarían truncando la calma del Pacífico. El ansiado puerto se convirtió en la escala necesaria entre el Norte y a las Filipinas.

 

El Padre Juan Crespí, cronista de la expedición, anotó la existencia de unos “árboles muy altos de color rojo” que recordaban a los cedros. “Estos árboles son muy numerosos en la región”, proseguía Crespí. Como nunca se habían observado especímenes de esa especie, fueron bautizados escuetamente como “palos colorados”, equivalente a “troncos rojos”, denominación que luego dio origen el inglés “redwood”. Esta escueta anotación es la primera prueba documental del avistamiento por parte de europeos de secuoyas, o más concretamente de secuoya roja o de costa (Sequoia sempervirens). ). La primera descripción científica del árbol  la haría en 1791 el botánico checo Tadeas Haenke, científico a bordo de la  Expedición Malaspina.

La expedición de Gaspar de Portolá estableció un campamento al pie de una inmensa secuoya que fue bautizada con el nombre de “el Palo Alto”, denominación que con posterioridad dio nombre a la ciudad de Palo Alto que perdura en nuestros días, y lugar donde se encuentra el llamado Silicon Valley.

 

Posteriormente,  la llegada de bastimentos a San Diego  animó a Portolá a emprender la búsqueda de Monterrey, esta vez por mar y por tierra. El resultado fue afortunado, tomándose posesión del puerto de Monterrey el 3 de junio de 1770, donde siguiendo  órdenes reales fundó un presidio y una misión con el nombre  de San Carlos Borromeo Por sus servicios, el rey le otorgó el grado de Teniente Coronel  en atención a sus servicios. Poco después,  Carlos III lo nombró gobernador de Puebla de los Ángeles (actual Los Angeles)  con 4.000 pesos de sueldo. Además, el monarca lo ascendió a Coronel de Dragones por real cédula del 28 marzo de 1777. La hoja de servicio señala que: “desempeña lo que se le manda y tiene valor y conducta”.

Autor: Ignacio del Pozo Gutiérrez para revistadehistoria.es
https://revistadehistoria.es/gaspar-de-portola-y-la-bahia-de-san-francisco/

​Enviado por: Dr. C. Campos y Escalante​




 

PAN-PACIFIC RIM

National Pacific Islander Education Network, NPIEN
U.S. allowed limited numbers of Spanish and Portuguese immigrants into Hawaii, 1907-1920  



NATIONAL PACIFIC ISLANDER EDUCATION NETWORK, NPIEN

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We are a Pacific Islander education organization that serves the Pacific Islander community. Although our particular focus is on Pacific Islander students, we will help any student or community pursue their educational goals.  www.npien.com 
Annual fund raiser golf tournament, the 5th this year, was held in Lakewood, California on April 24th. Cash prizes were awarded for the best team, longest drive, closest to the pin.  The event included lots of raffles, live entertainment and an all you can eat buffet. 

DATA FROM THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 
Number of Pacific Islander High School Graduates in 2015-2016 were 2,417 out of 2,792. 

By County
Alameda 175, 
Contra Costa 88, 
Fresno 30, 
Kern 21, 
Los Angeles 447, 
Monterey 27, 
Orange 171, 
Riverside 133, 
San Bernardino 147, 
Sacramento 227, 
San Diego 217, 
San Francisco 71, 
San Joaquin 83, 
San Mateo 131, 
Santa Clara 102, 
Solano 51, 
Stanislaus 55, 
Tulare 20, 
Ventura 31.

Upcoming events: 

 




U.S. allowed limited numbers of Spanish and Portuguese immigrants into Hawaii, 1907-1920  


Mimi, if you google "Spanish Immigrants in the United States" you'll be able to see the website that pertains to my families entry into the U.S. mainland from Hawaii.  The U.S. Government in the years 1907-1920 or so….. allowed just so many Spanish and Portuguese immigrants into the Territory of Hawaii in order to work. (Like indentured servitude).  The immigrants would be housed and fed while working the Sugar and Pineapple Plantations and for some to serve as Cowboys on the big island of Hawaii.  The term "Panolo" short for Espanolo being one of the pidgin English words for Spaniard that has become one of the Island words.

My father was born in Spain in 1902 and his widowed mother (Joaquina) immigrated with the three sons to the Territory of Hawaii in the year 1911.  My mother was born on the Island of Kauai in the year 1915.  Her parents having met on board ship in the year 1912 also from Spain.  Both sides of my family were in the S.F. Bay area just prior to WWI and worked the ship yards in S.F.  They became East Bay farmers by the 30's.  I was born in Hayward in 1948.  

On a sadder note, the U.S. Government wanted to counteract the great influx of Asians coming to Hawaii so someone got the idea that the large plantations could hire White Southern Europeans to work instead of "just" the Asians. At the turn of the 20th century Southern Spain had had some major rain and flooding and there were allot of people starving or looking for work, so it gave my relatives a chance for a new life.  Thank god we got to come here!

Please check out that website if you have some time!
Take care my friend,  Joe 

Spanish immigration to Hawaii - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii
Spanish immigration to Hawaii began in 1907 when the Hawaiian government and the .... However, none of these returns separated Spanish residents into a separate category, their numbers being too few to make such a distinction.

Hawaii Emigration and Immigration Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki

https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Hawaii_Emigration_and_Immigration
Aug 23, 2017 - Index to Passengers Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii, 1900-1952 ... The principal port of entry for immigrants into Hawaii is the Honolulu Harbor.

[PDF]1910 Census – Statistics for Hawaii - Census.gov - Census Bureau

https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-hi.pdf
schedules were translated into Chinese, J1ipanese1 and ... of the cmws of two Spanish vessels which were wrecked on the coast of one of the islands about the year 1527. ... The census of Hawaii in 1910 was taken as of April. 15, the date of  ...



NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 

Student finds ancient Canadian village that’s 10,000 years older than the Pyramids, by Leanna Garfield



A student finds ancient Canadian village that’s 10,000 years older than the Pyramids
by Leanna Garfield, September 5, 2017

ancient village 2
Triquet Island, British Columbia. Grant Callegari/Hakai Institute
For hundreds — perhaps thousands — of years, generations of the Heiltsuk Nation, an indigenous group in British Columbia, have passed down the oral histories of where they came from. The nation claims that its ancestors fled for survival to a coastal area in Canada that never froze during the Ice Age.

A new excavation on Triquet Island, on British Columbia's Central Coast, has now backed up that claim, according to local news outlet CBC.

Archaeologist Alisha Gauvreau, a doctoral student from the University of Victoria and a scholar with the research institute Hakai, led a team that excavated the site in late 2016. They discovered several artifacts from what appears to be an ancient village, including carved wooden tools and bits of charcoal, in a thin horizontal layer of soil, called paleosol.

 

ancient village

Archaeologists excavate deep into the ground of the island. Grant Callegari/Hakai Institute

The team sent the charcoal flakes to a lab for carbon dating and found that the pieces date back between 13,613 to 14,086 years ago, thousands of years before Egypt built its pyramids.

The artifacts are some of the oldest found in North America. In 1977, Washington State University archaeologists excavated a spear tip and mastodon rib bone (an extinct species related to elephants) near Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. After CT scans in 2011, the fossils pushed estimates of the earliest human habitation on the West Coast back by 800 years (to about 13,800 years before present day).

The latest discovery will help archaeologists understand with more detail how more North American civilizations like the Heiltsuk Nation began. One popular theory is that the first native North Americans ventured from Asia over an ice-free, Alaskan land bridge to what is now western and central Canada during the Ice Age.

Another theory, which the University of Victoria's research supports, is that they were sea mammal hunters and travelled by boat.

In a 2016 paper Gauvreau said other oral histories could be further legitimized through archaeological digs.

"This find is very important because it reaffirms a lot of the history that our people have been talking about for thousands of years," William Housty, a member of Heiltsuk Nation, told CBC News.

Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com

 


SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
   

Welcome to the Presidio San Agustin del Tucson Museum
AARP AZ Radio: Climate, Copper, Cattle, Citrus, and Cotton:  Early Arizona’s economy  


 

Tucson Presidio is right in the center of the old downtown barrio area & near govt. buildings.  There is a tall parking structure to the east & tall Business  buildings to the south.  So a lot of activity always, still many Tucson residents are not aware of its existence. We get a lot of tourists from all over he world, though.  
                                                                                                                                           Sent by Mon
ica Smith tortelita@aol.com

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Tucson Presidio is right in the center of the old downtown barrio area & near govt. buildings.  There is a tall parking structure to the east & tall Business  buildings to the south.  So a lot of activity always, still many Tucson residents are not aware of its existence. We get a lot of tourists from all over he world, though.  
                                                                                                                                         Sent by Mon
ica Smith tortelita@aol.com

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      Presidio Museum Programs

The Presidio Museum offers many programs for both 
adults and children. Click titles below to learn more!

Programs For All Ages: 

 Children's Programs:

 School Programs:

  • Friday at the Fort: For Fourth Graders
  • Morning Muster Tours: For 4th - 10 Grade
  • Historic Hats of Arizona: For 2nd - 6th Grade

Special October events 
Canciones Mexicanas - Songs of Ted Ramirez - Oct 8th 6 p.m. 

Living History Days- Oct 14th 10:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m.
Turquoise Trail Walking Tour - Oct. 21st 10:00 a.m. - noon
Tucson History/Libation Tour Oct. 22nd 10:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.

Presidio San Agustin del Tucson Museum

196 N. Court Ave.
Tucson, AZ  85701
520-837-8119
info@TucsonPresidio.com


Dear friend, saludos! 

Our radio program tomorrow will be on AZ’s 5 Cs Plus 2. With the help of our guests, we will address how Climate, Copper, Cattle, Citrus, and Cotton (the 5 Cs) were key to Arizona’s economy primarily early on. Canyon and Culture, two other Cs linked to Arizona, will also be discussed as key features of our state. Join the conversation.    

================================== ==================================

If you have not seen the video ad, here is the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fzktWKzbvY.   

Following is information regarding different ways to access the radio program. Please help us spread the word.

By radio: 1190-am (Maricopa County) – radio station has Spanish programing but our program is in English

By website: http://onda1190am.com/escuchanos-en-vivo/

By Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection

Help us grow the network by following our Facebook page and sharing it with others.

David Parra / Dir. of Comm. Outreach / AARP AZ

16165 N. 83rd Avenue #201, Peoria AZ 85382 / 480-414-7637

Get Social with Us!

Website: www.aarp.org/phoenix

Facebook: www.facebook.com/aarparizona

Twitter: www.twitter.com/AZ_AARP

Facebook: www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection 






TEXAS

October 28, 2017:  29th Annual Seguin Celebration, speaker, Dr. Caroline Castillo Crimm
Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo by Gilberto Quezada
Battle of Medina History Symposium
September 1, 1863 - Benavides crosses Rio Grande in pursuit of Mexican "Unionists"
The Texas Almanac 2018-2019 is now available
Three Books on Texas Shipbuilding during WWI 
Tejanos Through Time



 
A Date With Seguin
* 29th Annual Celebration *
Date:  October 28, 2017  Time:  10:00 a.m.
Location:  Juan N. Seguin Burial site
 
Guest Speaker
Dr. Caroline Castillo Crimm
Speaker Author Historian

You are welcome to join and help celebrate 
The life of a Texas Legend . . . A True Texas Hero and native born Son 

Seguin Family Historical Society  |  Seguin & Related Families |  Proud Descendants & Friends
Sent by  Albert Seguin Gonzales Phone: 409-948-4094 Email: aseguin2@aol.com 



Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
by Gilberto Quezada



Hello Mimi,

How times flies!  Forty-five years ago, I was beginning my second year in the Bilingual/Bicultural Education Program with the South San Antonio Independent School District.  As required by federal regulations for the implementation of the Title VII Bilingual Education Program, the teachers in the program needed to receive a one-week of inservice training before the school year commenced. The first year, we had it in one of the classrooms in the Vocational wing of the South San Antonio High School.  All the teachers received a stipend for participating.  In planning the in-service training for the following summer, Dr. Félix D. Almaráz, Jr., the director of the program, suggested that we, perhaps, should meet in a more historic place, one that would give the participants an ambience and an understanding of the Spanish heritage, which was going to become an integral component of the curriculum.  He suggested the sacristy of Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo (popularly known as Mission San José, the Queen of the Missions, and the largest.  The staff wholeheartedly agreed and he made the necessary arrangements.  I had never been to the mission nor to the inside of the sacristy, which is to the right side of the main altar and the well-known Rose Window (La Ventana de Rosa) is on the south wall. 

 



The photo is a beautiful panoramic view of Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo.  
The photo was taken by Jo Emma in 1999.

It was in 1720 that Franciscan Padre Antonio Margil de Jesús, of the College of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zacatecas, founded the most successful mission in Texas--San José y San Miguel de Aguayo.  The Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo was the governor and captain-general of the Province of Coahuila y Texas, and he granted Father Antonio Margil de Jesús permission to construct the mission.  In 2015, Mission San José, along with the other four missions in San Antonio, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The second photo is an outside view of the Rose Window (La Ventana de Rosa).  The sacristy is on the inside of where the window is located.  Jo Emma took this photo in 1999.
According to the story, Pedro Huizar, a young sculptor from Spain, constructed the window in honor of his beautiful sweetheart Rosa.  His dream was for them to get married in front of his carved Churriqueresque baroque style window whom he named "Rosa's Window."  Lamentably, so the story goes, after he had finished the last rose on the window, a Franciscan padre notified Pedro of the tragic news that his future wife Rosa had perished at sea on the way to New Spain.  It is believed that the Rose Window was completed around the latter part of the eighteenth century and is the best known and considered one of the most beautiful windows of its type in the world.

The historical record contains no evidence of Pedro Huizar actually being authorized to do the carved window, nor is there documentation to support the story of Pedro's future wife coming to New Spain to marry him and died along the way.  Now, according to the census, Pedro did live in the vicinity of Mission San José.  What is known is that a sculptor or Pedro Huizar made the intricate ornamentations that bear a strong resemblance to rose petals.  This could be attributed to honor our Lady of Guadalupe, for whom the Franciscan College was named, and who presented the rosas to Juan Diego at the hill of Tepeyac.  Hence, Rosa's Window.  Whether it was a Franciscan padre or Pedro Huizar who were the sculptors, they were both trained in the Churrigueresque baroque style that they brought from Spain, named after José Benito Churriguera (1665-1725). 

 


The third photo was taken by the San Antonio Express-News reporter and was published in July 1972.  The caption underneath reads:  "Final Week of in service training for bilingual teachers, a project of the Bilingual Education Center of the South San Antonio School District, is underway at San Jose Mission.  Here, Dr. Felix. D. Almaraz Jr., director of the center (L), lectures on the Spanish borderlands and their relevancy to bilingual education, assisted by Gilbert Quezada, a curriculum specialist at the center.  The institute is designed to improve the professional competency of instructors."  The Rose Window (La Ventana de Rosa) is to Dr. Almaráz's and my right.
In this photo, which was taken by Edward Bravo on Sunday, August 6, 2017, I am inside the sacristy, standing in the exact spot where I stood next to Dr. Almaráz forty-five years ago in the above photo.

 

The Rose Window (La Ventana de Rosa) is to my right.

 



This was the view of the main altar in 1972 when I was there with Dr. Almaráz and the bilingual teachers for the one week of inservice training.  Jo Emma took this photo in 1999.
 
This is the view of the main altar as it is now.  The photo was taken by Edward Bravo on Sunday, August 6, 2017.  In 2011, the crucifix was removed and in its place, an artist from Mexico created this beautiful retablo that contains four statues, the crucifix, and the tabernacle.  The four statues belong to the Virgin Mary, St. Michael, St. Francis, and the original statue of St. Joseph that belonged to Father Antonio Margil de Jesús. 

Margil_Statue2.jpg - 30703 Bytes

And, this last photo is of 
Father Antonio Margil de Jesús 
that I found in the Internet.   

Take care and God bless.

Gilberto 

 




Battle of Medina History Symposium
Battle of Medina

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The 17th Annual Battle of Medina History Symposium took place on Saturday, August 19, 2017.  It started at 10:00 a.m. with a Commemorative Ceremony near the site of the battle.  The historic Battle of Medina occurred in 1813 between the Royal Spanish Army and the Republican Army of the North.  Between 800 and 1,300 Americans, Tejanos, Native Americans and Spanish soldiers died in this battle and it remains to this day, the bloodiest battle ever to occur on Texas soil.  Nearly 40 percent of the Texas population was wiped out in that one battle.

The morning Commemorative Ceremony honored all of the brave men who fought in the battle.  The ceremony consisted of presentations of prayer, a wreath laying and the firing of muskets.  

 

      After the ceremony, a history seminar was conducted, in nearby Leming, Texas, which consisted of presentations by renowned authors and historians.  There was also an Exhibit Hall where several historical and genealogical organizations had display tables, selling books and providing historical information.

The San Antonio Chapter of the Order of Granaderos y Damas de Gálvez was one such organization that was there with a display table to provide information on a different part of Texas history; the Texas cattle drives to feed the troops of Bernardo de Gálvez as he fought against the British during the American Revolution.  Dressed in Spanish Colonial uniforms of the Navarra Regiment were Roger Valdez as a Spanish Grenadier and Joe Perez dressed as a Spanish officer.

The event is sponsored annually by the Atascosa County Historical Commission.
Sent by Joe Perez  
 jperez329@satx.rr.com  

 


DAY BY DAY

September 1st, 1863 -- Benavides crosses Rio Grande in pursuit of Mexican "Unionists"
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On this day in 1863, Maj. Santos Benavides, the highest-ranking Mexican American to serve in the Confederacy, led seventy-nine men of the predominantly Tejano Thirty-third Texas Cavalry across the Rio Grande in pursuit of the bandit Octaviano Zapata. Union agents had recruited Zapata, a former associate of Juan N. Cortina, to lead raids into Texas and thus force Confederate troops to remain in the Rio Grande valley rather than participate in military campaigns in the east. Zapata was also associated with Edmund J. Davis, who was conducting Northern-sponsored military activities in the vicinity of Brownsville and Matamoros. 

 


For these reasons, and because his men often flew the American flag during their raids, Zapata's band was often referred to as the "First Regiment of Union Troops." Benavides caught up with Zapata on September 2 near Mier, Tamaulipas. After a brief exchange of gunfire, the Zapatistas dispersed, leaving ten men dead, including Zapata. Benavides later defended Laredo against Davis's First Texas Cavalry, and arranged for the safe passage of Texas cotton to Matamoros during the Union occupation of Brownsville. He died at his Laredo home in 1891.


The Texas Almanac 2018-2019 is now available for pre-order. Be one of the first to read through its updated information on state demographics, government and politics, arts and culture, the environment, and much more. In addition, you will find interesting feature articles on water, fishing, and hunting.

If you pre-order your Texas Almanac 2018-2019 by October 15 and use the promo code PREORDER30, you will receive 30% off and FREE shipping

The Almanac has an incredible amount of information to discover, so take advantage of this offer today. 

 
Texas State Historical Association
3001 Lake Austin Blvd.
Suite 3.116
Austin, TX 78703

 






Three Books on Texas Shipbuilding during WWI 

The shipbuilding industry in Texas assumed a measure of significance only in the twentieth century. Before World War I the combination of unfavorable geography and late frontier development limited coastal marine activity to fishing, trade, and boat building.

Geographically, the Texas coastline forms part of a gently sloping continental shelf into the Gulf of Mexico. As a result, the Texas coast has no natural deepwater harbors, and river runoff along with coastal wave action results in a continuous buildup of marine sediment across the river mouths.
Through 1914, shipbuilding in Texas consisted of the construction of various types of small boats for fishing and river navigation and was conducted sporadically on a small scale. Although steamboats plied the Texas coast and rivers, they were constructed elsewhere. The Kate Ward, built specifically for trade on the Colorado River, was launched at Matagorda in 1845. The legislature granted a charter to a company to build and repair ships in Harris County in 1856.

In the period between 1909 and 1925, largely as a result of World War I, shipbuilding grew twenty-fold. The American entry into World War I produced a demand for merchant shipping of such magnitude that a wooden shipbuilding program emerged; it enabled Texas to open several shipbuilding and ship-repair yards in the Beaumont-Orange, Houston, Galveston Bay, and Corpus Christi areas. The abundance of yellow pine, a suitable construction material, and sawmills capable of producing ship's timbers resulted in the production of a fleet of fourteen wooden barkentines and schooners before the war's end. Subsequently, shipbuilding nationwide suffered because of inefficiency, naval arms limitations, and the Great Depression.

World War II revived the industry. Between 1937 and 1940 the number of Texas shipbuilding companies grew from seven to ten. In the spring of 1941 the Houston Shipbuilding Corporation initiated construction of a plant on Irish Island, and the Weaver Shipyards at Orange expanded to allow for the increased production of wooden minesweepers. In August Orange had three shipyards constructing amphibious landing boats, destroyers, and minesweepers. The Neches River ship channel at Beaumont was deepened and extended to the Pennsylvania Shipyards on Island Park. "Industrial Island" was a natural shipyard location; the yard constructed standardized cargo ships for the United States Maritime Commission beginning in October 1939. The shipyards in the Orange-Port Arthur-Beaumont area and Houston began two ten-hour daily shifts early in 1942. A 10,000-ton Liberty ship, the first vessel out of Texas shipyards, was christened in April 1942. Throughout World War II shipyard expansion continued rapidly and brought jobs and many small complementary businesses. In addition to the $100 million in contracts previously awarded to the Todd-Galveston Shipbuilding Corporation and the Brown Shipbuilding Corporation of Houston for building large escort vessels, in August 1942 these companies received supplemental contracts for $200 million. Supplemental contracts totaling $50 million were awarded to the Pennsylvania Shipyard, Beaumont, in September. By July 1943 sixty-six ships had been launched at Houston, and production time on Victory ships had been reduced from 300 days to thirty-nine.

After World War II the Texas shipbuilding industry converted its yards to peacetime production, a change that sharply lowered employment and output. In 1943 two major shipyards employed 35,000 people; in 1963 all twenty-three yards in the state employed only 4,500. The value of output in 1963 totaled about $70 million in nonpropelled ships (oil and chemical barges), ship-repair projects, and oil-drilling platforms. Some yards diversified into sheet-metal fabrication and industrial heating equipment as the demand for ships decreased. About ten shipyards operated in Texas in 1980, most of them in the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange area and the remainder in the Houston-Galveston area. The bulk of their work was in building offshore drilling platforms and other equipment for the petroleum industry. The rest of their work was in ship repair and occasional ship conversion contracts.

 

 




Download your FREE copy of Tejanos Through Time



Understanding the diverse and rich culture of Texas is impossible without first understanding the history of Tejanos in the Lone Star State. Over time, Tejano traditions came to define many of the iconic symbols of Texas, and their cultural impact is plainly seen in the architecture, language, clothing, music, literature, and cuisine that make Texas unique. In time for Hispanic Heritage Month, TSHA recently released an updated version of Tejanos Through Time,  the eBook companion to its larger Handbook of Tejano History project. In Tejanos Through Time, you will read more about:
  • The Spanish influence on Texas, from the establishment of Spanish missions to the history of its colonial government
  • Prominent political groups and activists who fought for Tejano civil rights, such as the League of United Latin American Citizens and Adela Sloss Vento
  • Tejano influence on the arts, literature, and entertainment, featuring biographies on individuals such as Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa, Luis Omar Salinas, and María Belen Ortega        And much, much more!
Download your FREE copy of Tejanos Through Time today!

 

MIDDLE AMERICA

1817-2017 Baton Rouge Louisiana 200 Year Celebration
Marche de Galvez!  Festive re-enactment 
October in the City – The Learning Years (1952) Rudy Padilla
Contrasts in Education - from the Past by Rudy Padilla
Cislanderus Project: Canary Islander descendants in the United States


Marche de Galvez!
September 24, 2017

East Baton Rouge, Louisiana Celebrated their Baton Rouge Bicentennial with a festive re-enactment of 
“Marche de Galvez” beginning at Galvez Plaza in downtown Baton Rouge 

200 years as an incorporated city

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Image may contain: 1 person, standing and outdoor Image may contain: 2 people, outdoor

Thank you to everyone who joined us for the 
Marche de Galvez re-enactment!

 

Photos and information sent by Sent by Joseph Carmena Jr. jcarm1724@gmail.com 

This yearlong celebration has allowed us to look at what we’ve done in the past and repeat those successes, and the P.S. Baton Rouge Campaign was a great example of that,” says Visit Baton Rouge President and CEO Paul Arrigo in a prepared statement. “Whether a native or new to Baton Rouge, this offers residents a chance to get out and explore and experience their hometown with out-of-town visitors during this year’s bicentennial, marking 200 years as an incorporated city.”  

October 1st, a special US postcard will be available honoring the history of Baton Rouge. 

 


The Learning Years with Comanche  

by
Rudy Padilla   
opkansas@swbell.net



COMANCHE 


October in the City – The Learning Years (1952)

For me it was hard to go to Holy Family grade school knowing I was probably the least smart in my class. I really felt let down by the previous school district. How could they let me be so far behind in my learning? It just seemed that I was always not ready to answer questions or to take the tests. I was having anxiety problems. I felt very uneasy and afraid for my school future.

I then would ask my new friend which Sunday mass he would be at – and we would meet at the church. He was really a fun person, and since he knew many people, both young and old; there were a lot of laughs and I was learning a lot about city life.

One Saturday, Dennis Gergick and I were just walking north on 6th Street late one afternoon, when he asked me if I wanted to go into the library. I had never been in a public library, so I was excited when a few blocks away was a large public library with large spaces of green grass and a really nice display of flowers and plants. When we walked in, I had a hard time figuring out what a library was for. But soon I saw the many books in shelves by order of contents. When I was in the Elm Grove country school, one day we had a rare field trip. The school had arranged for us to take us to a Museum. The bus took us to the University of Kansas Natural History museum in Lawrence, Kansas. The biggest highlight of the day to me was to know more about the horse named Comanche.

One of the most popular exhibits at the KU Natural History Museum is Comanche, the US Seventh Cavalry horse that survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn. When the burial party arrived at the battlefield, 2 days after the battle, 14-year-old Comanche was the only living creature remaining. Although Comanche had been struck by 7 bullets, he recovered, toured much of the country and eventually retired at Fort Riley where he lived to the age of 29. Like the mounted animals in the huge diorama, Comanche was exhibited at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.

From on that day on, I loved to read anything about horses and American Indians. I would love to have been an American Indian living on the plains.

So, reading books was not new to me. The fact that now I could expand my reading knowledge was exciting. Just knowing that in 10 minutes I could walk in sit down and find a place to retreat from my troubles was a tremendous change in my life. Today I still love to read, but I have evolved from animals to history and politics. I have felt for many years that the history which was taught at Holy Family school was more centered on the history of Europe. I did not care about Europe. I wanted to know more about North America – especially the Southwest and the West Coast. But Sister Beatrice seemed to swoon when she taught about Europe, especially those countries that were part of Czechoslovakia – before 1918 those countries were part of an Austro-Hungarian monarchy. I believe she considered herself a descendent of this part of the world. The other students didn’t seem interested in this part of history either.  

During these days, it was difficult for me to stay indoors for long periods of time. I would go to Splitlog Park in those fall months to see if anyone wanted to play baseball or throw the football around. I was also meeting more people.  Some nights I would tell mama that I was going to be at the Holy Family Men’s Club which was located below the Holy Family grade school. Dennis Gergick and I were about close to 13 then and we would play shuffleboard at the club. Dennis was well-known, as his mother was the church organ musician and a really nice lady. So, Dennis was allowed in the club. He found some old boxing gloves and we would sometimes box. When I was 5 years my brother Sergio knew I was physically aggressive so he had me put on some old boxing gloves and had me learn to box. I was quicker that Dennis, so I could hit him before he could hit me. This went well for the most part, except one time he hit me on the chin. I staggered but did not go on. We quit boxing that night. But we always laughed about that for many years later.  Just a few months ago at 8 p.m., I would be in the country getting ready for bed – now I was walking at night on sidewalks with the help of city lights. So far I was able to stay out of trouble in the neighborhood. I was also beginning to like being out after dark – especially on Friday’s and Saturday’s. Our house was located just east of the busy 7th Street Trafficway, so people would be walking past our house to go the Kroger across the street on 7th Street. Most people would wave hello, so I was beginning to feel more as a resident.

