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SOMOS
Editor: Mimi
Lozano ©2000-2016 |
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SOMOS
Editor: Mimi
Lozano ©2000-2016 |
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| Quotes or Thoughts to Consider | |
| Washing one's hands of the conflict between the powerful and the powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral. ~ Paulo Freire | |
| "A system of government that makes the people
subordinate to a committee of nine un-elected lawyers does not deserve
to be called a democracy." ~ Antonin Scalia |
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"We must begin dismantling the myth of a non-partisan
[Supreme] court and start building a truly non-partisan court. We must
insist that our presidents choose justices based on their
commitment to the Constitution – not their judicial activism. We
must pressure Congress to re-establish its role as a lawmaking body
and remind them that they are not subservient to the court . By
filling the Supreme Court with constitutional originalists . .
limiting the power of the federal government. All three branches
of it".
~ Ron Paul |
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In 166 Years not one Latino has served as a California US
Senator by Mimi Lozano Extract: California's next senator could be a Latina, Loretta Sanchez USA Postage Stamp for 'Stand and Deliver' Teacher Jaime Escalante Unveiled at LULAC 87th conference LULAC Facilitates Voter Registration with Oportunidad App LULAC Celebrates as Texas Acknowledges Rights Under Birthright Citizenship The Leave campaign of 1776 reverberates to this day by Jeff Jacoby Judge Richard Posner speaking at Harvard University by Jessica Chasmar Sisters become doctors, lawyers after childhood of farm labor by Carmen George Mexican Immigation Trends in U.S. with a Focus on Bracero Program by Tom Saenz and Refugio Sanchez Senator José Rodríguez, Co-Chair 41st Annual Convention/Business Expo, El Paso, Texas August 4-6th Young police officer just posted this — and she’s spot on |
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We now have an outstanding candidate in
Loretta Sanchez to represent the California Latino Community. |
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Comparison of state populations
according to 2012 census estimates |
| California |  37,999,878
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| Texas | 26,060,796 |
| New York | 19,576,125 |
| Florida | 19,320,749 |
| Illinois | 12,868,192 |
| Pennsylvania | 12,764,475 |
| Ohio | 11,553,031 |
| Georgia | 9,915,646 |
| Michigan | 9,882,519 |
| North Carolina | 9,748,364 |
| New Jersey | 8,867,749 |
| Virginia | 8,186,628 |
| Washington | 6,895,318 |
| Massachusetts | 6,645,303 |
| Arizona | 6,551,149 |
| Indiana | 6,537,782 |
| Tennessee | 6,454,914 |
| Missouri | 6,024,522 |
| Maryland | 5,884,868 |
| Wisconsin | 5,724,554 |
| Minnesota | 5,379,646 |
| Colorado | 5,189,458 |
| Alabama | 4,817,528 |
| South Carolina | 4,723,417 |
| Louisiana | 4,602,134 |
| Kentucky | 4,379,730 |
| Oregon | 3,899,801 |
| Oklahoma | 3,815,780 |
| Connecticut | 3,591,765 |
| Iowa | 3,075,039 |
| Mississippi | 2,986,450 |
| Arkansas | 2,949,828 |
| Kansas | 2,885,398 |
| Utah | 2,854,871 |
| Nevada | 2,754,354 |
| New Mexico | 2,083,540 |
| West Virginia | 1,856,680 |
| Nebraska | 1,855,350 |
| Idaho | 1,595,590 |
| Hawaii | 1,390,090 |
| Maine | 1,328,501 |
| New Hampshire | 1,321,617 |
| Rhode Island | 1,050,304 |
| Montana | 1,005,494 |
| Delaware | 917,053 |
| South Dakota | 834,047 |
| Alaska | 730,307 |
| North Dakota | 701,345 |
| District of Columbia | 633,427 |
| Vermont | 625,953 |
| Wyoming | 576,626 |
| Source: Places.com |
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California was admitted as the 31st state to the United States of America on September 9, 1850.
The Constitution was beautifully designed with two houses to provide representation
by two US Senators and the numbers of US Representatives per state, based
on the growing population.
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Senators are not term limited. Since
September 9, 1850 to the present, a total of 44 individuals
have represented California in
the U.S. Senate,
42 men and 2 women. http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-census-latinos-20150708-story.html
https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California Lets look at the national Hispanic representation in the US Senate.
In 1928, Mexican-born Octaviano Ambrosio
Larrazolo became the first Hispanic American to serve in the
U.S. Senate when he was elected to fill the unexpired term of (1)
New Mexico Senator Andrieus A. Jones. Dennis
Chavez, the first American-born Hispanic
senator, occupied the same New Mexico
Senate seat from 1935 to 1962. The
third Hispanic American to serve in the Senate was Joseph M.
Montoya, who also represented the state of New
Mexico, from 1964 to 1977.
Currently serving in the Senate, Robert Menendez of (2) New Jersey, Marco Rubio of (3) Florida, and Ted Cruz of (4)Texas The data above reveals important heritage facts: YET LOOK AT THE NATIONAL POPULATION OF US LATINOS
You
and I have the opportunity to change history, not only in
California, but in the nation. Lorreta Sanchez can bring the
perspective of the historic Mexican presence.
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Washington, DC Office
1211 Longworth House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
Phone:
(202) 225-2965 |
Garden Grove District Office
12397 Lewis Street, Suite 101
Garden
Grove, CA 92840
phone:
(714) 621-0102 |
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In 1996, the little-known financial analyst from Anaheim earned the nickname “Dragon Slayer” after ousting archconservative Rep. Robert “B-1 Bob” Dornan, beating him by just 984 votes. “When she first ran, she was not expected to be the nominee, not even by the Democratic Party,” said Los Angeles-based political consultant John Shallman, who managed Sanchez's 1996 campaign. “And when she was the nominee, they didn't believe she had a chance. Why? Because she was Latino and a woman.” Born to parents who immigrated to Los Angeles from Sonora, Mexico, Sanchez remembers being one of the first enrollees in Operation Head Start, a federal program for low-income children, at her El Monte elementary school. Her parents met while working in an L.A. rubber and plastics factory, where her father was a union machinist and her mother a bookkeeper. When the Sanchez family moved to Anaheim in 1965 and joined just a handful of other Latino families in the neighborhood, both next-door neighbors put their homes up for sale, Sanchez recalled. Sanchez was the second of seven children, and her parents pushed them to focus on math and science — anything less than a straight-A report card spelled trouble. All went on to earn college degrees. “My dad told me, ‘I never want anyone to call you a dumb Mexican,'” Sanchez said. Sanchez married retired Army prosecutor Col. Jack Einwechter in 2011. At the time, he was working as a Washington lobbyist; he's now a practicing attorney in Orange County. (Sanchez divorced her first husband, Stephen Brixey, in 2004.) Einwechter said he had been a longtime registered Republican and voted for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election. Now, he said, he is a dedicated “Lorettacrat.” Sanchez said she registered as a Republican when she was a senior at Katella High School in Anaheim on the advice of her civics teacher, a liberal, who told her that voting for Democrats in conservative Orange County guaranteed a life of crushing disappointment. But Sanchez changed her mind abruptly in the early 1990s, a period of political awakening for many California Latinos, when she heard GOP presidential hopeful Pat Buchanan unleash brimstone-laced diatribes about the “illegal invasion” of Mexican immigrants crossing into the U.S., bringing drugs and stealing American jobs. “My parents are immigrants,” Sanchez recalled thinking at the time. “I said to myself, you know what. I don't think I'm a Republican.” Sanchez's political transformation, in many ways, coincided with a wave of Californians, especially Latinos, moving away from the Republican Party. But the growth of the Democratic Party in the state offers her no guarantee of success in her current campaign. Her biggest rival is state Atty. Gen. Kamala Harris, a fellow party member who remains comfortably ahead in the polls and fundraising with less than two months until the primary. A recent USC Dornsife/Los Angeles Times survey found Harris leading Sanchez 28% to 19%, with Republican hopefuls in single digits and 32% of California voters undecided. California has not had an open Senate seat since 1992. The top two finishers in the June 7 primary election, regardless of party, will face off in the November election. Sen. Dianne Feinstein will be up for reelection in 2018. Last May CQ-Roll Call named her among the “debate shapers and swing votes” on its list of the “25 most influential women in Congress.” She has won accolades for voting against the Iraq War resolution and the Patriot Act at a time when Washington was under intense political pressure to respond after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. She is the second-ranking Democrat on the House Armed Services and Homeland Security committees, is well-versed in global security issues and considered a vocal advocate for women in the military. In December, she was criticized by Muslim American organizations and the Harris campaign for saying that between 5% and 20% of Muslims support the establishment of a strict Islamic state. She later suggested she had gotten the fact from a book. “She's a bit of a maverick, very feisty, and has sometimes crossed swords with people in her party,” said Raphael Sonenshein, director of the Pat Brown Institute of Public Affairs at Cal State Los Angeles. “Kamala Harris is much more careful and controlled. Loretta is kind of out there.” That reputation travels with her, but supporters also believe Sanchez's long history of helping other Democratic candidates, in California and across the nation, has helped salve any political wounds.
Her opponent Kamala Harris has the fundraising edge, with substantial support from Hollywood. She also has the endorsement of Emily's List and Sens. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Cory Booker of New Jersey.
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Harris is certainly a qualified
candidate, |
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USA Postage Stamp for |
| With a U.S. Postal Service honor guard and the singing of the national anthems of the United States and Bolivia, the Jaime Escalante commemorative stamp was officially unveiled at the 87th conference of the League of United Latin American Citizens
(LULAC) today in Washington, D.C. "This is a historic moment," said LULAC president Roger Rocha. Escalante, a teacher in his native Bolivia who arrived in the states in 1963, became known for using innovative methods to teach inner-city students in East Los Angeles that some considered "unteachable," and many of whom went on to master calculus under his tutelage. His story was the subject of the seminal 1988 movie "Stand and Deliver," which is one of the most viewed movies in U.S. film history. |
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Education Secretary John King, himself a product of inner-city schools, said Escalante is an inspiration to many. U.S. Education Secretary John B. King, Jr. commemoriates Jaime Escalante "I am here today and I am alive today because teachers like Jaime Escalante believed in me. His students had a different sense of what was possible for them because they had a teacher who believed in them. This (stamp) is a wonderful remembrance of him." |
 U.S. Education Secretary John B. King, Jr., makes remarks at the stamp unveiling at the LULAC conference as the U.S. Postal Service dedicates a new Forever stamp to legendary math teacher, the late Jaime Escalante. Photo credit: Andre(C) Chung / for NBC News |
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Escalante, who died in 2010, was represented at the ceremony by his son Jaime Jr. "My father always tried to do his best at whatever he did and he did it with pride. It is truly an honor for our family," said the younger Escalante, choking back tears. Photo credit: Andre(C) Chung / for NBC News |
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| Actor Edward James Olmos, who portrayed Escalante in the movie, called the stamp unveiling and official issuance "a monumental moment," adding that it is exactly what the country needs at this moment.
Olmos makes his remarks during the dedication of a Forever stamp in Escalante's honor. "It gives us a sense of who we are, a sense of dignity, of fortitude. I don't know one president, one pope, one engineer, one sports giant, one astronaut, that could have done it without a teacher. If it wasn't for teachers, none of us would be where we are today. God bless Jaime Escalante and God bless the United States Postal Service."
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With Generous Support from Verizon, App Links Users with Immigration, Civic Engagement, and Economic Empowerment Resources WASHINGTON, D.C. –Today, the League of United Latin American Citizens unveiled its new Oportunidad mobile app at the 87th Annual LULAC National Convention and Exposition. The app will bring critical civil rights resources to mobile devices across the country. “LULAC brings its 87 years of civil rights advocacy into the digital era with the Oportunidad app,” said LULAC National Executive Director Brent Wilkes. “With such high levels of smart phone usage in the Latino community, this app will be critical to bringing important legal resources and civil rights information to Latino communities in one easily accessible centralized place. We are thankful to the generous support of the Verizon Foundation and the partnership with the Immigration Advocates Network and Pro Bono Net for making this app a reality.” Users will gain access to important civil rights information on immigration, civic engagement, and economic empowerment issues from their mobile device or tablet. In addition, users will be able to register to vote, access budgeting information and fraud protection resources, learn how to enroll in health insurance, and locate local immigration services via the app’s ‘Find Help’ feature. "The development of the Oportunidad app highlights Verizon's passion for helping communities leverage technology to address real world concerns,” said Emilio Gonzalez, Executive Director of Strategic Alliances, Verizon. “This innovative and comprehensive app allows Latinos across the United States access to vital resources that foster civic engagement, connect them to quality healthcare and help simplify the complex immigration process. We proudly affirm our position as a trusted partner and resource for the Latino community, and look forward to helping expand the role of technology in improving communities nationwide." |
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| According to the Pew Research Center, Latinos are much more dependent on smart phones for internet access than their White counterparts and typically use their mobile devices to access important resources on a more frequent basis. The app’s ‘Find Help’ feature allows users to access their nearest LULAC council or a network of pro bono legal help providers through Pro Bono Net and the Immigration Advocates Network through inputting their zip code or enabling the app’s geolocation feature. | ||
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| "The development of the Oportunidad app highlights Verizon's passion for helping communities leverage technology to address real world concerns,” said Emilio Gonzalez, Executive Director of Strategic Alliances,
Verizon. “This innovative and comprehensive app allows Latinos across the United States access to vital resources that foster civic engagement, connect them to quality healthcare and help simplify the complex immigration process. We proudly affirm our position as a trusted partner and resource for the Latino community, and look forward to helping expand the role of technology in improving communities nationwide." According to the Pew Research Center, Latinos are much more dependent on smart phones for internet access than their White counterparts and typically use their mobile devices to access important resources on a more frequent basis. The app’s ‘Find Help’ feature allows users to access their nearest LULAC council or a network of pro bono legal help providers through Pro Bono Net and the Immigration Advocates Network through inputting their zip code or enabling the app’s geolocation feature. “We are pleased to work with LULAC to offer easily-accessible information for immigrants and the Latino community,” said Matthew Burnett, Director of the Immigration Advocates Network (IAN). “Creating the Oportunidad mobile app aligns with our mission to improve access to justice for immigrants through strategic collaboration and innovative technology.” Oportunidad is available for IOS and Android devices and is fully compatible for mobile devices and tablets. |
“We are pleased to work with LULAC to offer easily-accessible information for immigrants and the Latino community,” said Matthew Burnett, Director of the Immigration Advocates Network (IAN). “Creating the Oportunidad mobile app aligns with our mission to improve access to justice for immigrants through strategic collaboration and innovative technology.”