But almost every day or night I would think of the farm I had left behind. I would think of the solitude in the woods, my friends and of course the farm pets – they always made me feel like my life was not complete.  

The weather was beginning to get cooler and the football season was coming to an end.  I would miss playing football. The competition and learning new skills was exciting. Now I was told that the school was needing basketball players. Again, I told the boys that I knew nothing about basketball, that I had never seen a basketball game.

Basketball was hard for me to learn. People were constantly trying to tell you where to pass the ball and the opposing players hollering to get you to make mistakes. I did not try shooting the basketball much, I knew that I would look bad. Also, the rule when making a layup, you were only allowed a step and a half. That was so confusing to me and caused me many moments of grief. To me the game was just chaos, but I learned to love playing basketball.  

I especially did not like the adult coaches. I don’t know if I was being accepted – Ours was the only Mexican family in the school. I just had a hard time with people looking at me and giving no expressions back. Those blank looks bothered me quite a bit.  One time our team had the ball in practice and I took off with the basketball down the sideline. I was pretty far away when I jumped and let the ball fly. The ball went in the net cleanly and my team roared with approval. Except one coach screamed at me for taking the shot. His face was red and showed that he was upset. He hollered “Don’t ever take a shot like that – you are supposed to pass the ball, so we can get a better shot!” That was in the seventh grade. I believe I stopped going to practice after that. I did not being screamed at – for a boy’s game. But I soon grew to like basketball. We had no indoor gym, so I would walk up to St. Mary’s Grade School and be a part of the many fun basketball games that were played there outdoors.  

The Holy Family grade school was in a quiet part of the city. That was a big part of my life, going to 8 a.m. mass with the other students, then school until 11:30 a.m. – then a break for lunch. We would all walk home for lunch and would be very hungry. So pleased that mama would have plenty of good food for us. There was not much on television of interest in those years during the day. Soon, I would leave and walk back by myself, stopping in a small grocery store on the way back. I had a small amount of savings that I had when mi padre gave me money each week. I would treat myself to some penny candy and then walk slowly back to the school. I had tried to prepare myself by reading the night before, but it was hard for me to concentrate. This new school had taken away my interest in attending school.

 

 

 





Contrasts in Education – from the Past
by Rudy Padilla 



Saturnino Alvarado


Congratulations to all who will be graduating this year.  In many instances, this will be a shared celebration with family and friends.  Education is something to be held up to respect, especially for our many teachers and school administrators.  

For the graduates, one hope is that they realize that they have something which many would love to have and unfortunately do not have.  Hopefully they will find a way to share their talent of learning with the next generation. I have been a mentor in Wyandotte County in a Catholic School and public schools.  Many children live in stress-filled homes and in some instances with no father-figure to make them feel secure.  School children whose parents work in the service industry in many instances have their sleep interrupted by being awakened at 2 a.m. by television and radio noises.  That was one of my concerns that they did not have normal hours to sleep.  Lack of sleep and drowsiness are enemies of class-room learning.  

A book in the K.C. MO library “The Education of Mexican Americans in Kansas City Kansas 1916-1951,” written by Robert Martin Clearly is a study of the past. Strangely this book is not available in Kansas City, Kansas.   In the book, youth wanted to go to school and be educated, but it was not readily available or they were treated as second-class citizens.  This memory of education, in some Mexican Americans evokes memories they would rather not relive.  It could be said that the questionable education which they received continues to resonate badly today.  

Saturnino Alvarado (pictured in photo.) was an educated man whose children, Luz and Jesus were not allowed to enroll in the Kansas City, Kansas public school system in 1925. Alvarado along with the Mexican consulate contested this decision. The children were not allowed to enroll because of the color of their skin. They lost a year of school while the case went into the court system. Finally in 1930 the two children along with Marcos DeLeon graduated from Argentine high school.    

The book describes the limited opportunities then: the history which all 3rd and 4th generation Mexican American’s should be aware of: “The school board revealed its strong commitment to segregated education in its response to the Alvarado case.  Despite the initial public refusals to meet the demands of the Anglo parents, accommodating the white community quickly became very important.  Assuming the role of mediator between the Anglo and Mexican communities, the board first authorized a separate room and teacher for the four students.  After that offer was refused, it investigated the options for the Mexican students in nearby Missouri schools and authorized funding for tuition and carfare.  This offer was also refused by the parents and the students did not attend school anywhere for one year, while protests through diplomatic channels were pursued.  The possibility that the four students might attend high school at another district high school was not considered.  This was the first group of dark-skinned Mexican American students in Argentine that had pursued education beyond the eighth grade.  

Since the Alvarado case involved high school age students, the school board could not use the arguments of linguistic deficiency to justify segregation.  But they also made no overt arguments for segregation based on race.  Instead they merely sought to serve as honest brokers between the Mexican and Anglo communities in Argentine.  Indeed, when they met with the parents of the children, the board maintained that they did not object to integrated schools, but emphasized their difficulties as mediators of the dispute.  They even advised the Mexican parents to send their students to school, “if they thought it safe to do so.”  In fact, their refusal to provide security in the schools, failed to address the needs of the Mexican population, and simultaneously, appeased the Anglo racists.  Saturnino Alvarado and his wife Guadalupe, parents of students Jesus and Luz, took a stand against this form of discrimination, and eventually accomplished their goal of integrating Argentine High School.  They did not accomplish this easily and sacrificed a year’s worth of education.  The Alvarado case became an example of successful early resistance to discrimination in the relatively young Mexican-American community in Argentine.  

Joe Amayo, a contemporary of the Alvarado children who graduated after them, stated that through the efforts of “two doctors, a teacher and an attorney,” Alvarado’s children and Marcos De Leon were admitted to Argentine High School without objections in the fall of 1926.  Marcos De Leon appeared in the starting lineup for the football team in October 1926.  Jesus Alvarado, Luz Alvarado, and Marcos De Leon appeared in the yearbook for the first time in 1927, and were listed in the ninth grade.  Victorina Perez did not attend, but the other students graduated from Argentine High School in 1930.  De Leon graduated from Baker University in Baldwin, Kansas in 1934 and became a minister.  They were the first Mexican-American high school graduates in the Kansas City Kansas School district.  

Matthew E. Pearson became superintendent of the Kansas City School district in 1902.  Frank L. Schlagle became Pearson’s assistant in 1924 and in 1932 he became Superintendent.  Schlagle would support segregated schools.  He commented that “Mexicans have no business moving or living away from the Mexican school.  We would rather pay their transportation to the Mexican school than let them attend any other school in the city.” He would later strongly resist any efforts to change segregated education in the district as Superintendent.

 

Education of the Past – from The Hispanic Link Weekly Rerport.

Rosa María Rodríguez recalls her not so pleasant past in education: “First days of School always intimidated me because I knew the teacher would make us write about our summer vacation.  

What summer?  Getting up at 5 a.m. to help my mother make tortillas?  Working in the fields 10 hours a day?  That is summer vacation for many migrant students.  I was in the third grade the first time my family took me north from Weslaco, Texas.  The pattern was repeated for years.  

Starting in March, I would plant, prune, tie tomatoes, and complete my school year in Virginia.  In June, we would migrate to Michigan, where I would pick cucumbers, tomatoes, strawberries, and eventually start school again.  In October, I would return to Weslaco for the winter term, my only chance to focus on my studies.

 

I EARNED 25 CENTS A BUCKET

I received an education in the fields.  As a child, I became the family translator.  I learned how to add up money I earned each day and how many buckets of tomatoes we picked.  I also learned about injustice – picking tomatoes while crop dusters flew over me spreading pesticides, wondering helplessly why I got 25 cents for a bucket of tomatoes filled above the rim.  The same tomatoes sold at the grocery store at five for a dollar.  

Injustices like these helped me realize the importance of education.  One early morning, after the first freeze, I shivered as I began to pick the first tomato.  I vividly remember crying, wishing I was home with a warm blanket.  

“I will go to college,” I declared on the spot, “and get a better life.”  College was a luxury my parents could not possibly afford, but a high school counselor convinced me I had many opportunities.  My senior year, my parents agreed to leave me behind to graduate with my class.  I did it without my family there to cheer for me.  

I remember taking days to open a package from St. Edwards University, afraid of finding rejection inside.  Instead, there was a scholarship offer for the first year.  

I now teach second grade in an air-conditioned room, away from the sun and torturous field work.  I look back and wonder why I realized my dream while some of my friends still toil for minimum wage.  

One answer is that I had compassionate, caring teachers who saw my potential and kept encouraging me.  I had an English teacher who tutored me before school and a counselor who helped me find a scholarship.  We teachers play such an important role.  We influence children to love school, or to hate it.  

We need to know our students.  Many of them work to help the family make ends meet.  Work is their first priority.  I understand teachers concerns, too: Have my new students ever learned what I’ve already taught?  How far behind are they?  Can they write?  Falling further behind every year, some migrant students are just waiting for their 16th birthday to quit.

 

WE ALL PLAY THE BLAME GAME

The motivation a student requires to remain in school might be as easy as allowing her, or him, extra time to turn in assignments, or providing one-on-one tutoring before school and during lunch.  

Many migrant parents have little or no education.  Many don’t speak English.  To survive, many continue to take their children out of school when harvest season starts.  And migrant children still fail far too often.  I’ve listened to teachers blame parents.  I’ve heard parents blame the teachers who as professionals have a responsibility to educate their children.  I heard both blame a system which denies farm workers a living wage.  

It doesn’t matter who’s to blame.  The result is the same.  And we all are the losers.  

Rudy Padilla can be contacted at opkansas@swbell.net  

 

 



Cislanderus Project: Thenesoya Vidina Martín De la Nuez

A cultural project about the Canary Islander descendants in the United States.

In the field. Louisiana

 

Thenesoya Vidina Martín De la Nuez, PhD Candidate  
HARVARD.EDU
 
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures
Sent by Bill Carmena 



EAST COAST 

The Founding of the Castillo de San Marcos, October 2, 1672
Estados Unidos borra a Cristóbal Colón

1883



THE FOUNDING OF THE CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS  

Saturday, October 7, 2017

 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument / St. Augustine, Florida

 


On Saturday, October 7, 2017, Florida Living History, Inc.’s (FLH’s – www.floridalivinghistory.org ) volunteers, in partnership with the National Park Service’s Castillo de San Marcos National Monument ( https://www.nps.gov/casa/ ), will host a day-long heritage Event commemorating the founding of the Castillo de San Marcos.  Established on October 2, 1672, the Castillo de San Marcos was the guardian of colonial San Agustín, the cornerstone of Spanish Florida’s defenses, and is today the oldest masonry and only extant 17th-century fortress in the continental United States. 

 


Image courtesy of The St. Augustine Record

In conjunction with National Hispanic Heritage Month, volunteers from FLH and the Castillo de San Marcos will commemorate this important date in American history - 345 years later, on the very site - with the re-enactment of the 1672 “ground-breaking” ceremony featuring General Don Manuel de Cendoya, royal Governor and Captain-General of Florida, and the royal officials of the presidio of San Agustín. 


 Image courtesy of Wikimedia
For further information: info@floridalivinghistory.org .

This heritage Event will also feature day-long colonial Spanish demonstrations and historical demonstrations
within the Castillo, focusing on its 17th-century construction and its vital role in Florida’s history. From 9AM to
4PM, join FLH volunteers, NPS rangers, and other participants in commemorating the 345th anniversary of the
founding of the Castillo de San Marcos!
=============================================== ===========================
There is a Castillo admission fee of $10 per adult; children (age 15 and younger) are free. Admission to the historical re-enactment at 4PM on the Castillo lawn is free of charge to the public.

For more information on the new Founding of the Castillo de San Marcos heritage Event, please contact:
Davis Walker / Florida Living History, Inc. 
info@floridalivinghistory.org  ;
Steve Roberts / Castillo de San Marcos National Monument  casa_ranger_activities@nps.gov 

The Founding of the Castillo de San Marcos heritage Event is sponsored by non-profit Florida Living History,  Inc., and by the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. Financial support for this Event is provided, in part, by the continued generosity of FLH’s donors and by the NPS’ Castillo de San Marcos National
Monument.

Founded in St. Augustine, Florida, in 2009, Florida Living History, Inc. (FLH), is a community based, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization of volunteers dedicated to educating the public about Florida's colonial and territorial history, using living-history programs, demonstrations, and recreated portrayals of significant historical events.

FLH supports educational initiatives that promote a greater understanding and appreciation of Florida's, and America’s, rich and diverse heritage. For more information on Florida Living History, Inc., please contact us via  e-mail at info@floridalivinghistory.org 


Image courtesy of John Cipriani

FLH's numerous heritage Events are funded solely through corporate/private donations, FLH fund-raising, and organizational and/or governmental grants. 

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Copyright 2017 Florida Living History, Inc.






Estados Unidos borra a Cristóbal Colón


Gobernantes demócratas retiran los homenajes al descubridor de América por "genocida", 
mientras los radicales de izquierdas derriban sus estatuas

  
Monumento a Cristóbal Colón en Columbus Circus, Nueva York - ABCMANUEL ERICE ORONOZ - manuelerice Corresponsal En Washington10/09/2017 23:13h - Actualizado: 11/09/2017 14:48h.Guardado en: Internacional

Año 2004. 12 de octubre. Un exaltado grupo de radicales chavistas asalta la estatua de Cristóbal Colón que preside la céntrica Plaza Venezuela de Caracas. El descubridor de América acaba de ser juzgado ycondenado a muerte simbólicamente por el delito de genocidio. Tras colocar una soga en torno a la cabeza del descubridor, los exaltados tiran con violencia de la efigie hasta que cae desde lo alto de la columna que la sostiene y se parte en dos. Los asistentes braman enfervorizados. El arrastre de la escultura hasta el teatro Teresa Carreño precede a su definitiva ejecución en la horca, celebrada con bailes indígenas. El presidente Hugo Chávez, que había iniciado en 2002 su particular campaña contra el Descubrimiento de América y sus protagonistas, estableciendo por decreto el Día de la Resistencia Indígena en lugar del Día de la Raza, se confiesa entonces «escandalizado» en la intimidad de su guardia pretoriana. La muestra de odio provoca el rechazo mundial, especialmente el de los gobiernos de Italia y de España. Con el tiempo, el singular exégeta de Simón Bolívar y padre del hoy fracasado Socialismo del Siglo XXI terminará asumiendo el discurso más extremo: «Cristobal Colón fue el jefe de una invasión que produjo no una matanza, sino un genocidio».

Año 2017. 30 de agosto. Estados Unidos, la primera democracia del mundo. En el neoyorquino parque de Yonkers, un barrio muy cercano al conflictivo Bronx, aparece decapitada la estatua de color de bronce de Colón. Alertada por un vecino, la Policía da por hecho que el acto de violencia responde a la ola de violencia racial resurgida las últimas semanas, tras la muerte de una joven manifestante a manos de un neonazi en Charlottesville (Virginia). Apenas unas horas más tarde, el vandalismo se ceba con un monumento al aventurero italiano apadrinado por España, en el barrio neoyorquino de Queens. Varias pintadas se sobreponen a la inscripción de homenaje por su gesta histórica, en las que puede leerse: «Abajo el genocida» y «No honremos al genocida».

Estos dos ataques no son aislados. Tampoco nuevos, aunque la belicosa campaña se expande más que nunca por distintos puntos del país, atribuida a grupos extremistas de izquierdas, como los llamados Antifa (Antifascistas), y radicales pro derechos civiles de los negros, como la organización autodenominada Black Lives Matter. Es su forma de responder a los racistas y supremacistas blancos, a los que ven fortalecidos con la llegada de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca. Además de los soldados y generales del ejército confederado en la Guerra Civil Americana, referencia para la extrema derecha y los neonazis de Estados Unidos por haber luchado en defensa de la esclavitud, los símbolos del Descubrimiento de América, y entre ellos su máximo representante, Cristóbal Colón, son el principal objetivo de su renovada caza.

Alcaldes y gobernadores liberales se suman a la ola proindigenista, en pleno resurgir del conflicto racial

Para los radicales de izquierda, el hombre que puso el primer pie en el Nuevo Mundo, que hoy es el suyo, y los conquistadores españoles que le sucedieron, representan «el capitalismo europeo y el terrorismo genocida» que exterminó a los indígenas, así como el «origen de la esclavitud en América». Así lo denuncia un vídeo de propaganda distribuido en las redes sociales, que describe con imágenes otro acto de violencia ocurrido esos días. Un activista con la cara tapada arremete a mazazos contra el monumento a Colón en la ciudad de Baltimore (Maryland), que con 250 años de vida es el más antiguo del país. Houston (Texas) y Búfalo, en el estado de Nueva York, han vivido también recientes ataques contra estatuas del descubridor.

Aunque no sea fácil de precisar la causa y el efecto, la ola de violencia coincide con un despliegue político sin precedentes en contra de la figura de Cristóbal Colón a cargo de gobernantes demócratas. Con medidas y argumentos ideológicos similares a los que esgrimió el chavismo para reescribir el pasado del continente, ayuntamientos como el de Los Ángeles, han protagonizado iniciativas que intentan bajar del pedestal de homenaje al hombre que cambió la historia de la Humanidad.

La ciudad más poblada de California, de raíces particularmente hispanas, acaba de poner fin formalmente al Día de Cristóbal Colón (que desde 1937 es considerada fiesta federal, el 12 de octubre, cuando el descubridor pisó por primera vez tierra firme tras su larga travesía), que ha sustituido por el Día de los Pueblos Indígenas. La iniciativa fue aprobada por 14 votos a favor, emitidos por un concejo municipal de nutrida presencia hispana y un solo voto en contra: el de un edil de origen italiano que rechaza categóricamente las alusiones a Colón como «responsable del genocidio, las muertes y el sufrimiento de los aborígenes y la gente nativa». Ni las raíces españolas e italianas del alcalde, Eric Garcetti, han impedido que se consumara el giro político. Para algunos californianos críticos con la medida, es cuestión de tiempo que alguien proponga retirar del Capitolio estatal el bello conjunto escultórico que protagoniza Colón en compañía de la Reina Isabel.

El propio Ayuntamiento de Nueva York, la ciudad con la mayor colonia de origen italiano de Estados Unidos, ha abierto el debate para anular cualquier recuerdo de Cristóbal Colón. La violenta labor que llevan a cabo los radicales podría devenir pronto en una pacífica labor institucional, si sale adelante la propuesta de la portavoz del Ayuntamiento, Melissa Mark-Viverito, de retirar el monumento más importante de Colón de los que aún permanecen en pie en Estados Unidos: el Columbus Circle, que luce en la Avenida de Columbus, muy cerca de Central Park. La persona de confianza del alcalde, Bill de Blasio, como él con raíces italianas, se muestra partidaria de dejar de exhibir a un «símbolo de opresión», como califica al marinero genovés.
Colonización anglosajona

La ola en favor del reconocimiento de los indígenas, en detrimento de Colón, se ha extendido los últimos años a las ciudades de Denver(Colorado), Berkeley (California), Phoenix (Arizona), Albuquerque (Nuevo México), Minneapolis (Minnesota) y Seattle (Washington), así como a los estados de Alaska y Vermont. Ninguno de los gobernantes y de los grupos que le apoyan, todos demócratas, ha mostrado la misma determinación a la hora de condenar la exterminación de las diversas colonias indias llevada a cabo por la colonización anglosajona, dos siglos después de Colón y los conquistadores españoles que le sucedieron. La persecución de la imagen del descubridor ofrece versiones para la anécdota, como la que protagoniza Minneapolis. En la capital de Minnesota, una campaña ha reunido miles de firmas para sustituir la estatua de Colón por la de Prince. El argumento principal es que el célebre cantante representa mejor «los valores de la paz, el amor y el entendimiento».

http://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-estados-unidos-borra-cristobal-colon-201709102313_noticia.html

​Enviado por C. Campos y Escalante​


 

CARIBBEAN REGION

Puerto Rico's Agriculture and Farmers Decimated 
                             by Maria by Frances Robles and Luis Ferre-Sadrni

Puerto Rico’s Agriculture and Farmers Decimated by Maria

Frances Robles, Luis Ferre-Sadurni
September 24, 2017
The New York Times

 

https://portside.org/sites/default/files/field/image/agricola43-superjumbo.jpg

photo: Victor J. Blue for The New York Times

Plantain trees flattened by Hurricane Maria in Yabucoa, P.R. In a matter of hours, the storm destroyed 
about 80 percent of the crop value in Puerto Rico, the territory’s agriculture secretary said.  

YABUCOA, P.R. — José A. Rivera, a farmer on the southeast coast of Puerto Rico, stood in the middle of his flattened plantain farm on Sunday and tried to tally how much Hurricane Maria had cost him.  “How do you calculate everything?” Mr. Rivera said.  “There will be no food in Puerto Rico,” Mr. Rivera predicted. “There is no more agriculture in Puerto Rico. And there won’t be any for a year or longer.”

For as far as he could see, every one of his 14,000 trees was down. Same for the yam and sweet pepper crops. His neighbor, Luis A. Pinto Cruz, known to everyone here as “Piña,” figures he is out about $300,000 worth of crops. The foreman down the street, Félix Ortiz Delgado, spent the afternoon scrounging up the scraps that were left of the farm he manages. He found about a dozen dried ears of corn that he could feed the chickens. The wind had claimed the rest.

“There will be no food in Puerto Rico,” Mr. Rivera predicted. “There is no more agriculture in Puerto Rico. And there won’t be any for a year or longer.”

Hurricane Maria made landfall here Wednesday as a Category 4 storm. Its force and fury stripped every tree of not just the leaves, but also the bark, leaving a rich agricultural region looking like the result of a postapocalyptic drought. Rows and rows of fields were denuded. Plants simply blew away.

In a matter of hours, Hurricane Maria wiped out about 80 percent of the crop value in Puerto Rico — making it one of the costliest storms to hit the island’s agriculture industry, said Carlos Flores Ortega, Puerto Rico’s secretary of the Department of Agriculture.

Across the island, Maria’s prolonged barrage took out entire plantations and destroyed dairy barns and industrial chicken coops. Plantain, banana and coffee crops were the hardest hit, Mr. Flores said. Landslides in the mountainous interior of the island took out many roads, a major part of the agriculture infrastructure there.

The island suffered a loss of $780 million in agriculture yields, according to the department’s preliminary figures. Hurricane Georges in 1998 wiped out about 65 percent of crops and Hurricane Irma, which only grazed the island, took out about $45 million in agriculture production.

For over 400 years, Puerto Rico’s economy was based on agriculture, historically focused on sugar cane, tobacco and citrus fruits. The island’s economy rapidly industrialized after World War II, leading to the downfall of agriculture production. In recent years, in part because of the island’s economic recession, people went back to the fields, and the industry is going through a small renaissance, growing at 3 to 5 percent every year over the past six years, Mr. Flores said. A growing farm-to-table movement has generated optimism in recent years about an agricultural rebirth.

Puerto Rico already imports about 85 percent of its food, and now its food imports are certain to rise drastically as local products like coffee and plantains are added to the list of Maria’s staggering losses. Local staples that stocked supermarkets, school lunchrooms and even Walmart are gone.

“Sometimes when there are shortages, the price of plantain goes up from $1 to $1.25. This time, there won’t be any price increase; there won’t be any product,” Mr. Rivera said. “When I heard the meteorologist say that the two had turned into a three and then a four, I thought, ‘Agriculture in Puerto Rico is over.’ This really is a catastrophe.”

He noted that other islands that export food to Puerto Rico, such as the Dominican Republic, Dominica and St. Martin, were also hit, and that the food supply could be even more precarious if the island’s other suppliers were also affected.

“There won’t be any gandules at Christmas this year,” Mr. Ortiz said, referring to a local favorite usually served as a combination of rice, pigeon peas and pork called arroz con gandules. “Even if we planted now, they won’t be ready.”

Mr. Ortiz, 80, said he had been working these fields for seven decades. He has lived through his share of hurricanes, including Georges, which wiped out the local sugar refinery in 1998.

“I have never seen losses like these in any of my 80 years,” he said as he stood on a riverbank, counting the number of coconut trees that fell. He could earn $100 a month from each one of them. A dozen cracked in half, beside a nursery where the winds swept away all the seedlings and left behind broken glass and ruin.

“Those palms take about 10 years to grow,” he said. “I will be dead by then.”

He is not the owner, but he said it hurt all the same. “You know what it’s like to see the place where you earn your daily bread destroyed?”

Efrain M. Robles Menendez, a dairy farmer, said cattle ranchers had been hit hard, because not only was there major damage to the infrastructure needed to maintain the business, but the supply chain was also cut off. With stores closed and the power out, the dairy trucks have not come.

“Since Wednesday, I have thrown out 4,000 liters of milk a day,” he said. “Come back later, and watch me pour it all down the drain.”

Some see the potential for something positive to come out of a disaster. Agricultural officials are hoping this will be the island’s chance to modernize its outmoded agriculture industry.

“Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to natural disasters,” Mr. Flores said. “But it’s also the one that can have the speediest recovery, and it’ll be the great surprise in the Puerto Rican economy, because we’re going to come back stronger.”

Mr. Flores said much of the traditional agriculture in the island had depended on energy-inefficient practices that waste too much water and produce large amounts of waste. Federal funds that will help farmers rebuild infrastructure damaged by the hurricane will present an opportunity to improve the industry, he said.

“We had an antiquated agricultural infrastructure that maybe now is the opportunity to make it more efficient,” he said. “Now is the moment because we’re starting from zero. Maybe it hadn’t been done before because there was no way of financing it. We’re going to rebuild better this time.”

Eduardo Bhatia Gautier, a local senator, said, “We can start developing an agriculture industry that is more profitable and start exporting Puerto Rican products, something this island hasn’t done in decades.”

Puerto Rico currently imports about 85 percent of the food it consumes and exports only 15 percent of what it produces, according to the government. Puerto Rico, Mr. Bhatia said, could service a growing demand for organic foods in the mainland United States. He estimated it could take at least a year to get the industry back up and running, as the soil recovers and farmers replant trees.

But long-term optimism does little to help farmers contemplating the destruction they see around them.

Mr. Pinto, 62, drove to the capital last week to stock up on vegetables to sell at a kiosk he runs with his wife. He did so because his 14,000 plantain trees are all dead and he had nothing of his own to sell.
On the ride to San Juan, he looked around at toppled trees, downed telephone poles, tangled power lines, roofs and crumbled wood structures and wept.

“I could not take seeing my country in pieces like that,” he said, holding back tears.

Mr. Pinto also lost all of his cattle. Literally. He does not know where they are.

He plans to start over as he did a decade ago when he lost everything to a flood. He will get about 35 percent of the value back from insurance, and will not quit, he said, using an expression that has become a popular hashtag: #yonomequito — I will not give up.

“A people without agriculture,” he said, “are a people without food.”

Frances Robles reported from Yabucoa, P.R., and Luis Ferré-Sadurní from San Juan, P.R.

Source: Portside moderator (moderator@PORTSIDE.ORGhttps://mail.aol.com/webmail-std/en-us/suite 
Portside aims to provide material of interest to people on the left that will help them to interpret the world and to change it.   

Editor Mimi:  Dear all . .  
I don't see this as a Left/Right issue, but rather an opportunity for all to work together and meet the human need.




AFRICAN-AMERICAN

August 30th, 1956 -- Mob masses at Mansfield
Black in Latin America: PBS Documentary 

It’s Hard to Look Back: America’s First Slavery Museum


1883

http://tshaonline.us7.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=9ac611cecaa72c69cecc26cb8&id=1a3a500f28&e=3967c4da92
August 30th, 1956 -- Mob masses at Mansfield

================================== ========================================
On this day in 1956, an angry mob surrounded Mansfield High School to prevent the enrollment of three African-American students in what became known as the Mansfield School Desegregation Incident. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had sued the Mansfield school district over its segregation of black schoolchildren. When a federal court ordered the district to desegregate--the first time a Texas school district received such an order--many white citizens resisted. 

 

Vigilantes barred integration sympathizers from entering town, whites hanged three blacks in effigy, and downtown businesses closed in support of the demonstrations. Governor Allan Shivers authorized the Mansfield school board to transfer black students to Fort Worth, seventeen miles away, and dispatched Texas Rangers to uphold the district's policy of segregation. The successful defiance of the federal court order helped inspire the passage of state segregation laws in 1957, delaying integration for several years. The Mansfield school district finally desegregated in 1965.

Black in Latin America: PBS Documentary 

============================== ===============================================

Black in Latin America is an award-winning documentary series where Harvard scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. travels to 6 different nations in Latin America and the Caribbean to explore how each nation’s history with colonialism and slavery directly impacts the ways black people in those countries experience discrimination and institutional racism today.  

La Peña Cultural Center: 3105 Shattuck Ave. Berkeley, CA 94705
All screenings are FREE with donations accepted at the door!
Start times are at 7:30pm. Doors open at 7pm. 
Each episode is about 50 min long, followed by a community discussion with special guest speakers.  

Sept. 14 – 
Haiti & the Dominican Republic: An Island Divided
Sept. 21 – Cuba: The Next Revolution in Cuba
Sept. 28 – Brazil: A Racial Paradise?
Oct. 5 – Mexico & Peru: The Black Grandma in the Closet

Watch the entire series: www.pbs.org/show/black-in-latin-america/ 
on demand. Stream full episodes online. Click here: Black in Latin America | PBS

Sent  by Dorinda Moreno pueblosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com 


‘It’s Hard to Look Back’: 
Why MacArthur Genius Bryan Stevenson Is Building America’s First Slavery Museum

The From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration Museum will feature both cutting-edge technology 
and artists from Sanford Biggers to Elizabeth Catlett.

Brian Boucher, August 31, 2017  Art World


Bryan Stevenson. Photo Angela Davis, courtesy Equal Justice Initiative.

Countries from Germany to Rwanda have erected so-called “museums of conscience” devoted to reckoning with the darkest episodes in their history. At a moment of heightened struggles over the symbols of racism across the United States, the Alabama-based Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) is looking to add to that catalogue with a new institution whose name says it all: The From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration Museum.

Scheduled to open next year in Montgomery, Alabama, the new museum will focus on telling a story that connects the dots from slavery through segregation to the well-documented and dramatic disparities within the criminal justice system today. In service of this narrative, it will feature artifacts, but also more high-tech attractions, including virtual reality that promises “to immerse visitors in the sights and sounds of the domestic slave trade, racial terrorism, and the Jim Crow South.”



Elizabeth Catlett, Virginia (1984). 
Courtesy From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration.

The story will be amplified by a collection of work by an extensive roster of modern and contemporary African-American artists, including John Thomas Biggers, Sanford Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett, Titus Kaphar, Jacob Lawrence, Glenn Ligon, and Hank Willis Thomas.

New York firm Local Projects has worked with EJI to design the facility, which sits on the site of a former slave warehouse. Also in Montgomery, a memorial designed by MASS Design Group with EJI will focus more closely on the phenomenon of lynching.

Founded in 1989, and led by lawyer Bryan Stevenson, EJI has a staff of about 50 and works to liberate the wrongfully incarcerated. (The nonprofit has been a major beneficiary of Agnes Gund’s Art for Justice Fund, which was seeded by her $150 million sale of a work by Roy Lichtenstein.)

The history of the organization is described in Stevenson’s extraordinary 2015 memoir "Just Mercy", hailed by the New York Times‘s Nicholas Kristof, who wrote that Stevenson “may, indeed, be America’s Mandela.” Stevenson has argued five times before the Supreme Court, and is a MacArthur foundation “Genius” grantee.

Recently, Stevenson spoke with artnet News by phone about the current status of America’s reckoning with its past; where EJI’s new institution fits into the landscape of museums of conscience; and why such a museum is long overdue—but at the same time has only now become possible.

It seems as if we’re reaching a critical mass in discussions of slavery and its legacy, with Steve McQueen’s film 12 Years a Slave, the reboot of the television series Roots, the opening of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, and the Whitney Plantation Museum, a private institution memorializing chattel slavery. Do you agree that we’re at a critical moment, and if so, 
what might explain this?

What’s interesting to me is that it’s been only in the last few years that we’ve begun to even talk about slavery in a meaningful way. Slavery was the defining feature of America in the 18th and 19th century. It has shaped this country’s economic and political and social life, and to some extent its cultural life. That we are only now beginning to see significant cultural institutions emerge to address that legacy is actually revealing about how committed we have been to not talking about this. We’re just getting started, frankly.

What do you suppose explains that tardiness?

The legacy of slavery was so devastating that we’re really just getting to a point where it feels possible to do so. When you’ve been enslaved and now you’re being terrorized by lynching, you don’t have the capacity to talk about these histories. When you’re dealing with Jim Crow and mass incarceration and disparities in health and education and opportunity, it’s hard to look back. So we’re just getting to a point where it’s sensible to put the struggle in historical context.

Are you experiencing any pushback from the African-American community? Is there any argument that we should focus on uplifting imagery?

Not really. For a long time, the African-American community coped with the trauma and pain and anguish of this history by resolving to just look forward. Fifty years ago, it would have been harder to overcome that. And while I think that mindset has served the African-American community well, it’s now clear that we are not going to make further progress without talking about these histories.

Rather than pushback, in fact, we’ve gotten very strong support. Of course there has been some hesitation because African-Americans had never been allowed to think about what they want. They’ve had to think about what’s going to happen to them in reaction by white people, from the dominant majority.

I learned reading your book Just Mercy that EJI has received numerous bomb threats and similar intimidation. Even though I knew you came out alive, as you were driving through the Alabama countryside doing your work getting African-American and poor folks out of prison, I was scared for your safety. Have you seen any pushback from white folks and the larger community about this museum, or do you expect to?

I don’t think there’s any question that after 150 years of silence, it’s going to be provocative to see this legacy made plain. So there has been some pushback, but I just don’t think we can be deterred.

When we finished our 2013 report “Slavery in America: The Montgomery Slave Trade,” we just wanted to place markers downtown at the sites of slave warehouses and marketplaces. When we proposed a project about that history, they [the authorities] said, sure, if you have accurate information we’ll put them up. But then they retreated and said no. That would be too controversial.

There are 59 markers and monuments to the Confederacy there. They are everywhere. But we as a society have been unwilling to say a word about slavery. So yes, some people will be challenged and provoked, but we have to accept that as part of the challenge.

A monument to lynchings in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, will be on view in the museum. In talking about this project, you mention South Africa and Rwanda and Germany as countries that have museums of conscience. I wonder what you are drawing from those institutions, and on the other hand what makes this institution unique?

In South Africa there’s been a conscious effort to educate people about Apartheid, and cultural institutions seem committed to this notion that we can never forget about the destruction created by it. There are sites everywhere that contextualize the new South Africa within the history of Apartheid. It’s the same in Rwanda. People insist that you understand what people went through.

What distinguishes all those countries is, one, that they’re actually talking about their history, but two, that they have cultural institutions that are narrative in structure.

The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg has a point of view and it is addressed culturally and artistically. The Rwandan museum incorporates human skulls in its structure—that’s how powerfully people want to express their grief. There’s no debate about the horror of the Holocaust, no distance from the ugliness.

While I’m grateful to now have the NMAAHC, and I’m pleased we have the National Civil Rights Museum, we don’t have narrative museums that tell the story of our history in a way that moves you from point A to point B.

What role do you see art playing in the museum?

We’re working very closely with a number of artists. There will be photography that we have created to try to humanize what slavery represents. At the time, no one was using photography to document slavery, so we don’t have a visual record. We have the iconic photo of Sergeant Gordon, a slave who displays his back to show scarring from whipping, but there aren’t a lot of images like that.

We did photography with models in chains to create a visual of what the body looks like when bound with these emblems of bondage and confinement. We’re creating films and videos that dramatize the domestic slave trade so people can have a visual experience of being forcefully transported from the upper South to New Orleans and the lower South. Video makers are helping us, through animation and through other forms, to tell that story in a visual way.

But one of the most exciting parts of our museum will involve technology. You’ll walk into a space that will replicate a slave warehouse. There will be pens that will look like jail cells, and when you peer in, a hologram of a slave, an apparition, will appear and speak to you about the experience of awaiting sale. We’ve uncovered incredible narratives about awaiting auction and the horror of the separation from their families.

Technology allows us to create an experience you’re only seeing in places like Disney. You can see the ghosts of a former slave warehouse. When you walk into the main section, we’ll have language from catalogues advertising slave sales printed on banners. It will be a really powerful space.

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INDIGENOUS

Indigenous Jalisco: From the Spanish Contact to 2010 by John P. Schmal

 


INDIGENOUS JALISCO: FROM THE SPANISH CONTACT TO 2010

By John P. Schmal

 

Modern Jalisco

The modern state of Jalisco consists of 78,597 square kilometers located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic and taking up 4.0% of the national territory. As the seventh largest state in Mexico, Jalisco is politically divided into 124 municipios. With a 2010 population of about 7,844,830 inhabitants, Jalisco has the fourth largest population in Mexico with 6.6% of the national population. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara, which had a 2010 population of 1,495,182. In addition to being the second largest city in Mexico, Guadalajara’s population represents almost one-fifth of Jalisco’s entire population.  

Jalisco is a very large state and actually has boundaries with seven other Mexican states. While Colima and Michoacán lay to her south and east, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit lay to the north. In addition, Jalisco has a common border with Guanajuato and a small sliver of San Luis Potosí on her northeastern frontier.  The name Jalisco comes from the Náhuatl words xali (sand) and ixco (surface). Together, these words mean "sandy surface". Up to 1867, Nayarit was part of Jalisco. In August 1867, Nayarit became the “Military District of Tepic.” It was elevated to the status of a territory separate from Jalisco in 1884, achieving full statehood in 1917.

The Jalisco Economy

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Jalisco exceeded one trillion pesos in 2015 and contributed 6.8% of Mexico’s national GDP. In 2015, the five primary contributors to Jalisco’s GDP were: wholesale and retail trade (21.8%); manufacturing (20.5%); real estate, rental and leasing (13.0%); construction (8.6%) and agriculture/forestry/fishing/hunting (5.9%).  

Of Jalisco’s 3.6 million workers during 2016, almost one-in-four (1,402,644, or 39.35%) were employed in the manufacturing and commerce sectors. While 304,996 persons were engaged in agriculture/forestry/ fishing and hunting (8.5%), a slightly larger number (319,730, or 9.0%) were employed in the accommodation and food services.

A Wide Range of Topographies

Jalisco is crossed by two large mountain ranges, the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Neo-Volcanic Axis.  While the Sierra Madre Occidental runs north to south across western Mexico, the Neo-Volcanic Axis is a long line of ancient volcanoes (many still active) that extends from the Pacific Ocean (north of Guadalajara) eastward to the Gulf of Mexico, just to the south of Veracruz.

La Gran Chichimeca

When the Spaniards started exploring Jalisco and Zacatecas in the 1520s and 1530s, they encountered several nomadic tribes occupying the area which they referred to as La Gran Chichimeca. The Aztecs collectively referred to these Indians with the all-encompassing term, Chichimecas. All of the Chichimeca Indians shared a primitive hunting-collecting culture, based on the gathering of mesquite, acorns, roots and seeds, as well as the hunting of small animals, including frogs, lizards, snakes and worms. Within the present-day boundaries of Jalisco, the Caxcanes, Guachichiles, Tecuexes and Guamares were considered to be Chichimecas.

With a wide range of topographies, Jalisco became the home to a wide variety of indigenous peoples.  Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, in his “Descripción de la Nueva Galicia” – published in 1621 – noted that 72 native languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia, which included a large part of Jalisco, as well as Nayarit, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. However,  according to the author Eric van Young, “the extensive and deep-running mestizaje” (the racial and cultural mixing of Amerindians with Europeans) of Nueva Galicia has meant “that at any time much beyond the close of the colonial period the history of the native peoples has been progressively interwoven with (or submerged in) that of non-native groups.”

The historian Philip Wayne Powell has written several books that dealt with the Chichimeca Indians and the Spanish encounter with these Indians. In his publication Soldiers Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War, Mr. Powell noted that “Hernán Cortés, the Conqueror, defeated the Aztecs in a two-year campaign” but that his “stunning success created an illusion of European superiority over the Indian as a warrior.” Continuing with this line of thought, Mr. Powell observed that “this lightning-quick subjugation of such massive and complex peoples as the Tlaxcalan, Aztec, and Tarascan, proved to be but prelude to a far longer military struggle against the peculiar and terrifying prowess” of  the Chichimeca nations and their warriors.

Nuño de Guzmán

In December 1529, Nuño de Guzmán, left Mexico City at the head of a force of five hundred Spaniards and 10,000 Indian soldiers. According to J. Lloyd Mecham, the author of Francisco de Ibarra and Nueva Vizcaya, “Guzmán was an able and even brilliant lawyer, a man of great energy and firmness, but insatiably ambitious, aggressive, wily, and cruel.”  In a rapid and brutal campaign lasting from February to June, 1530, Guzmán traveled through Michoacán, Jalisco, and southern Zacatecas. The historian Peter Gerhard writes that “Guzmán's strategy throughout was to terrorize the natives with often unprovoked killing, torture, and enslavement. The army left a path of corpses and destroyed houses and crops, impressing surviving males into service and leaving women and children to starve.”

Once Guzmán had consolidated his conquests, he ordered all of the conquered Indians of Jalisco to be distributed among Spanish encomiendas. The individual receiving the encomienda, known as the encomendero, received free labor and tribute from the Indians, in return for which the subjects were commended to the encomendero's care. It was the duty of the encomendero to Christianize, educate and feed the natives under their care. However, as might be expected, such human institutions were prone to abuse and misuse and, as a result, some Indians were reduced to slave labor.

Taking formal possession of the conquered areas, Guzmán named his conquered territory “Greater Spain.”  However, twelve years later, the Spaniard administration renamed the region as Nueva Galicia (New Galicia). Reports of Guzmán's brutal treatment of the indigenous people got the attention of the authorities in Mexico City. Two years later, he was returned to Spain in chains to stand trial. He spent some time in prison and died in Spain around 1558. 
 

The Mixtón Rebellion (1540-1541)

In the spring of 1540, the Indian population of western Mexico began a fierce rebellion against Spanish rule. The indigenous tribes living along today's Three-Finger border region between Jalisco and Zacatecas led the way in fomenting the insurrection. In the hills near Teul and Nochistlán, the Indians attacked Spanish settlers and soldiers and destroyed churches.  

By April of 1541, the Cazcanes of southern Zacatecas and northern Jalisco were waging a full-scale revolt against all symbols of Spanish rule. It took the better part of two years to contain the Mixtón Rebellion. Antonio de Mendoza, who had become the first Viceroy of Nueva España in 1535, quickly assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and 30,000 Aztec and Tlaxcalan warriors. In a series of short sieges and assaults, Mendoza gradually suffocated the uprising. By December, 1541, the native resistance had been completely crushed. The aftermath of this defeat, according to Peter Gerhard, led to thousands of deaths. In addition, he writes, “thousands were driven off in chains to the mines, and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on Spanish farms and haciendas.” Fortunately, some of these people were allowed to return home a decade later.

 

The Chichimeca War (1550-1590)

Mr. Powell writes that rush to establish new settlements and pave new roads through Zacatecas, “left in its wake a long stretch of unsettled and unexplored territory.” To function properly, the Zacatecas silver mines “required well-defined and easily traveled routes.” Mr. Powell wrote that these highways “became the tangible, most frequently visible evidence of the white man's permanent intrusion” into their land. As the natives learned about the usefulness of the goods being transported (silver, food, and clothing), “they quickly appreciated the vulnerability of this highway movement to any attack they might launch.”  

In time, the Zacatecos and Guachichile Indians, in whose territory most of the silver mines could be found, started to resist the intrusion by assaulting the travelers and merchants using the roads. And thus began La Guerra de los Chichimecas (The War of the Chichimecas), which eventually became the longest and most expensive conflict between Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony. The present-day northern regions of Jalisco were included in this war zone.

 

Indigenous Allies

The Chichimeca conflict forced the Spaniards to rely heavily upon their Christian Indian allies. The result of this dependence upon indigenous allies as soldados (soldiers) and pobladores (settlers) led to enormous and wide-ranging migration and resettlement patterns that would transform the geographic nature of the indigenous peoples of Nueva Galicia. In describing this phenomenon, Mr. Powell noted that the “Indians formed the bulk of the fighting forces against the Chichimeca warriors; As fighters, as burden bearers, as interpreters, as scouts, as emissaries, the pacified natives of New Spain played significant and often indispensable roles in subjugating and civilizing the Chichimeca country.”

By the middle of the Sixteenth Century, the Tarascans, Aztecs, Cholultecans, Otomíes, Tlaxcalans, and the Cazcanes had all joined forces with the Spanish military. By the time the Chichimeca War began in 1550, the Tarascans and Otomíes, in particular, had already developed “considerable experience in warfare alongside the Spaniards.”  As a result, explains Mr. Powell, “They were the first important auxiliaries employed for entradas against the Chichimecas.”

Decline through Epidemic Disease

The physical isolation of the Indians in the Americas is the primary reason for which disease caused such havoc with the Native American populations. This physical isolation resulted in a natural quarantine from the rest of the planet and from a wide assortment of communicable diseases. When smallpox first ravaged through Mexico in 1520, no Indian had immunity to the disease.  

During the first century of the conquest, the Mexican Indians suffered through 19 major epidemics. They were exposed to smallpox, chicken pox, diphtheria, influenza, scarlet fever, measles, typhoid, mumps, influenza, and cocoliztli (a hemorrhagic disease). Peter Gerhard has estimated the total native population of Nueva Galicia in 1520 at 855,000 persons. By 1550, this number had dropped to 220,000.  

In two decades, the populous coastal region north of Banderas Bay witnessed the greatest population decline. By the late 1530s, the population of the Pacific coastal plain and foothills from Acaponeta to Purificación had declined by more than half. Subsequently, Indians from the highland areas were transported to work in the cacao plantations. When their numbers declined, the Spaniards turned to African slaves. In spite of the epidemics, several areas of Jalisco were less affected by contagious disease.

 

The Caxcanes

One of the primary indigenous groups of Jalisco was the Cazcanes (Caxcanes) who lived in the northern section of the state. They were a partly nomadic people, whose principal religious and population centers were at Teul, Tlaltenango, Juchipila, and Teocaltiche. The language of the Caxcanes Indians was widely spoken in the northcentral portion of Jalisco along the “Three-Fingers Border Zone” with Zacatecas. It is believed that the Caxcanes language was spoken at Teocaltiche, Ameca, Huejúcar, and across the border in Nochistlán, Zacatecas. The language of Cazcanes was very similar to the Nahua dialect spoken by the Mexica and has sometimes been referred to as a corrupt form of Nahua.  

According to Mr. Powell, the Caxcanes were "the heart and the center of the Indian rebellion in 1541 and 1542." After the Mixtón Rebellion, the Cazcanes became allies of the Spaniards. For this reason, they suffered attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War. As a cultural group, the Caxcanes ceased to exist during the Nineteenth Century. The only person who has published detailed materials relating to the Caxcanes is the archaeologist, Dr. Phil C. Weigand.

The Cocas

From Guadalajara in the north to Sayula in the south and from Cocula in the west to La Barca and Lake Chapala in the east, the Cocas inhabited a significant swath of territory in central and southern Jalisco. Zapotitlan, Jocotepec, Cocula and Tepec were all within their domain. When the Spaniards first entered their territory, some of the Coca Indians, guided by their leader Tzitlali, moved away to a small valley surrounded by high mountains, a place they named “Cocolan.”  When the Spaniards arrived in the vicinity of present-day Guadalajara in 1530, they found about one thousand dispersed farmers belonging to both the Tecuexes and Cocas.  

The late American anthropologist Carolyn Baus de Czitrom studied the Cocas extensively and published a remarkable work about their traditions and way of life. In her landmark work, “Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la Region Jalisco en el Siglo XVI,” Dr. Baus de Czitrom described the Cocas as a very peaceful and cooperative people (“Los cocas era gente dócil, buena y amiga de los españoles.”), which she based largely on the accounts of Tello.  

Because the Cocas were a peaceful people, the Spaniards, for the most part, left them alone. Some historians believe that the word mariachi originated in the language of the Cocas. Some of the traditions surrounding mariachi are certainly derived from the Coca culture and the five-stringed musical instrument called vihuela was a creation of the Cocas.

 

The Tecuexes

From Magdalena and Tequila in the west to Jalostotitlán and Cerro Gordo in the east, the Tecuexes occupied a considerable area of northern Jalisco. Their southern border extended just south of Guadalajara while their eastern range extended into the northwestern part of Los Altos and included Mexticacan, Tepatitlán and Valle de Guadalupe. The Tecuexes were also studied extensively by Dr. Baus de Czitrom, who reported that the Spaniards considered them to be brave and bold warriors (“Los Tecuexes eran valientes y audaces guerreros.”)  

The Tecuexes and Cocas both occupied some of the same communities within central Jalisco, primarily in the region of Guadalajara. It seems likely that this coexistence probably led to inter-marital relationships between the Cocas and Tecuexes in some areas and played a role in aligning the two peoples together. However, in other areas such as Lake Chapala, the Tecuexes and Cocas were adversaries.  

The Tecuexes were frequently at odds with their other neighbors in the north, the Caxcanes. In fact, it is believed that Caxcanes originally invaded the territory of the Tecuexes in the area of Tlatenango, Juchipila, Nochistlán (Zacatecas) and Teocaltiche (Jalisco) during the pre-Hispanic era. The Caxcanes and Tecuexes in this area continued to their hostilities for as many as 260 years until the arrival of the Spaniards.  

The Spaniards first confronted the Tecuexes in an area north of Lake Chapala. When Guzmán arrived in the area in February 1530, the Tecuexes fled at first, but returned a few days later. Both the Tecuexes and Cocas had heard that Guzmán was on his way and decided to accept the invaders peacefully.  When the Spanish force arrived, most of the leaders of the Cocas and Tecuexes received them in friendship and offered gifts.  

However, one group of Tecuexes decided to resist and ambushed Guzmán and his men. Because of their superiority in arms, the Spaniards quickly defeated this group. Later, the manipulative Guzmán used an alliance with the Cocas to help subdue the Tecuexes. Like the Caxcanes, the Tecuexes suffered in the aftermath of the Mixtón Rebellion. 

 

The Coras

The Coras inhabited an area that is now located in present-day Nayarit as well as the northwestern fringes of Jalisco. The Cora call themselves Nayarit or Nayariti, a tribe belonging to the Taracahitian division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family. The Cora developed agricultural methods that included the building of terraces to control erosion. Today, the Coras, numbering more than 20,000 people, continue to survive, primarily in Nayarit and to a lesser extent in Jalisco. The Cora Indians have been studied by several historians and archaeologists. One of the most interesting works about the Cora is Catherine Palmer Finerty's “In a Village far From Home: My Life among the Cora Indians of the Sierra Madre” (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000).

 The Cuyutecos

The Cuyutecos ‒ speaking the Nahua language of the Aztecs ‒ settled in southwestern Jalisco, inhabiting Atenquillo, Talpa, Mascota, Mixtlán, Atengo, and Tecolotlán. The population of this area ‒ largely depleted by the epidemics of the Sixteenth Century ‒ was partially repopulated by Spaniards and Indian settlers from Guadalajara and other parts of Mexico. It is believed the Cuyuteco language may have been a late introduction into Jalisco.

The Guachichiles

Of all the Chichimec tribes, the Guachichile Indians occupied the largest territory, – an estimated 100,000 square kilometers – from Saltillo, Coahuila in the north to Lake Chapala in eastern Jalisco on the southern end. Their territory extended through parts of eastern Zacatecas, western San Luis Potosí, parts of eastern Jalisco, Aguascalientes and western Guanajuato. Their territory extended westward close to the city of Zacatecas and eastward into sections of San Luis Potosí.  The present-day Jalisco cities of Lagos de Moreno, Arandas, Ayo el Chico, and Tepatitlán were within the territory of the Guachichiles.

The name Guachichil ‒ given to them by the Aztecs ‒ meant “head colored red.” They had been given this label, writes Mr. Dunne, because “they were distinguished by red feather headdresses, by painting themselves red (especially the hair), or by wearing head coverings (bonetillas) made of hides and painted red.” The archaeologist Paul Kirchhoff wrote that the following traits characterized the Guachichile Indians: “painting of the body; coloration of the hair; head gear; matrilocal residence; freedom of the married woman; special forms of cruelty to enemies.”  

In the development of tribal alliances, the Guachichiles were considered the most advanced of the Chichimec tribes. They were a major catalyst in provoking the other tribes to resist the Spanish settlement and exploitation of Indian lands. Their resistance in the Chichimeca War became legendary. The Spanish frontiersmen and contemporary writers referred to the Guachichiles “as being the most ferocious, the most valiant, and the most elusive” of all their indigenous adversaries. After the end of the Chichimeca War, the Guachichiles were very quickly assimilated and Christianized and no longer exist as a distinguishable cultural entity.  

The Guamares

The nation of the Guamares took up portions of western Guanajuato, northeastern Jalisco and a small part of Aguascalientes. The author, Gonzalo de las Casas, called the Guamares “the bravest, most warlike, treacherous, and destructive of all the Chichimecas.” The area around San Juan de los Lagos, Encarnación de Díaz and Jalostotitlán in northeastern Jalisco (Los Altos) was primarily occupied by the “Chichimecas Blancos,” a Guamares tribe who used limestone pigments to color their faces and bodies. When Pedro Almíndez Chirinos traveled through here in March 1530 with a force of fifty Spaniards and 500 Tarascan and Tlaxcalan allies, the inhabitants gave him a peaceful reception. 

The Huicholes

Some historians believe that the Huichol Indians are descended from the nomadic Guachichiles, having moved westward and settled down to an agrarian lifestyle, inhabited a small area in northwestern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Nayarit. The Huicholes, seeking to avoid confrontation with the Spaniards, became very isolated and thus we able to survive as a people and a culture.  

In contrast to the Cora Indians, the Huichol were never congregated into nucleated mission settlements and thus, according to Franz (1996), were never converted from their "primitive pagan ways." In his 2001 thesis for the University of Florida, Brad Morris Biglow noted that, while the Cora Indians fought aggressively to resist acculturation, the Huichol response was primarily to “flee” to more remote locations in the Sierra Madre. According to Aguirre Beltran, the Huichol retreat into the Sierra created a “region of refuge” and enabled the Huichol to “resist the acculturative pressures around them.”  

The isolation of the Huicholes ‒ now occupying parts of northwestern Jalisco and Nayarit ‒ has served them well for their aboriginal culture has survived with relatively few major modifications since the period of first contact with Western culture. Even today, the Huichol Indians of Jalisco and Nayarit currently inhabit an isolated region of the Sierra Madre Occidental. At the time of the Spanish contact, Huichol speakers were living in the northern stretches of what is now called the Three-Fingers Region of Northern Jalisco, in particular Huejuquilla, Tuxpan and Colotlán.  

The survival of the Huichol has intrigued historians and archaeologists alike. The art, history, culture, language and religion of the Huichol have been the subject of at least a dozen books. Carl Lumholtz, in Symbolism of the Huichol Indians: A Nation of Shamans (Oakland, California: B.I. Finson, 1988), made observations about the religion of the Huichol. Stacy B. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst edited People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion and Survival (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), discussed the history, culture and language of these fascinating people in great detail.

 

The Otomíes

The Otomíes were a Chichimeca nation primarily occupying Querétaro and Guanajuato. However, early on, the Otomíes allied themselves with the Spaniards and Mexica Indians. As a result, writes Mr. Powell, Otomí settlers were “issued a grant of privileges” and were “supplied with tools for breaking land.”  For their allegiance, they were exempted from tribute and given a certain amount of autonomy in their towns. During the 1550s, Luis de Velasco (the second Viceroy of Nueva España) used Otomí militia against the Chichimecas. The strategic placement of Otomí settlements in Nueva Galicia made their language dominant near Zapotitlán, Juchitlán, Autlán, and other towns near Jalisco's southern border with Colima.

 

The Purépecha Indians (Tarascans)

The Purépecha Indians ‒ also referred to as the Tarascans and Porhé ‒ inhabited many parts of present-day Michoacán and boasted a powerful empire that rivaled the Aztec Empire during the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Centuries. As recently as 2010, the Purépecha numbered over 124,000 speakers. This language, classified as an isolated language, was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Colima. Today, the Purépecha language is still the third-most spoken indigenous language in Jalisco.