Oportunidad is available for IOS and Android devices and is fully compatible for mobile devices and tablets. The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) is the nation’s largest and oldest civil rights volunteer-based organization that empowers Hispanic Americans and builds strong Latino communities. Headquartered in Washington, DC, with over 1,000 councils around the United States and Puerto Rico, LULAC’s programs, services and advocacy address the most important issues for Latinos, meeting critical needs of today and the future. For more information, visit www.LULAC.org. About Verizon Communications Inc. Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE, Nasdaq: VZ), headquartered in New York City, generated revenues of nearly $132 billion in 2015. Verizon operates America’s most reliable wireless network, with 112.6 million retail connections nationwide. The company also provides communications and entertainment services over America’s most advanced fiber-optic network, and delivers integrated business solutions to customers worldwide. LULAC National Office, 1133 19th Street NW, Suite 1000 Washington DC 20036, (202) 833-6130, (202) 833-6135 FAX |
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July 25, 2016 WASHINGTON, D.C. –A year ago, the Texas Department of Health and Human Services attempted to deny birth certificates to children of undocumented immigrants born in the U.S. as a deterrent for future undocumented immigration. In response, LULAC filed an amicus brief in the lawsuit and condemned the act as part of an anti-immigrant effort focused on denying U.S. citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants born in the United States. Today, the State of Texas settled the lawsuit in favor of Texas’s immigrant families and will once again issue birth certificates to all U.S.-born children. In response, LULAC National President Roger C Rocha, Jr. issued the following statement: “A year ago, we condemned the actions of the Texas Department of Health and Human Services as a cynical attempt by the state to deny an individual his/her rights guaranteed under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Today’s settlement is a turning point for immigrant families in Texas. Facing pressure by the civil rights community through the pending lawsuit, the state of Texas has finally agreed to comply with the U.S. Constitution by providing birth certificates to the children of undocumented immigrants born in the U.S. This action clears the way for these children to have access to education, health and other child related services. In addition, immigrant families no longer have to worry that their U.S.-born children will be subject to deportation. LULAC will continue its work to protect the dignity of all individuals residing in our country–regardless of legal status.” |
The Leave campaign of 1776 reverberates to this dayBy Jeff Jacoby,
Published
July 4, 2016 |
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Great
Britain's vote last month to exit the European Union has been
widely described as the country's most
consequential decision in decades. But its significance is
paltry compared to that of history's original
"Leave" resolution, the 240th anniversary of which
Americans commemorate this Fourth of July.
The
unanimous vote in the Second Continental Congress, which
affirmed that "these united colonies are and of right
ought to be free and independent states ... absolved from all
allegiance to the British Crown," was the most
far-reaching political event of the 18th century. John Adams, writing
from Philadelphia to his wife Abigail, called the vote not
just "the greatest decision . . . which ever was debated
in America," but possibly the greatest that ever
"was or will be decided among men."
And
yet, for the longest time, sentiment in the American colonies
strongly favored "Remain." Even after the Boston
Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, even after Parliament had
enacted Lord North's detested Intolerable
Acts, countless Americans still craved a peaceful
compromise with London. It was a sentiment their leaders
expressed repeatedly. In a
published message to "friends and
fellow-subjects" in Ireland, for example, the Continental
Congress gave its assurance that "America still
remembered her duty to her sovereign" and, "though
insulted and abused," continued to "wish for
reconciliation." Despite being "charged with
rebellion, [we] will cheerfully bleed in defense of our
Sovereign in a righteous cause," the statement averred.
"What more can we say? What more can we offer?"
As
Pauline Maier showed in American
Scripture, her acclaimed 1997 study of the making of the
Declaration of Independence, many of the most radical Founders
clung to the hope that America might remain in the empire. As
late as August 1775, four months after Lexington and Concord,
Thomas Jefferson could still write to a correspondent
"that he sincerely wished for reunion and 'would rather
be in dependence on Great Britain, properly limited, than on
any nation on earth, or than on no nation.' " What the
Americans objected to was not the authority of the king —
many, like Benjamin Franklin, had been devoted royalists —
but the authority of a Parliament in which they had no voice
or vote.
By
the start of 1776, however, hope of reconciliation was gone.
King George had (falsely) proclaimed the colonies to be in
"open and avowed rebellion," and demanded "the
most decisive exertions" to crush them. He signed into
law a "Prohibitory Act" banning trade with the
Americans, and declaring open season on American ports and
ships.
In
a New Year's Day attack, British troops bombarded
and burned Norfolk, Va. Soon after came word that
thousands of additional troops were crossing the Atlantic to
quell colonial resistance. Americans had been raised to think
of themselves as Englishmen and to revere the English king.
Now it was becoming clear that they'd been clinging to a
delusion.
In
January 1776, with superb timing, Thomas Paine published
"Common
Sense." It was a scorching denunciation of the
"royal brute" in London, and it appeared just as
Americans were coming to grips with the realization that they
could no longer profess loyalty to an empire that had rejected
them.
"Common
Sense" was a runaway bestseller. It sold more than
150,000 copies — astonishing in a country with a
population of just 2.5 million. It was "greedily bought
up and read by all ranks of people," marveled Josiah
Bartlett, a congressional delegate from New Hampshire. Paine's
manifesto was a ferocious attack not just on England's abusive
treatment of the colonies, but on the very idea of monarchy
itself. He mocked the "farcical" notion that
Americans, being largely of English descent, must remain under
English rule. William the Conqueror had been a Frenchman, he
pointed out, and "half the peers of England" were of
French descent. Did it therefore follow that England must be
governed by France?
"Everything
that is right or natural pleads for separation," Paine
argued. "The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of
nature cries, 'Tis
time to part. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath
placed England and America, is a strong and natural proof,
that the authority of the one over the other was never the
design of Heaven."
He
was making more than a political point. Paine was urging
Americans to fight for independence not only because George
III and Parliament had betrayed them, but because they were no
longer Britons. America's people had evolved into a new
nation, and that new nation was entitled, by the very
"design of Heaven," to sovereignty and self-rule. A
few months later, that idea would be enshrined in the opening
words of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists had
become "one people," and it had become necessary for
that people to sever its ties to England and become a wholly
independent power” to claim "the separate and equal
station" in the world that it deserved. And who had
authorized American independence? Not English ministers or
foreign diplomats, but "the laws of Nature and of
Nature's God."
In
the Declaration, Congress laid out America's case to "a
candid world," because Americans wanted to show "a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind." But respect
for world opinion did not imply a willingness to submit to it.
The colonies weren't asking for their independence. They were
asserting it. They had made up their minds to leave. No longer
could anything induce them to remain.
"We
have it in our power to begin the world over again," Paine
had written. "A race of men, perhaps as numerous as
all Europe contains, are to receive their portion of
freedom." Americans were the first nation in history to
declare independence, replacing rule by a king with rule by
consent of the governed. It was a transformation that
permanently altered the course of human events. Long after
"Brexit" has been forgotten, the events of 1776 will
still be reverberating.
Sent by Odell Harwell odell.harwell74@att.net |
| It appears that after
240 years, the United States is ready for another upheaval. Both
parties are challenging their elite political leaders who refuse to
listen to the voice of the people. The powers that be have
set up a system which benefits those that are "in" . . . . and
renders its citizen populous powerless. During the last two elections, email were circulating demanding that our elected officials be required to follow the same rules as all citizens. Laws should apply evenly to everyone, regardless of position. Unfortunately, the move to force our elected officials to live by our same laws, received no support from the media, and seemed to have faded away. Perhaps the anti-establishment sentiments during this election will bring in just and even-handed treatment. No American citizen should be above the law, nor treated unjustly, under the law. ~ Mimi |
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Judge Richard Posner speaking at Harvard University. |
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Seventh Circuit Judge Richard Posner sees “absolutely no value” in studying the U.S. Constitution because “eighteenth-century guys” couldn’t have possibly foreseen the culture and technology of today. In a recent op-ed for Slate, Judge Posner, a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, argued that the original Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the post–Civil War amendments “do not speak to today.” |
“I see absolutely no value to a judge of spending decades, years, months, weeks, day, hours, minutes, or seconds studying the Constitution, the history of its enactment, its amendments, and its implementation (across the centuries — well, just a little more than two centuries, and of course less for many of the amendments),” he wrote. “Eighteenth-century guys, however smart, could not foresee the culture, technology, etc., of the 21st century. | |
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Sisters become doctors, lawyers
after childhood of farm labor |
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“As you discover what strength you can draw from your
community in this world from which it stands apart, |
Five sisters grew up picking grapes in Selma fields. All graduated from college, although parents didn’t go to school Compassion of farmworker parents inspires them to help others An old family photo of the sisters with their parents, Rafael Corona Villagomez and Liduvina Gomez de Corona. The sisters, from left: Karina and Guadalupe (front row), Leticia and Luz (middle row), and Maria Sofia. |
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One scorching summer day in Selma, 8-year-old Leticia Corona Gómez asked her mother why their family had to toil in the fields all summer – work that began before dawn and lasted all day, all week, and often, all weekend – for a mere 17 cents per bucket of grapes.
The answer that followed would stay with her and her sisters. “She said, ‘That’s why you have to get an education,” recalls Leticia’s older sister, Luz Corona Gómez, “so you don’t work in the dirt like us.’ ” I THINK MY MOM SAW THE DESPAIR IN MY SISTER’S EYES AND SHE WANTED SOMETHING BETTER FOR US. Luz Corona Gomez Twenty years later, Liduvina Corona Gómez and Rafael Corona Villagómez’s five daughters are now college graduates with impressive careers, including a doctor and lawyer who graduated from UC Berkeley and UCLA. |
Luz says their
parents raised them to help others. “It’s not about just one person,
but everyone succeeding and reaching back and helping the next person,”
Luz says. “I think that’s why all my sisters and I were able to get
degrees.” Empowered and empowering Luz, 30, graduated from UCLA’s medical school earlier this month and is a doctor in residency in Santa Clara, working in obstetrics and gynecology. She was recognized by the American Medical Association and Gold Humanism Honor Society for helping minorities and the poor, and wants to eventually return to the central San Joaquin Valley to do public health work. The eldest of the sisters, Maria Sofia Corona-Alamillo, is an immigration attorney in Los Angeles who graduated from law school at UC Berkeley. The 33-year-old primarily represents children in removal proceedings in the United States without a parent or guardian. |
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She went to law school to help people use the law to “defend themselves vs. being crushed by it.”
“I came of age sadly at the time of post-9/11,” Maria Sofia says, “and there were rampant constitutional violations happening around that time – and now – and a stigma around immigrants.” Leticia Corona Gómez, 28, is the community advocacy director for Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability in Fresno. She earned a master’s degree in international relations from the University of San Diego, and has also worked for The International Foundation, the Whitaker Peace & Development Initiative and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). “We need to invest overall in the most neglected neighborhoods if we want progress and justice,” Leticia says. “I took that as my motivation. … We grew up in that era where there were lots of gangs in our neighborhood, but our parents, and each other, kept us grounded.” |
WE SHOULD WANT TO HELP EACH OTHER OUT. THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS VERY BASIC IN OUR FAMILY, THIS CONCEPT OF CAMARADERIE AND REALLY LOOKING OUT FOR EVERYONE. Luz Corona Gomez |
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The youngest, Karina Corona Gómez, 26, and Guadalupe Corona Gómez, 23, work for Doctors Academy at UCSF Fresno Latino Center for Medical Education and Research, which aims to get more students into health professional careers. Karina received an undergraduate degree in molecular environmental biology from UC Berkeley, and Guadalupe received an undergrad in psychobiology from UCLA. They are considering medical and/or law school. Maria Sofia helped set the bar high. |
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After asking staff at her high school lots of questions about scholarship opportunities and financial aid, she was the first in her family to send college applications and get accepted into a number of universities, including UC schools. “I was so clueless,” Maria Sofia says. “I had no idea. I found out everything the hard way.” She chose Fresno State for her undergraduate degree in history and philosophy, where she also learned a lot about community organizing and immigrants’ rights. When Luz was a senior, Maria Sofia insisted her sister aim high. A week before college applications were due, the young women scrambled to get Luz’s application ready for UCLA. She got in. The sisters continue to help each other. “I’m super proud of what they accomplished,” Maria Sofia says, “but the thing I’m most proud of is their perspective and their dedication to helping others. They inspire me.” |
Resilient workers The sisters’ accomplishments are even more remarkable when you take into account that their father never went to school, and their mother has a first-grade education. Rafael and Liduvina grew up working in farm labor in a rural Mexican village where they had little to eat and there was no running water, electricity or paved roads. They came to the Valley after they were married to give their future children opportunities they never had. It was a grueling journey. Rafael came first and got lost in the desert while walking the long miles north. Firebaugh field manager shares his Mexican inspirations Sano Farms field manager Jesse Sanchez, 63, of Fresno, describes harvests in Mexico with his family. Sanchez recently won recognition from the White House for his contributions to the farming operation in Firebaugh. SILVIA FLORES sflores@fresnobee.com |
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Their daughters were able to stay in school, but they helped pick crops in Selma and other Valley cities during the summers. Leticia recalls how there were no portable bathrooms or shade canopies for relief from the blistering sun when they worked together in the 1990s, before legislation was passed that helped provide better conditions for farmworkers. It was “dehumanizing” for more reasons than the grueling physical work, or the dirt that filled their nostrils and covered their bodies, becoming mud with the sweat that soaked their clothes, along with the pungent smell of grape vines. It was also the “way the greater society saw the work and treated our parents,” Maria Sofia says. |
AT THE END OF THE DAY, WE ARE IN THE SAME BOAT. … IF NOTHING ELSE, I HOPE PEOPLE WILL REFLECT ON THAT. Maria Sofia Corona A. |
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“There were definitely some supervisors and farm owners who were more respectful,” Maria Sofia says, “but then there were others that were not – that screamed at people and mistreated them.” At the same time, Luz recalls, “I remember how resilient the workers were and really, people doing anything they could to provide for their families.” Through it all, their daughters’ education remained a priority. |
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During each school year, Liduvina would walk from the fields, since the family didn’t own a car, to all of her daughters’ school functions and parent-teacher conferences – no matter the miles. Liduvina now works in a packing house, where she encourages other young women to stay in school and go to college. “She’s known as the mother of everyone,” Luz says. “She treats everyone like that. She’s very nurturing. She just has that sense of wanting to take care of everyone.” Rafael is also a role model. “I don’t think I’ve ever heard my dad say one bad thing about a person,” Luz says. “He’s very much: ‘You don’t know someone’s experience, you shouldn’t judge them.’ He very much instilled this concept of love for each other. … He’s so in tune with others. He’ll be the first to offer if he sees someone might need something.” ‘If they are unwelcome, what am I?’ |
Rafael and Liduvina only recently became U.S. citizens, although Maria Sofia says her parents believe in the American Dream, “at least in the theory of it,” more than a lot of people born in the United States. “I honestly think they had no clue back in the day (how to become citizens),” Maria Sofia says. “I don’t think they knew they could, or how.” Communication was a barrier, since they only speak Spanish. Their eldest daughters learned English in elementary school. And although the sisters have always been citizens, having been born in the United States, they didn’t understand this until they were much older. The fear of deportation hovered over the family like a dark cloud. “Being their daughter, you see yourself as an extension of that,” Maria Sofia says. “If they are unwelcome, what am I? If they are not American, what am I?” |
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YOU ONLY UNDERSTAND SOMEONE IS POINTING AT YOU AND SAYING YOU DON’T BELONG.