 

The Tepehuanes

In pre-Hispanic times, the Tepehuán Indians inhabited a wide swath of territory that stretched through sections of present-day Jalisco, Nayarit, Durango and Chihuahua. According to Buelna (1891), they received their name from the Náhuatl term tepetl, "mountain," and huan, "at the junction of.” Unlike the Guachichiles, the Tepehuanes did not become involved in operations against the Spaniards in the Chichimec War. Charlotte M. Gradie’s “The Tepehuán Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism and Colonialism in Seventeenth Century Nueva Vizcaya” (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000) discussed in great detail the Tepehuanes and their famous 1616-1619 revolt that ravaged much of Durango.  After their rebellion was crushed, the Tepehuán moved to hiding places in the Sierra Madre to avoid Spanish retaliation.

Today, the Tepehuán retain elements of their old culture. At the time of the Spanish contact, the Tepehuanes language was spoken in “Three Fingers Region” of northwestern Jalisco in such towns as Tepee, Mezquital and Colotlán. The Tepehuanes language and culture are no longer found in Jalisco, but more than 35,000 Tepehuanes still reside in southern Chihuahua and some parts of Durango and Nayarit.

 

Assimilation and Mestizaje (1590-1620)

The employment of Tarascans, Aztecs and Tlaxcalans for the purpose of “defensive colonization” ‒ discussed earlier in this report ‒ encouraged a gradual assimilation of the Chichimecas and other Jalisco Indians. In the 1590s Náhuatl-speaking colonists from Tlaxcala and the Valley of Mexico settled in some parts of Jalisco to serve, as Mr. Gerhard writes, “as a frontier militia and a civilizing influence.”  As the Indians of Jalisco made peace and settled down to work for Spanish employers, they labored in the fields alongside the Christian, “civilized” Indians. In time, the indigenous Jalisco groups were absorbed into the more dominant cultures from the south (i.e., Aztec, Tlaxcalan, Otomí and Tarascan Indians).  

By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. Powell, most of the Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities and “the sixteenth-century land of war thus became fully Mexican in its mixture.”  

Independence from Spain (1823)

By the early part of the Nineteenth Century, very few people living in Jalisco still spoke indigenous languages. In fact, a large number of the original languages spoken in Jalisco had disappeared from the face of the earth. However, the descendants of the original Indians still lived in Jalisco and many of them still felt a spiritual, cultural and physical bond to their Indian ancestors. On June 23, 1823, the Department of Guadalajara was proclaimed as the “El Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco” (The Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco).

 

Indigenous Discontent (1825-1885)

Unfortunately, independence did not bring stability to Jalisco, nor did it bring economic reform to the descendants of Jalisco’s indigenous peoples. The historian Dawn Fogle Deaton writes that in the sixty-year period from 1825 to 1885, Jalisco witnessed twenty-seven peasant (primarily indigenous) rebellions. Seventeen of these uprisings occurred within one decade, 1855-64, and the year 1857 witnessed ten separate revolts. According to Ms. Deaton, the cause of these "waves of unrest, popular protest, and open rebellion" arose "out of the political and social struggles among classes and between classes." She further explained that the "commercialization of the economy," especially in agriculture, had led to fundamental changes in the lifestyles of the peasants and thus brought about "the seeds of discontent."  

As Jalisco prepared to enter the Twentieth Century, the indigenous speaking population of the State declined considerably. In the 1895 census, only 4,510 persons spoke an indigenous language, representing 0.38% of the state’s total population. By the time of the 1930 census, this figure would drop to 2,648 (0.21% of the total population).

 

The 1921 Census: Racial Classifications

In spite of the lost language connection, the bond that many Jaliscans felt towards their indigenous ancestry continued well into the Twentieth Century and is clearly manifested in the 1921 Mexican census. At the time of this census, which was tallied after the end of the devastating Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), 199,728 Jalisco natives identified themselves as being of “indígena pura” (pure indigenous) descent, representing 16.8% of the entire state’s population. 

In a true testament to the mestizaje of Jalisco’s inhabitants, 903,830 Jaliscans classified themselves as “indígena mezclada con blanca” (Indigenous mixed with White), representing 75.8% of the total state population. The following table illustrates the racial classifications in the 1921 census:

 

The 1921 Mexican Census: Racial Classifications in Jalisco

Racial Classification

No. of Persons

% of Total State Population

Indígena Pura

199,728

16.76%

Indígena Mezclada con Blanca

903,830

75.83%

Blanca

87,103

7.31%

Question Ignored or Other Classifications

1,296

0.10%

Total Population

1,191,957

100%

Source:  Departamento de la Estadística Nacional, Annuario de 1930: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Tacubaya, Distrito Federal, 1932), pp. 48-50.

 

The 2000 Census

According to the 2000 census, the population of persons five years and more who spoke indigenous languages in Jalisco totaled 39,259 individuals, representing only 0.7% of Jalisco’s 5,541,480 inhabitants. The most common of these languages were:   

  1. Huichol (10,976 persons)
  2. Náhuatl (6,714)
  3. Purépecha (3,074)
  4. Mixteco (1,471)
  5. Otomí (1,193)
  6. Zapoteco (1,061).  

The majority of the indigenous languages spoken in the state were transplanted tongues from other parts of México, with the Huichol language representing the only truly indigenous language of Jalisco. Although the State of Jalisco contains 124 municipios, only 11 of them contained indigenous populations that numbered more than one percent in 2000, including:  

  • Mezquitic (7,652 indigenous speakers – 64.75% of the municipio population)
  • Bolaños (2,125 indigenous speakers – 48.35% of the municipio population)

 

The 2010 Census

The 2010 Mexican census reported that the inhabitants of Jalisco spoke 59 different indigenous languages. However, Jalisco’s 53,695 indigenous speakers represented only 0.8% of the total state population, and Jalisco ranked 26th among the Mexican states and Distrito Federal in the percent of people speaking indigenous languages. The most commonly spoken language categories in Jalisco for the 2010 census were:

 

The 2010 Census: Indigenous Languages Spoken in Jalisco

Indigenous Language

Population 3 Years and Older Who Speak an Indigenous Language

Percent of all Indigenous Speakers

Huichol

18,409

34.3%

Náhuatl

11,650

21.7%

Indigenous Language not Specified

8,810

16.4%

Purépecha (Tarasco)

3,960

7.4%

Mixteco

2,001

3.7%

Zapoteco

1,637

3.0%

Otomí

1,409

2.6%

Huasteco

1,142

2.1%

Mazahua

1,009

1.9%

Totonaca (Totonaco)

458

0.9%

Other Languages

3,210

6.0%

Total

53,695

100.0%

Source: INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010: Tabulados del Cuestionario Básico: Población de 3 años y más que habla lengua indígena por entidad federativa y lengua

Together the three most common languages represented 63.4% of all indigenous speakers in the state.  The fourth- and fifth-most spoken languages were Mixteco and Zapoteco, both languages indigenous to the State of Oaxaca.  

In 2010, seven municipios had indigenous language speakers who made up between 2.3% and 75.9% of their entire populations, as shown in the following table:
 

The 2010 Census: Indigenous Speakers in Jalisco by Municipio

Municipio

Speakers of Indigenous Languages 3 Years of Age or More

Percent of Indigenous Speakers 3 Years of Age or More in the Municipio

Most Common Indigenous

Language (s)

Mezquitic

12,540

75.9%

Huichol

Bolaños

4,040

64.4%

Huichol

Huejuquilla el Alto

531

6.5%

Huichol

Villa Guerrero

289

5.5%

Huichol

San Gabriel

537

3.7%

Náhuatl / Purépecha

San Martín de Bolaños

97

3.0%

Huichol

Acatlán de Juárez

504

2.3%

Náhuatl / Huichol

118 Other Municipios

35,157

0.5%

Multiple Languages

State of Jalisco

53,695

0.8%

Multiple Languages

Source: INEGI, 2010 Censo: Población de 3 años y más por entidad y municipio según habla indígena y lengua.

 

As noted in the preceding table, nearly one-quarter (12,540 or 23.4%) of Jalisco’s indigenous speaking population lived in the municipio of Mezquitic, which is in Jalisco’s Three-Fingers Area and has borders with both Nayarit (on the west) and Zacatecas (on the west and east).  

The municipio with the second largest percentage of indigenous speakers was Bolaños, which is just south of Mezquitic. Both municipios together have over 16,000 indigenous speakers, most of which speak Huichol. The two municipios contain almost one-third of all Jalisco’s indigenous speakers (30.9%).
 

The Huichol People of Today

The most important indigenous group still living in Jalisco are the Huichol people. In the entire Mexican Republic, there were 30,686 persons five years of age or more who spoke the Huichol language in the 2000 census. They were primarily distributed across portions of four contiguous states:  Nayarit (16,932), Jalisco (10,976), Durango (1,435) and Zacatecas (330).  The Huicholes have managed to preserve their identity, language, culture and religious customs, largely because of their isolation in the Sierra Madre Mountains.  

Stacy B. Schaefer’s Huichol Women, Weavers, and Shamans (2015) quotes the Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de Los Pueblos Indígenas’ (INI) recent report which states the Huichol population nationwide totaled 59,280 in 2011, with 8,791 of this number four years old or younger.

 

The Purépecha (Tarascans)

Purépecha is the third most commonly spoken language in present-day Jalisco.  The Purépecha – who are sometimes called Tarascans (a label that was given to them by the Spaniards in the Sixteenth Century) – ruled over a significant portion of Michoacán during the pre-Hispanic era and have managed to preserve their language and many of their unique customs. In 2010, most of the Purépecha speakers in Jalisco lived in the municipios of Zapopan, Tlaquepaque and Guadalajara. Because these municipios are not adjacent to Michoacán, it is assumed that these are migrants or the descendants of Purépecha migrants.

The Cora People

The Cora people, like the Huichol, have survived in isolation, occupying mountains and valleys within the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain range. The vast majority of the 15,380 Cora speakers in 2000 lived in the State of Nayarit, Jalisco’s northwestern neighbor. In 2000, only 162 Cora speakers lived within Jalisco’s borders. By 2010, the number of Cora speakers in Jalisco had dropped to 116.  

The Others

The Náhuatl, Otomí, Mixtec and Zapotec languages are believed to be largely migrant languages in Jalisco. Otomí is widely spoken through many central Mexican states, while the Mixtec and Zapotec languages have their origins in the southern state of Oaxaca. The Mixtecs and Zapotecs have migrated to a large number of Mexican states and are in great demand as agricultural laborers in some of the northern states. The largest number of Náhuatl speakers in 2010 lived in the municipios of Zapopan, Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta. They are most likely migrants who were attracted to these regions for employment.  

The Life Blood of Jalisco

As Jalisco moves closer to the third decade of the Twenty-First Century, only the arrival of migrant laborers from other parts of the country will ensure that Jalisco has a small population of people who speak indigenous languages, but almost all of those languages are not truly indigenous to the state itself.   

However, many sons and daughters of Jalisco recognize and feel great pride in their distant indigenous ancestors who both greeted and went to war with the Spaniards who arrived there in the Sixteenth Century. Although the Cocas, Tecuexes, Caxcanes, Guachichiles and Chichimecos Blancos no longer exist as cultural groups with living languages and traditions, they are, in fact, The Life Blood of Jalisco.  

Municipio Histories

At the following link, researchers will find links to each of Jalisco’s municipios. Through this resource, interested readers can learn more about the indigenous people and history of each of their ancestral municipios:  

http://siglo.inafed.gob.mx/enciclopedia/EMM14jalisco/municipios/municipios.html

Copyright © 2017 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved.

 

Primary Sources:

Baus de Czitrom, Carolyn. Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la Region Jalisco en el Siglo XVI. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Investigaciones Históricas, No. 112. México: Serie Etnohistoria, 1982.  

Biglow, Brad Morris. Ethno-Nationalist Politics and Cultural Preservation: Education and Bordered Identities among the Wixaritari (Huichol) of Tateikita, Jalisco. Mexico. Gainesville, Florida: Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, 2001.  

Deaton, Dawn Fogle, "The Decade of Revolt: Peasant Rebellion in Jalisco, Mexico, 1855-1864," in Robert H. Jackson (ed.), Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants: Corporate Lands and the Challenge of Reform in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America. Albuquerque: New Mexico Press, 1997.  

Departamento de la Estadistica Nacional, Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Censos General de Habitantes: 30 de Noviembre de 1921, Estado de Jalisco. Mexico, Distrito Federal: Talleres Graficos de la Nación, 1926.  

Gerhard, Peter. The North Frontier of New Spain. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982.  

Gorenstein, Shirley S. “Western and Northwestern Mexico,” in Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 1. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 318-357.  

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI). XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000. Mexico: INEGI, 2000.

INEGI, Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Mexico: INEGI, 2013. Website: http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/proyectos/ccpv/2010/  

INEGI, “Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Cuestionario básico.” México: INEGI, 2013. Website: http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302  

Kirchhoff, Paul. "The Hunter-Gathering People of North México," in the North Mexican Frontier: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnography. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971, pp. 200-209.  

México. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI). Acciones de Gobierno para el Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas: Informe 2010. CDI: 2011.  

Moreno González, Afredo. Santa Maria de Los Lagos. Lagos de Moreno: D.R.H. Ayuntamiento de Los Lagos de Moreno, 1999.  

Mecham, J. Lloyd. Francisco De Ibarra And Nueva Viscaya. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1968.  

Muriá, José María. Breve Historia de Jalisco. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1994.  

Powell, Philip Wayne, Soldiers Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War. Tempe, Arizona: Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1975.  

Ramírez Flores, José. Lenguas Indígenas de Jalisco. Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Secretaria General de Gobierno, 1980.  

Schaefer, Stacy B. Huichol Women, Weavers, and Shamans. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2015.  

Schaefer, Stacy B. and Furst, Peter T. People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1996.  

Secretaríat de Economía, ProMéxico Trade and Investment: Jalisco. Online:http://mim.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/mim/Documentos/PDF/mim/FE_JALISCO_vfi.pdf  

Van Young, Eric. “The Indigenous Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present: The Center-West as Cultural Region and Natural Environment,” in Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 2. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 136-186  

Weigand, Phil C. “Considerations on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Mexicaneros, Tequales, Coreas, Huicholes, and Caxcanes of Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas,” in William J. Folan (ed.), Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University Press, 1985.

 

 

SEPHARDIC

Three articles from The Sephardi World Weekly of the American Sephardi Federation
    Nosotros: Strengthening Bonds Between Jewish and Latino Communities
    Take a walk through Sephardic Montreal's illustrious history on a new urban tour by Julie Masis
     How I Bore You On Eagles Wings - A Reminder of Our Humanity by Shahar Azani
 


Nosotros: Strengthening Bonds Between Jewish and Latino Communities


Through December 2017
in ASF’s Leon Levy Memorial Display

Center for Jewish History
15 W 16th Street
New York, NY 10011

============================== =========================================

The Philos Project and American Sephardi Federation cordially invite you to “Nosotros,"
 an art exhibit featuring the work of two renowned Latino artists, Angel Urrely (Cuba) and Carlos Ayala (Puerto Rico)--as a symbolic recognition and “step forward” to improving Jewish-Latino relations.  We thank the Dominican artist, Juan Bravo, for exhibiting his pieces for the exhibit’s Opening Night. Each piece reflects the shared roots of Jewish and Latino communities and expresses hope for a more positive future from 
the perspective of each respective artist.

Each artist has displayed their works in hundreds of exhibits in both the US and Latin America, having many of them included in some of the 
most coveted collections in the world. We are 
very excited to bring them and their works to celebrate the importance of uniting us (or Nosotros), the Jewish and Latino communities, and having this art displayed in a very powerful way at the American Sephardi Federation at the Center for Jewish History. 

                                     Artists:
 
Angel Urrely is to the point. This son of Cuba does not beat around the bush. At least not for what the brush comes to reveal—his theory is clear and sharp. Each frame creates a specific, assertive and brutal connection. The reading of his work is—from the perspective of the viewer—very simple, to the point that if you assume an interpretation of what you are reading, believe me: Urrely is addressing exactly what you are thinking. Urrely has something to tell you and will let you know one way or another.
 
Carlos Ayala presents himself as the “Benjamin” of the tribes, the youngest of them all. This son of Puerto Rico presupposes that his youth may seem an obstacle to you, so he shows you his clutched fists from the introduction. This young man is fierce. Carlos shows us the deepest pains experienced by man, and brings them to an entertained, distracted and ill-bred public. He does not sit down to dream on the Caribbean coast and wait for boats loaded with promises. He does not have the time for it, but rather wants to remind you that even at the best moments pain is present. And at any moment it can befall us.

We look forward to having you join us!
Please click here for additional information and viewing hours


================================================ ========================

Take a walk through Sephardic Montreal’s
 illustrious history on a new urban tour
” 
By Julie Masis, 
The Times of Israel

https://gallery.mailchimp.com/9ee686c09238e3a1fb7447ee7/images/874be6b1-7e38-4d30-bd6b-8226adb4af0e.jpg 

Beginning in September, the Museum of Jewish Montreal will be launching weekly Sephardic walking tours that tell the story of the city’s Moroccan, Iraqi, Iranian, Egyptian, and Lebanese Jewish communities. Among other stops, the two-hour tours include, “the Spanish and Portuguese synagogue, which is also the oldest synagogue in Canada; the Grand Rabbinat du Quebec, Montreal’s Moroccan Religious Body, and… Moroccan fish stores and butchers.”

The Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue corner stone
on a tour by the Museum of Jewish Montreal 
(Photo courtesy of The Times of Israel)

 


========================= ==================================================

A Yemeni Jewish child rescued during 
Operation Magic Carpet, 1949-1950
Photo courtesy of 
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
 

 

How I Bore You On Eagles Wings’ — 
A Reminder Of Our Humanity
” 
By Shahar Azani, The Huffington Post

Shahar Azani’s grandparents were flown out of Yemen to Israel on planes belonging to Alaska Airlines. Azani recently learned about the role of the Alaskan company in rescuing Yemenite Jewry, so he decided to fly to Alaska to say thank you: “I made up my mind to get to Anchorage and express my gratitude, our gratitude, to the people who made it happen, in loving memory of my late grandparents and in profound appreciation.”

**On September 12, The American Sephardi Federation and Shahar Azani’s organization, StandWithUS, honored Alaska Airlines and the last surviving crew member who helped rescue Yemen's Jews by flying approximately 50,000 to Israel. Captain Elgen Long was presented with ASF's Maimonides Friendship Award.  

 

 

ARCHAEOLOGY

Lakes of mercury and human sacrifices – after 1,800 years, Teotihuacan reveals its treasures 
Viking skeleton's DNA test proves historians wrong by Natalie O'Neill

 

 
Lakes of mercury and human sacrifices – after 1,800 years, Teotihuacan reveals its treasures 
Sunday 24 September 2017

When archaeologists found a tunnel under Mexico’s ‘birthplace of the gods’, they could only dream of the riches they would discover. Now its wonders – from jewel-eyed figures to necklaces of human teeth – are being revealed to the world.



A skull statue that will be on display in Teotihuacan: City of Water, City of Fire, 
at the De Young Museum in San Francisco. Photograph: Photographer: Jesus Valdovinos Al/Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 

In 2003, a tunnel was discovered beneath the Feathered Serpent pyramid in the ruins of Teotihuacan, the ancient city in Mexico. Undisturbed for 1,800 years, the sealed-off passage was found to contain thousands of extraordinary treasures lying exactly where they had first been placed as ritual offerings to the gods. Items unearthed included greenstone crocodile teeth, crystals shaped into eyes, and sculptures of jaguars ready to pounce. Even more remarkable was a miniature mountainous landscape, 17 metres underground, with tiny pools of liquid mercury representing lakes. The walls of the tunnel were found to have been carefully impregnated with powdered pyrite, or fool’s gold, to give the effect in firelight of standing under a galaxy of stars.

The archaeological site, near Mexico City, is one of the largest and most important in the world, with millions of visitors every year. This was its most exciting development for decades – and the significance of these new discoveries is explored in a major exhibition opening this month at the de Young Museum in San Francisco.

 


What lies beneath … the Pyramid of the Moon at Teotihuacan. 
Photograph: Eye Ubiquitous/UIG via Getty Images

Teotihuacan has long been a place of mysteries. It was the most populous city in the Americas nearly 2,000 years ago, but little is known about its language, rulers or the circumstances of its collapse, in around AD550. Its name, which means “birthplace of the gods”, was given much later by the Aztecs, who treated the ruins – including the monumental Pyramids of the Sun and Moon and the majestic Avenue of the Dead – with due reverence.

Many questions remain unanswered, but the newly discovered tunnel has led to a greater understanding of the design and mythology of Teotihuacan, which was a sacred place as well as a bustling metropolis. The de Young exhibition, as well as showcasing artworks from numerous collections, offers the latest theories about the mysteries that still surround it.

The tunnel was chanced upon by Mexican archaeologist Sergio Gómez Chávez, who, after days of heavy rain, noticed that a sinkhole – a danger to tourists – had opened up near the foot of the Feathered Serpent pyramid. He shone a torch in but could see only darkness, so tied a rope round his waist and was lowered by workers down the hole, which with surprise he realized was a perfectly cylindrical shaft.


Explorer … a camera robot travels along the vast tunnel under the Pyramid of the Feathered Snake. 
Photograph: Courtesy of INAH/Project Tlalocan. 

There was, he recalls, a sharp stench that was nearly unbearable, but at the bottom he peered through a gap in the rubble to see an underground passage, evidently an ancient construction. Work proceeded cautiously: before a dig began, his team used a robot with a video camera to explore the tunnel, which turned out to be as long as a football field, passing below the nearby great plaza as well as the pyramid. “We were amazed by what no one had seen for at least 1,500 years,” says Gómez Chávez in the show’s catalogue. At one end, the passage opened out into three chambers containing riches worthy of a quest by Indiana Jones.

The vast Pyramids of the Sun and Moon are different from those of ancient Egypt, being temples rather than tombs. They are connected by the Street of the Dead as part of an urban grid, the whole pattern oriented to the movement of the sun. The city’s very design contains the idea of it being “the birthplace of the gods” – where the universe was thought to have begun. Watermarks along the walls of Gómez Chávez’s passage have proved that the huge plaza above it was deliberately flooded to create a kind of primordial sea, with pyramids as metaphorical mountains emerging from the water as at the beginning of time. Thousands of people would have witnessed ceremonies re-enacting the creation myth.

The inhabitants of the city, along with those from similar civilizations, believed the universe had three levels, connected by an axis: the celestial plane, the earthly plane and the underworld, which wasn’t the Biblical place of fiery punishment but a dark, watery realm of creation, with lakes and mountains – it signified riches and rebirth as well as death. The rich array of objects Gómez Chávez has brought up from the passage – large spiral shells, beetle wings arranged in a box, hundreds of metal spheres – was left there as treasure to appease the gods. But it also seems that the tunnel, with its pyrite galaxy and liquid mercury lakes, was itself a re-creation of the underworld.


Worthy of a quest by Indiana Jones … Feathered Serpent head.
Photograph: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 

Most remarkably, at the end of the passage Gómez Chávez’s team uncovered four greenstone statues, which are a highlight of the de Young show. They are wearing garments and beads, and their open eyes would have shone with minerals. Two were still in their original positions, leaning back and apparently gazing up at the axis where the three planes of the universe meet: these are the founding shamans of Teotihuacan, who guided pilgrims to the sacred place. They carried bundles of sacred objects used to perform magic, including pendants and pyrite mirrors, which were seen as portals to another realm.

Other major Teotihuacan discoveries from the past few decades are represented in the show. A court is now thought to have existed near the plaza, where residents would have played the Mesoamerican equivalent of racquetball. In the 1980s, evidence of human sacrifice was found inside the Feathered Serpent pyramid. More than 100 warriors, kneeling with their hands bound behind their backs, are believed to have died there. Many wore necklaces of shells carved to look like human teeth; a few were made of actual teeth. In another pyramid, copious remains of animal sacrifices have been discovered, including wolves, rattlesnakes, golden eagles and pumas.

The facade of the Feathered Serpent was designed to be fearsome, with imposing stone carvings of the warlike reptile with a headdress (similar to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl). Rituals taking place on the temple platform, such as sacrifices, would have impressed the masses crowding below – they instilled fear, perhaps, but would also have given rise to a shared religious sensibility, a way of bringing cohesion to a large, multiethnic city.


Left for 1,800 years … the two standing statues discovered in the tunnel.
 Photograph: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 

Within the newly cleared tunnel were found huge numbers of fragments of the Storm God. Recognisable by his goggle-eyes, fangs and drops of blood, he was associated with water and fertility, as well as fire, lightning and destruction. The Storm God was the owner of the underworld’s sacred waters. At the de Young, a gallery places him alongside the Old Fire God, an elderly figure who sits cross-legged and bears a brazier atop his head. With them are the benevolent Water Goddess and the smooth-faced Maize God, the subject of the site’s famous stone masks who symbolised the life-sustaining power of the crop.

The inhabitants of Teotihuacan would have walked past thousands of square feet of bright illustrated surfaces: the site is celebrated for its red fresco murals, which decorated apartments and public spaces. There are delicate paintings of flowering trees in the exhibition and, less delicately, an image of two coyotes eviscerating a deer. Animals are everywhere in the Teotihuacan visual world – and humans often merge into creatures. One vivid mural is of an anthropomorphic feline wearing a headdress and shell necklace. Another fragment, from the Street of the Dead is a menagerie of strange mythological hybrids. Yet another shows abird armed with serpent and spear.

More workmanlike objects, such as obsidian tools and incense burners, help to elucidate the historic urban structures – including living areas differentiated according to ethnicity, employment and rank. Immigrant groups from across Mesoamerica occupied distinct neighborhoods: in this way, the development of Teotihuacan resembled that of such modern cities as London or New York.


Armed avian … a fragment from a bird mural. Photograph: 
Randy Dodson/Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 

The exhibition ends with a marble figure from an elite residential area. Notches in its arms and legs suggest it was tied with ropes to a post, in an echo of the ritual in which a high-ranking military captive was stripped, bound and shot with arrows. But the standing figure’s particular significance lies in its connection to the demise of Teotihuacan: it was pieced together from more than 160 fragments, having been mutilated by chisels; the fragments were fire-damaged. Such iconoclasm happened at the same time as the conflagration that razed the city in the sixth century. Who was responsible and why was it done? It is uncertain: as Matthew Robb, the curator of the show, has said, Teotihuacan resists interpretation as well as attracts it. Many mysteries remain.

Teotihuacan: City of Water, City of Fire is at the de Young Museum, San Francisco, 30 September-11 February.

 Sent by Walter Herbeck   walterhole@gmail.com



Viking skeleton’s DNA test proves historians wrong

 

Viking skeleton’s DNA test proves historians wrong

The remains of a powerful Viking — long thought to be a man — was in fact a real-life Xena Warrior Princess, a study released Friday reveals.

The lady war boss was buried in the mid-10th century along with deadly weapons and two horses, leading archaeologists and historians to assume she was a man, according to the findings published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.  Wrong.

“It’s actually a woman, somewhere over the age of 30 and fairly tall, too, measuring around [5 feet 6 inches] tall,” archaeologist Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson of Uppsala University, who conducted the study, told The Local.

And she was likely in charge.

“Aside from the complete warrior equipment buried along with her — a sword, an ax, a spear, armor-piercing arrows, a battle knife, shields, and two horses — she had a board game in her lap, or more of a war-planning game used to try out battle tactics and strategies, which indicates she was a powerful military leader,” Hedenstierna-Jonson said. “She’s most likely planned, led and taken part in battles.”

The discovery marks the first genetic proof that women were Viking warriors, according to science publication Phys.org.  The Viking grave was first found and excavated by Swedish archaeologist Hjalmar Stolpe in the late 1800s.

But a few years ago, osteologist Anna Kjellström of Stockholm University noticed its skeleton had fine cheekbones and feminine hip bones, researches said.  They conducted DNA analysis and confirmed it was a female.

“This image of the male warrior in a patriarchal society was reinforced by research traditions and contemporary preconceptions. Hence, the biological sex of the individual was taken for granted,” Hedenstierna-Jonson and other researchers wrote in the report.

The research was led by the Stockholm and Uppsala universities.

 

Public Release: 

An officer and a gentlewoman from the Viking army in Birka

Stockholm University

IMAGE

IMAGE: The drawing is a reconstruction of how the grave with the woman originally may have looked. view more 

Credit: The illustration is made by Þórhallur Þráinsson (© Neil Price).