~
Maria Sofia Corona A.
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WE NEED REMINDERS THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF GOOD PEOPLE, AND WE SHOULD EMBRACE EACH OTHER AND NOT FIND THINGS THAT DIVIDE US. ~ Luz Corona Gomez | |
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But thanks to the support of their parents, teachers, coaches and other compassionate community members, hurtful words and fears never kept them from achieving their dreams. The sisters worry for the future of Mexican American children today, growing up in the midst of a presidential election season with “demonizing” rhetoric against Mexicans and immigrants. “I would ask people, ‘Don’t forget that creating barriers, creating walls, is not the solution, and will never be the solution,’” Luz says. “I think once people are willing to be more accepting, everyone does better.” |
The family is opening their arms to yet another girl in September. Maria Sofia is pregnant. She and her husband say their daughter will be named “Emiliana.” They want Emiliana to be proud of her family’s history that is “rooted in the humble beginnings of her grandparents.” They hope she grows up feeling “more resolved in her identity, with a sense of conviction to help others.” “Our daughter will be more privileged than us, for sure,” Maria Sofia says, “and we hope she uses it for good.” Carmen George: 559-441-6386, @CarmenGeorge |
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Sent by Howard Shorr hjshorr@gmail.com
and Dorinda Moreno
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Both
Tom Saenz and Refugio Sanchez are members of the SHHAR Board of
Directors. |
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Tom
is a retired teacher and Administrator from the Orange Unified
School District with extensive experience in working with
immigrants from many countries. He
will also incorporate some of his life time personal
experiences. Refugio
is a retired electrician from Orange Unified and the son of a
Bracero and with many personal and family experiences to share.
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Oscar
Rodriguez, Jr. is a decorated Air Force veteran who has delivered a patriotic
flag-folding speech over 100 times at civic and military events. In March 2016,
a retiring service member asked Rodriguez to deliver the flag-folding speech at
his retirement ceremony, to be held at Travis Air Force Base in Sacramento.
Rodriguez agreed, but when he began the speech, uniformed Airmen assaulted him,
physically dragged him out of the ceremony, and kicked him off the military base
because the speech included the word “God.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wo9mQoPVsM |
 Honorable José Rodríguez, Texas Senator |
TAMACC is excited to announce Senator José Rodríguez José Rodríguez was elected in 2010 to represent Texas Senate District 29 (SD 29), which includes the counties of El Paso, Hudspeth, Culberson, Jeff Davis, and Presidio. He represents both urban and rural constituencies, and more than 350 miles of the Texas-Mexico border. |
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Prior to his election to the Texas Senate, Sen. Rodríguez
served as the El Paso County Attorney for 17 years, where he
established an unparalleled record of achievement, improving public
safety, enhancing legal services to protect vulnerable citizens,
promoting education, increasing County revenues and funding for jobs
and economic development, and strengthening community health and
environmental quality.
That level of service to his community continues today as a member of the Texas State Senate. Sen. Rodríguez is a staunch advocate for those in need. He has proven himself an effective voice for SD 29, passing more than 150 bills during his three sessions in the Texas Senate. |
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| This includes legislation
addressing education, health care, economic development, renewable
energy, criminal justice reform, public safety and the courts, ethics
and government transparency, and veterans. Of note, Sen. Rodríguez
passed legislation transforming the Texas Tech University Health
Sciences Center at El Paso from a branch of the Lubbock-based health
sciences center to an independent, standalone university component of
the Texas Tech University System as well as a series of bills to address
cheating and accountability in standardized testing in our schools. His hard work and tenacity on the Senate floor have gained him numerous accolades, including being named "Freshman MVP" by Capitol Inside, "Legislative Hero" by Texas Access to Justice Foundation, "Best of Senate" by the Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas, "Advocate of the Year, Elected Official" by the Texas Association for Education of Young Children, "Texas Women's Health Champion" by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, "Champion of Equality" by Equality Texas, "Legislator of the Year" by the Family Law Foundation, "Senate Legislator of the Year" by Texas Nurse Practitioners, and the "2015 TABE Joe J. Bernal Community Service Honoree" by the Texas Association for Bilingual Education. |
Sen. Rodríguez currently
serves as the Chairman of the Texas Senate Democratic Caucus (SDC), and
as a member of the Senate Committees on Education, Health & Human
Services, Nominations, Veteran Affairs & Military Installations, and
Agriculture, Water & Rural Affairs. Prior to leading the SDC, he
served as the Chairman of the Texas Senate Hispanic Caucus for nearly
two years. That level of service to his community continues today as a member of the Texas State Senate. Sen. Rodríguez is a staunch advocate for those in need. He has proven himself an effective voice for SD 29, passing more than 150 bills during his three sessions in the Texas Senate. This includes legislation addressing education, health care, economic development, renewable energy, criminal justice reform, public safety and the courts, ethics and government transparency, and veterans. Of note, Sen. Rodríguez passed legislation transforming the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso from a branch of the Lubbock-based health sciences center to an independent, standalone university component of the Texas Tech University System as well as a series of bills to address cheating and accountability in standardized testing in our schools. |
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| His hard work and tenacity on
the Senate floor have gained him numerous accolades, including being
named "Freshman MVP" by Capitol Inside, "Legislative
Hero" by Texas Access to Justice Foundation, "Best of
Senate" by the Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas,
"Advocate of the Year, Elected Official" by the Texas
Association for Education of Young Children, "Texas Women's Health
Champion" by the American Congress of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists, "Champion of Equality" by Equality Texas,
"Legislator of the Year" by the Family Law Foundation,
"Senate Legislator of the Year" by Texas Nurse Practitioners,
and the "2015 TABE Joe J. Bernal Community Service Honoree" by
the Texas Association for Bilingual Education. Sen. Rodríguez currently serves as the Chairman of the Texas Senate Democratic Caucus (SDC), and as a member of the Senate Committees on Education, Health & Human Services, Nominations, Veteran Affairs & Military Installations, and Agriculture, Water & Rural Affairs. Prior to leading the SDC, he served as the Chairman of the Texas Senate Hispanic Caucus for nearly two years. |
In addition, Sen. Rodríguez
serves as one of only five U.S. Presidential appointees on the 10-member
Board of Directors of the Border Environment Cooperation
Commission-North American Development Bank (BECC-NADB), which has
distributed $2.6 billion in loans and grants for over 200 BECC-certified
infrastructure projects on both sides of the border. He is also a long-time member of the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) Board of Directors; and the current Chairman of the Border Legislative Conference (BLC), which is a joint program of the Council of State Governments (CSG) West and its regional partner in the South, the Southern Legislative Conference (SLC), and comprised of legislators from the 10 American and Mexican states bordering the U.S.-Mexico border. The son of migrant farm workers, Sen. Rodríguez was born in Alice, Texas. From an early age, he worked in fields throughout the country to help support a family of nine. The first in his family to attend college, he received his undergraduate degree from Pan American University in 1971 and his law degree from the National Law Center at George Washington University in 1974. Since 1983, Sen. Rodríguez and his family have made their home in El Paso, where they have been deeply involved in civic, economic development, and human rights activities. |
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“This is me at 21 years old. This is the day I graduated from the Detroit police academy at 4:00pm, went home and took a two hour nap, woke up at 9:30 that night and reported to my first tour of duty at the 12th Precinct for midnight shift. Look at that smile on my face. I couldn’t have been more excited, more proud. Armed with my dad’s badge that he wore for 25 years on my chest, one of my mom’s sergeant stripe patches in my pocket, my lucky $2.00 bill tucked into my bulletproof vest, a gun I was barely old enough to purchase bullets for on my hip and enough naive courage for a small army, I headed out the door…my mom snapped this photo on my way. The next 17 years would bring plenty of shed blood, black eyes, torn ligaments, stab wounds, stitches, funerals, a head injury, permanent and irreparable nerve damage, 5 ruptured discs, some charming PTSD and depression issues and a whole lot of heartache. They brought missed Christmases with my family, my absence from friends’ birthday get togethers, pricey concert tickets that were forfeited at the last minute because of a late call and many sleepless nights. I’ve laid in wet grass on the freeway for three hours watching a team of burglars and orchestrating their apprehension, I’ve dodged gunfire while running down a dark alley in the middle of the night chasing a shooting suspect, I’ve argued with women who were too scared to leave their abusive husbands until they realized they had to or they would end up dead. I’ve peeled a dead, burned baby from the front of my uniform shirt, I’ve felt the pride of putting handcuffs on a serial rapist and I’ve cried on the chest of and kissed the cheek of my dead friend, coworker and academy classmate even though it was covered in his own dried blood and didn’t even look like him from all the bullet holes. I know what a bullet sounds like when it’s whizzing past your ear, a few inches away, I know what the sound of a Mother’s shrilling scream is like when she finds out her son has been killed in the middle of the street and I know what it’s like to have to tell a wife and mother of 3 that her husband was killed in a car accident while on his way home from work. Smells, pictures, sounds and sights are burned and ingrained into our minds…things we can never forget, no matter how hard we try; things that haunt our sleep at night and our thoughts during the day; things that we volunteered to deal with so that you don’t have to. Things I don’t want my sister, little cousins or YOU to even have to KNOW about. I never once went to work thinking, “I’m gonna beat someone tonight.”; “Hmmm…I think I’m gonna kill someone tonight.” I DID, however, go to work every night, knowing that I was going to do the best I could to keep good people safe, even if that meant that I died doing so. We ALL need to start being more understanding and compassionate toward one another. Violence doesn’t cure violence and hate doesn’t cure hate. I’ve seen and experienced both sides of the spectrum since I left the PD and I get it. I truly do. But this all has to stop. Are cops perfect? No. Are there bad cops? Yes. But please…understand that the vast majority of police are good, loving, well intentioned family people. They have husbands and wives and children and parents and pets and cousins and mortgages and electric bills and lawns that need cutting, just like you. They have hearts and consciences. They aren’t robots, they’re not machines and they just want to help keep the wolves away from the sheep. I KNOW there’s people who don’t deserve to wear the badge but they’re SO VERY few and far between. It breaks my heart to see all this hatred and anger flying around. All it’s doing is encouraging more of the same. If you’ve read this far, thank you for listening. I’m not gonna sit here and tell you that if you hate or don’t support one side or the other, to unfriend me and never speak to me again…I hope those are the people who come straight TO me. Because I’ll be more than happy to hug you and pray or meditate with you. I’ll be more than happy to listen to your concerns and let you vent and empathize with your feelings. But then I’ll encourage you to help me find a solution to end all this nonsense because if we’re not part of the solution, we’re part of the problem. Love to all of you. ALL OF YOU. We’re all SO much better than this.” ?? http://thedailyheadline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/6688.jpg (Source: Merri McGregor / Facebook ) Now, more than ever, people are becoming separated by hate and persecution. By spreading her words of wisdom, this officer hopes that people can begin to cooperate instead of fight, and unite rather than segregate. We are all just people–after all. |
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SPAR,
the Spanish Presence in Americas Roots |
| SPAR, the Spanish
Presence in Americas Roots, is promoting an awareness and perspective on
the importance of the Spanish colonial horse in the development of the
Americas and the world. The SPAR committee welcomes your involvement. We support one another's efforts to promote that vision with a monthly hour-long conference call, the last Friday of the month, noon California time. In this issue, enjoy eight horse-related articles, four under Heritage Projects and four under California. Thanks to retired educator, Gilberto Quesada who has
prepared an extensive bibliography on the topic included in this
issue: Click |
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Honored
visit to Rancho del Sueno by well known vaqueros,
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These
voices of the life and times of the early establishing of Legendary
ranchos must be honored and saved to preserve California’s history and
the cultural development of our beginnings here in the west. For brief bio’s of these gentlemen,
click - Ray Ordway, click - Buddy Montes. Robin
Collins, Rancho del Sueno Sanctuary, |
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The
importance of the Wilbur-Cruce Horses
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It isn’t just in the eye, for I
have looked into the eye of many a good horse, it isn’t just the
conformation, for I understand conformation for purpose, pulling,
racing, dressage, show-jumping, polo, and eventing, all these
disciplines require a certain type of horse, one built both mentally and
physically for the job. But the Wilbur-Cruce, this was a
horse of which I had never before encountered.
I first met Robin Keller and
Francisco at a barbeque on the side of the road in Los Olivos,
California. Francisco was milling with the people, wandering about,
looking for all the world like Oscar Wilde. He gazed with such intent at
his surroundings as if to say, ”Good
for them to put a party on for me.” My heart melted. I was looking into
the eyes of a very intelligent horse. One whose ancestry clearly shone
out. A type of horse I had never seen before. A noble head, fine
chiseled, a roman nose, but refined not thick or heavy. His coat colour
reminded me of the paintings of long ago of Spanish horses in the courts
of 16th century monarchies. I
recall wandering around the castle of Alexis Wrangle in Sweden, north of
Stockholm and seeing paintings of the very same horse. His head has
intelligence; it is fine but strong, full of honesty. His coat colour
unlike any I have seen before, a skewbald technically, but I have never
seen such a rich chestnut, flecked, mottled, no clear definition between
the white and the rich chestnut. I spent the next day at the Lompoc
mission. We met Robin opened a horsebox and out walked a calm serene
Francisco, free not tied up. He just stood as if for all the world he
was a human being. He waited patiently as we scrabbled for our equipment
and then we set off for the Mission to do a photo shoot. Imagine my
amazement when whatever I asked for he stood or moved or looked gazing
into the distance. He was saddled with a replica saddle made by Joe
MacCummings. The days
shooting produced some of the most amazing photographs I have ever had
the privilege to take. Francisco
was a star. What I learned
from Francisco and Robin is that breeding is everything. Selection of
type for purpose will after many years hone the character, strength and
type of horse for a purpose. The Thoroughbred bred for racing, the
Suffolk Punch for hauling great heavy loads from heavy clay Suffolk
soil. The Cleveland Bay for
lighter farm work, and so we go on. Adaptation for a discipline,
provides us with an animal’s highly perfected for its job. These
horses carried their riders through bog and jungle, across desert and
into rivers; they had courage, strength, loyalty and a deep affection
for the men they carried. Robin was as close to Francisco as any human
could be to another specie. The herd was blood typed and
according to Gus Cothran and Dr. Phil Sponenberg they have a surprising
purity. Dr. Sponenberg says.”
These horses represent a unique strain in colonial Spanish Horses, a
breed that figures importantly in Hispanic and American history, and
worldwide conservation.” If you look up ‘The Spanish
Colonial Horse’ in the International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, by
Bonny Hendricks, the first things you will notice is that their status
is ‘RARE’. What Bonny tells us is paramount. The horses existed in a
small herd for over a century in southern Arizona. Dr. Ruben Wilbur, a
physician came west in the 1800’s. He purchased a ranch married a
Mexican woman and purchased a twenty-six head of Spanish horses from
Juan Sepulveda of Magdalena, Mexico. 1000 of these horses were destined
for Kansas City, however they were all sold before he left New Mexico. The importance of this blood is that
horses from Magdelena are traceable back to Father Eusebio Kino who in
the late 1600’s and early 1700’s provided his Indian workers with
domestic stock. The stock was a collection of types chosen by the astute
Father Kino clearly understood the importance of selective breeding.
Dr. Wilbur due to circumstances beyond his control became the
first Indian agent at the Mission of San Xavier del Bac south of Tucson.
In 1884 the horses passed to his son and in 1933 upon the death of the
son to his daughter Eva Wilbur-Cruce. The purity of the herd was
verified by Eva Wilbur-Cruce and documented in her book ‘Beautiful
Cruel Country’. In 1990 the Wilbur-Cruce ranch was purchased by the
Nature Conservancy. When that was in turn handed over the United States
Fish and Wildlife Services, the Wilbur-Cruce horses were ordered off the
land. Thanks to the intervention of Dr. Philip Sponenberg and
cooperation of Mrs. Eva Wilbur-Cruce, the sixty mares and stallions were
placed in three groups, including with Robin in California. Dr. Gus Cothran writes, “Robin
has played the primary role in the preservation of these horses up to
now. If it wasn’t for her dedication and effort there is little doubt
that this strain of horses would have been lost.” These horses are now critically
endangered. Two years of drought have caused many problems. Help is
needed. Robin has been fighting a battle against the elements for too
long now. Saving this rare gene pool is in the final moment. The importance of them is their
subtly correct conformation for horses of this type. They are the
ancestral to the horses we know today as Andalusians. Their perfection
in both conformation and character makes them unique and very special.
Their ancestors can be seen in paintings in Europe. These horses must be preserved, not
just for their purity but also for their intelligence, conformation and
if for nothing else to prove that breeding carefully for selective
qualities is the only way to go. We
spend far too much money breeding bad horses to more bad horse,
certainly in the UK. The result is a disaster, we have ugly unsound
horses with dodgy characters and poorly adapted for work. I see them all
the time. Francisco and his relatives are
proved horses through hundreds years of trial and error, the survival of
the fittest, we should honor them and keep them pure. Caroline Baldock 2015 Since the time that Caroline first
met Francisco there have been generations of Francisco’s and other WC
colts and fillies born and developed to bear out Caroline’s educated
opinion. Now beyond the
original blood work taken in 1990 on the foundation Wilbur-Cruce stock
we have new DNA test findings that date the Wilbur-Cruce horses
genetically not only to the horses brought by the Spanish during their
vast period of global exploration, but to the original types of horses
that developed all the horses in Iberia.
These early breeds include ancient
horses such as: Caspian, Turkoman, Akhal Teke, Andalusian, Lipizzaner,
Criollo, Galiceno , Garrano, Mangalarga, Mangalarga Marchador, Peruvian
Paso, Puerto Rican Paso Fino, Venezuelan Criollo & Colombian Paso
Fino. All of this DNA is
found in the Wilbur-Cruce horses identifying them as diverse and old
world Spanish horses as Dr. Sponenberg, Dr. Cothran and Caroline Baldock
have stated “a type of horse once thought GONE forever”.
A TREASURE TROVE OF EQUINE GENETICS. Once lost, lost again…these
Spanish horses can NEVER be duplicated…
It is essential to do everything possible to preserve these RARE
horses…The treasure the Spanish left behind…
With the footstep of man
follows the hoofprint of the horse…Changing the world forever. There
will be an article next month explaining more fully the impact Spain and
their Spanish horses made around the world… For
any further information on the new DNA tests and findings or about the
Wilbur-Cruce horses please contact: Robin Lea Collins Web:
www.ranchodelsueno.com
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ANCESTRAL EQUINE DNA REPORT
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The Spanish equine connection during
Spain's period of exploration
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Hugh Bishop, Farrier since 1989 Speaks |
I have worked on many various breeds of horses in the last 23 years, from miniture to drafts and everything in between. That being said; the Wilbur Cruce Spanish Colonial Horses stand out above all the rest. I was shoeing some high level jumping warm bloods and thorobreds at a stable near Monterey, Ca. In 1991. That was where I first saw the Spanish horses. It was like going back in time to see the conformation, color patterns, and temperament of this band of mares and stallions. With that encounter began a relationship with these horses that has lasted for 21 years. As a farrier, the first thing I look at is the feet then the rest of the horses conformation. These horses are built to last. In 2000 Rose Parade, I shod 7 horses at Griffith Park. They were in the parade right behind a float that was a noisy funny car dragster with all the sound effects of a drag strip. No problem! They went the distance without so much as a side glance. Any living history or educational venue is enhanced by their presence in period tack. For example in Los Angeles there was an educational exposition called Kid City sponsored by LA Times at Exposition Park with over 65000 innercity children in attendance. We had the privilege to show horses, tack and blacksmith techniques to children that had never seen a live horse up close and personal. The nailing on of horseshoes was especially facinating. At the Flying O Ranch in O'neals, Ca. Two of the stallions were filmed in a historical film for the Discovery Channel. Other documentary film has been shot in Monterey, Ca. accurately depicting the horse's influence in early California. The Santa Barbara, Ca. Fiesta days has been a living history event along with San Francisco, Ca. Precidio - Mission Dolores event. Just recently in August 2012 the Carmel Mission living history event was a success with the interaction of the horses and period tack with the public. The potential for improving existing breeds by the old Spanish blood is exciting to contemplate. I am still active working with the band that of 50+ in number. When I am asked "don't you ever get kicked, working on horses?" I have to honestly say, " not with the Spanish Wilbur Cruce, I have been hurt many times over the last 23 years, but never but never by these classic horses." Any effort to keep these horses intact, healthy, and flourishing would be a gallant gesture for them and for the generations to come. Hugh Bishop-----Farrier / Horseman
For donations to Rancho del Sueno Horse Sanctuary,
please to gofundme.
https://www.gofundme.com/endangeredhorses
or directly to www.ranchodelsueno.com
Please put on all your social media network the URL for gofundme and www.ranchodelsueno.com
For every dollar given a dollar will be matched up to
$1500.00. It is up to our Hispanic community and friends to keep our
Spanish Iberian horses as living and breathing Hispanic Historical
History.
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Summer is upon us. It's time to fire up the barbeque, hit the beach, and catch up on historic preservation legislation making its way through Congress. The 114th Congress is currently considering three pieces of legislation that Latinos in Heritage Conservation is closely following: H.R. 2817 National Historic Preservation Amendments Act of 2015, H.R. 3711 Chicano Park Preservation Act, and H.R. 4882 Cesar Chavez National Historical Park Act. |
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| H.R. 2817, the National Historic Preservation Amendments Act of 2015, would permanently reauthorize the federal Historic Preservation Fund (HPF). This is critical funding that helps State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPOs) upgrade their documentation and preservation efforts including the Underrepresented Community Grants, which are vital to the work preservationists around the country are doing to expand our understanding of our nation's diverse history. |
In FY2015, the HPF funded, among other projects,
the City of San Francisco Civil Rights Project to prepare
National Register nominations and a citywide inventory for properties
associated with the advancement of civil rights for African-American,
Asian-American, Latino American, LGBTQ populations, and women, and the
New York City Casitas Survey and Nomination Project to
complete a survey of New York City's Puerto Rican casitas
with a model traditional cultural property nomination for one site.
The National Park Service is currently accepting applications for FY
2016, and the deadline to apply is July 15, 2016. Click
to learn more.
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H.R. 2817 is sponsored by Rep. Michael Turner
(R-OH-10), and the bill currently has bipartisan support from 61
co-sponsors, including Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-AZ-3). Click here
to read Rep. Grijalva's January 2016 blog post in support of the bill,
entitled "To ensure social justice, reauthorize the Historic
Preservation Fund."
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H.R. 3711, The Chicano Park Preservation
Act, would direct the Department of the Interior to conduct a
resource study of Chicano Park and its murals in San Diego,
California. The study would evaluate the site for inclusion in the
National Park System. Chicano Park was listed in the National Register
of Historic Places in 2013, and a nomination to designate the site as
a National Historic Landmark (NHL) is on its way to the National Park
Service Advisory Board for its consideration. LHC executive committee
member Josephine Talamantez authored the original National Register
nomination and has been working with Manny Galaviz (co-author of the
NHL nomination) and the National Park Service throughout the NHL
designation process.
The site of a peaceful protest against community
displacement in 1970, Chicano Park is closely tied to the history of
the Chicano civil rights movement and is home to one of the nation's
largest public displays of Chicano murals. H.R. 3711 is sponsored by
Rep. Juan Vargas (D-CA-51), and currently has 22 co-sponsors,
including many members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.
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H.R. 4882 is a bill to establish the César
Chávez National Historical Park in California and Arizona.
The proposed historical park is a critical step in the recognition of
the contributions of César Chávez and the farm worker movement to
the history of the United States. It would include an American Farm
Worker Movement Interpretive Route and encompass Forty Acres and the
Filipino Community Hall (Delano, CA), César E. Chávez National
Monument (Keene, CA), McDonnell Hall (San José, CA), and the Santa
Rita Center (Phoenix, AZ). We are proud to note that LHC executive
committee member Dr. Ray Rast, who co-chairs our advocacy committee,
was the historical consultant for the César Chávez Special Resource
Study that preceded and informed this bill.
We encourage you to contact your representatives
to let them know your position on H.R. 2817, H.R. 3711, and H.R. 4882.
Congress is set to adjourn for summer on July 15th and will return to
session on September 6th, but you can contact their offices anytime.
Don't know who your Congressional representatives are? Find out here.
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| SAVE THE DATE: FALL REUNIÓN Latinos in Heritage Conservation will hold it's second national convening November 18-19th in Houston, TX. Our Reunión will follow the National Trust for Historic Preservation's PastForward 2016 conference, and we encourage LHC members who are attending PastForward to stay an extra day to join us. Registration will open in late August. More information coming soon!Sponsorship opportunities are available. Please contact latinoheritageconservation@gmail.com Sincerely, Laura Dominguez and Desiree M. Smith LHC Co-Chairs latinoheritageconservation@gmail.com |
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Historical Images, 9,046 photos
McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 The Tejano Connection to the American Revolution by Dan Arellano On This Day: July 7th, 1891 New Port of Velasco Opened |
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| Archive of photos, at least 20 years old,
but the photos go back to some of the earliest black and white
photos. These unidentified Union soldiers holding cigars for each other,
is black and white, circa 1861 photo which has been colorized. |
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| Sent by Dorinda Moreno pueblosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com | ||
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McCARRAN-WALTER ACT OF 1952 |
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Here's an interesting historic fact that would seem to indicate that many, if not most, of the people we elect to go to Washington don't have the slightest idea of what laws already exist. It's been law for over 60 years. Isn't this interesting! |
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| It seems that the selective immigration ban is already law and
has been applied on several occasions. Known as the McCarran-Walter Act,
the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 allows for the suspension of entry or imposition of restrictions
by president. Whenever the president finds that the entry of aliens or of any class of aliens into the United
States would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, the president may, by proclamation, and for such
period as he shall deem necessary, suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens as immigrants or non-immigrants or impose on the entry of aliens any restrictions he may deem to be appropriate. |
The act was utilized by Jimmy Carter, no less, in 1979 to keep Iranians out of the United States, but he actually did more. He made all Iranian students already here check in, and then he deported a bunch. Seven thousand were found in violation of their visas, 15,000 Iranians were forced to leave the United States in 1979. It is of note that the act requires that an applicant for immigration must be of good moral character and "attached to the principles of the Constitution". Since the Quran forbids Muslims to swear allegiance to the U.S. Constitution, technically, all Muslims should be refused immigration. |
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| Authenticated
at: http://library.uwb.edu/static/USimmigration/1952_immigration_and_nationality_act.html Sent by Oscar Ramirez osramirez@sbcglobal.net |
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| If the State Board of
Education refuses to teach the history of our Tejano ancestors we must
do it ourselves. the following is one of those history
lessons. We have all heard of the catttle drives out of Texas over the famous Chisolm and Good Night Trails and how American cowboys created the ranching industry in Texas; however nothing could be further from the truth. The first cattle drives out of Texas were over El Camino Real de las tierras de afuera that headed east and not north. In 1779 the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, whom Galveston is named after, receives a dispatch from General George Washington requesting aid and assistance. The Tejano Community would respond by donating 1659 pesos to aid the English Colonials in their war for independence. Galvez, who had been in Texas as a young lieutenant knew where there was an abundance of cattle and horses; on Tejano ranches in South Texas. In order to feed the troops Galvez sends an emissary, Francisco Garcia with a letter to the governor of Texas, Domingo Cabello requesting and formally authorizing the first official cattle drive out of Texas. |
Instrumental in obtaining
these large number of cattle was Fray Pedro Ramirez de Arellano
president of all the Texas Missions. Ten to fifteen thousand Longhorns
were rounded up and driven to Louisiana and further north in groups of
one thousand or so. Many of these drovers were Spanish Soldiers, Tejano
Rancheros, Tejano Vaqueros and Mission Indians. Records show that many
of these drovers remained to fight in the army of Galvez. Galvez, in essence would open a third front defeating the British along
the Missiissippi River and along the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to
Florida during the American Revolution. Under the command of Galvez were
troops and ships from Mexico. one of his top officers was Major General
Geronimo Giron, a direct descendant of Monctdezuma. For too long our Spanish, Indegenous, and Tejano History has been concealed, excluded and often out right distorted as we have become foreigners in our native lands. The Battle of Medina Historical Society will continue to write the true history of Tejas and the contributions of our ancestors to the development of this great nation. Dan Arellano Author/Historian |
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https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kd4YIYp2CIw Sent by madilon2@sbcglobal.net Land Grant Heirs by 27 Ch 19 Laredo, TX - YouTube |
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ON THIS DAY: July 7th, 1891 |
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| July 7th, 1891 -- New port of Velasco officially opens On this day in 1891, the U.S. secretary of the treasury officially opened the new port of Velasco near the site of Old Velasco, on the Brazos River a few miles upstream from the Gulf of Mexico. The former town, one of the oldest communities in Texas, saw its heyday between the early Anglo settlement of Texas and the Civil War. The first Austin colonists landed there in 1821. Velasco was important during its early days as the site of the battle of Velasco, as a temporary capital of the Republic of Texas, and as the place where Santa Anna signed the treaties that ended the Texas Revolution. But the old town, subsequently a resort, declined after the Civil War and was mostly blown away by a hurricane in 1875. |
The new town of Velasco was laid out in 1891 and promoted throughout the Midwest. With its new deepwater port, it flourished--complete with railroad connections, two weekly newspapers, a lively shipping industry, and a population that reached 3,000--until another hurricane, the catastrophic Galveston Hurricane of 1900, wiped the place out again. Afterward, recovery was slow and uncertain until diversion of the Brazos River and the formation of a tidal estuary deep enough to accommodate large vessels in the old river channel gave life to both Velasco and the new town of Freeport. The two towns were incorporated under the name Freeport in 1957, when the population of Velasco was about 4,000. The Velasco post office became Velasco Station. |
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Francisco O. Chapa October 10, 1922 ~ June 30, 2016 (age 93) |
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Francisco O. Chapa, Community Activist October
10, 1922 ~ June 30, 2016 (age 93) |
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Mr. Chapa was born in Sinton, Texas on October 10,
1922. He should be remembered for his exemplary service to his nation,
his family, his community and to his God.