War was not an activity exclusive to males in the Viking world. A new study conducted by researchers at Stockholm and Uppsala Universities shows that women could be found in the higher ranks at the battlefield.

Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson, who led the study, explains: "What we have studied was not a Valkyrie from the sagas but a real life military leader, that happens to be a woman".

The study was conducted on one of the most iconic graves from the Viking Age. It holds the remains of a warrior surrounded by weapons, including a sword, armour-piercing arrows, and two horses. There were also a full set of gaming pieces and a gaming board. "The gaming set indicates that she was an officer", says Charlotte, "someone who worked with tactics and strategy and could lead troops in battle". The warrior was buried in the Viking town of Birka during the mid-10th century. Isotope analyses confirm an itinerant life style, well in tune with the martial society that dominated 8th to 10th century northern Europe.

Anna Kjellström, who also participated in the study, has taken an interest in the burial previously. "The morphology of some skeletal traits strongly suggests that she was a woman, but this has been the type specimen for a Viking warrior for over a century why we needed to confirm the sex in any way we could."

And this is why the archaeologists turned to genetics, to retrieve a molecular sex identification based on X and Y chromosomes. Such analyses can be quite useful according to Maja Krezwinska: "Using ancient DNA for sex identification is useful when working with children for example, but can also help to resolve controversial cases such as this one". Maja was thus able to confirm the morphological sex identification with the presence of X chromosomes but the lack of a Y chromosome.

Jan Storå, who holds the senior position on this study, reflects over the history of the material: "This burial was excavated in the 1880ies and has served as a model of a professional Viking warrior ever since. Especially, the grave-goods cemented an interpretation for over a century". It was just assumed she was a man through all these years. "The utilization of new techniques, methods, but also renewed critical perspectives, again, shows the research potential and scientific value of our museum collections".

The study is a part of the ongoing ATLAS project, which is a joint effort by Stockholm University and Uppsala University, supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (The Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences) and Vetenskapsrådet (The Swedish Research Council), to investigate the genetic history of Scandinavia.

###

More information

The article "A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics" is published in American Journal of Physical Anthropology: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1002/ ajpa. 23308/ full

Contact

Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson, Dept. Archaeology, Uppsala, Phone: 46-(0)8-519 55 724, 46-(0)70-371 07 17, E-mail: charlotte.hedenstierna-jonson@arkeologi.uu.se
Anna Kjellström, Dept. Archaeology & Classic Studies, Stockholm University, Phone 46-(0)73-756 50 91
Maja Krezwinska, Dept. Archaeology & Classic Studies, Stockholm University, Phone 46-(0)8-16 49 72

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

 

 

   


MEXICO

One of the most powerful earthquakes ever to strike Mexico Struck at 11:49 p.m. September 7th, 2017
On this day in September 19, 1985, a powerful earthquake strikes Mexico City 

When the Mind of the Crowd Takes Over the Mind of the Individual, the Human Spirit Shines    
         By Sonny Boy Arias  

The African Connection to
Mexico’s War of Independence by Dan Arellano
Doug Perkins, grandson of photographer Robert Runyon, clarifies Mexican battle dates, not 1846, but 1912.
De Zacatecas o de Ohio:  Tomás Alva Edison por Leticia Frias
Arts of Colonial Mexico, Richard Perry 

Defunciones de los Capitanes don Josè Ma. Flon y don Miguel Ma. Blanco Investigò:  
        Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.

 





One of the most powerful earthquakes EVER  to strike Mexico Struck at 11:49 p.m. Thursday, September 7th, Epicenter was 102 miles west of Tapachula in Chiapas

By Christopher Sherman and E. Eduardo Castillo - Associated Press - Friday, September 8, 2017


MEXICO CITY (AP) — One of the most powerful earthquakes ever to strike Mexico hit off its southern Pacific coast, toppling houses and businesses and sending panicked people into the streets more than 650 miles (1,000 kilometers) away.

The U.S. Geological Survey said the earthquake hit off Chiapas state near the Guatemalan border with a magnitude of 8.1 — slightly stronger than the magnitude 8 quake of 1985 that killed thousands and devastated large parts of Mexico City.

National civil defense chief Luis Felipe Puente told the Televisa network that at least 15 people had died, 10 of them in Oaxaca, also close to the epicenter.

Hundreds of buildings collapsed or were damage, power was cut at least briefly to more than 1.8 million people and authorities closed schools Friday in at least 11 states to check them for safety.

“The house moved like chewing gum and the light and internet went out momentarily,” said Rodrigo Soberanes, who lives near the Chiapas state city of San Cristobal de las Casas.

The U.S. Geological Survey recorded at least 20 aftershocks of magnitude 4.0 or greater within about five hours after the main shake, and the president warned that a major aftershock as large as magnitude 7.2 could occur.

The USGS said the quake struck at 11:49 p.m. Thursday (12:49 a.m. EDT ; 0449 GMT Friday) and its epicenter was 102 miles (165 kilometers) west of Tapachula in Chiapas. It had a depth of 43.3 miles (69.7 kilometers).

The quake caused buildings to sway violently in Mexico’s capital more than 650 miles (1,000 kilometers) away. As beds banged against walls, people still wearing pajamas fled into the streets, gathering in frightened groups.

Chiapas Gov. Manuel Velasco said that three people were killed in San Cristobal, including two women who died when a house and a wall collapsed. He called on people living near the coast to leave their houses as a protective measure.

“There is damage to hospitals that have lost energy,” he said. “Homes, schools and hospitals have been damaged.”

Tabasco Gov. Arturo Nunez said two children had died in his Gulf coast state. One of them was killed when a wall collapsed, and the other was a baby who died in a children’s hospital that lost electricity, cutting off the infant’s ventilator.

The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said waves of one meter (3.3 feet) above the tide level were measured off Salina Cruz, Mexico. Smaller tsunami waves were observed on the coast or measured by ocean gauges in several other places. The center’s forecast said Ecuador, El Salvador and Guatemala could see waves of a meter or less. No threat was posed to Hawaii and the western and South Pacific.

Mexican authorities said they were evacuating some residents of coastal Tonala and Puerto Madero because of the warning.

The quake hit as Mexican emergency agencies were bracing for another crisis on the other side of the country. The U.S. National Hurricane Center said Hurricane Katia was likely to strike the Gulf coast in the state of Veracruz early Saturday as a Category 2 storm that could bring life-threatening floods.

In neighboring Guatemala, President Jimmy Morales spoke on national television to call for calm while emergency crews checked for damage.

“We have reports of some damage and the death of one person, even though we still don’t have details,” Morales said. He said the unconfirmed death occurred in San Marcos state near the border with Mexico.

The quake occurred in a very seismically active region near the point of collision between three tectonic plates, the Cocos, the Caribbean and the North American.

Mexico’s National Seismological Service said the area has seen at least six other quakes of magnitude 7.0 or greater since 1900 — though three of those all occurred within a nerve-wracking nine-month span in 1902-1903.

The new quake matched the force of a magnitude 8.1 quake that hit the country on June 3, 1932, roughly 300 miles (500 kilometers) west of Mexico City.

A study by Mexico’s National Seismological Service said that quake is believed to have killed about 400 people, causing severe damage around the port of Manzanillo. A powerful aftershock that hit 19 days later caused a tsunami that devastated 15 miles 25 kilometers of coastline, killing 75 people.

Frank Griffiths in London contributed to this report.

Sent by Robert Smith
pleiku196970@yahoo.com 
Addedum . . 

Hundreds of buildings collapsed or were damaged, power was cut at least briefly to more than 1.8 million people and authorities closed schools Friday in at least 11 states to check them for safety 

The U.S. Geological Survey recorded at least 20 aftershocks of magnitude 4.0 or greater within about five hours after the main shake, and the president warned that a major aftershock as large as magnitude 7.2 could occur. It had a depth of 43.3 miles.

At least 58 people died when the most powerful earthquake to hit Mexico in over eight decades tore through buildings, forced mass evacuations and triggered alerts as far away as Southeast Asia, with most fatalities in the picturesque state of Oaxaca. Read the full story  Reuters

Sent by Robert Smith  pleiku196970@yahoo.com 





On this day in September 19, 1985, a powerful earthquake strikes Mexico City and leaves 10,000 people dead, 30,000 injured and thousands more homeless.

At 7:18 in the morning, the residents of Mexico City were jolted awake by an 8.1-magnitude earthquake, one of the strongest to ever hit the area. The effects of the quake were particularly devastating because of the type of ground upon which the city sits. Mexico City is on a plateau surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. The plateau region was covered by lakes in ancient times. As the aquifer under the city has slowly drained, it has been discovered that the city sits atop a combination of dirt and sand that is much less stable than bedrock and can be quite volatile during an earthquake.

The quake on September 19 was centered 250 miles west of the city but, due to the relatively unstable ground underneath the city, serious shaking lasted for nearly 3 minutes. The prolonged ground movement caused several old hotels, including the Regis, Versailles and Romano, to crumble. A building at the National College of Professional Education fell, trapping hundreds of students who were attending early-morning classes. Many factories in the city, built with shoddy materials, also could not stand. Further, the tremors caused gas mains to break, causing fires and explosions throughout the city.

When the damage was finally assessed, 3,000 buildings in Mexico City were demolished and another 100,000 suffered serious damage.




When the Mind of the Crowd Takes Over the Mind of the Individual, 
the Human Spirit Shines    
 By Sonny Boy Arias


Somos en escrito The Latino Literary Online Magazine

Follow us on Twitter @Somosenescrito

 

First responders to southern Mexico earthquake, September 2017

Chicano Confidential

A View Through the Sociological Lens

  


Given today's cascade of catastrophes, I ponder on how disasters can change the course of history.

Southern Mexico just had an 8.1 earthquake two days ago. We know that the economic and political landscape of any country is permanently disrupted when hit by a serious hurricane, earthquake, flood, fire, or war event. It’s September 9, 2017, in the early morning on the West Coast, and Hurricane Irma with the strength of a Category 5 level threat is upon Florida, and a large part of the United States.

I am reminded of the time I was "on the ground" in Mexico City during my days as the Founding Project Director of the Binational English & Spanish Telecommunications Network (BESTNET). The apparent danger I was in didn’t occur to me from the view I had on the 11th floor of Hotel Crystal. I said to the maid, “Are you okay, are you afraid of another earthquake?” And she turned to me and said, “If you look around you will see that all the buildings that fell down were made by the government, yet Hotel Crystal still stands,” and then it struck me: all of our BESTNET staff were safe inside the hotel.

We witnessed trained First Responders from the Mexican Army dig frantically through the pancaked remains of the National Maternity and Pediatric Hospitals in Mexico City. Further on, we saw volunteers, mostly young boys between 12 and 20 years old, working to save doctors-in-training who were trapped in what had been the high rise dormitory of UNAM's medical school. There were very few survivors. A whole generation of Mexico's new doctors was gone.

Following the 8.1 earthquake the next night, in spite of a magnitude 7.4 aftershock that sent us scrambling to get out of our hotel, we were able to meet with the Medical Director of that nine-hospital and medical school complex which had been completely destroyed by the quake.

First responders to Mexico earthquake, September 2017 (CNN)

Owing to our presence, the Director had quickly organized the first damage assessment of medical facilities and, within two days presented us with the first needs lists that enabled an effective response from the U.S through BESTNET. Although the Internet had not yet been popularized, we utilized BESTNET as a social network to communicate through DECNET, an early encapsulated privatized telecommunications network—a precursor of the Internet known as ARPANET, to communicate binationally. When all other forms of telecommunications were not working, BESTNET was up and running.

With our partners, they enlisted the personal jets of regional petroleum corporations to deliver the specifically requested medicines and supplies to Naucalpan's Red Cross Hospital. Ambulances began delivering victims immediately. There were hundreds of them.

Direct Relief donations began to arrive that same day. Volunteers received, sorted and dispersed the medicines, supplies and equipment to the hospital, while I worked on site to coordinate the response. Within just a few days, several emergency field hospitals were flown in, and set up nearby to supplement the hospital's capabilities. BESTNET’s consortia of over 20 binational partners were integrated into the over-all medical response social network.

I can’t help but think of the accounts and reflections we will hear about as Hurricane Irma looms forward in the next few hours. Living through earthquakes in California, the most recent massive fires and cliff slides in Big Sur, and hurricanes in Texas, I have some experience but don’t really know what it is like to be at the center of a major natural catastrophe.

Hurricane Irma, September 2017 (CNN)

Nature's forces can be very terrifying and even the strongest weep or feel impotent, yet what I do know is it brings out the best of the human spirit as well. I saw this in the many disaster volunteers and professionals we encountered in Mexico, California and Texas. The mind of the crowd (humanity) takes over the mind of the individual and it seems that everyone tries to help under these conditions.

Some people arise and become leaders in emergency situations, quickly mobilizing the best they know how, with steady head and purpose, while trying to figure out how to gain access to resources hundreds of miles away from human calamity, and observing them is all-inspiring and a demonstration of great human spirit! Leaders who rise up like this are amongst those many heroes who made a lasting contribution to saving the lives of those that had been spared death but needed medical care and attention, many doing so at the risk of their own lives.

Again, I can only imagine what our fellow humans in the Caribbean Islands have experienced and what Floridians will soon be going through because of Hurricane Irma. The destruction of all they have – can you imagine having to endure that? – will be the least of their lasting worries and fears as the hurricane closes ground on them.

We are all linked forever to the social network of humanity and to those who are asked without choice to face nature's unforgiving destructive forces and calamities, a choice which we, too, may one day have to face.


Sonny Boy Arias is a dedicated contributor to Somos en escrito via his column, 
Chicano Confidential. 
Copyright © Arts and Sciences World Press, 2017.

Armando Rendón, 
Editor
Somos en escrito Magazine
510-219-9139





The African Connection to Mexico’s War of Independence
by
Dan Arellano
danarellano47@att.net 
Letter to the Editor OP-ED
Sep 12, 2017 

 

 
What the Spaniards feared the most after the conquest of Mexico, was the uniting of the enslaved Africans and Indigenous Peoples. En El Grito de Independencia proclaimed by the rogue priest Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810 their worst night mares would become reality. Historians still argue whether it was a call for independence or an act of defiance, after all Hidalgos cry was “Viva El Rey,” Viva La Virgen de Guadalupe.” And who would be the first to respond to his call; the enslaved indigenous, blacks and many liberal creoles. Their battle cry would be “Death to all Spaniards.”  As Hidalgo and his 80,000 rag tag army of Indians, Blacks, and Spanish Army deserters marched towards Mexico City they were successful in every encounter mainly because of their huge numbers, unfortunately as the army approached Mexico City, Hidalgo would not allow them to enter and turned back making his biggest blunder of the war. During this campaign Hidalgo would meet the black priest Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon. Morelos would be given an assignment by Hidalgo to go south to Michoacan and to recruit an army, which Morelos accepted.
 
As the rebel army retreated from Mexico City a disaster awaited at the Bridge of Calderon. As the battle raged a wagon loaded with gun powder exploded, killing and maiming hundreds of rebels, creating fear and confusion causing many to flee in terror. Father Hidalgo was now doomed. As he tried to flee with the remnants of his army he would be captured and executed leaving the revolution in the hands of the black priest Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon. 

As the revolution continued in the south Morelos would meet Vicente Guerrero who was of Spanish, indigenous and black ancestry. Joining the revolution Guerrero quickly earned promotions for his leadership and bravery on the battlefield. Again another misfortune would occur with the capture and execution of Morelos in 1815. The revolution would rage on for another 6 years now in the hands of the black general, Vicente Guerrero. 

After years of fighting the political winds of change would bring a different climate to
Spain causing the Spanish Royalist General Augustine de Iturbide to switch sides. No one knows why he did so but it was certainly not because of altruistic designs but rather political ambitions. As Iturbide was now fighting against the very soldiers he previously was fighting with, sends word to Guerrero to bring his armies north and to join him since he had seen the errors of his ways and was now fighting for the independence of Mexico

Now Guerrero may have been illiterate but he was no fool and had no faith in Iturbide. Needing more evidence of his intentions Guerrero would wait and continue with his own war in the south. Eventually Guerrero’s own father would be sent with a message from Iturbide that his intentions were honorable and he should come and join him in the revolution. There is now a saying in
Mexico where Guerrero responds to his father, who he loved dearly, ‘Mi Patria antes que mi padre,” My country before my father now the official motto of Guerrero, Mexico.
Eventually Guerrero, now realizing that Iturbide was sincere, brings his army north and united they would finally force the Spanish Government to sign the Treaty of Cordoba. But it was not yet over.
It seems that as soon as the treaty was signed Iturbide would forget about El Plan de Iguala and the Three Guarantees which called for equality of all Mexican citizens, the establishment of Catholicism and Independence. Crowning himself as Emperor would cause yet another struggle between the liberals and the conservatives resulting in Iturbide being exiled from Mexico. And it would not be until under the administration of the black President Vicente Guerrero in 1829 that Mexico officially abolished slavery forever. Unfortunately all of the credit of the Mexican War of Independence goes to Hidalgo who started his unintentional revolution but it would take the perseverance of two Mexicans of African and indigenous descent, Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon, Vicente Guerrero and a Creole, Augustine de Iturbide to finally win Mexico’s Independence.
Dan Arellano Author/Historian

Sent by Roberto Vazquez rcv_5186@aol.com 
President, CEO http://www.lared-latina.com/bio.html 

 





From: Doug Perkins dperkins@utexas.edu 
To: marinezj marinezj@msu.edu 

Dear Juan:

One of your readers referred me to the recent issue of Somos Primos because a photograph used was by my grandfather, Robert Runyon. Thanks for submitting it.

However, the Matamoros battle that the women in the photograph fought in was not the 1846 attack on U.S. forces, but rather the June 1913 attack of Constitutionalistas under General Lucio Blanco against the Federales forces holding Matamoros. This is one of several photographs my grandfather took of soldaderas who fought for rebel forces to document the important role they played in the Mexican Revolution. Runyon did not become a professional photographer until January 1912. Besides the 1913 battle of Matamoros, Runyon also covered the November 1913 battle of Ciudad Victoria, and the April 1914 battle of Monterrey and continued his photography business until 1928.

Although the image you used is clearly a photocopy, he only took a picture of a picture to capture the caption and copyright that he wrote on the image in order to get his post cards out as rapidly as possible (as opposed to having the words put on in the darkroom development process or commercial post card printing process). 

You can see the image of his original glass plate negative of the soldaderas at https://www.cah.utexas.edu/db/dmr/image_lg.php?variable=RUN00149

Also, I don’t believe photography was sophisticated enough before 1860 to capture a photograph of this quality so I’m fairly certain it dates to 1913.

Thanks again for bringing his image to the public.

Doug Perkins




De Zacatecas o de Ohio
:
Tomás Alva Edison

Leticia Frías  

================================== ==================================

Entre Estados Unidos y México, además de tres mil ciento ochenta kilómetros de frontera, compartimos dos ríos: el Bravo y el Colorado, ciudades que se llaman igual a cada lado como Laredo, Nogales, Naco, por mencionar unas cuantas, pero también el origen de algunos personajes históricos. 

Tal es el caso de Tomás Alva Edison, cuyo nacimiento ocurrió en Sombrerete, Zacatecas, o de Thomas Alva Edison, nacido en Milán, Ohio., en febrero de 1847.  

 

Por supuesto, se trata de la misma persona, uno de los más grandes inventores de los últimos tiempos. Hay fuentes que señalan que nació en México y que Edison lo adoptó al emigrar al país del norte y otras, que su origen no es otro que Estados Unidos.

            De cualquier manera, no hay duda de que el apellido Alva es portugués, que Edison se nacionalizó norteamericano y que sus mil noventa y tres inventos los patentó en Estados Unidos.

lfrias900@gmail.com 

 


During August we posted pages on the colonial arts of Tlaxcala, mostly murals and crosses.
We also added to our series on murals depicting the Last Judgment, which we plan to continue in the months ahead.

For September, we do plan to start our belated posts on the Silver Chapels of Guanajuato, as well as continuing reports on unusual monastery murals.  So stay tuned!

Arts of Colonial Mexico
Richard Perry rperry@west.net 
http://colonialmexico.blogspot.com 
http://mexicosmurals.blogspot.com 

 



Defunciones de los Capitanes don Josè Ma. Flon y don Miguel Ma. Blanco
Investigò.  Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.

Estimados amigos Historiadores y Genealogistas.  

Envìo a Uds. las imágenes de los registros eclesiásticos de las defunciones de los Capitanes don Josè Ma. Flon y don Miguel Ma. Blanco, muertos en la Ciudad de Puebla  de los Angeles el año de 1867.  

Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Dìas.  
Sagrario de la Santa Yglesia Catedral de Puebla de los Angeles.  

D. Je. Ma. Flon.  

En la Ciudad de los Angeles à diez y siete de Mzo. de mil ochocientos sesenta y siete, Yo el Pbro. Miguel G. Lopez Teniente de Cura del Sagrario de la S.Y.C. dì sepultura ecca. eahahn el Panteon de S. Francisco al cadáver del Capitan D. Je. Ma. Flon, soltero de treinta y seis años, murió de un balazo, y lo firmè. Miguel Gregº. Lopez.

Miguel Ma. Blanco.  

En la Ciudad de los Angeles, à tres de Abril de 1867 yo, el Presbtº. D. G. Lopez Teniente de Cura del Sagrario de la S.Y. C. dì sepultura ecca. en el Panteon de S. Francisco al cadáver de el Capitan D. Miguel Ma. Blanco de treinta años, deja viuda, à Da. Emilia Leonidez Mendez, murió fusilado.

 

Investigò.  Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.
duardos43@hotmail.com

M.H. Sociedad Genealògica y de Historia Familiar de Mèxico y de la Sociedad de Genealogìa de Nuevo Leòn.


 

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

Mayan Culture Meets Haute Couture
Voices and colors of Latin America, Concert for Ayotzinapa

 


=================================

MAYAN CULTURE MEETS HAUTE COUTURE

The Mayans of the Yucatan Peninsula are one of Mexico’s oldest civilizations tracing its origins to 2600 BC. It is also one of the most culturally rich ancient civilizations, something that French fashion house Christian Louboutin decided to showcase to the world. Louboutin, known for its high-end red-soled shoes that celebrities love to wear, went to Mexico to commission 2,000 pieces, utilizing more than 200 Mayan artisans to produce its ‘Mexicaba’ tote bag.
 
The good news for the French designer is that the bags, retailing for $1,490 have sold out. The even better news is that 10 percent of each bag sale when to the Taller Maya foundation which works tirelessly to preserve Mayan craftsmanship. The foundation worked as the middle-man between the local artisans, all women, and the French fashion house ensuring the women were compensated fairly.

The true success story is that these one-of-kind bags showcase the ancient tradition of Maya embroidery. Each Mayan family owns a unique weaving pattern that tells their life story, though common themes of nature and Mayan mythology are often included in the embroidery.
Louboutin simply provided the materials and the Mayan woman did the rest. The bags feature cotton panels of unique embroidery, bone beads beautifully painted with mythical creatures and inside everyone’s possessions will be guarded by the iconic Day of the Dead skulls. The designer then added their signature logo and spiked leather handles.

For the rest of the world that does not do Louboutin you can find classic Maya embroidery in ‘huipiles’, tunic-like clothing that are sold throughout Mexico and Central America. You can also visit the Yucatan Peninsula home to these Mayan weavers and buy bags from Taller Maya with the much more affordable price of $30-to-$60.
Click here: HispanicallySpeakingNews    Photo of  the HSN Staff Writers

HSN staff writers are a group of enthusiastic and talented creative-types that generate great story lines and write about current events with a distinctively Latino voice always respecting the audience it writes for.

 


Voices and colors of Latin America, Concert for Ayotzinapa

 

 PHILIPPINES

The 1950 Song, My Heart Cries for You by Eddie AAA Calderon, Ph.D. 
Thanks
for sharing you memorable experience of the past.
La época de Isabel II (1833-1868) y el final del siglo XIX





The 1950 Song My Heart Cries for You

by 
Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.

 

The above song definitely makes me go back to my boyhood years. I first heard this song over the radio when I was in my elementary school days. It was then  very popular in my country and still is among those who remember this song which they have passed on to their children. 
This song became then a renewed interest in my writing another article for the Somos Primos online magazine when I went to my dentist in Minneapolis, Minnesota for a scheduled appointment in early June of this year. As I entered the dental clinic, the receptionist gave me  very nice, cheerful and friendly greetings. When the dentist was about to start working on my teeth, I told him about the  very cordial greeting bestowed to me by the receptionist.  The dentist then told me that she was his niece who was attending school at the University of Arizona and spending her summer working with him in his clinic until  September, 2017.
So after the dentist was done working with  my teeth, I went to see the receptionist before I departed and talked about the state of Arizona the she was staying and attending the University of Arizona. She told me that though she liked the University of Arizona, she was very happy to spend summer in her hometown in Minnesota because the summer heat in Arizona was very oppressive. Summer temperature in that part of the USA has so far reached 128% Fahrenheit or 53.3333% in Celsius.
Then I told her that being born and raised in Minnesota and living in Arizona for her college schooling reminded me of a song even before she and her parents were born and that was My Heart Cries For You. I informed her that I first heard that song in my country over the radio when I was a child in the early 1950's. This song was so beautiful and romantic that I still sing it to these days even though my voice has started to falter due to my being in the autumn of life.
I recited the lyrics of this song to the receptionist which were heard also by those in the dental clinic. They  liked the lyrics   although they informed me that they had not heard the song. The listeners in that audience are not old enough to be born in the 50's. 
In googling for the origin of the song My Heart Cries for You it is  a popular song adapted by Carl Sigman and Percy Faith from an 18th-century French melody attributed to Dauphin of France Queen Marie Antoinette " La jardinière du Roi" (The king's gardener). 
                     See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Cries_for_You

The chorus "My heart cries for you, sighs for you, dies for you..." is original and accordingly does not appear in the French song. The sentimental ballad was recorded toward the end of 1950 by Guy Mitchell  with Mitch Miller and his orchestra, in a recording issued by Columbia Records as catalog number 39067, which sold over a million copies and reached #2 on the Billboard charts in 1951. Ibid:
I first sang this song in the USA during an evening week-end party hosted by our professor, Dr. Edward W. Mill in his home in Los Angeles, California in September, 1964 as a welcome for us graduate students in Diplomacy and World Affairs attending Occidental College. Prof. Mill and his wife were amazed to hear me sing with a Spanish guitar accompaniment this very beautiful and romantic song. The graduate students in that party included  five Filipinos, one from Thailand, and three Americans. When our professor and wife hosted another party during the Christmas season of the same year for us students, it was a larger crowd which included also undergraduate American student majors in Diplomacy and World Affairs. I did sing on this occasion a Christmas song entitled You're all I Want for Christmas which surprised me to know that the American  students were not acquainted with this song but liked the last lyrics which state:           
                                  Then I awake on Christmas morning and find my stockings filled with you. 
My professor and his wife on this Christmas occasion asked me to sing again My Heart Cries For you after rendering with my fellow Filipino classmataes other American and Filipino Christmas songs. My professor and his wife did really like that song very much that I had to sing it anew when my professor again hosted parties for us graduate students. .At this time our classmate from Thailand and a new Thai scholar who came a year later liked  that song so much that they had since joined me and my Filipino classmates when we sang that song. My professor and his wife were deeply enamoured by the song My Heart Cries for You. Here is the rendition of that beautiful song in video by Guy Mitchell.                     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPeK2hj02Xo

 

And here are the Lyrics

My heart cries for you

Sighs for you, dies for you
And my arms long for you
Please come back to me

================================== ==================================
If you're in Arizona, I'll follow you
If you're in Minnesota, I'll be there too
You'll have a million chances to start anew
Because my love is endless for you
My heart cries for you
Sighs for you, dies for you

And my arms long for you
Please come back to me
If you're in Arizona, I'll follow you
If you're in Minnesota, I'll be there too
You'll have a million chances to start anew
Because my love is endless for you
My heart cries for you
Sighs for you, dies for you

And my arms long for you
Please come back to me
Third chorus which Guy Mitchell did not sing.