Mr. Chapa answered his nation's call to duty with
service in the United States Army during World War II, during which he
participated in the Allied D-Day landings at Normandy and fought under
General George Patton at the Battle of the Bulge. He received several
commendations for his actions, including the Good Conduct Medal, the
World War II Victory Medal, the American Theater Ribbon, the
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Ribbon with Silver Star
Device, and the Purple Heart with one Oak Leaf Cluster. After
concluding his military service in 1947, Mr. Chapa returned home on
February 27, 1949. He married his wife Virginia. Together they raised
six children, and had numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
Mr. Chapa was a longtime civil service employee at
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas. After retiring from that
position he worked at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Dedicated to the ideal of equality in education, Mr. Chapa worked
with Dr. Hector Garcia and the American G.I. Forum to bring a
discrimination lawsuit against the school district serving the cities
of Sinton and Odem. The case, Chapa v. Odem Independent School
District, was decided in Mr. Chapa's favor in 1967; this development
was crucial in bringing equality and uniting the community of Odem.
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His work will long be treasured by his loved ones and all who knew
this admirable man from Odem, Texas. Anyone who had the opportunity to
hear one of Francisco Chapa's many stories is enlightened and truly
blessed to have learned humility and the struggle for what is right by
this humble man.
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His commitment to the greater good and his bravery both in military combat and in the American struggle for civil rights are commendable examples of how Frank Chapa has set a standard for future generations. |
He is symbolic of the American Dream and his legacy should not be forgotten but rather learned from by generations succeeding his time here on Earth. God bless you Frank Chapa and thank you for everything you have given everyone. Rest peacefully in heaven with your wife of 66 years, Virginia; your siblings; your granddaughter, Valerie Garcia; and son-in-law, Alan Torres. Survivors include sons: Frank Chapa, Jr. of Odem, Texas and Diego (Millie) Chapa of Victoria, Texas; daughters: Lydia (Augustine) Romero of Portland, Texas; Lynda Chapa Torres and Lottie (Jesse Falcon) Chapa, all of Odem, Texas; Mindy (Ignacio) Trevino of Corpus Christi, Texas; brother: Benito (Mary Lou) Chapa of Aurora, Illinois; sisters: Leonor Garcia, Mary Cruz (Jessie) Corona and Eva Garcia, all of Houston, Texas; Alicia (Ray) Sanchez of Odem, Texas; 11 grandchildren and 5 great-grandchildren. |
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Frank's guestbook is available online at www.resthavenfunerals.com Sent by Ruben Chapa thechapas@yahoo.com |
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Ana Maria G. Hernandez, 72, entered into eternal rest Saturday, July 16, 2016 surrounded by her family. Ana Maria was born on April 17, 1944 in Laredo, Texas. She graduated from Martin High School in 1962. Ana Maria dedicated 37 years of her life as an employee to Laredo Independent School District and served proudly as secretary to the principal of Martin High School Col. Roberto J. Flores for 20 years. She was a social columnist for Laredo Morning Times her column was known as “Ana’s Breeze” where she covered numerous social events. She served as LULAC Youth Director for District 14 & LULAC Youth Director for Chapter 7. She was involved in many activities throughout her life. In 2014, Ana Maria was honored as a Martin High Tiger Legend. She was a devoted mother, loving sister, caring aunt, and loyal friend. She was the BEST. She valued education and instilled her love of learning to her children. She loved to travel, and had a great appreciation for life. She lent a helping hand to anyone in need. Ana Maria will be remembered by all whose lives she touched. She is preceded in death by her parents, Marin Gonzalez and Aurora A. Gonzalez; sisters, Maria Socorro Rouse and Emma De Luna; nephew, John Guerra. She is survived by her children, Jose Fidel (Diana) Hernandez, Jr. and Geanna Marie (Ceasar) Botello; grandson, Brandon Botello; father of her children, Jose Fidel (Trine) Hernandez, Sr.; sisters, Dora Castellar, Alicia (Agustin) Gamez, Maria Luisa (Jose Luis) Cancino, Beatriz G. (Daniel) Rodriguez, Maria Antonieta Guerra and numerous nieces and nephews. To everyone she will be “Once a Tiger, Always a Tiger,” but to us she will always be “Mami. |
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Coolest picture WWII to Present |
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Hi! Maybe it’s because my dad came from a line of Army men, but I’ve always been interested in learning about the military. The procedures, tools, uniforms, vehicles, not to mention its fascinating history — I’m fascinated by it all!. My work at EducatorLabs gives me the exciting opportunity to not only learn about all kinds of subjects, but to share my knowledge with others. I’ve been putting together a list of interesting military resources on all kinds of topics, and I thought they might be a good fit for your site. Would you be interested in sharing them, maybe here: http://www.somosprimos.com/toc2.htm? How Did 12 Million Letters Reach WWI Soldiers Each Week? Women
Nurses Throughout War History How
the U.S. Military’s Uniforms Have Changed Over the Past 250 Years Female
Veterans and Drug Addiction: 15 Ways to Support Their Ongoing Battle War
Animals From Horses to Glowworms: 7 Incredible Facts How an American Soldier Eats in Iraq I hope you find these worthy of posting on your site and that your audience enjoys them as much as I did! Thanks,
Kathleen
Carter
k.carter@educatorlabs.org | http://educatorlabs.org/ 2054 Kildaire Farm Road | #204 | Cary, NC | 27518
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As far as patriotic songs go, “God Bless the USA” is right up there with the best and most well-known of them all. As Lee Greenwood tells The Boot, he’d wanted to write such a song for quite some time — and he finally did in the early 1980s.
Below are a couple of links of the song being sung by the composer, Lee Greenwood, once in 1985 and 2001. God Bless the U.S.A. sung by Lee Greenwood |
If tomorrow all the things were gone I worked for all my life And I had to start again With just my children and my wife I thank my lucky stars To be living here today 'Cause the flag still stands for freedom And they can't take that away And I'm proud to be an American Where at least I know I'm free And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I'd gladly stand up next to you And defend Her still today 'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God Bless the U.S.A.
From the lakes of Minnesota |
From Detroit down to Houston And New York to L.A. Where's pride in every American heart And it's time we stand and say That I'm proud to be an American Where at least I know I'm free And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I'd gladly stand up next to you And defend Her still today 'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God Bless the U.S.A. And I'm proud to be an American Where at least I know I'm free And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I'd gladly stand up next to you And defend Her still today 'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God Bless the U.S.A. |
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Granaderos y Damas de Galvez 32nd Annual Fourth of July Patriotic Ceremony Overview of the Second Anza Expedition 1775-76, Los Californianos Celebran participación hispana en la historia de EU |
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On
Monday, July 4th, the Order of Granaderos y Damas de Gálvez
A
Musket Detail offered a “Salute To The Thirteen Colonies” by firing a
musket after the name of each colony was announced in the order it joined
the union. After all thirteen
individual musket salutes were offered, one collective volley was
presented with all of the muskets firing at once as a salute to all fifty
states.
Keynote
Speaker Judge Edward F. Butler, Sr. provided words of wisdom and
historical perspective to the reasons why we celebrate the fourth of July.
He left us with a quote from President Jimmy Carter, “" Governor
Joe Perez called for retiring of the colors exactly one hour after the
program started. Based on the
feedback received after the ceremony, the audience was pleased with the
punctuality of starting and ending the ceremony on time and amazed with
all of the exciting action that occurred in between. Sent
by Joe Perez jperez329@satx.rr.com
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| Sent by Eddie Grijalva
edwardgrijalva6020@comcast.net |
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En la Casa de España hay una copia del primer tratado internacional que firmó Estados Unidos y que fue con España. Se firmó el 27 de octubre de 1795. |
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“Tenemos una foto que es la réplica de la pintura en honor a Bernardo
de Gálvez, que recientemente nombró Obama como Ciudadano Honorario, la
pintura original está colgada en la sala de la Comisión de Relaciones
Exteriores del Senado, en el Capitolio en Washington DC”. La Casa de España cuenta también con fotografías y libros de los
uniformes de los soldados españoles, así como reproducciones históricas
de fusiles o bayonetas de la época, o mapas de Estados Unidos en 1783
donde se puede ver que tres cuartas partes del territorio era la Nueva
España, lo que hoy es México. “Contamos con documentos del apoyo financiero que brindó España con créditos
a Francia. Porque la flota francesa, bajo el mando del conde de Grasse
no fue capaz de pagar a marineros y soldados, por lo que España brindó
los fondos necesarios para pagarles. La mayoría de la gente piensa que
la Revolución se libró solo en las colonias, en Boston y Nueva York,
pero también se ganó en el río Mississippi y el Golfo con una batalla
decisiva en Pensacola dirigida por Bernardo de Gálvez y 7500 soldados
españoles”, agregó. |
Benayas resaltó la importancia de que la comunidad descubra esta parte de
la historia que pocos conocen. “Esto nos debe de llenar de orgullo porque sin los hispanos no se
hubiera ganado esta guerra”, dijo. El presidente de la Casa de España se enorgulleció de la participación
latina en la Independencia. “Creo que si las personas se enteran de la
ayuda que todos los hispanos de antes (cubanos, puertorriqueños,
mexicanos, dominicanos, de Latinoamérica, etc.) aportaron a la
independencia de Estados Unidos, porque combatieron y derramaron sangre,
debemos de enfatizar nuestra herencia y lo que hicimos y hacemos por
este país”. Benayas añadió: “Debemos recordar que todos los países latinos eran
parte de las colonias españolas que apoyaron esta guerra de
independencia con sus propias vidas; los políticos tienen que reconocer
nuestro valor”, puntualizó.
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Celebran
participación By América Barceló Feldman June 30, 2016
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SAN
DIEGO- La Casa de España en San Diego, CA celebra la Independencia este 4
de julio concientizando a la comunidad sobre la participación hispana en la
historia de Estados Unidos. “Estamos invitando a la comunidad a que venga a celebrar la
independencia americana en el Parque Balboa aportando datos importantes sobre la
participación hispana en la guerra de independencia”, dijo Jesús Benayas,
presidente de la Casa de España. El titular de la comunidad española en San Diego mencionó que “la
gente se puede preguntar ‘¿Por qué la Casa de España celebra la
Independencia de Estados Unidos?, bueno es porque la mayoría de la gente no
sabe que sin la ayuda de España durante la Guerra de la Independencia, George
Washington y los padres de la revolución estadounidense no habrían podido
derrotar a Gran Bretaña”, enfatizó Benayas. De acuerdo a
Benayas, acudir a la Casa de España para esta celebración
es encontrar parte de la historia de este país que la gente desconoce porque no
se menciona en la historia. |
“En la casita tendremos libros, fotos y cartas de la participación de
España en la Guerra de Independencia, y la razón porque la ayuda se hizo en
secreto”. Benayas dijo que en la casita hay documentos que muestran que
Washington sabía que sin la ayuda de España no podía ganar. “Contamos con
la copia de la carta de Thomas Jefferson del 8 de noviembre de 1779, dando las
gracias a Bernardo de Gálvez y al rey de España y otros materiales”. Jesús Benayas dijo que en la casa se encuentra material que narra la
historia del primer dólar de Estados Unidos. “Pocos saben que el dinero que
circuló en las 13 colonias fue una peseta española que fue utilizada por 61 años”
indicó Benayas. En la Casa de España hay una copia del primer tratado internacional que
firmó Estados Unidos y que fue con España. Se firmó el 27 de octubre de 1795. Además de
eso, también cuentan con otros objetos históricos. |
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"Tenemos una foto que es la réplica de la pintura en honor a Bernardo
de Gálvez, que recientemente nombró Obama como Ciudadano Honorario, la pintura
original está colgada en la sala de la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores del
Senado, en el Capitolio en Washington DC”. La Casa de España cuenta también con fotografías y libros de los
uniformes de los soldados españoles, así como reproducciones históricas de
fusiles o bayonetas de la época, o mapas de Estados Unidos en 1783 donde se
puede ver que tres cuartas partes del territorio era la Nueva España, lo que
hoy es México. “Contamos con documentos del apoyo financiero que brindó España con créditos
a Francia. Porque la flota francesa, bajo el mando del conde de Grasse no fue
capaz de pagar a marineros y soldados, por lo que España brindó los fondos
necesarios para pagarles. La mayoría de la gente piensa que la Revolución se
libró solo en las colonias, en Boston y Nueva York, pero también se ganó en
el río Mississippi y el Golfo con una batalla decisiva en Pensacola dirigida
por Bernardo de Gálvez y 7500 soldados españoles”, agregó. Benayas resaltó la importancia de que la comunidad descubra esta parte de
la historia que pocos conocen. “Esto nos debe de llenar de orgullo porque sin los hispanos no se
hubiera ganado esta guerra”, dijo.
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El presidente de la Casa de España se enorgulleció de la participación
latina en la Independencia. “Creo que si las personas se enteran de la ayuda
que todos los hispanos de antes (cubanos, puertorriqueños, mexicanos,
dominicanos, de Latinoamérica, etc.) aportaron a la independencia de Estados
Unidos, porque combatieron y derramaron sangre, debemos de enfatizar nuestra
herencia y lo que hicimos y hacemos por este país”. Benayas añadió: “Debemos recordar que todos los países latinos eran
parte de las colonias españolas que apoyaron esta guerra de independencia con
sus propias vidas; los políticos tienen que reconocer nuestro valor”,
puntualizó. Los festejos de la Independencia en la Casa de España en la explanada de
las Casitas Internacionales de Balboa Park serán el domingo 3 y el lunes 4 de
julio. Contara con personificaciones de la independencia, música, comida y sesión
informática. Benayas cree de la importancia de indagar y conocer las raíces de cada
uno para que celebrar también sea una oportunidad para aprender. “Pedimos que toda la comunidad vengan con sus preguntas para conocer
sobre este importante hecho en la vida de Estados Unidos”, concluyó Benayas.
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La
celebración de la independencia de la Casa de España en San Diego en Balboa
Park contará con la participación de miembros del grupo Sons of the American
Revolution. — Howard Lipin (619)
615-3188, Facebook.com/houseofspainsd y/o houseofspainsd.com
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BAUTISTA from Italy to Los Angeles, and other parts of the
American West |
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July
9, 2016 La Mirada Regional Park, La Mirada, California
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Bautista - Nuñez Family
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The Bautista family originates in Villanueva, Zacatecas with
Juan Simon Bautista (b. 1795). Nearly 75 years and 2 generations later; Tiburcio Bautista I and Regina
Muro, become the parents of Tiburcio II (b. 1868). Tiburcio, later living in
the city of Zacatecas, marries Petra Ramirez, and they would have the following children; Rafael, Maria,
Marcelino, Juanita, and Bartola. In 1916 Tiburcio’s wife and two infant children died. The widowed father, to support his young family, worked in mines and other odd jobs. Within a year Tiburcio traveled to New Mexico (U.S.) looking for work, bringing his 10 year old son, Marcelino. Marcelino even attended elementary school in New Mexico. When work ended, they returned to Mexico, and both father and son (now a teenager), worked the mines. In 1930 Marcelino would marry Anastacia Nuñez and have the following children: Victoria, Henry, Andrea Petra, Modesta, Lupe, Esther, Mercy, Charlie, and Jess. In 1940 Marcelino applied for and was accepted towork in the Bracero program in the U.S. The program sought to bring workers into the U.S. during World War II. |
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Marcelino
R. Bautista and Anastacia Nuñez
Wedding June
7, 1930 |
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| Marcelino opted to work for the railroads
(and not in agriculture), however, that work would take him to Ohio, Kansas, and other states, and also force him to leave his wife and children behind. Marcelino, inspired by his sister Maria, who was now living in Los Angeles, and seeing that the U.S. was a country of better opportunities for him, moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s and began a 25 year career with the construction company of Sully-Miller. During this time he crisscrossed the two countries, working in one and visiting his family in the other. Finally, in the early 1950s and with the aide of his sister, Maria, he brought his wife and children to Los Angeles, California. His daughters; Victoria, Andrea Petra, and Lupe, now married, remained in Mexico. The eldest son, Henry, soon also worked along side Marcelino for Sully-Miller. At first, the family resided in the Watts area of Los Angeles. But by the mid-1960s, Marcelino and Anastacia purchased a home in Huntington Park, California. Here their children would grow, marry, and have children of their own. Anastacia, his wife of 48 years passed in 1978 and Marcelino Tiburcio Bautista II passed 11 years later in 1989. |
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Esther Bautista-Cerda, Carlos (Charlie) Bautista, Victoria Bautista-Sifuentes |
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| Mercy
Bautista-Olvera, Victoria Bautista-Sifuentes,
& Esther Bautista-Cerda |
Michael Olvera (Mercy’s son) connecting the ‘Dot’s’ to each Bautista’s family member |
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 Samuel (Rocky) Aguilar |
 Jose Angel Torres, Victoria’s Great-great-grandson and Great great-granddaughter Nancy Lizette Torres arriving |
 Lolo Gonzalez and brother-in-law Jess Gonzalez, (Jessenia’s husband) making delicious tacos |
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 Victoria Bautista-Sifuentes Family |
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Claudia Sifuentes-Torres and husband Javier Torres |
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Dora
Saavedra
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| Hector
Marin, Arturo Sifuentes with Aunt Mercy Bautista-Olvera |
Stephanie
Sifuentes, Jenny Sifuentes, Tasha Sifuentes with mom Martha
Barajas-Sifuentes (Arturo Sifuentes wife) |
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Second
row: Cynthia Sifuentes-Peralta, Stephanie Sifuentes, Jenny Sifuentes Third Row: Tasha Sifuentes, Claudia Sifuentes-Torres
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Andrea Petra Bautista-Marin
Family Daughter; Susanna Marin-Ortega, holding Brandon A. Canto, granddaughter Elizabeth Marin-Carrasco, Son; Roberto Marin Granddaughter Maribel Marin holding daughter Alexa B. Canto, Son; Joaquin Marin |
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Brothers
and sister; Roberto Marin, Rosalinda Marin |
 Daughter; Rosalinda Marin and her family: Left to right: Rose Gonzalez-Diaz, little girl standing Lyla Rae Diaz, Lolo Gonzalez holding niece Everly Rose Diaz, Jessenia Gonzalez, Rosalinda Marin, little boy Damian Martinez, Vanessa Gonzalez holding (Jenny Marin’s baby Nova Amri Aleman), Jerry Alvarez |
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 Sandra Marin, Julissa Gonzalez, Lupe Gonzalez, Jessenia Gonzalez and Laura Marin-Luevano |
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Andrea
Petra Bautista family from Texas and New Mexico: Friend Angel Madrid,
Nancy Marin with daughter Alina Irma, Jenny Marin and James Aleman with their daughter Nova Amri Aleman, and Aunt Mercy |
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Nancy
Marin, Aunt Mercy, Laura Marin-Luevano, Jenny Marin and baby Jenny Marin and beautiful baby Nova Amri Aleman |
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 Left to right: Jose Antonio Lujan, (Aunt Mercy) Maria Margarita Lujan-Melendez, Linda Concha-Lujan, Yolanda Lujan |
Maria
Margaita Lujan, Mercy Bautista-Olvera, |
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Lupe
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Esther
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Mercy Bautista-Olvera and
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Elizabeth Swartz, Mercy
Bautista-Olvera Lisa (Lisamarie) Martinez |
Daughter
and son; Lisa (Lisamarie) Martinez and Michael Olvera |
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Mercy Bautista-Olvera |
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Marcelino
R. Bautista and Anastacia Nunez Descendants, family came from Texas
and New Mexico |
 Standing: Victoria’s daughters and son Ofelia Sifuentes-Esparza, Teresa Sifuentes, sitting Arturo Sifuentes Standing in middle: Roberto Marin (Andrea Petra Bautista-Marin’ son) |
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First
row sitting: Jose Enrique Sifuentes, Ofelia Sifuentes-Esparza, Mercy
Bautista-Olvera, Esther Bautista-Cerda, Victoria Bautista-Sifuentes,
Teresa Sifuentes
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New Study Shows Mexico's Natives Didn't Mix Much |
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Though one country politically, the genetics of indigenous Mexicans shows that their ancestors were very distinct groups that mixed remarkably little. A study published today in Science found more genetic isolation than expected among these populations. "You can clearly differentiate each of the native American groups one from the other," said Carlos Bustamante, a professor of genetics at Stanford who led the research. It was "kind of surprising," he said, that this "plays out even though there's been 500 years of admixture, huge amounts of population growth, and lots of migration and movement." The study marks the first time that researchers looked at the genetic history of Mexico, taking samples from more than a thousand people representing 20 indigenous and 11 mestizo (a person of combined European and Native American descent) groups. The map they made from that data shows nine distinct groups—including Maya, Lacandon, Tojolabal, and Zapotec—with very little intermingling among them. The research helps better explain the settlement patterns of early Mexico and has medical implications for Mexicans and people of Mexican heritage, said Bustamante, who is also co-founding director of Stanford's Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics, whose team also included researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, and the National Institute of Genomic Medicine in Mexico. Tiny genetic changes can lead to medically relevant differences, putting some ethnic groups at more or less risk for different diseases. For instance, Bustamante and his team looked at a standard measure of lung function, in which "normal" is defined differently based on a person's ancestry. The diversity of Mexico's heritage showed up in the lung functions of the mestizo people Bustamante studied—those with both European and native heritage—some of whom would have been defined as diseased when they were actually healthy. "The fact that you have Maya versus northern Mexican ancestry actually impacted the measurements of lung function," Bustamante said. Mexican Americans, by contrast, generally have more of a mix of ancestry, he said, including indigenous Mexican, European, and a bit of African. But doctors need to be cautious, he said, about lumping people together based on a box they checked on a survey. The Mexican migration patterns are similar to ones all over the world, said Dr. Harry Ostrer, a professor of pathology, genetics, and pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx. A few people venture far away from their homes and settle in a new area where they are isolated from others, he said. The next generations intermarry and stay put, so any genetic mutations they carry spread through the group. "People lived very simple lives," he said. "There weren't cities. There was not necessarily a drive for migration to improve one's economic life." Bustamante said he was surprised to find that so many of these groups remained distinct, though. In Europe, he said, genetics show the waves of powerful invaders who took over vast swaths of land; in Mexico, by contrast, the indigenous groups retained their distinct territories—at least until the Europeans arrived. Comparing it to the United States, it would be as if you could take people from Massachusetts, North Carolina, and California, and they'd all be different from each other because of migration that happened centuries earlier, he said. Sent by Delia Gonzalez Huffman delia_huffman@yahoo.com
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FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH |
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SHHAR Celebrates 30 Years of Sharing by Viola Sadler Search Strategies for FamilySearch Historical Records Are you Missing Some of the Online Records at Family Search |
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Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research |
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In May 1986 four researchers looking for their ancestors from Mexico, south Texas, Spain, and Portugal found each other at an LDS Family History Center in Westminster. They decided to meet regularly and share what they had found. They shared their expertise; some were more experienced than others. They shared their resources. They shared their enthusiasm. The four were Raul Guerra, at the time employed by Douglas; Mimi Lozano, a retired educator; Tony Campos, a retired engineer; and Ophelia Marquez, who had already found her ancestors back to the 1600’s. By 1987 the four had founded and named the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research, better On Saturday, May 14, 2016, Mimi Lozano, who now serves as president
emerita of SHHAR, did a presentation at the FamilySearch Library in Orange, where she
reviewed the history of SHHAR and illustrated how the Web site http://www.somosprimos.com/
can be used as a research tool. Congratulations to SHHAR and to Somos Primos for 30 years of
SHHARing. |
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 Raul Guerra, Mimi Lozano, Tony Campos, and Ophelia Marquez met in Westminster and started the society. This photo was taken ten years ago, when SHHAR celebrated its 20th anniversary. |
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Kimberly Powell is a Genealogy Expert who sends out updates of
information, FREE: Sign
up here to get your own |
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California-Mexico Dreamers Study Abroad Program, Summer 2016 The pioneering spirit of El Ranch Unified School District |
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ALL 35 CALIFORNIA-MEXICO DREAMERS HAVE BEEN APPROVED TO TRAVEL-STUDY IN MEXICO NEXT WEEK ! The California-Mexico Studies Center (CMSC) is pleased to announce that all 35 DACA-mented students participating in our Summer 2016 California-Mexico Dreamers Study Abroad Program have been approved for Advance Parole, and will be participating in a unique 3-week language and cultural travel-study CSULB course in Mexico from July 26 to August 16, 2016. Upon arrival, the participating Dreamers will spend 3 days in Mexico City where they will be immersed in an intensive acculturation and assimilation program agenda which will prepare them culturally, emotionally and psychologically for their unique visit to their country of origin, Mexico. Subsequently, the participants will have the chance to travel independently on a family research project and visit their birthplace to reconnect with their families and roots of origin. After their independent travel, the Dreamers will proceed to Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico where they will immerse into a comprehensive language and cultural educational program at the Centro Tlahuica de Lenguas e Intercambio Cultural Institute (CETLALIC); which consists of historical, cultural, linguistic, and academic "cátedras" on social movements, the Mexican educational, economic and political systems, various museum and archeological visits, and a 10-day home-stay living experience with Mexican host families while attending classes at the CETLALIC Institute. The fundamental objective of the program is to replicate and promote a comprehensive Dreamers study abroad program model for other Colleges and Universities to implement and offer similar study abroad opporunities to their DACA-mented student population. In effort to comply with such objective, the CMSC selected applicants from various Colleges and Universities who have strong desire to give back to their community. For instance, the Summer 2016 California-Mexico Dreamers Study Abroad Program will have representation from 14 different colleges and universities from Northern, Central, and Southern California, including a social worker/counselor from Highland Park High School in Highland Park, Illinois. Moreover, it's important to note that the Summer 2016 California-Mexico Dreamers Program wouldn't have been possible without the support of both U.S. and Mexico foundations, institutions, and individuals. Therefore, the CMSC wants to give special thanks to The Juntos Podemos Foundation and IME-Becas, Mexico's Canciller Claudia Ruiz Masseiu, and Ambassador Carlos Sada, Consul General of Mexico in Los Angeles Carlos Garcia de Alba and