The bloom had left my roses since you left me
The birds had left my window since you left me
I am lonely as a sailboat who's lost in sea
I am lonely as a human can be






Thanks
for sharing your memorable experience of the past.
30 September 2017
http://www.somosprimos.com/sp2017/spsep17/spsep17.htm 

From: Mariano Patalinjug 
patalinjugmar@gmail.com

Yonkers New York
To: Eddie AAA Calderon  
EddieAAA@hotmail.com
  

Regarding  My September 2017 Somos Primos article

 


Eddie: 

Thank you for sharing your article on "Aquellos Ojos Verdes". As a young man back in the homeland, I had a chance to listen to CECIL LLOYD sing.
And I too had a chance to watch the beautiful JOAN PAGE. That was decades ago--and now, unfortunately at 90, I have no clear idea of how both looked.  Too bad!  But even now at 90, I love to sing--and my karaoke repertoire is composed of some 20 beautiful songs.  Every time my family gets together, we invariably take turns singing: my two daughters [both RNs] Vera and Lyn, and my two sons, Manuel and Ramon.

I have just learned to sing Matt Munro's "THE MUSIC PLAYED" and Kris Kristofferson's "HELP ME MAKE IT THROUGH THE NIGHT."
 
Have a nice day.
MAR PATALINJUG


M


La época de Isabel II (1833-1868) y el final del siglo XIX





 




Posted byMeseguer Bou Dani en Facebook
Sent by: Dr. C. Campos y Escalante

 

 


SPAIN

The Quiet Islamic Conquest of Spain
¿Sabes cual es el pais que más veces ha sido invadido en la historia? 
La Otra Globalización: La Expansión Universal de la Civilización Hispánica 
         por Antonio de Mendoza Casas
M


 

  • "Evicted five centuries ago by crusading Christians, the Arabs are back in Spain, using their oil dollars to buy land that was seized from their ancestors by the sword". — James M. Markham, The New York Times, 1981.

  • The Madrid daily ABC wrote that 800 mosques in Spain are out of control. The Spanish daily La Razon charged that Gulf donors, such as Qatar, were a source of Spain's Islamization. The Saudis also launched a new Spanish television channel, Córdoba TV, as did Iran.

  • They dream of, and work to, regain the "lost Caliphate" of Spain. Some Islamists do it with bombs and car-ramming attacks. Others, more surreptitiously, do it with money and dawa, Islamic propaganda. The second way may be even more effective than the first.

The ceremony in 2003 was announced with bombastic headlines: "After a wait of more than 500 years, Spanish Muslims, have finally succeeded in building a mosque of their own in the shadow of the Alhambra, once the symbol of Islamic power in Europe". A troupe from al Jazeera was sent to follow the event: a muezzin climbed to the minaret of the Great Mosque of Granada to call the faithful to prayer for the first time in five centuries.

From Osama bin Laden to the self-proclaimed Caliph, Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi, all the leaders of the global jihad -- including the terror cell that killed 17 people in Barcelona -- have mentioned Spain among the lands to be conquered by Islam. There is, however, not only jihad. There is also "the quiet conquest", as it has been dubbed by the French magazine, Valeurs Actuelles. The quiet conquest is a sinuous attempt to re-Islamize Spain through cultural centers, mega-mosques, proselytizing, conversions and financial investments. This pacific attempt to elicit submission has been underway for some time and has been backed by a flow of money from countries such as Qatar and Saudi Arabia. According to a former commander of British forces in Iraq, General Jonathan Shaw, these two countries in particular have ignited a "time bomb" by funding the global spread of radical Islam.

The New York Times first detailed in 1981 that, "evicted five centuries ago by crusading Christians, the Arabs are back in Spain, using their oil dollars to buy land that was seized from their ancestors by the sword". Spain back then did not even recognize the State of Israel, and the Spanish monarchy regularly visited Saudi Prince Fahd while he was relaxing in the south of Spain. After that, it was Kuwait's turn: "During the late 1980's, when Spain was booming, Kuwait came shopping for corporations and investments".

Since then, the Arab monarchies have targeted Spain with huge investments. Some emblematic buildings in Madrid and Barcelona, ​​not to mention the Costa del Sol, are now owned by Arab investment groups, from the Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid to the W Hotel in Barcelona. In Marbella, just a few meters away from the King Fahd Mosque, there is the Alanda Hotel, which offers halal food and services to meet the demands of the Muslim clients. In 2011, the International Petroleum Investment Company, controlled by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, purchased Cepsa, the second-largest Spanish company in the oil sector.

Last January, Spain's King Felipe VI visited Saudi Arabia and announced that Spain would boost economic, trade and investment relations with the Islamic kingdom. Before that, in 2012, Saudi Aramco awarded Spanish companies projects worth $700 million. Spain and Qatar are now discussing the formation a $1 billion joint investment fund that would help the Gulf state invest in Latin America. The Arab Emirates' media called Spain "a hotspot for investment from the Arab world". After Qatar, it was the Oman's turn to invest in the Spanish market: Oman just agreed to invest up to $120 million in a uranium mine in Spain, to be used for Omani nuclear energy plants.

Demographically, Muslims are witnessing a shocking population increase in Spain. In 1990, Muslims in the country numbered 100,000. By 2010, the number had increased to 1.5 million. In 2017, the number was nearly two million. It is a growth of 1,900% in 27 years.

Today there are 1,400 mosques in Spain. According to the Observatory of Religious Pluralism in Spain (an initiative of the Ministry of Justice), "this figure represents 21% of all places of worship for all religions present in Spain".

The most prolific funder of mosques in Spain is Saudi Arabia. In 1985, using only its own money, the Saudi kingdom opened the Islamic Cultural Center in Madrid, Europe's largest mosque, followed by the Islamic Center of Malaga, which the Saudis financed with 22 million euros (today the ​​Madrid area has 112 mosques and Islamic cultural centers). As Gatestone's Soeren Kern detailed, the Saudis have built mosques everywhere, from Marbella to Fuengirola.

Islamic rogue regimes, such as Iran, have also been able to infiltrate Spanish political parties. According to an investigation, Tehran gave money to Podemos, the leftist party which emerged as a new contender in the Spanish political arena.

The Madrid daily ABC wrote that 800 mosques in Spain are out of control. The Spanish daily La Razon charged that Gulf donors, such as Qatar, were a source of Spain's Islamization. The Saudis also launched a new Spanish television channel, Córdoba TV, as did Iran.

The details of this religious proliferation are detailed The Spain of Allah, a book by Ignacio Cembrero. While the number of Catholic churches in Spain has not undergone much variation for many years, Muslim mosques have been growing at a rate of 20% percent annually. Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al Thani has also offered to buy La Monumental Arena in Barcelona to turn it into Europe's biggest mosque. The United Arab Emirates funded the construction of the Great Mosque of Granada.

 

Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al Thani has offered to buy La Monumental Arena in Barcelona, with its nearly 20,000 seats, to turn it into Europe's biggest mosque. (Image source: Sergi Larripa/Wikimedia Commons)

 

They dream of, and work to, regain the "lost Caliphate" of Spain. Some Islamists do it with bombs and car-ramming attacks. Others, more surreptitiously, do it with money and dawa, Islamic propaganda. The second way may be even more effective than the first.

Giulio Meotti, Cultural Editor for Il Foglio, is an Italian journalist and author.

 
¿Sabes cual es el pais que más veces ha sido invadido en la historia?  España!!
 
En contraste con México que ha sufrido pocas invasiones extranjeras hay otros paises que han sufrido muchas, veamos un ejemplo:  España ha sido el país mas conquistado de la historia.

En enero de 1492 culminó la conquista del reino nazarí de Granada. Acababa así la Reconquista y la presencia musulmana en la península. 

Material re-enviado por C. Campos y Escalante  

Editor Mimi:  Another great find by Dr. Campos y Escalante.
19 maps, very clear, colored and well labeled, plus highly
detailed illustrations of the military uniforms of the different countries which invaded Spain. 

 