Consul Adriana Argaiz, Congressman Alan Lowenthal and Field Deputy Irantzu Pujadas, Hermandad Mexicana, CETLALIC, and sponsorships made possible by CSULB President Jane C. Conoley, CSU Northridge Dream Center Director Dario Fernandez, L.A. Mission College President Monte Perez, University of La Verne's Daniel Loera, USC's professor Francisco Valero, former CSULB EOP Director David Sandoval, El Pollo Loco, and everyone who participated and donated to our Marco Antonio Firebaugh Dreamers Study Abroad Scholarship Fund. The CMSC appreciates the continuous effort and support to give more Dreamers the opportunity to not only broaden their horizons by studying abroad for the first time, but also, for giving them a once in a lifetime opportunity to reconnect with their roots and return to their country of origin. PROGRAM APPLICATIONS DEADLINE AND GUIDELINES: WINTER 2016 PROGRAM: Application deadline: August 31, 2016 Travel Dates: December 18, 2016 to January 15, 2017 Open to sponsored and/or Self-Paid participants HOW TO APPLY? Go to the Application Page to read full details and requirements and Download the application form, fill it out, and email it to: records@calmexcenter.org If you have any questions, please visit our Frequently Asked Questions Page (FAQ's) before you apply! WAYS TO HELP: Donate to our Marco Antonio Firebaugh Dreamers Study Abroad Scholarship Fund Help to secure corporate and business sponsors Host a fundraising event for the Marco Antonio Firebaugh Dreamers Study Abroad Scholarship Fund Become a co-sponsor of the Marco Antonio Firebaugh Dreamers Study Abroad Scholarship Fund Donate now to the MAF Dreamers Scholarship Fund from $25 to $2,500 (any amounts are welcomed) Sponsor a Dreamer's scholarship in your name for $2,500 LONG BEACH EDUCATOR WILL BE FIRST LATINO TO LEAD CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY COLLEGES Eloy Ortiz Oakley was named Monday as the new chancellor of California's community college system. He will become the 1st Latino chancellor of the 113-college system, which serves 2.1 million students and is the nation's largest Higher Education system... Website Latinos & Immig Reform Dreamers Advance Parole Media http://ui.constantcontact.com/d.jsp?m=1122576112933&p=oi California-Mexico Studies Center www.california-mexicocenter.org http://s.rs6.net/t?e=tVTpQFfdkro&c=1&r=1 http://s.rs6.net/t?e=tVTpQFfdkro&c=3&r=1 http://s.rs6.net/t?e=tVTpQFfdkro&c=5&r=1 http://myemail.constantcontact.com/35-Dreamers-will-study-abroad- and-reclaim-their-heritage.html?soid=1122576112933&aid=tVTpQFfdkro#fblike "El Magonista" Vol. 4 No. 27 July 19, 2016 California-Mexico Dreamers to Reclaim their Heritage The California-Mexico Studies Center Armando Vazquez-Ramos, President & CEO 1551 N. Studebaker Road, Long Beach, CA 90815 Phone: (562) 430-5541 Cell: (562) 972-0986 californiamexicocenter@gmail.com Website: www.california-mexicocenter.org Like us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter! |
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Latino Lens: U.S. Hispanic Drama Series Incubator
NALIP; Bringing Latino Content Creators to the Forefront by Francesca Duffy Viva El Mariachi |
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Early in 2016, NALIP announced a major incubation program, Latino Lens: U.S. Hispanic Drama Series Incubator, supported by Univision and Televisa in an effort to boost Latino diversity in Television. The incubator's aim is to develop fresh, innovative and creative content for Univision and Televisa platforms through the recruitment, mentorship, funding, development and advancement of Latino content creators and NALIP membership. NALIP conducted an internal search for talented, U.S.-based candidates that are U.S.-based bilingual (Spanish/English) NALIP members who have demonstrated an ability to craft fresh, authentic and original stories reflecting the social and cultural reality of the current U.S. Latino market and environment. Following individuals have been selected to participate 2016 Latino Lens U.S TV Hispanic Drama Series Incubator: |
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| Evette Vargas / Ricardo Reyes Joaquin Palma Tanya Leal-Soto Jorge Ramirez-Martinez Juan Martinez Vera |
Pili Valdez Sabrina Almeida Sebastian Badilla / Gonzalo Badilla Luis Horacio Pineda Ruth Livier Yelina de Leon |
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It’s coming close to that time of year when key players across the media and entertainment world will gather for the 33rd annual Walter Kaitz Foundation dinner, the most prestigious fundraising event in the cable industry. Every year the foundation recognizes organizations that demonstrate an unwavering commitment to diversity. This year, the honors go to the National Association of Latino Independent Producers
(NALIP) and A + E Networks. In anticipation of the event, we caught up with Axel Caballero, the executive director of
NALIP, to find out how the diversity advocate honoree is helping minorities in the business better navigate today’s changing media landscape. Under Caballero’s leadership in the past three years, NALIP has come a long way in its mission to reach and advance the professional interests of Latino content creators. NALIP, which has been around for 17 years, started as a gathering of creators and producers who saw the need to expand opportunities for Latino content creators in media. But over the years, as the media landscape went through drastic changes, it transformed into a professional development organization on top of an advocacy organization. And when Caballero took the helm in 2013, NALIP went through a full transformation. “While in the past we focused on mainly film and documentaries and access to those opportunities, we adjusted our focus to include TV components, cable access, technology and digital training,” said Caballero. NALIP’s leadership then restructured operations and program offerings to serve a wider membership and to appeal to the new media age. Even the logo changed from a film reel to a play button. |
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| Caballero relayed that he drew a lot of inspiration in bringing NALIP to where it is now from a previous project that he founded, called Cuéntame. Cuéntame was an online Latino community coalition geared toward empowering Latinos in various social issues. Realizing that Cuéntame was opening up a lot of conversations at the national level, Caballero wanted to bring that same sense of empowerment to the voices at
NALIP, and to focus on creating more pathways to funding and networking opportunities to help drive that empowerment among the membership. NALIP’s revamped mission is best seen through its “incubators,” a series of initiatives that allow Latino content creators to gather together, share their best work, network and receive training that take their careers to the next level. Today, the incubators, along with the array of mentorship programs, media summits and showcases hosted by NALIP and which bring together key players in the cable, media and entertainment worlds, have expanded the meaning of what being a producer means. “In this day and age, everyone is a content creator. You have writers, directors, YouTube folks,” said Caballero. Latino Lens is the media incubation program that contains specific tracks for Latino content creators, including film, digital, documentaries, TV, and technology arts. |
Caballero said that while the organization takes pride on promoting the diversity component in its mission, it’s also about showing its membership what is happening out there in the media landscape, and preparing them to compete and work within that framework. For example, the technology arts track is currently in development to include an emphasis on virtual reality, gaming and media mobile apps, and falls in line with where the media and entertainment industry is headed. In five years, Caballero hopes to see these new media projects fueling the careers and growth of NALIP’s membership. “As opposed to just NALIP being a springboard to opportunities, we want the organization in and of itself to be an opportunity,” he said. So far, NALIP’s offerings are paying off, as many members and participants go on to write for hit shows. And another testament to that success is Nickolas Duarte, a NALIP member, film writer and director, who signed a deal last year with Warner Bros. at one of NALIP’s events to develop original digital content. NALIP will be honored at the Kaitz dinner held in New York City during Diversity Week on September 21. To have that peer recognition, Caballero said, is incredibly important in moving forward: “It recognizes the hard work not only of the hundreds of individuals at NALIP, but also the hard work of our membership. Without them, there would be no NALIP.” check on ncta.com |
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¡Viva el Mariachi! |
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Thanks to the super awesome leadership efforts of Mr. Renato Ramirez, (Zapata & Webb Counties), sharing our long heritage in Texas and the Southwest
(Provincias Internas) continues through mariachi music at the university level. Please check out the UT Mariachi Band links below. It’s most important that you don’t forget to “Like” the pages. Equally, share them with your family and friends. We have a great story to tell and if we don’t do it ourselves, no one else is going to do it for us. ¡Viva el Mariachi! https://www.facebook.com/utmariachiparedes/ https://www.facebook.com/pages/UT-Austin-Longhorn-Mariachi-Camp/795806273795901?pnref=lhc Saludos, Joe López jlopez8182@satx.rr.com |
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Podcast: New Books in Latino Studies A Chicano in the White House: The Nixon No One Knew Paperback by Dr. Henry M. Ramirez The Newspapers of Uribeño, Zapata County, Texas by Gilberto Quezada Columbus: The Four Voyages by Laurence Bergreen |
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New Books in Latino Studies is
a podcast available on iTunes, Stitcher, RSS feed, and the website newbooksinlatinostudies.com.
The podcast seeks to raise the level of public discourse by
introducing serious authors to serious audiences. New Books in
Latino Studies does this by featuring hour-long conversations with
academics (and occasionally journalists and public intellectuals) that
have published recent book length projects in the field of Chicana/o
& Latina/o Studies. David-James
Gonzales is the host of New Books in Latino Studies and a
Doctoral Candidate in History at the University of Southern
California. He is a historian of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, Civil
Rights, and Latino Identity & Politics. DJ’s dissertation
examines the influence of Mexican American civic engagement and
political activism on the metropolitan development of Orange County,
CA from 1930 to 1965.
In this episode of New Books in Latino Studies, David-James speaks with Idelisse Malave author of Latino Stats: American Hispanics by the Numbers (New Press, 2015). In Latino Stats, Idelisse Malave and Esti Giordani have produced a concise and accessible one-stop resource of facts and figures that detail the multi-faceted demographics, characteristics, and experiences of the nation’s second largest ethno-racial group. Culling data from state and federal government sources, private sector surveys, non-profit reports, and reliable media outlets, Malave and Giordani depict the Latino experience in contemporary American life and make a compelling argument for the group’s central importance to the nation’s future. Covering topics ranging from immigration and the economy, to education, health, identity, pop culture, and criminal justice, Latino Stats challenges the stereotypes and simplistic assumptions that undergird so much of the popular discourse surrounding Latinos. Up-to-date and well organized, Latino Stats is a handy resource for academics, students, policy-makers, and the general public. Here's a link to the webpage
where the interview may be listened to for free:
_________________________
David-James Gonzales Doctoral Candidate in History | USC
Academic Advisor & Program
Coordinator | USC
Research Gateway Scholars
Host of New Books in Latino
Studies | New
Books Network
davidjag@usc.edu About me and my research Follow me on Twitter
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| A Chicano in the White House is the first book to tell the unknown story of President Richard M. Nixon and the Chicanos.
Nixon found us. He made us known and famous. Only Nixon or I could have written this book. He and I are the only ones who knew what visions we discussed and planned in the Oval Office. It is a disclosure of how his visionary actions brought an unknown, forgotten, and conquered raza into mainstream America. I present details of the first “exodus” through the 1920s of almost two million rural and illiterate, landless peasants from a feudal society to the Midwest and Southwest of the United States, where they established “little Mexico’s” called barrios. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 turned ugly after 1913 when the leaders of the Marxist Union named International Workers of the World, (I.W.W.) of Baltimore, Maryland, imposed a quasi-Stalinist regime and proceeded to persecute and attempt to eliminate the Catholic Church in Mexico. The atrocities against Catholics caused frightened flight on empty boxcars to “El Norte.” A Kirkus Review  |
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The Newspapers of Uribeño, Zapata County,
Texas |
Hello Mimi, During the beginning of the 21st century, Jo Emma published her book on the small community of Uribeño entitled, Uribeño: The Forgotten Town. This was one of over twenty books that she would publish on Zapata County. Years later, while we were conducting research on another of her books, in archival depositories in Austin and San Antonio, by accident and to our surprise, we made a very interesting discovery. We came across a dilapidated dusty manila folder that contained a collection of old newspapers from Zapata County. We didn't even know they existed. There were two weekly Spanish newspapers. The first one was called, "El Aldeano--Semanario Independiente," published in the town of Uribeño. The director is listed as Everardo Torres and the editor and owner is listed as Clemente G. González. Both of them started the newspaper in 1907. We found the following five copies: September 27, 1908; October 4, 1908; October 18, 1908; November 1, 1908; and December 13, 1908. On the upper left hand corner, in small print and in black ink, appears the name and date of the person who probably donated these copies. The name is "Leonardo Alegria, Zapata, Tex.," and with the exception of the first one whose date is "6/5/30," the other four are dated: "6/20/30." We had no idea that this small, poor laboring community, situated on the banks of the Río Grande, and with a population of 132, according to the 1910 U.S. Census, had a Spanish weekly newspaper! The following excerpt taken from Jo Emma's book best describes what life was like in Uribeño during this period: "However, the inhabitants found time to celebrate el Día de San Juan (June 24 marked the beginning of the calendar year when the vaqueros got paid). The men would dress in their Sunday best and ride around town on their horses, showcasing their horsemanship. The women would braid their hair with ribbons and flowers, and wore their best dresses. Later, everyone got together for a carne asada (barbecue). 