LA OTRA GLOBALIZACIÓN
LA EXPANSIÓN UNIVERSAL DE LA CIVILIZACIÓN HISPÁNICA

1. Introducción
Desde finales del siglo XV hasta mediados del siglo XVII, en el corto período de tiempo de siglo y medio el mundo se modificó profundamente en todos sus aspectos por obra de españoles y portugueses que permanecieron unidos durante casi la mitad de ese período.
La modificación del mundo se llevó a cabo en todas sus dimensiones, la espacial o geográfica, la cultural y técnica, la religiosa y la económica y biológica. La pretensión del presente artículo es poner el acento en la faceta económica y biológica, que es la menos tratada o mejor dicho resaltada por los historiadores y fundamentalmente en los manuales de historia, a pesar de que desde el punto de vista material fueron estos aspectos los que modificaron literalmente el mundo y la forma de vida del género humano.
La creación, transformación o evolución de una sociedad, es un todo, un sistema interrelacionado que depende de un conjunto de factores. Lo que ahora se llamaría un «sistema» en sentido amplio y del que forman parte no solo la enseñanza en general, sino un sistema económico que la sustenta y de manera especial los medios para esa educación que van desde profesores a libros y medios técnicos. Destaca en esto la imprenta con todo lo que conlleva, desde la fabricación de papel a la de tipos de imprenta y tinta.
En Hispanoamérica, se creó una sociedad nueva, tanto en el aspecto racial con el mestizaje como en el cultural y de creencias y en el entorno físico de animales domésticos, cultivos, viviendas y urbanismo, industrias, comercio y en definitiva formas de vida.
Por ello para enmarcar el aspecto del cambio económico y biológico es preciso tratar siquiera sea sucintamente la exploración y conquista de América y de la mayor parte del mundo por españoles y portugueses junto con la expansión cultural y del cristianismo durante el período que va de 1483 en que se consolida la incorporación de Canarias a la corona de Castilla y mediados del siglo XVII con la secesión de Portugal.
2. Ciencia y cultura
Entre los factores que destacan en esa transformación del mundo y que a su vez explican en gran medida la colonización en el sentido económico y social, destacan el aspecto religioso y el cultural.
El aspecto religioso ha sido destacado desde diferentes ángulos pero no considerado como un esfuerzo coordinado de conjunto que dio lugar a un nuevo sistema de creencias y de normas morales que a su vez conforman el derecho e influye en la vida de relaciones cotidianas de todo tipo. Además las órdenes e instituciones religiosas impulsan la transformación económica agrícola y artesanal.
Como muestra destacada del esfuerzo cultural y de la concepción de América como una prolongación de España, está la creación de Universidades e imprentas de forma casi inmediata a la conquista y colonización.
Las Universidades creadas en Hispanoamérica desde el descubrimiento a la independencia, supera el número de las 20 que se relacionan en el Anexo I. La primera universidad se fundó en Santo Domingo 1538, elevando el rango del Estudio General fundado en 1518, y le siguieron la de San Marcos en Lima en 1551 y la de Méjico en el mismo año.
Hay que añadir que también en Filipinas se crea en fecha muy temprana la universidad. En 1611 se creó en Manila (Filipinas) por los dominicos la Universidad de Santo Tomás, que es la más antigua de Asia.
Es sorprendente el contraste con las colonizaciones de Inglaterra, Francia o Portugal que no crearon ni una sola universidad durante el período colonial, pues Harvard se creó en 1636 como colegio y en 1780 como universidad y Yale en 1701 como colegio y universidad en 1810. Ello a pesar de que las sociedades creadas en las trece colonias, no eran más que poblaciones trasplantadas, porque los indígenas fueron exterminados o expulsados considerándolos como animales o en el mejor de los casos esclavizados o marginados.
Baste recordar que incluso las universidades europeas estuvieron orientadas hacia estudios religiosos y escolásticos en mayor medida que las españolas, de tal forma que el pensamiento científico y humanista creció fuera de la Universidad. Por ejemplo, la Universidad de Cambridge (Inglaterra), crea su primera cátedra de investigación científica en 1794, a pesar de que las obras científicas y matemáticas de Newton son anteriores en más de un siglo.
Además las universidades de Hispanoamérica, hasta la Independencia, pueden compararse con ventaja en número, profesores, estudiantes y calidad con las de cualquier país europeo.
Pero el esfuerzo en la creación de Universidades no fue algo improvisado, sino consecuencia de una labor que comenzó con la creación de escuelas para nobles indígenas, como el Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco en Méjico en 1533, doce años después de terminada la conquista. En 1541 ya tenía 200 alumnos escogidos entre los hijos de los caciques de todo Méjico. Se estudiaba además de lógica, gramá- tica y retórica, astronomía, aritmética, geometría y música, a lo que se añadiría teología, religión, medicina (incluida medicina nahoa) y pintura. En 1546, el profesorado estaba ya compuesto por indígenas ex-alumnos. El interés en su continuidad queda patente en que el virrey Antonio de Mendoza, lo dota con dos ranchos con más de 2.000 ovejas, 1.000 vacas y 100 yeguas antes de abandonar Méjico en 1550, lo que a su vez demuestra el enriquecimiento y transformación de Méjico en poco tiempo con la introducción de ganado totalmente desconocido pocos años antes.
Muestra de la integración entre españoles e indígenas americanos es el ennoblecimiento y concesión de armas a los descendientes de reyes o emperadores indígenas, como la concedida a don Gonzalo Uchu Gualpa y don Felipe Tu p a Inca como descendientes de los emperadores del Perú en 1545 o a los descendientes de Montezuma en Méjico en 1536.
Hasta qué punto se realizó la integración de los pueblos indígenas en la cultura y sociedad españolas, queda recogido en la obra de Steve Stern[1], en la que se transcribe el testamento de un indígena del siglo XVII inmensamente rico de la ciudad de La Paz, y que deja todos sus bienes a sus dos hijas. Pero no es un caso aislado puesto que menciona también la existencia de una sociedad indígena de clase media acomodada semejante a la española y en la que hay escribanos y funcionarios indígenas. Paradójicamente la obra de Stern está planteada como una crítica a la colonización española, al considerar el fomento de la integración como una pérdida cultural, pero olvida que simultáneamente se produce la conservación e incluso fomento a través de la evangelización en su lengua vernácula, de las culturas indígenas.
Tan sorprendente como la pronta creación de Universidades en América, es que en 1560 los dominicos, sólo nueve años después de la creación de la universidad, decidieron instituir la cátedra de quechua en Lima. Fue Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, quien publicó, en 1560, La Gramática o Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú.
Lo mismo cabría decir del Códice Mendoza, elaborado en 1540 por escribas mexicas en pictogramas y español o la impresión en 1539 en Méjico de Breve y más compendiosa doctrina christiana en lengua mexicana y castellana, lo que demuestra el interés por las lenguas y cultura indígenas, su conocimiento y conservación. Es de destacar que la preocupación por la elaboración de catecismos en lenguas indígenas demuestra que la evangelización y conversión no se reducía a un mero rito, sino que por el contrario el esfuerzo se centraba en la formación. Igualmente expresivo es que un indio, Hernando de Alvarado Tezozomoc, nacido hacia 1520 y que dominaba el español, escribiese la Crónica Mexicana en 1598[2].
La preocupación por la cultura y costumbres de los pueblos indígenas está presente en casi todos los cronistas, evangelizadores y descubridores que relatan sus viajes, siendo algunos de ellos verdaderos tratados de antropología. Destaca el jesuita José de Acosta (1540-1600), que además de importantes aportaciones en el campo de la antropología y ciencias naturales, expone la teoría de que los indígenas americanos procedían de Asía a través de Siberia y que a su vez demuestra unos conocimientos geográficos del Ártico y Noreste de Asia en el que los españoles se anticipan en dos siglos a los de otras potencias europeas. Llama la atención en la obra de sus explicaciones sobre las adaptaciones fisiológicas de los indígenas que vivían en el altiplano a más de 4000 m. de altitud.
El desarrollo cultural de Hispanoamérica integra un subconjunto coordinado e interrelacionado y que forma parte a su vez de un todo que es el de una sociedad dinámica sustentada en un ámbito geográfico y cultural extenso e intenso.
Solo a modo de bosquejo señalamos los hitos más importantes de la implantación de la imprenta en Hispanoamérica, que, como en el caso de las universidades y colegios, se anticipó en siglos al desarrollo en la mayor parte de Europa.
La imprenta se establece en Méjico en 1536 ó 1539, en Lima en 1583 y en Manila en 1593, en La Paz en 1610, en 1626 en Cuenca (Ecuador), en Puebla en 1640 y sucesivamente al igual que las universidades se extiende por todas las capitales importantes de Hispanoamérica, o no tan importantes pero fundadas por los misioneros como en Misiones, la primera de Argentina en 1700[3].
El desarrollo de la imprenta fue tal, que en Méjico se llegaron a imprimir 1.228 obras en el siglo XVII y 12.000 hasta la fecha de la independencia, que desde el principio trataron de los más variados temas religiosos, gramática, jurídicos, botánica, medicina… y no sólo en castellano sino también en las lenguas indígenas. Como curiosidad de una publicación técnica se puede citar la Instrucción náutica para navegar, del Dr. García de Palacio (Méjico, 1587), en el que entre otras cosas describe la forma de utilizar el astrolabio. Lo que demuestra la existencia de una sociedad completa y compleja.
Un siglo después, los puritanos que llegaron a América en 1620, fundan la primera imprenta en 1639, y se edita el primer libro, titulado The freemans’ Oath. Sin embargo la imprenta tardó bastante en extenderse en América del Norte, pues hasta 1674 no se instaló un taller en Boston y en 1685 en Filadelfia. En Canadá hay que esperar hasta 1751 en que se instala la primera imprenta en Halifax. En Brasil no se instala hasta 1808.
Pero es que además esa cultura implica un esfuerzo coordinado del que forman parte el trazado urbano de ciudades con iglesias, colegios, hospitales, juzgados, bibliotecas, etc. y junto a esto la construcción naval, el trazado de mapas, la implantación de medios de transporte en un mundo en el que ni siquiera existía la rueda. Todo ello desembocó en el funcionamiento de una sociedad con una economía que tenía ya cierta complejidad y desde luego no menor que la europea más avanzada.
De este entramado cultural forma parte, como no podía ser menos, la salud, de tal forma que el primer hospital de América, fue construido, ya en piedra, en Santo Domingo en 1503, por el segundo gobernador Fray Nicolás de Ovando.
El Hospital de Jesús fue fundado en Méjico en 1524 por Hernán Cortés, sólo 3 años después de la conquista. El Hospital de San Juan de Dios en Quito, el primero de América del Sur, se funda en el siglo XVI.
Todavía en 1803-1806, solamente siete años después del descubrimiento de la vacuna por Jenner, se produce la hazaña del tremendo esfuerzo de llevar por primera vez la vacuna de la viruela a América y Asia, por el Dr. Javier Balmis, y que se aplica con carácter general de inmediato.
El éxito del esfuerzo fue tal que, en el momento de la independencia, el nivel cultural de Hispanoamérica a principios del siglo XIX era superior al de EE.UU., como reconoce Humboldt en su viaje a América en 1799-1804, y que la ciudad de Méjico era un centro cultural semejante a Nueva York. En su visita al Instituto de minería donde realiza exámenes y otros institutos de Méjico, queda sorprendido por su nivel y por el trabajo y enseñanza compartidos de españoles e indios. En Nueva Granada conoce al botánico y sacerdote Celestino Mutis y describe la importancia de sus aportaciones dirigiendo un equipo en el que participan treinta pintores que han realizado de 2.000 a 3.000 dibujos y disponen de una biblioteca como no conocía a excepción de la de Banks en Londres. Todo ello a pesar de que, desde el reinado de Carlos IV, España había acelerado su decadencia política, científica y económica.
No deja de ser una curiosa coincidencia el que en abril de 1804 Humboldt viaja a Estados Unidos y es alojado por el presidente Jefferson, que le pide información sobre Nueva España y los mapas que trae consigo, que le entrega a Albert Gallatin (Secretario del Tesoro) para que haga copia de los mapas y al que Humboldt reclama insistentemente su devolución unos meses después. Un mes después de la estancia de Humboldt en Washington, en mayo, Lewis y Clark –que con toda probabilidad emplean los mapas españoles prestados por Humboldt que eran los únicos que existían del territorio de lo que hoy es el medio oeste y oeste de Estados Unidos– inician la expedición al Pacífico, por el territorio de Luisiana (valle del Misisipi-Misuri desde Nueva Orleans) hasta el Pacífico y que había formado parte de Nueva España hasta un año antes en que se cedió a Napoleón con la incumplida condición de que no se cediera o vendiera a una potencia en expansión como EE.UU. La expedición es decisión del propio presidente Jefferson y prácticamente siguiendo sus precisas instrucciones.
La cartografía tiene un doble aspecto contradictorio, pues siendo un esfuerzo cultural y técnico sin el cual no era posible la continuidad de los transportes y la colonización, al mismo tiempo precisa cierta reserva pues era susceptible de ser empleada por adversarios. Ello explica que en Nueva España (Méjico) le impusieran a Humboldt la condición de no proporcionar a Estados Unidos la información recibida. Esta cautela, que sigue manteniendo su vigencia en todo el mundo desde hace milenios, era lógica teniendo en cuenta que no sólo la situación de islas y puertos de refugio era importante sino también el régimen de vientos. Así ocurre que la cartografía española es utilizada por holandeses, franceses e ingleses en el Pacífico, considerado un lago español, y que durante dos siglos fue siendo arañado lentamente por esas potencias en desarrollo gracias a esa cartografía que incluso fue aprovechada por el propio Capitán Cook, o por los americanos en la ocupación de la mayor parte de lo que hoy son los Estados Unidos. Ello explica también que los territorios que no se podían ocupar a causa de los limitados medios humanos, pero susceptibles de ser utilizados como bases, permanecieran sin información durante más de dos siglos como Australia, Hawái, Nueva Zelanda o buena parte de las islas del Pacífico.
Muestra de la doble faceta del avance de la cartografía hispana como consecuencia de la avalancha de aportaciones de nuevos datos de los descubrimientos españoles, es el cartógrafo flamenco de Felipe II, Ortelius (Amberes 1527- 1598), que en 1570 realiza un mapamundi que tiene la virtud de que apenas se diferencia de uno actual y que muestra hasta qué punto se modificó el conocimiento del mundo en un breve período. Lo mismo podría decirse de Mercator (1512-1594), que estudió en la universidad católica de Lovaina y estuvo hasta 1554 en Amberes, como Ortelius, como cartógrafo al servicio de la corona española. La doble faceta es que esos descubrimientos plasmados en mapas elaborados por flamencos fueron a parar también en buena parte a los marinos holandeses que abrieron pequeñas brechas en los dominios hispanos durante el siglo XVII.
Un ejemplo curioso es el del jesuita Mateo Ricci (1552- 1610), de formación hispana y bajo su protección, cuyos escritos son la fuente más importante del conocimiento de China durante más de dos siglos. Elaboró un detallado mapamundi, semejante al de Ortelius, en el que colocaba China en una posición casi central.
Entre los medios técnicos que facilitaron los descubrimientos, astronomía y la cartografía, merece destacarse el telescopio. Inventado y fabricado por los hermanos Roger, artesanos de Gerona a mediados del siglo XVI y de los que hay constancia de al menos tres «olleres de llarga vista», tal como lo recoge en los Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Gironins (1958) José M. Simón de Guilleuma, al igual que Eileen Reeves y el holandés Albert van Helden, autor de la obra La invención del telescopio, luego habría de ser patentado por Hans Lippershey en 1608 y perfeccionado por Galileo en 1609. Todo este proceso nada tiene de extraño teniendo en cuenta el dominio español de Flandes y de la mayor parte de Italia y de cómo circulaban los conocimientos dentro del imperio o de su área de influencia en una sociedad sumamente abierta que incorporaba al servicio de la corona española personas del más diverso origen.
3. Industria, minería, técnica e innovación
La innovación en España desde el descubrimiento de América hasta mediados del siglo XVII, fue muy intensa y acorde con su papel de ser la primera potencia. Claro está que si se compara con la Francia de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII y el XVIII o con la Inglaterra del XIX queda en una posición modesta, pero la comparación debe establecerse con el mundo de los siglos XV y XVI.
Como queda reflejado en la obra de Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invención españolas en el siglo de oro, la actividad innovadora de España en esa época es importante y la que corresponde a una etapa preindustrial. Se centran de manera especial en la navegación, explotación de minas, molinos, abastecimiento de aguas y riego, buzos y en general las relacionadas con las preocupaciones de la época como calcular las longitudes geográficas para navegar. Prueba del interés por la técnica es que la primera patente española data de 1522, cuando en Europa esa preocupación era prácticamente inexistente.
Las aplicaciones e inventos junto con la técnica aplicada en los dominios de la monarquía hispánica, tanto en España como en Italia y Flandes o en su área de influencia en Alemania e Italia, son trasladados inmediatamente a América y Filipinas e incluso a Asia y África bajo la influencia portuguesa.
Las sociedades existentes en América se encontraban en etapas de desarrollo muy diferentes, o bien se encontraban en el paleolítico en la mayor parte del continente, o en Perú y Méjico en una mezcla de neolítico y sociedad avanzada prerromana con conocimientos de matemáticas, astronomía, construcción y cerámica equivalentes a los de sus coetáneos europeos, si bien paradójicamente con una tecnología muy elemental al carecer de conocimientos de los metales con la excepción del oro o en pequeña medida la plata, y utilizar como medio de transporte directamente al hombre como bestia de carga o en el caso de Perú complementado con la llama.
Las relaciones entre las diversas sociedades americanas era o bien conflictiva y de rivalidad o de dominio de forma semejante a las sociedades europeas primitivas o prerromanas. Desde luego en la sociedad azteca, que mantenía un durísimo dominio sobre todos los pueblos no aztecas, era normal la esclavitud y habituales los sacrificios humanos, los pueblos dominados consideraron a los españoles como liberadores.
La elaboración de tejidos de algodón y lana de alpaca en Perú, prácticamente los únicos, debía estar muy poco desarrollada a juzgar por la figuras humanes precolombinas. Se extiende y generaliza a partir del siglo XVI por todo Hispanoamérica y se diversifica con la generalización del ganado lanar y los tejidos de lanas e incluso lino y seda.
En el transporte terrestre fue un verdadero salto pasar de la utilización como medio de transporte del hombre a la utilización generalizada del ganado equino y sobre todo los mulos, que se implantaron rapidísimamente, unido al empleo de la rueda y el carro que modificaron sustancialmente el transporte y el comercio. Simultáneamente tiene repercusión en la industria, al tener que fabricar carros y todos los arreos necesarios para las caballerías, utilizando los cueros que proporcionaba una próspera ganadería creada recientemente y construyendo caminos y puentes.
Complementando el transporte terrestre, aparece un intenso tráfico marítimo de cabotaje, que es alimentado por los numerosos astilleros creados a poco de la conquista. Astilleros de grandes dimensiones funcionaron durante siglos en La Habana, San Blas, Cartagena de Indias y Guayaquil, que adquirieron tal importancia que se estima que el 40% de la producción naval durante el siglo XVII, procedía de América[4].
Estos astilleros alimentaron la construcción de los barcos necesarios para un tráfico marítimo de dimensión global que se extendió al Atlántico, Pacífico e Índico. Un tráfico que no pudo ni tan siquiera ser obstaculizado por la piratería que fracasó durante tres siglos.
Como muestra del relativo fracaso de la piratería basta mostrar el caso del pirata y traficante de esclavos más exitoso, Drake (1543-1596). En 1567-1569, junto a Hawkins, después de vender en el Caribe los 200 esclavos capturados en África, son derrotados por los españoles, perdiendo 2 barcos; en 1570-1571 fracasa en su ataque a Panamá y resulta herido y en 1573, después de su recuperación se alía con el corsario francés Le Testu y capturan un convoy español con grandes riquezas; en 1578-1580 captura un cargamento de especias de enorme valor en las Molucas; en 1585-1586 ataca Vigo de donde tiene que huir, toma después Santo Domingo y Cartagena de Indias, que son rescatadas a cambio de fuertes sumas, a continuación ataca e incendia San Agustín en Florida; en 1587 ataca y saquea Cádiz, y captura un barco, y en 1588 participa en el rechazo de la Armada Invencible; en 1589 ataca Coruña de donde es rechazado, a continuación ataca las Azores pretendiendo establecer una base y sufre tremendas pérdidas de 20 barcos y 12.000 hombres y poco después ataca Vigo pretendiendo desquitarse donde sufre de nuevo la pérdida de 500 muertos y 500 heridos y como consecuencia de esta serie de derrotas es degradado en Inglaterra; en 1595-1596 trata de capturar un galeón pero es rechazado y poco después es derrotado por 5 fragatas en San Juan de Puerto Rico. Seguidamente es derrotado de nuevo en Panamá, donde muere enfermo y su sucesor es derrotado en Cuba, perdiendo en total en esta expedición 3 buques capturados, 17 hundidos y 2.500 muertos y 500 prisioneros. En definitiva el balance de la vida del pirata de mayor éxito representa un fracaso económico y estratégico a pesar de haber infringido también grandes pérdidas a su adversario español.
Prueba del éxito español en mantener sus líneas de comunicación global es que ni Francia ni Inglaterra, ni Holanda consiguieron una sola base en América, o en el Pacífico en más de un siglo y en la misma África, no más de establecimientos ocasionales para capturar o comprar esclavos. Lo que es más, en los dos siglos siguientes, hasta Trafalgar en 1805, se mantuvo una defensa e incluso expansión de lo que eran las Españas, hasta el punto de que muchos de los establecimientos y ampliación de territorios de las potencias europeas son posteriores a esas fechas e incluso a la independencia de los países hispanoamericanos y a costa de ellos y en el resto del mundo solamente se mantenían algunos establecimientos comerciales arrebatados a España o Portugal. Tal es el caso de las numerosas exploraciones que pretendían consolidar y ampliar los dominios españoles en territorios amenazados en el extremo Norte del Pacífico, como las exploraciones de Malaspina o Bodega y Quadra como más destacados entre otros muchos, a finales del siglo XVIII en la costa americana del Pacífico desde el norte de California y Oregón hasta Alaska rebasando el paralelo 60. Esto dio lugar a que se produjera al inicio del reinado de Carlos IV en 1789, el incidente de Nootka o Nuca en Vancouver (Canadá) como consecuencia de la captura de dos barcos ingleses por el capitán Martínez.
Otra actividad que contribuyó de manera significativa a la transformación de la sociedad americana es la minería, por la cantidad de trabajo directo que generaba la explotación (con más del 65% de trabajo asalariado) como por los indirectos en explotación de madera y carpintería, forja de hierro, transporte, alimentación y abastecimientos de ropa y otros. Además de requerir una cadena de trabajos complejos como la amalgama en la explotación, la construcción y la concentración de la plata y a continuación fundición y sellado de las barras y acuñación de moneda. De forma también importante se desarrolló la minería del cobre, estaño, hierro, plomo y mercurio, que serviría en el caso del mercurio para la amalgama y en la del cobre para la fabricación de diferentes utensilios y la fundición en bronce de campanas y cañones. Como ejemplo de industria metalúrgica de cierta importancia, destaca la fabricación de cañones y campanas en Lima y Arequipa, y se puede destacar que el Virrey Juan de Acuña, estableció en 1722 la primera fundición de artillería en Orizaba (Veracruz).
En cambio el oro tuvo una importancia relativamente modesta en comparación con la plata. Según Hamilton y tal como reflejan los registros de Sevilla, llegaron a España durante el primer siglo y medio 180 Tm. de oro y 17.000 Tm. de plata. En el Anexo II, se recoge el detalle hasta el año 1600 y se estima que, hasta 1810, el volumen de oro que llegó a España es inferior a 300 Tm. Como muestra de lo que representan estas cifras, basta decir que la producción actual de oro de Sudáfrica en un año es más del triple y el oro de las reservas de España acumulado por el comercio reciente y expoliado y enviado a la URSS en 1936 era prácticamente el doble de lo que se recibió en tres siglos o que las reservas de oro actuales de EEUU son más de 30 veces más. Entre 1530 y 1560 la mayor parte del oro procedía del botín y hasta 1530 y con posterioridad a 1560 prácticamente su totalidad procedía de la explotación de aluvión y minas.
4. Plantas y animales
Los epígrafes anteriores son un resumen a modo de introducción de las transformaciones sociales, técnicas, culturales y económicas que se produjeron a partir del siglo XVI en el mundo y está expuesta solamente para mostrar hasta qué punto están interrelacionados muchos aspectos que acaban dando como resultado la modificación radical de una sociedad desde el punto de vista material, con la difusión de animales y plantas y el establecimiento sedentario de población indígena y española en lugares semidesérticos o de naturaleza muy hostil.
La introducción de nuevos cultivos y animales en ambas orillas del Atlántico e incluso del Pacífico modificó la vida en la tierra de una forma que en la actualidad resulta casi inimaginable el contemplarla tal como se encontraba a finales del siglo XV.
En América no solamente se introdujeron nuevos cultivos sino también formas de cultivo de plantas autóctonas que multiplicaron la producción y variedad de alimentos, permitiendo el sustento estable de poblaciones crecientes. Incluso plantas propiamente americanas como el tomate, los pimientos, el maíz o la patata, cuyo aprovechamiento y cultivo estaba muy localizado se extendieron a todo el continente. Por ejemplo, la patata sólo se cultivaba en el territorio que abarcaba el imperio Inca.
A principios del siglo XVI los pueblos que habitaban Norteamérica eran recolectores (bayas silvestres), cazadores y pescadores de salmón y mariscadores en la costa. En la costa del Pacífico en Oregón y Canadá se vestían con hierbas (tule, especie de juncos) y pieles mal curtidas y eran nómadas o seminómadas. La excepción al norte del río Grande eran los indios Pueblos, de cultura sedentaria y un poco más desarrollada que las tribus de su entorno. La excepción en Hispanoamérica eran Méjico, Centroamérica, Colombia y el altiplano de Perú, Ecuador y Bolivia, en donde se solapaba una cultura del neolítico con ciertas formas sociales evolucionadas económica y culturalmente, pero que en muchos aspectos, como los sacrificios humanos, habían sido superadas en el Antiguo Continente hacía milenios.
El conjunto de animales y plantas que se aclimataron en América, no sólo transformaron la economía, alimentación y forma de vida de sus habitantes, sino modificaron incluso el paisaje, de tal modo que un habitante de 1500 que hubiera resucitado en 1600 no reconocería en nada el mundo en que había vivido. Acompañadas de las aplicaciones técnicas de riego, cultivo y empleo de arado y yuntas de animales de trabajo, multiplicó la productividad avanzando milenios en muy pocos años.
El trasiego y difusión de plantas y animales se produjo en ambas direcciones globalizándose y enriqueciendo de una manera real todas las poblaciones del Planeta.
Muy pronto se introducen los cereales que eran básicos en la alimentación mediterránea y de manera preferente trigo y cebada y también avena, que se introducen en Méjico en el siglo XVI y casi simultáneamente en Argentina. Está documentado que en el año 1585, en los alrededores de Buenos Aires, se produjeron 472 Tm. de trigo, 341,2 Tm. de cebada y 28,8 Tm. de maíz, que aun siendo una planta de origen americano no se cultivaba en Argentina. El arroz se introduce también en América a mediados del siglo XVI. También leguminosas como el garbanzo, la lenteja o el guisante y productos de huerta como zanahoria o diferentes clases de berzas, alcachofas, cebolla y ajo, etc.
La alfalfa, fue introducida por los españoles en Argentina, Chile, Perú y Méjico en el siglo XVI, casi al mismo tiempo que en Provenza y bastante más tarde al norte del rio Grande en Norteamérica y lo mismo ocurrió con el trébol y el heno que hicieron posible el mantenimiento de la ganadería. Igualmente, poco después de la conquista se introduce en Méjico el cultivo del lino y cáñamo.
Incluso cultivos, sin los cuales no se concibe la economía de muchos países hispánicos como la caña de azúcar cuyo cultivo implica cierta complejidad y la instalación de molinos, se introduce en América a finales del siglo XV, por los primeros emigrantes canarios y se obtiene además como subproducto el ron.
Lo mismo ocurre con el plátano o bananas, llevado desde Canarias a la isla de Santo Domingo a finales del s. XV o inicios del XVI. Y con plantas medicinales como la zarzaparrilla que llegaron a hacerse más populares en América que en España.
La enorme variedad de frutas existentes en España desconocidas en América, fueron trasplantadas en los primeros años, tal ocurre con la vid y el olivo, la naranja, limón, melocotón o durazno y el granado que fueron introducidos en América en el siglo XVI y en California (EE.UU.) al mismo tiempo que otros frutos y productos de huerta por los franciscanos españoles en el siglo XVIII con la evangelización y colonización impulsada por fray Junípero Serra[5].
Melón y sandía, higuera, nogal, manzano (que se extendió muy rápidamente), etc. se introducen en Nueva España en el siglo XVI, al igual que las moreras (para la producción del gusano de seda y seda). El ciruelo y el albaricoque se introdujeron en Perú y Méjico hacia 1560 y en California en 1769 por los franciscanos. Lo mismo ocurre con una gran cantidad de frutas introducidas por los españoles en los primeros años de la colonización como el almendro, el cerezo o el peral, algunos de cuyos cultivos alcanzan una gran difusión en América. Incluso el cocotero, parece probable que fuera llevado por los españoles al Caribe, desde el Pacífico.
El cultivo del café fue introducido por los franceses en la Guayana a principios del siglo XVIII, procedente de Arabia y desde allí, muy pronto los españoles pasaron a iniciar su cultivo en Venezuela, hacia 1740.
Toda esta labor parece fácil sobre el papel, pero representa un tremendo esfuerzo de aclimatación y cuidados, que en su mayor parte están sembradas de fracasos iniciales, solo superados a base de constancia y esfuerzo.
No de menor importancia fue el trayecto inverso de cultivos y plantas de origen americano y que hoy en día parece como si hubieran estado siempre en Europa, Asia o África. Tal ocurre por ejemplo con el maíz, la patata, el tomate, los pimientos o el cacahuete. El maíz originario de América e introducido por los españoles en Europa a principios del siglo XVI, y que ya se cultivaba en Vascongadas. En África occidental también se introduce a principios del siglo XVI, e incluso en la mayor parte de América donde no se cultivaba.
La patata fue introducida en Europa en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y más tempranamente en Canarias en donde hay constancia de un embarque para Holanda, entonces bajo la soberanía española, en 1567. El consumo de patata ya resultaba básico en Canarias en el siglo XVII. En el resto de Europa su cultivo no se generalizó hasta el siglo XVIII.
El tomate parece seguro que se introdujo en España a través de Sevilla en el siglo XVI, pero no se tiene constancia de la generalización de su consumo como alimento hasta finales del siglo XVII o inicios del siglo XVIII.
El pimiento llevado a España a finales del siglo XV, se extendió rápidamente por Europa y todo el Mediterráneo. A través de Filipinas se introdujo en Asia, donde su cultivo se generalizó.
El cultivo del cacao, originario de Méjico, fue introducido en Filipinas y en Ecuador y buena parte de Sudamérica a finales del siglo XVI. El cultivo de la vainilla mantuvo su monopolio en Méjico durante siglos. El cacahuete originario del Perú fue introducido en Norteamérica, África y Asia.
El girasol originario de América del Norte fue introducido en España en época muy temprana del siglo XVI, si bien para consumo directo y no como productora de aceite hasta épocas recientes. La calabaza, originaria de Méjico y Asia, pero parece que su cultivo se introdujo en España procedente de Méjico en el siglo XVI y desde donde se extendió al resto de Europa.
El fríjol o judía, procedente del norte de Argentina, Perú y Ecuador e introducida por los españoles en toda América, llevada en época temprana (siglo XVI) a España desde donde se extendió por todo el mundo.
Chumbera o nopal y pita o maguey originarias de México y extendidas actualmente por todas las regiones áridas del globo, habiéndose hecho parte inseparable del paisaje en regiones como el Norte de África.
El quino originario de Sudamérica y del que se extrae la quinina empleada como planta medicinal contra las fiebres, ya desde el descubrimiento e introducida como planta medicinal por la condesa de Chinchón en 1638.
El algodón, si bien existía en América y en el antiguo continente, se introdujo en España en los siglos XVI y XVII y en lo que serían los Estados Unidos en el siglo XVIII con plantas procedentes de Hispanoamérica.
Muy importantes fueron los colorantes americanos ya empleados antes del descubrimiento por los indígenas. Representaron un peso considerable en el tráfico comercial con los centros europeos fabricantes de tejidos.
Tan importante como la introducción de cultivos de diversa procedencia y origen en todo el globo, fue la cría de ganado, prácticamente inexistente en América con la excepción de la llama en la región andina de Perú o la cría muy localizada de pavos en la Nueva España.
En la relación del segundo viaje de Colón (en 1493), ya se refleja el ganado que llevan los barcos: «cuatro becerras y dos becerros, lanas, cien puercos, de los que ochenta son marranas y varios verracos, doscientas gallinas, con gallos, seis yeguas, cuatro asnos y dos asnas, y conejos vivos...».
Resulta esclarecedor, para conocer la rápida introducción de nuevas especies de interés económico, que a principio del siglo XVII, la ciudad de Méjico consumía anualmente: 170.000 ovejas y 12.000 carneros, 30.000 cerdos, 220.000 fanegas (1 fanega= 55,5 litros o dcm3) de maíz y 180.000 de harina de trigo, además de frutas, verduras, aves, pescados, etc. Conviene reiterar que casi todo el ganado y productos agrícolas eran inexistentes antes del descubrimiento.
El ganado bovino llegó a América en 1493, a la Española, y a la Argentina en 1549. El ganado ovino y caprino, llegó a América en alguno de los viajes de Colón, procedente de Canarias.
Existe constancia de la llegada de ovejas de raza churra a Argentina y procedentes de Perú, conducidas por Ñuflo de Chávez en 1549. Ello llevó al desarrollo y difusión de una importante industria textil artesanal y preindustrial.
La introducción del caballo en América es muy temprana; en Cuba a finales del siglo XV y en el resto de América en la primera mitad del siglo XVI; concretamente a Argentina en 1535. Desde luego el caballo era inicialmente un instrumento de guerra, pero suele olvidarse que mucho más lo era de trabajo en el transporte y como auxiliar en la cría extensiva de ganado vacuno y lanar. De forma similar cabría decir lo mismo del perro, introducido también en América por los españoles desde el inicio del descubrimiento. Los burros o asnos, llegaron a América ya en 1493, como consta en la relación del segundo viaje de Colón, revolucionando el transporte en América con la cría e implantación del mulo capaz de sobrevivir en cualquier terreno dada su sobriedad, resistencia y fuerza.
Aves de corral y conejos que llegaron también en el segundo viaje de Colón en 1493, difundiéndose también rápidamente. El cerdo tuvo una aclimatación rapidísima a partir de 1493, hasta el punto de que poco después eran habituales los cerdos salvajes o cimarrones.
A su vez, la existencia de las explotaciones ganaderas, no sólo implicaba una mejora directa de alimentación, sino también la producción de leche y quesos y en su fase final de cueros que representaron un importante valor en el comercio con Europa y Asia. A su vez, generaron una importante actividad artesanal con el curtido y la fabricación de objetos de cuero y piel, calzado, sillas de montar, arreos, carteras y alforjas, etc., en definitiva contribuyendo a dar un salto de más de cuatro milenios, pasando del paleolítico o neolítico a la edad moderna de la mano del estado más avanzado y civilizado de su época y lo que es más importante, que trataba por primera vez a los vencidos como iguales en contraste con lo que ocurría entre las diferentes tribus y etnias en que los vencidos eran sacrificados o pasaban a ser esclavos.
Tan importante como la introducción de los cultivos y animales fue el de las tecnologías que hicieron posible la multiplicación de la productividad, desde el arado y la azada hasta el yugo, que permitió la utilización de la yunta de bueyes, pasando por la noria, el molino de agua y de viento, los sistemas de riego y cultivo, etc.
Coordinado con todo ello, se realiza un importante sistema de explotación y trabajo de la madera, necesaria para las minas, la construcción naval, la construcción, el mobiliario, los aperos y elementos de transporte y los instrumentos musicales, todo ello inexistente antes del descubrimiento.
5. Población
La diversificación y globalización de los cultivos y la introducción de nuevas técnicas junto con la multiplicación de la productividad agraria, produjo una verdadera explosión de la población en ambas orillas del Atlántico, como consecuencia de la mejora de la alimentación, ya que en Europa la población estimada había permanecido casi estable durante mil años desde la época romana y se estima que prácticamente duplica en los tres siglos que van de 1500 a 1800.
En América se estima que incluso teniendo en cuenta la aparición de nuevas enfermedades como la viruela que diezmaba la población europea, unido a enfermedades ya endémicas en América como el mal de changas, la sífilis, el dengue o la malaria, el aumento de población fue parecido al de Europa.
Prueba del aumento de población, a pesar de las breves guerras iniciales de la conquista y de las enfermedades, es que Tenochtitlán, la mayor ciudad del Méjico precolombino, se estima que tuvo unos 100.000 habitantes en la época de la conquista a juzgar por el área ocupada. Una población superior (más de 250.000 habitantes) era la que debía tener a principios del siglo XVII a juzgar por el consumo anual de carnes y cereales básicos que aparecen registrados, si bien tenía unos 140.000 habitantes a mediados del siglo XVIII. Ello la convertía en una metrópoli mayor que cualquier capital europea (París con unos 150.000 habitantes en 1500; Londres 208.000 en 1700). Las oscilaciones de la población de la ciudad, tanto en período precolombino como en el del virreinato se deben en gran parte a las inundaciones cada 30 ó 40 años.
Las estimaciones sobre población son muy dispares y hasta ahora no parecen tener base alguna. De manera un tanto tosca, se puede hacer una estimación de lo que podía ser la población del imperio azteca, basándose principalmente en el número de guerreros. En la batalla de Otumba, la batalla decisiva, participaron unos 40.000 guerreros aztecas y aliados, lógicamente la mayor parte de las fuerzas de que podían disponer. Ello indicaría una población total no mayor de 1 millón y que desde luego no llegaría a los 2,5 millones contando con las poblaciones sometidas a los aztecas que se aliaron con los españoles como liberadores. Ello estaría en consonancia con las pobres posibilidades alimenticias precolombinas asimilables al neolítico y las guerras tribales continuas.
Los aumentos de población en Nueva España, debieron ser semejantes a los de las poblaciones europeas, que se estima que en el período que va de 1623 a 1810 la población de las diferentes naciones europeas no llega ni a duplicarse y en Méjico la población era de unos 6 millones en su mayoría indígenas, es decir más del doble del estimado en el momento de la conquista en 1521. En el momento de la independencia, hacia 1800, la población de Méjico (Nueva España) y Estados Unidos (13 colonias) era muy parecida, unos 6 millones de habitantes, si bien algunas estimaciones consideran que la población de Nueva España, que incluía Centroamérica y unos dos tercios de lo que hoy son los EEUU, era mucho mayor alcanzando los 15 millones de habitantes.
De la diferente evolución de la población indígena en contacto con los españoles en contraste con la que fue sometida por los anglosajones, resulta reveladora la evolución demográfica de los paunis (pawnees), un pueblo indígena que ocupaba aproximadamente lo que hoy es el estado de Nebraska en EE.UU. y que en contacto con los españoles al menos desde 1626, habían integrado el caballo como parte inseparable de su cultura junto con otros elementos y el comercio de pieles.
Este pueblo, hacia 1702, estaba compuesto por unas 2.000 familias y habitaba el mencionado territorio de Nebraska de forma pacífica, en contacto primero con los españoles y franceses como territorio fronterizo hasta 1763 en que Luisiana es cedida o recuperada por España. La vida de los paunis transcurre pacíficamente bajo la soberanía de España y en conflicto ocasional con los siux hasta 1803 en que la Luisiana es adquirida por EE.UU., aunque tarda unos 30 años en comenzar a ser ocupada de forma efectiva.
La población indígena pasa de las 2.000 familias en 1702 a 10.000 en 1802 poco antes del inicio de su dependencia de EE.UU., permaneciendo estable su población hasta 1835, pero la población queda reducida a 2.447 individuos –es decir unas 600 ó 700 familias– en 1872, a 1.521 en 1876 y a 649 (menos de 200 familias) en 1900, en que empieza a recuperarse hasta 1.149 individuos en 1960. Tal reducción, sólo es explicable por la existencia de un verdadero genocidio entre 1835 y 1900.
La situación es tanto más sangrante, si se tiene en cuenta que eran indios básicamente pacíficos. El contraste con la colonización española es tan patente que no precisa mayor explicación. Incluso en la América Hispana la verdadera persecución y marginación de los indios se realizó a partir de la independencia ya que los indígenas, protegidos por la legislación española, lucharon preferentemente al lado de los realistas españoles en casi toda América y no sólo en Perú o Venezuela.
Tiene también especial relevancia la población de origen africano en América, llevada como esclavos. El tráfico de esclavos se realizó hasta bien entrado el siglo XIX, primero por portugueses y casi al mismo tiempo por franceses e ingleses y pronto se incorporaron a tan lucrativo negocio holandeses, ciudadanos de EE.UU. e incluso daneses. Los portugueses vendieron los esclavos de forma casi exclusiva en Brasil y marginalmente en la América española. Por el contrario, los españoles nunca se dedicaron al tráfico de esclavos, salvo algún hecho aislado y anecdótico, y precisamente por ello las colonias inglesas, francesas y holandesas, eran verdaderos almacenes de esclavos, lo que ha dado lugar a que la población existente en las antiguas y diminutas colonias del Caribe sea negra casi en su totalidad.
Resulta significativo que por el tratado de Utrecht (1713), en una de sus cláusulas, España cede a una vieja aspiración de Inglaterra por el que concede el privilegio de enviar todos los años un navío de 500 Tm. a América (en esencia la legalización del contrabando) y el monopolio por 30 años de la trata de negros que era el negocio verdaderamente lucrativo. El asentamiento de negros en la América Hispana tenía como destino lugares y trabajos muy concretos, en las minas y poco más, ni tan siquiera estaba extendido en las plantaciones, cosa que empezó a generalizarse con la monarquía borbónica a partir precisamente de este tratado. Aun así buena parte de la población negra actual de Hispanoamérica tiene su origen en la inmigración procedente de EE.UU. y de las colonias europeas en América después de la independencia, como en el caso de la República Dominicana invadida por Haití, Panamá durante la construcción del canal o las plantaciones propiedad de ciudadanos de EE.UU. en Cuba y Centroamérica, etc.
De tal forma que, según los datos sobre la población de origen africano en América a finales del siglo XVIII, se comprueba que, de los 4.128.420 individuos, sólo 921.000 vivían en la América española y de ellos 650.000 (68%) eran libertos. En cambio en las diminutas colonias francesas e inglesas, (del tamaño de una provincia española) la superpoblación negra alcanzaba los 605.000 y 480.000 respectivamente y los libertos no llegaban al 5%. En EEUU la población negra era de 607.420, de los que eran libertos 32.000, pero esa población se multiplicó después de la independencia, hasta el punto que sólo en los estados del sur, en 1860, la población esclava había alcanzado los 3.950.511 individuos y la población libre “no blanca” 253.082 individuos, sobre una población total de 12.240.293 habitantes.
6. Conclusión
El descubrimiento y la conquista, con ser hazañas prodigiosas, sólo son una pequeña parte del esfuerzo de la colonización de América, incluso para los propios conquistadores que dedicaron la mayor parte del tiempo y energías en la evangelización y colonización propiamente dicha y que supuso una verdadera globalización desde el punto de vista geográfico, científico, cultural y económico y un enriquecimiento explosivo de la biodiversidad. Paradójicamente, esa biodiversidad se ha reducido de manera alarmante en el siglo XX y continúa ese proceso destructor en el siglo XXI.
En este proceso, es especialmente significativa la influencia de la evangelización, que más que duplica el número de fieles proporcionando una escala de valores y normas de convivencia comunes, en una universalización de la monarquía hispánica que expande la Cristiandad casi hasta el límite y que de alguna forma es aceptada o tolerada durante un tiempo en sociedades muy consolidadas y con religiones o espiritualidad muy diferentes como Japón, China e India además de América.
Prácticamente todo lo que representa una forma de vida, desde la vivienda a la ropa y el calzado pasando por los medios de transporte, la alimentación y la educación, fue modificado de forma rápida, pero también progresiva, a lo largo de un siglo, anticipándose al comienzo a la colonización anglosajona e incluso francesa, puesto que el primer asentamiento francés en Canadá, en Quebec, se produce en 1608.
La difusión de la imprenta y de los últimos avances científicos y técnicos, junto con la puesta en contacto de todos los pueblos de la tierra desde América, África y Asia convergiendo en Europa, y la difusión e internacionalización del comercio a través de rutas de navegación regulares como las flotas de Indias y el galeón de Manila, fueron el caldo de cultivo del desarrollo del capitalismo con la moneda e instrumentos mercantiles como el préstamo bancario, la letra de cambio, los registros mineros y de propiedad y en definitiva el paso al mundo moderno y contemporáneo. De hecho, eso fue advertido por Marx tal como lo refleja en un capítulo de El capital: «La biografía moderna del capital comienza en el siglo XVI, con el comercio y el mercado mundiales».
En el otro extremo, desde el punto de vista de la vida humana material y de la biosfera entendida en su sentido más amplio de flora y fauna, quizás fue este aspecto el que influyó más decisivamente en la modificación de las formas de vida, en la salud y en la población humana. La introducción de nuevos cultivos en todo el mundo, unido a nuevas técnicas que aumentaron la productividad de las tierras, enriqueció y diversificó la alimentación, permitiendo un aumento de población a ritmo hasta entonces desconocido.
Todo ese proceso se produjo en su mayor parte en un tiempo increíblemente corto de siglo y medio, que fue la duración de España como potencia hegemónica y se prolongó durante otro siglo y medio como primera potencia en decadencia. Ni siquiera en la actualidad está consolidado un cambio tan tremendo, sobre todo debido a que en los dos últimos siglos la evolución fue desviada de su cauce natural por influencias extrañas ideológicas y económicas que buscaban una explotación en beneficio exclusivo de centros de poder exteriores, implantando un modelo económico mercantil orientado a la exportación y ajeno a las necesidades locales y común a las colonias africanas y asiáticas.
A efectos de estudio los diferentes aspectos precisan ser fragmentados, pero al mismo tiempo no se comprenden sin una visión global que explique las interrelaciones entre ellos. Así, el estatus de los indígenas similar al de los peninsulares se comprende sólo a través de la religión, así como la situación de la población de origen africano en el que la norma era su situación como seres libres y la excepción la esclavitud.
Como corolario de este proceso se deduce que no deja de ser sorprendente la polémica sobre la decadencia de España, cuando resulta que cualquier Imperio de la historia se mantuvo como potencia hegemónica durante un siglo y medio aproximadamente y como primera potencia durante un período semejante. La diferencia está en que la caída de España fue muy brusca al contrario de lo ocurrido con otras potencias.
La hazaña hispana solo tiene parangón con Roma, que generalizó una serie de cultivos y técnicas y en definitiva cultura, aprovechando y difundiendo la existente de manera dispersa en un gran espacio, el mundo mediterráneo.
Pero la repercusión global del impulso hispano fue tal que en mil quinientos años de nuestra era la población mundial se mantuvo casi estable y en los trescientos años siguientes al descubrimiento prácticamente se duplicó por obra y gracia de un aumento de la productividad agrícola y ganadera y por la introducción de nuevos cultivos, de ganado doméstico y nuevas técnicas médicas y de todo tipo.
 
Anexo I
Enumeración, no del todo completa, de las Universidades creadas en Hispanoamérica desde el descubrimiento a la independencia:
– En 1538, se crea la Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino, en Santo Domingo, Estudio General desde 1518.
– En 1551 se crea la Universidad de San Marcos, en Lima.
– En 1551 se crea la Universidad de Méjico.
– En 1558 se crea la Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santiago de la Paz y de Gorjón, en Santo Domingo, que se transforma en seminario en 1602, y la Compañía de Jesús gestiona la actualización de la antigua universidad en un colegio fundado por ella en 1703.
– En 1580 se crea en Bogotá la Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino.
– En 1619 se crea la Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino, en Santiago de Chile.
– En 1621 se crea la Universidad de Córdoba de Tucumán.
– En 1621 se crea la Pontificia Universidad de San Ignacio de Loyola, en Cuzco.
– En 1621 se crea la Pontificia Universidad de San Francisco Javier, en Bogotá.
– En 1624 se crea la Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Francisco Xavier, en Sucre.
– En 1653 se crea la Universidad del Rosario, en Bogotá.
– En 1676 se crea la Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo, en Guatemala.
– En 1677 se crea la Universidad de San Cristóbal, en Huamanga (Ayacucho).
– En 1692 la Universidad de San Antonio Abad, en Cuzco.
– En 1721 la Universidad de San Jerónimo, en La Habana.
– En 1721 se crea la Universidad de Santa Rosa, en Caracas.
– En1724 se crea la Universidad Pencopolitana, en Concepción.
– En 1738 se creó la Universidad de San Felipe, en Santiago de Chile.
– En 1786 se crea la Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino, en Quito.
– En 1792 se creó la Universidad de Guadalajara.
 
Envíos de oro y plata durante el siglo XVI desde América a España
   Años                          Oro kilos/años                   Plata kilos/años
1503-1510                            4.965                                   0
1511-1520                            9.153                                   0
1521-1530                            4.889                                  148
1531-1540                            14.466                                 86.193
1541-1550                            24.957                                 177.573
1551-1560                            42.620                                 303.121
1561-1570                            11.530                                   942.858
1571-1580                            9.429                                    1.118.592
1581-1590                            12.101                                   2.103.027
1591-1600                            19.451                                   2.707.626
TOTALES                           153.571                                 7.439.138
 Reservas oro en Kg. de EEUU en 2011 = 9.300.000
 
[1] Steve STERN, Los pueblos indígenas del Perú y el desafío de la conquista española, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1986.
[2] Dastin SL, Madrid, 2001.
[3] Javier PIÑEIRO FERNÁNDEZ, «José Toribio Medina y la imprenta en América Latina», Revista científica eletrônica do pensamento comunicacional latino-americano, n.º 2 (2000).
[4] Juan Bosco AMORES CARREDANO, Historia de América, Ariel, Barcelona, 2006.
[5] Augusto CASAS, Fray Junípero Serra, el apóstol de California, Luis Miracle, Barcelona, 1949.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuV4yitkEmY

Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante

campce@gmail.com

 


INTERNATIONAL

The Forgotten History of the Neapolitan ‘Kindergarten Ship’ by Anika Burgess
6,000-year-old wine storage jars found in a Sicilian cave by Jason Daley
La increíble historia de Pedro Páez, el primer europeo en ver el nacimiento del Nilo azul.
Who Really died at Auschwitz?  by Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez


The Forgotten History of the Neapolitan ‘Kindergarten Ship’

The educational experiment in Naples Harbor that turned street children into sailors and students.

BY ANIKA BURGESS 
AUGUST 25, 2017

Civita on board the ship with students. PUBLIC DOMAIN

================================== ==================================
Vincenzo Commez was born into poverty in Naples in the first years of the 20th century. He begged on the street to help feed his mother and six siblings. He worked in a coal mine. With his father in prison, after his mother died of cholera, his aunt took him and a brother to the Naples navy yard, to join other scugnizzi—street urchins—as part of an educational experiment designed to turn them into respectful citizens. He was among 750 street children who, over 15 years, boarded a ship docked there called Caracciolo. In 1914, Commez wrote:

After two days we were dressed as sailors and we were sailors like everyone else who was on board. After two months a “mum” came on board, Ms. Civita, who is so kind and affectionate towards us.
The “Civita Method” did not “simply teach them a useful skill for life” writes Maria Antoinetta Selvaggio, sociologist and author of the book Transforming Street Urchins into Adult Sailors on the Training Ship “Caracciolo” (1913–1928): Giulia Civita Franceschi and Her Educational Vision, in an email interview. “[It] also prepared them to be conscientious and dignified citizens proud of having walked the walk to social redemption and true resilience.”

The idea of a training ship for disadvantaged children wasn’t new in Italy. In 1883, Genoa had established the training ship Garaventa and in Venice, Scilla was open to orphans of fishermen. In Naples, the situation of the poor was particularly desperate. Housing was unsanitary and overcrowded. Malnutrition was common. The cholera outbreak of 1910–11 killed an estimated 2,600 people over five months. In 1911, a law was passed to approve the donation of Caracciolo, a former Navy ship, to the city. In August 1913, Civita came aboard as head of the program, which was open to boys between the ages of six and 16 (despite being referred to as a “kindergarten ship”).

The “kindergarten ship,” as it was known, was led by that kind woman, Giulia Civita Franceschi, a Naples-born educator who emphasized practice over theory. 


Civita on board the ship with students. PUBLIC DOMAIN 

================================== ==================================

The idea of a training ship for disadvantaged children wasn’t new in Italy. In 1883, Genoa had established the training ship Garaventa and in Venice, Scilla was open to orphans of fishermen. In Naples, the situation of the poor was particularly desperate. Housing was unsanitary and overcrowded. Malnutrition was common. The cholera outbreak of 1910–11 killed an estimated 2,600 people over five months. 

In 1911, a law was passed to approve the donation of Caracciolo, a former Navy ship, to the city. In August 1913, Civita came aboard as head of the program, which was open to boys between the ages of six and 16 (despite being referred to as a “kindergarten ship”).

 


Caracciolo in Naples harbor. PUBLIC DOMAIN

================================== ==================================
One of the tasks assigned to each boy, once he was able, was to write a short autobiography. They mostly wrote about “early parental loss, neglect, the bleakest poverty, and a grim struggle for survival, in the absence of any protection or support from the adult world, of which they know the worst aspects, ranging from indifference to pitiless exploitation,” says Selvaggio.

Raffaele Lastro was one of the Caracciolini, as the boys became known, whose account is held in the archives at the Museo del Mare in Naples. (Selvaggio originally received the archive from a daughter of one of the boys, and she donated the materials to the museum.) Lastro earned pennies carrying bags for tourists, and was often the subject of their ridicule.

“At night when I go to bed I think back to those foreigners who asked me to perform somersaults for them and I wish they could see me now—especially the one who called me a pig—and see that I am better dressed than them—as an Italian sailor—and even wearing a pair of black shoes,” he wrote in his biography.

In the photographic archives from the ship, Lastro stands with erect posture in a pristine white sailor’s shirt. Some of the boys were also photographed prior to boarding the ship—a visual record of the conditions in which they lived: dirty faces, ragged clothes, distant eyes. 

Raffaele Lastro. COURTESY MARIA SELVAGGIO

M
Giovanni Petrella, when taken aboard Caracciolo (left) and after. He later became a sailor on SS Brazile. 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS/ LC-DIG-ANRC-02107 AND LC-DIG-ANRC-02106

The boys arrived “haphazardly,” according to Selvaggio, although it appears at least one boy was brought to the ship by the American Red Cross, which also holds photographic archives from the ship. Once on board, he named himself “Kelly” after the Red Cross worker who had found him on the street, Alice McKay Kelly.

================================== ==================================
According to Selvaggio, writing these mini-autobiographies was a way for the boys to acknowledge, and distance themselves, from their experiences. The words have “a therapeutic and cathartic effect,” says Selvaggio. For Lastro, writing appears to have been a point of pride: “Ms. Civita has been taking care of me since I was illiterate—and now I can write my own thoughts with no one dictating to me. I owe everything to her who helps me as if she was my mother.” The education offered on the ship was broad. In addition to classes, there were workshops in vocational skills such as carpentry and sailing. Even sex education was covered. There were occasional field trips and physical activities, from fishing to gymnastics. In 1922, the Minister for Education wrote, “The school is integrated in the work and vice versa: the contact with objects, the immediate reality, gives the child an experience that becomes richer by the day and helps to materialize the first expressions of his thoughts.”



Civita with the students on Caracciolo. PUBLIC DOMAIN

================================== ==================================
The ship also had what would be later recognized today as a “buddy system” between the older and younger boys. Writing in 1950, after the program had ended, Civita said she established “with appropriate precautions, of relationships of solidarity similar to those that are created in the family between elder and younger siblings and not infrequently are established between these children during their vagrant life as street urchins.”

Under Civita, the ship had rules, but no rewards or punishments. According to the student Lastro, “I am grateful to all of my superiors that took me here but I am young and sometimes make mistakes but when I do the Captain tells me off so I can learn.” Selvaggio notes that some of the rules “were strict, but they were understood to be conditions designed to foster individual growth. Compliance with the rules was part of being accountable.” Children could be expelled, however, if they were deemed “unfit” for physical, disciplinary, or moral reasons.


In 1928, with the rise of fascism in Italy, the ship was turned over to the Opera Nazionale Balilla, the militaristic youth organization. According to Selvaggio, Civita’s ethos was “completely incompatible” with the new regime. The existence of the kindergarten ship was largely forgotten until 2009, when the Museo del Mare in Naples opened a photo exhibition. Atlas Obscura has a selection of images of the boys of Caracciolo.

One of the boys with an airplane he built. The caption in the American Red Cross archive states, “He has a great talent for this sort of thing and could do really fine work if he [had] better tools.” 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS/ LC-DIG-ANRC-11860

Dinner on board Caracciolo. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS/ C-DIG-ANRC-02112

Boys ready to embark on the ship. PUBLIC DOMAIN

Lessons with Civita. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS/ LC-DIG-ANRC-02111

Reading lessons aboard Caracciolo. PUBLIC DOMAIN

Civita with three boys from the ship. PUBLIC DOMAIN

In uniform on the "kindergarten ship."
PUBLIC DOMAIN

http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/kindergarten-ships-italy-education-street-children?utm_source=Atlas+Obscura+Daily+Newsletter&utm_
campaign=2cf222bef5-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_08_28&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f36db9c480-2cf222bef5
-65936441&ct=t(Newsletter_8_28_2017)&mc_cid=2cf222bef5&mc_eid=48deecacd6
 






6,000-year-old wine storage jars found in a Sicilian cave by Jason Daley
Photo: Dr. Davide Tanasi, University of South Florida

Arolo, Barbaresco, Brunello—Italian wines are some of the best in the world. 

================================== ==================================
And there’s a reason for that: They've been making it for thousands of years. Now, a new find suggests they've been at it even longer than people thought. As Lorenzo Tondo at The Guardian reports, researchers have found traces of 6,000-year-old wine in a Sicilian cave. Although it's not the oldest in the world, the latest find has pushed back the date wine production on the Italian Peninsula by thousands of years.

As Tondo reports, researchers took samples of organic residues from five copper storage jars found in a cave on Monte Kronio on Sicily’s southwest coast. The jars, discovered in 2012, were dated to the fourth millennium, B.C. During analysis, researchers found tartaric acid and its salt, which develops naturally during the fermentation of grapes. Those molecules are strong signs the jars were used in winemaking.

According to a press release, previous analysis of ancient grape seeds suggested that wine production in Italy did not start until 1300 to 1100 B.C. This new find pushes the timeline back around three thousand years. The researchers published their results in Microchemical Journal.
Previously, the oldest known wine production center was found in an Armenian cave near the village of Areni. Archaeologists found jars and a large vat where it’s believed people pressed wine the old- fashioned way: by stomping on the fruit. 

Chemical tests of residue from that site showed the presence of malvidin, a pigment that gives wine its red color. But Malvidin is also produced by pomegranates, which are grown in the region. And since they didn't detect tartaric acid in these pots, it was impossible for the researchers to rule out the possibility other fruits could account for the chemical signatures.

Davide Tanasi of the University of South Florida who ran the chemical analysis of this latest residue tells Zamira Rahim at CNN that the jars of wine left in the cave may have been an offering to the gods.

  “The cave site of Monte Kronio is also a cult place used for religious practices from prehistory to Classical times,” he says. “This discovery has important archaeological and historical implications.”

TheLocal.it  reports that prior to this discovery, the oldest known wine residue in Italy was found in a 3,000-year-old wine press discovered in the 1990s in Sardinia. While the Sicilian find is the oldest in Italy, it’s likely not the first site where wine was ever produced. Nine-thousand-year-old traces of a wine made of honey and rice were found in China and 7,400-year-old traces of grape wine were discovered in Iran’s Zagros mountains, Brendan Borrell at Scientific American reported in 2009.
Even if it’s not the world’s oldest, the find does come with bragging rights in Europe. The oldest evidence of French winemaking is a press discovered in 2013 that only dates to 425 B.C., making them relative newcomers to the wine world.

About Jason Daley
Jason Daley is a Madison, Wisconsin-based writer specializing in natural history, science, travel, and the environment. His work has appeared in Discover, Popular Science, Outside, Men’s Journal, and other magazines.
Read more from this author | Follow @jasondaley608

Read more:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/discovery-shows-italians-have-been-making-wine-6000-years-180964701/#pdab1CBUqiIelGDA.99 
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La increíble historia de Pedro Páez, el primer europeo en ver el nacimiento del Nilo azul.

Nació en un pueblecito de Madrid, Olmedo de las fuentes, allá por 1564. Curiosamente, dicho pueblo se llamaba Olmedo de las cebollas en aquel entonces. Dada su vocación religiosa, se metió en los jesuitas, estudiando en Cuenca, universidad de Alcalá de Henares y más tarde en Coimbra. Con 24 años ya le envían de misionero a Goa (India). Allí le envían a a Etiopía, pero mientras iba en el barco, unas tormentas le obliga a desembarcar en otra zona hindú menos pacífica. Dándose cuenta de su situación(era buena persona y jesuita, pero no tonto) se disfraza de musulmán. Cabe recordar aquí que los musulmanes controlaban la casi totalidad de la india, y que aunque bien es cierto que habría musulmanes tolerantes la realidad fue que los pobres hindúes eran masacrados y obligados a convertirse al Islam si querían salvar su vida(por cierto, y esto es según mi criterio, que siguen actuando de forma parecida). 

 

LBien, la cuestión es que nuestro amigo Pedro es descubierto, y se descubre que es cristiano.  

 

Como antes comentaba eso era una muerte segura. Debía ser buen mozo el señor Páez, porque deciden venderlo como esclavo a un mercader. 

 

 

Atraviesan tierras inhóspitas como el desierto de "Dash-e-Lut", en la actual Irán que en persa significa "desierto del vacío", siempre en dirección oeste, dirigiéndose hacia África (imaginad cómo debían ser estos viajes en el siglo XVI) y nuestro héroe se pone bastante malito. Había cogido la malaria. Vendido a un jeque que muestra curiosidad por los extranjeros, (esa gente extraña de Europa que actúa de forma tan rara), es invitado a comer en su mesa, bueno o en su alfombra más bien. Allí Pedro prueba una bebida amarga, negra y excitante con granitos dentro. Habéis acertado, era café. De los primeros europeos que bebían esta bebida y lo documentaban ya que Pedro Páez escribió un libro contando todas sus aventuras. A pesar de ser muy simpático el jeque árabe, un cristiano era un cristiano y fue enviado como galeote (a remar en galeras como nuestro ilustre Cervantes). Aquí tuvo nuestro amigo un golpe de suerte porque enterándose Felipe II de que había un jesuita español remando como esclavo, accedió a liberarlo, pagando dos mil coronas por él y otro esclavo más. Seguramente que los árabes, que tontos no eran, subirían el precio del rescate en cuanto se enteraron quien se interesaba por estos desdichados.
Así pudo continuar su misión y llegar a Etiopía. 

Allí entran en contacto, después de recorrer gran parte del país, con el mismísimo rey etíope Za Dengel. Cabe mencionar aquí que reyes etíopes se creían descendientes de Salomón y eran cristianos desde hacía siglos, en constante lucha con los musulmanes. Al oír el emperador los relatos de nuestro viajero, quedó tan cautivado por sus hazañas, su entereza y su fe que se convirtió al catolicismo (era cristiano pero no católico). También ayudaba la gran cultura de Pedro Páez, pues hablaba multitud de lenguas, y conocía perfectamente el amárico y el ge'ez, lenguas oficiales de Etiopía. Años más tarde convertiría también al catolicismo al nuevo rey, Susinios Segued III. Pedro acompañaba en sus expediciones al monarca, y es en una de éstas donde llegan al nacimiento del Nilo Azul. Pedro Páez lo describe en su libro como un paisaje grandioso con una vegetación exuberante y le llama la atención la cantidad de animales salvajes y de tribus extrañas; hombres pintados como animales, llenos de ramas y flores para pasar desapercibidos. Cito textualmente de su libro: «Y confieso que me alegré de ver lo que tanto desearon ver antiguamente el rey Ciro y su hijo Cambises, el gran Alejandro y el famoso Julio César".

De sus memorias tituladas "historia de Etiopia" se hicieron varias copias. Una está guardada en el Vaticano. Otra llegó a Braga, y hasta 1945 no fue impresa en portugués. En la actualidad ya está traducido al español.

 

​Publicado por Alberto Abascal en FB
 
Enviado por: C. Campos y Escalante

 




Who Really died at Auschwitz? 
by Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez


What really died at Auschwitz? Here's an interesting viewpoint. The following is a copy of an article written by Spanish writer Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez and published in a Spanish newspaper.  It doesn't take much imagination to extrapolate the message to the rest of Europe - and possibly to the rest of the world.


I walked down the streets in Barcelona and suddenly discovered a terrible truth - Europe died in Auschwitz . . . We killed six million Jews and replaced them with 20 million Muslims. In Auschwitz we burned a culture, thought, creativity,talent. We destroyed the chosen people, truly chosen, because they produced great and wonderful people who changed the world.

The contribution of these people is felt in all areas of life: science, art, international trade, and above all, as the conscience of the world. These are the people we burned.

And under the pretense of tolerance, and because we wanted to prove to ourselves that we were cured of the disease of racism, we opened our gates to 20 million Muslims, who brought us stupidity and ignorance, religious extremism and lack of tolerance, crime and poverty, due to an unwillingness to work and support their families with pride.

They have blown up our trains and turned our beautiful Spanish cities into the third world, drowning in filth and crime. Shut up in the apartments they receive free from the government, they plan the murder and destruction of their naive hosts.

And thus, in our misery, we have exchanged culture for fanatical hatred, creative skill for destructive skill, intelligence for backwardness and superstition. We have exchanged the pursuit of peace of the Jews of Europe and their talent for a better future for their children, their determined clinging to life because life is holy, for those who pursue death, for people consumed by the desire for death for themselves and others, for our children and theirs.

What a terrible mistake was made by miserable Europe.

Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which claims it never occurred. It is not removed as yet. However, this is a frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how easily each country is giving in to it.

It is now approximately seventy years after the Second World War in Europe ended. This e-mail is being sent as a memorial chain, in memory of the six million Jews, twenty million Russians, ten million Christians, and nineteen-hundred Catholic priests who were 'murdered, raped, burned, starved, beaten, experimented on and humiliated. Now, more than ever, with Iran, among others, claiming the Holocaust to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world "never forgets."

"If you do not take an interest in the affairs of your government, then you are doomed to live under the rule of fools." Plato

Sent by Joe Parr jlskcd2005@aol.com


 

 


Dear Primos, family, and friends:

September 2017 will surely be a year not to be forgotten. Tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes broke alarmingly destructive records along the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Atlantic seacoasts.  So much loss. So much tragedy.   Prognosis for Puerto Rico economic future is dire.  Mexico's earthquake(s), the worse in a century.   A strange coincidence on September 1985, Mexico suffered an earthquake which took the lives of 10,000. 

It is too early to assess the damage of life and property to all the locations, hit by the action of an explosive, angry weather, expressing it's very uncontrollable self. . .   among our primos. 

Hopefully we will all find a way to help in some way . . . . 
If you have a warm bed and a roof over your head, you are blessed.

Abrazos, Mimi   



TABLE OF CONTENTS

United States
The Voice of “El Pueblo”:  Reies López Tijerina by Jose Antonio Lopez
The Voces Oral History Project: Defend the Honor: ten years later
Sept 9th: 19th International Latino Book Awards
KCAL to kick-off Hispanic Heritage Month with the Random Act of Mendez Project
Celebrating Hispanic Heritage: A Resource for Community and Classroom Use by Mimi Lozano 
Fact Tank: Our Lives in Numbers, How the US. Hispanic Population is Changing by Antonio Flores 
Dr. Hector P. Garcia Day in Texas by Wanda Garcia
National Hispanic Heritage Month 2017 Theme: "Shaping the Bright Future of America" by Juana Bordas 
Looking to 2018: An idea to celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month by Margarito J. Garcia, Ph.D.
Really American: Keith Nguyen
Memories of the 1954 Laredo, Texas  Flood  by Gilberto Quezada
Report: Army ends enlistment contracts for foreign-born recruits by Kyle Rempfer   
In attacking Columbus, Antifa tries to finish what the Klan started 
Jefferson y Fray Junipero Serra por Francisco Javier Vallaure de Acha 
Protestors for Hire
Never Forget: The 5 Lessons We Should Have Learned From 911 
Afraid of the "Islamophobia" Label, Teachers Avoid 9/11 Lessons
United Nations Relief & Work Agency textbooks for Palestinians demonize Israel and Jews by Danielle Ziri
Mexican diplomat Gilberto Bosques: The diplomat who saved 40,000 lives 

The End of Prayer Shaming video by High School 
So you want to take a knee by Oscar Ramirez 
Photo: Real Men Taking a Knee

Spanish Presence in the Americas' Roots
Future of the Wilbur-Cruce Colonial Spanish horse in the Americas by Ann Troutner (Ana Trucha)
El que tenga valor que me siga: En vida de Bernardo de Galvez by Eduardo Garriguesr 

Historic Tidbits
Republic of Texas colony holds election, September 12, 1844
April 2017 marked the 100th anniversary of the U.S.’s entry into World War I.

Hispanic Leaders
CAPT. Richard L. Whynot, USCG (RET.)
Jose Ramos, a Purple Heart recipient and longtime Vietnam veterans advocate, dead at 68

American Patriots
USNS:  Cesar Chavez (T-AKE-14)
These soldiers can no longer stand up for our National Anthem
In honor of America's military heroes, resources compiled in support by Amanda Bartow

Early American Patriots
The de Riberas, Chapter Nineteen-The War of 1812 by Michael S. Perez 
Civil War Reenactment Cancelled for Safety Reasons by Paul Bois

Education
Latino Studies at Austin Embraces the Americas 
UCI sanctions student Palestinian group for disrupting Israeli event on campus
Hillsdale College and Free Online Courses Teach Americanisms 
Countdown to College

Religion
A Catholic School in California Removes statues of the Virgin Mary and Jesus
Western Heritage and The Hebrew legacy and emergence of Christianity

Culture
E​l​ verdadero origen de los tacos de carnitas mexicanos !
How Much Spanish Can An Italian Understand?
Today, Google September 7th launched, Google Arts & Culture: Latino Cultures in the US

Books
Not Getting Stuck: Success Stories Being Latina & Transferring from a CCC by Lily E. Espinoza
Interview of author Isabel Delia Gonzalez, Breaking and Bleeding of a Macho Man by Mimi Lozano
Mexican-Origin Foods, Foodways, and Social Movements, edited by:
        Devon G. Pena, Luz Calvo, Pancho McFarland, and Gabriel R. Valle
Feathered Serpent Dark Heart of Sky: Myths of Mexico by David Bowles
Latina Style Digital Magazine
NALIP is thrilled to announce the We Are Inclusion Campaign 

Surname:
Corona Páez 

DNA:
New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups by Roberta Estes

Family History
“d” by Pat Sajak
How to request copies of naturalization records
FamilySearch Digital Records Access Replacing Microfilm
Free Family History Library Classes and Webinars for October 2017
New Historic Records on FamilySearch

Orange County, CA
October 14: SHHAR: John Schmal, "Los Fundadores de Mexico"
October 14: Mendez Museum Without Walls Presents: Fiesta Mendez
In Costa Mesa, California, 'Real Women' have grueling, yet gratifying lives by Eric Marchese
Artifacts preserve memories of Orange’s history as a rancho
Anaheim Schools to study historical novel: "Into the Beautiful North" by Luis Alberto Urrea
Oct 20th deadline to apply: Wallace (Wally) R. Davis Memorial Scholarship Fund
November 18: Letty Rodella, Researching Your Hispanic Ancestors


Los Angeles County, CA
Sept 10th: The Latino Book and Family Festival 
September 29- October 22: The Uncensoring of L.A. History: A Mexican Perspective
L.A. Celebrated the 236th Anniversary of Its Founding With a Festival Downtown
For the First Time Ever, the Vincent Price Art Museum Has a Latinx Director
What were the Zoot Suit Riots? by Evan Andrews
The Los Angeles City Council bans Columbus Day, echoing the Ku Klux Klan


California
Rafael Jesús González: 1st Poet Laureate of Berkeley
October 7th: Watershed Environmental Poetry Festival
Oct 7-8th: Battle of Dominguez Hill 
1769 "Soldados de Cuera" Commemorative Plaque
Talking sense into the California  Board of Education: Mission Impossible
Wages rise on California farms. Americans still don’t want the job  
Gaspar de Portola
 

Pan-Pacific Rim
National Pacific Islander Education Network, NPIEN
U.S. allowed limited numbers of Spanish and Portuguese immigrants into Hawaii, 1907-1920  

Northwestern US
Student finds ancient Canadian village that’s 10,000 years older than the Pyramids, by Leanna Garfield

Southwestern US
Welcome to the Presidio San Agustin del Tucson Museum
AARP AZ Radio: Climate, Copper, Cattle, Citrus, and Cotton:  Early Arizona’s economy  


Texas
October 28, 2017:  29th Annual Seguin Celebration, speaker, Dr. Caroline Castillo Crimm
Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
Battle of Medina History Symposium
September 1, 1863 - Benavides crosses Rio Grande in pursuit of Mexican "Unionists"
The Texas Almanac 2018-2019 is now available
Three Books on Texas Shipbuilding during WWI 
Tejanos Through Time

Middle America
1817-2017 Baton Rouge Louisiana 200 Year Celebration
Marche de Galvez!  Festive re-enactment 
October in the City – The Learning Years (1952) Rudy Padilla
Contrasts in Education - from the Past by Rudy Padilla
Cislanderus Project: Canary Islander descendants in the United States


East Coast
The Founding of the Castillo de San Marcos, October 2, 1672
Estados Unidos borra a Cristóbal Colón

Caribbean Region
Puerto Rico's Agriculture and Farmers Decimated 
            by Maria by Frances Robles and Luis Ferre-Sadrni


African-American

August 30th, 1956 -- Mob masses at Mansfield

Black in Latin America: PBS Documentary 

It’s Hard to Look Back: America’s First Slavery Museum by Brian Boucher

Indigenous
Indigenous Jalisco: From the Spanish Contact to 2010 by John P. Schmal

Sephardic
Three articles from The Sephardi World Weekly of the American Sephardi Federation:
Nosotros: Strengthening Bonds Between Jewish and Latino Communities
Take a walk through Sephardic Montreal's illustrious history on a new urban tour by Julie Masis
How I Bore You On Eagles Wings - A Reminder of Our Humanity by Shahar Azani


Archaeology
Lakes of mercury and human sacrifices – after 1,800 years, Teotihuacan reveals its treasures 
Viking skeleton's DNA test proves historians wrong by Natalie O'Neill

Mexico
One of the most powerful earthquakes ever to strike Mexico  Struck at 11:49 p.m. Thursday, September 7th
On this day in September 19, 1985, a powerful earthquake struck Mexico City 
When the Mind of the Crowd Takes Over the Mind of the Individual, the Human Spirit Shines    
         By Sonny Boy Arias     +Armando Rendon
The African Connection to Mexico’s War of Independence by Dan Arellano
Doug Perkins, grandson of photographer Robert Runyon, clarifies Mexican battle dates, not 1846, but 1912.
De Zacatecas o de Ohio:  Tomás Alva Edison por Leticia Frias
Arts of Colonial Mexico, Richard Perry 

Defunciones de los Capitanes don Josè Ma. Flon y don Miguel Ma. Blanco Investigò:  
        Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.

Central & South America
Mayan Culture Meets Haute Couture
Voices and colors of Latin America, Concert for Ayotzinapa

Philippines
Thanks for sharing you memorable experience of the past.
La época de Isabel II (1833-1868) y el final del siglo XIX

Spain
The Quiet Islamic Conquest of Spain by Giulio Meotti
¿Sabes cual es el pais que más veces ha sido invadido en la historia? 
La Otra Globalización: La Expansión Universal de la Civilización Hispáanica 
         por Antonio de Mendoza Casas


International 
The Forgotten History of the Neapolitan ‘Kindergarten Ship’ by Anika Burgess
6,000-year-old wine storage jars found in a Sicilian cave by Jason Daley
La increíble historia de Pedro Páez, el primer europeo en ver el nacimiento del Nilo azul.
Who Really died at Auschwitz?  by Sebastian Vilar Rodriguez


 

 

 

 

   
 
 

 

 


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