'Every Sunday Clemente Gutiérrez would have sodas and little sandwiches for the children and all would gather around his vitrola to sing.' The priest would come to the home of Juan de Dios Gutiérrez family once a year where they held el canto (singing) during las posadas, a novena made in Mexican homes and churches on the nine nights preceding Christmas day ...Uribeño also had a cemetery, a schoolhouse, and a small grocery store. In 1908, a jacal owned by Marcial Ramírez was used as a schoolhouse.... Unfortunately, in 1954, the Falcon Reservoir rose high enough to inundate the town of Uribeño. All the century-old sandstone homes, which at one time had protected their ancestors from Indian attacks and other perils, were now totally submerged, and all in the name of progress." The newspaper "El Aldeano" was published every Sunday and 1,500 copies were printed. It sold for fifty Mexican cents on a quarterly basis, five Mexican cents per issue, and the annual subscription was two pesos. The agentes (agents/reporters) for the newspaper are as follows: José María B. Benavides San Ygnacio Ildefonso Ramírez El Lopeño Rafael Ramón El Ramireño (de arriba) José A. Garza Hebbronville Pedro Sillar Laredo Federico Flores Ojuelos Cruz C. Espinosa Río Grande City Reyes G. González Roma Eligio Garza Guerra, Texas (Starr County) Reading the advertisements provide a glimpse into the social, cultural, and economic history of Zapata County and the surrounding counties, but most importantly, they provide an insight into the commercial activities. The following advertisements are from Zapata County: Refugio Martínez González, "Propone en arrendamiento 2,000 acres de terreno abierto para Ganada Menores en los terrenos conocidos por de Dolores de José Vásquez Borrrego, San Ygnacio, Texas." Marcus Cuéllar, "Herrero y Cerrajero, Zapata, Texas." Macedonio Martínez y Felipe Espinosa, "Peluqueria y Gabinete de Música, Zapata, Texas." Juan D. Gutiérrez, "Expende Carne de Ganado, Zapata County." Juan V. Gutiérrez, "Peluquero, San Ygnacio, Texas." Clemente G. González, "Joyeria, Se Vende Un Fonografo Edison, Zapata & Uribeño." Narciso Vidaurri y Hno., "Agentes del afamado Trampa--Rifle, Corralitos, Zapata, Texas." Tiburcio Lozano, "Comerciante Ambulante, Zapata, Texas." *************************************************************************************** The following advertisements came from the surrounding counties: Reyes G. González, "Hotel Roma y Fonda La Union, Roma, Starr County." "Caballeriza y pasture para bestias. Asistencia para pasajeros, Roma, Texas." José A. Garza, "Comerciante en General De Toda Clase De Mercancias, Hebbronville, Texas." Refugio Alegria, "Peluquero, Bigfoot, Frio County, Texas." Jesús M. Martínez, "Acres de Venta, Los Sauces, Texas." León Martínez, "Comerciante, compra y venta de caballos, yeguas y mulas. Por mayor y menor, Precios convencionales. Hebbronville, Texas." ****************************************************************************************** The following advertisements came from Laredo, Texas: Julian M. Treviño, "Comerciante en Abarrotes, Por Mayor y Menor." Manuel C. García, "Comerciante en General por Mayor y Menor, Calle Lincoln 919, Esquina Sur del Mercado." Andres Bertani, "Comerciante, Calle de Iturbide No. 602." Fidel Cantú, "Comerciante y Fabricante de Calzado Mexicano, Calle de Hidalgo No. 908" Pilar García, "Comerciante por Mayor y Menor, Calle de Hidalgo 715." Romulo Peña, "Agente Viajero." Jesús Ma. García, "Abarrotes, Sombreros y Zapatos, Calle de Lincoln No. 519." Abrahan F. Peña, "Herrero, Carpintero y Carrocero, Calle de Hidalgo No. 906." García, Vela y Peña, "La Primavera, Popular Tienda de Ropa, Sombreros y Calzado." P.P. Leyendecker, "City Lumber Co., Maderas de todas clases." Pedro Sillar, "Sombreros de todas clases." Sánchez Hermanos, "Comerciantes, Calle de Hidalgo, No. 301." ****************************************************************************************** Other advertisements: Domingo Fernández, "Comerciante en General, Agente de los molinos, 'Moctezuma' para nixtamal, 104 Calle de Matamoros, San Antonio, Texas." Beebe Supply Co., "Una Máquina Parlante o Un Reflector Mágico Gratis- Una Oportunidad Para Ganar Dinero., 21 Park Row, New York, N.Y." ******************************************************************************************* General advertisements: "la Sordera Fonografo Edison Emulsión de Scott (La Cura de la Tuberculosis, La Anemia, Raquitismo y Escrofulosis Nueva Edición del Famoso Libro 'Guia de la Salud' American Walthem Sol Reloj (Tan Fijo Como El Sol) Una Máquina Parlante" ******************************************************************************************* And, reading the articles offer a glimpse into the social, cultural, and political history of not only Zapata County and Laredo, but also of the surrounding South Texas counties, and most importantly, of the events that were taking place in Mexico and the United States. The articles are very informative and elucidating, and I wish I had the time to translate all of them. However, I am including some examples to give you an idea of some of the topics: Under the section, "Enlace,"--"El día 10 del actual se verificó en Albercas, Texas el matrimonio del Señor Ignacio Sánchez y la Srita. María Dolores Uribe. Los jovenes son hijos, respectivamente de nuestros subscriptores D. Manuel Sánchez y D. José D. Uribe." Under the section, "Defunción,"--"El día 9 del presente á las 9 y 15 minutos de la tarde, falleció en San Ygnacio, Mex., la Sra. Alejandra M. Vda. de Martínez, á la avanzada edad de 86 años, 5 meses, 19 días. Enviamos á los deudos de la finada nuestra condolencia." "El Peligro Del Norte,"--Interesting point of view that the victory of newly elected President Taft was also a victory for imperialism. "Magon, Villarreal, y Rivera tratan de fugarse,"--Interesting article on Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio Villarreal, and Librado Rivera, who were to play a key role in the Plan de San Diego. "Cuestion, Politica Trascendental,"--Interesting article on the Presidency of General Don Porfirio Díaz. "Politica Republicana,"--Interesting article on Theodore Roosevelt and his successors. "Desgracia o Hecho Premeditado?,"--Discusses the shady side of the Zapata County officials and how they conduct business. In 1908 and 1915, A.P. Spohn was the Zapata County Judge and also the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The December 13, 1908 issue, being that it was close to Christmas, carried the following lengthy article, "Jesucristo," under the Variedades section. Usually under this section, the newspapers carried poems like, "Gotas," "A Morelos," "Nole me tangere...." "Zapatero...." and "A un Enemigo." These are some more topics: "Las Revoluciones en Centro-America" "Las Reformas Constitucionales" "Las Escuelas Mexicanas y La Instrucción Pública en el Condado de Zapata" "Lo que pasa en Zapata" "Noticias de Laredo, Tex." "El Eco Nacional" "La Libertad De Imprenta" "Moralidad Evangelica" "Escuela Mexicana De Instrucción Primaria En San Ygnacio" "La Justicia" "Cuidado con las Medicinas Perniciosas" "Las Elecciones(?) en Zapata" "Incendio En Orizaba" "Noticias Generales--Por Laredo, Mex." "Los ratones, causantes de la Pulmonia" The second Spanish newspaper in Zapata County that we found was named, "El Democrata--Semanario Independiente," and it was published every Monday in San Ygnacio, Texas. The first year of publication was 1915. One of the editions we found was dated September 13, 1915. The editor and publisher was Prof. A. Reina y Garcia. As with the first newspaper, the name of Leonardo Alegria and the date of 6/20/30 appears on the upper left hand corner in small print and in blank ink. The subscription rates were as follows: One Year=$1.00 Six Months=.60 Three Months=.40 Single Copy=.05 Back Issues=.10 During this period, San Ygnacio was the largest town in Zapata County, with a population of 1.033, according to the 1910 U.S. Census. Ten years later, however, the town of Zapata had surpassed San Ygnacio. Still, with 698 inhabitants, according to the 1920 U.S. Census, the latter had 42 farmers, 130 laborers, 4 clerks, 14 laundress, 1 public office, 3 barbers, 2 masons, 6 cooks, 6 merchants, 1 blacksmith, 1 engineer, 1 physician, 2 butchers, 1 carpenter, and 1 mechanic. According to Jo Emma's book, Along the Río Grande on the Vásquez Borrego Land Grant and the San Ygnacio Historical District, "San Ygnacio, considered the oldest inhabited town in the county,....It was settled in 1830 by residents from Guerrero, Tamaulipas, Mexico, under the leadership of Jesús Treviño,....In 1972, the town was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and a state historical marker commemorates the Treviño home. The historic district has thirty-six stone buildings..., many of which have been restored." The "El Democrata" does not have as many advertisements as the "El Aldeano,"and the ones it has are different from the latter. For example: Eduardo Cruz, "Las Dos Republicas, 1115 Iturbide Street, Laredo." E.V. Yzaguirre, "Pida Ud. Siempre Cerveza Royal, Es La Mejor En America, Laredo." Lic. Juan L. George. "Habla Inglés y Castellano, Laredo." Raúl Ornelas & Sons. "Panaderia El Gallo (Frente al Mercado), Laredo." Pedro Treviño y Cia. "Tienda de Abarrotes, Ventas Por Mayor y Menor, 920 Iturbide St., Laredo." Gregorio López, "Agencia de Publicaciones, Laredo." Doctor José de la R. Ramírez, De La Facultad De Mexico, "Proporciona consultas en la Botica Zúñiga, Horas De Consulta De 10 a 11 a.m. y de 5 a 6 p.m., Laredo." A.P. Ayala, "Suplica Botica De San Ygnacio." Delfino Lozano, "Comerciante En General, La única casa que admite el Papel moneda constitucionalista, San Ygnacio." Benavides Hermanos, "Comerciantes En Ropa, Calzado y Abarrotes, Hacemos transaciones mercantiles sobre compra y venta de Ganados, San Ygnacio." And these are some of the articles: "Civiles y Militares,"--Discusses an interesting case where a soldier from Fort McIntosh hired a chauffeur to ride a jitney (a small bus) all over Laredo and then refused to pay. He was arrested by the local police and jailed. The question was whether the civil authorities have jurisdiction over military men. "La Civilización y El Hierro" Since this edition was very close to the celebration of Mexican Independence, it had the following article: "A Hidalgo, Gloria A Su Nombre, Fe, Libertad, Derecho." "Sección Editorial, Dichos y Hechos" "Mentira de la Existencia Imitación--Plegaria Wilsoniana" Under the heading of the article, "Que Edad Tiene Ud?" You can guess another person's age in seven easy steps. Try it with your friends, neighbors, and strangers and have fun. Ask them to write on a piece of paper, but don't show it to you, the following: 1. the number of the month in which they were born (say 2 for February) 2. multiply that number by 2 (2x2=4) 3. add the number 5 (4+5=9) 4. multiply the result by 50 (9x50=450) 5. add their age (450 + 54=504) 6. subtract 365 (504-365=139) 7. add 115 (139+115=25 |
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BOOK REVIEW: ‘Columbus: The Four Voyages’ By Philip Kopper - Special to The Washington Times - - Friday, November 11, 2011 ANALYSIS/OPINION: COLUMBUS: THE FOUR VOYAGES By Laurence Bergreen Viking, $35, 423 pages To recall Samuel Eliot Morison’s generation-old writings about Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exploration is to summon up memories of arid and aristocratic history written with his signature hauteur. |
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Laurence Bergreen’s new book, refreshingly, is fluid in its style and comprehensive in its research. Richly illustrated and enhanced with maps that are as legible as they are relevant, “Columbus: The Four Voyages” is complex in its themes, intriguing in its substance and sparkling with surprises. The “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” in this new view, sailed west in search of gold and glory and more. Sure, he set out to find a short route to China, but he had a larger purpose, too.
As Columbus’ son wrote, “In matters of religion he was so strict that for fasting and saying all the canonical offices he might have been taken for a member of a religious order.” He meant to save souls, just as Isabella and Ferdinand commissioned him to enlarge Christendom. |
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In his glowing report, Columbus confided: “I write to inform you how in thirty-three days I crossed from the Canary Islands to the Indies, with the fleet our most illustrious Sovereigns gave to me. And there I found many islands filled with people without number, and of them all have I taken possession for Their Highnesses, by proclamation and with the royal standard displayed, and nobody objected.” (Not that anyone would; the naked Taino people had no idea what was afoot when men in tights and iron breastplates came ashore to stick a flag in the sand.) As for Columbus’ mindset, “He was bemused rather than displeased to hear that the Indians considered his fleet to have descended from the heavens, especially since the misunderstanding gave him occasion to establish his credentials … . Columbus believed that whatever he encountered was intended by God, even though the Tainos were not exactly what he had in mind.” Having underestimated the size of Earth, Columbus mistook where he was going and didn’t know where he was when he got there. Yet he “fully understood and appreciated that the earth was round, or nearly so, and certainly not flat,” Mr. Bergreen maintains. |
One clever proof he offers is Columbus’ note en route back to Spain that “the nights were very much longer from the narrowing of the sphere” - a clever deduction of Columbus’ geographical savvy on the author’s part. He also specifies that Columbus’ great navigational feat was not finding the New World; any European who sailed west far enough must “discover” whatever he would inevitably bump into. Rather, Columbus’ great feat of navigation was finding his way home again the first time. Then, the subsequent three voyages confirmed his dedication to his causes and his genius as a sailor. Indeed, he was a superb mariner who, like other exceptional sailors - Polynesians and Bahamians among them - read the very surface of the sea to find his way. He was a seat-of-the-pants navigator whose skills far surpassed the rudimentary tools of his time. Mr. Bergreen shows Columbus to have been exceedingly competent as well as ambitious, tireless, brave and conniving - a man of parts and an exceptional man of his time. Philip Kopper is publisher of Posterity Press Inc. All site contents © Copyright 2016 The Washington Times, LLC3600 New York Avenue NE | Washington, DC 20002 |202-636-3000 |
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Aug 6 - Sept 10, 2016: Chicano/Latino Artists United for
Social Justice, Curated by Abe Moya August 20 and 21, 2016, Relamapgo del Cielo! 40th Anniversary "Reunion Concert" Orange County Board of Education welcomes newest trustee |
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The Reason for the exhibition "Chicano/Latino Artists United for Social Justice" is to express feelings and ideas through art on issues in the Chicano/Latino community that feel neglected. Art is one way to express feelings about issues without going into the streets, as we have all seen in the news media. Many strides in the Chicano and Latino community have been made. However, there is much work to be done. From education, immigration, labor to fair compensation and labor of women in the workplace, and to address the overall historical injustices done to the Chicano and Latino. This exhibit is not to be negative but to educate and inspire to move forward towards a positive future. Art is just one avenue to reach that goal.This exhibit will enrich and benefit the community by not only expressing issues but to show different art styles. The artists in the exhibition are young and old, male and female, Santa Ana residents and artists from the local area. By showcasing artists from diverse backgrounds and art styles giving them positive recognition for their creativity has rarely been shown in Orange County. http://www.occca.org/EXHIBITIONS.html |
Featured Artists: Emigdio Vasquez, Abram Moya Jr., Ben & Jes Valenzuela, Gregg Stone, Carlos
Callejo, Rosemary Vasquez Tuthill, Matt Southgate, Jose Loza, Guillermo
Avalos, Ignacio Gomez, Ricky Lozano, Moises Camacho, Alicia Rojas, Angel Martinez, Henry
Godines, Cecilia Ortiz, Enrique Brito, Atilano Bravo, Josh Correa, Ricardo Duffy, Roger Reyes, James
Rocha, Briyana Negrette, Marina Aguilera, Maria Reyna, Cynthia Bustos, Armando Cepeda Special Exhibition: ‘Art for All’ workshop series with the Corbin Center, in our project gallery Exhibition
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Sent by Henry Godines hgodines@earthlink.net |
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Dear Friend of Relámpago, Relámpago Del Cielo Grupo Folklórico de Santa Ana (RDC) is proud to be Orange County's oldest permanent resident folkloric dance company providing quality performances to audiences of all ages. RDC is dedicated to the preservation, research, teaching, presentation and promotion of the Mexican culture through the visual, performing and folk arts. This year marks RDC's 40th Anniversary. What a better way to celebrate this event than by producing a "Reunion Concert," Alumni Dancers (some who performed in the founding company) together with current Performing Dancers. This spectacular show of both old and new, scheduled for August 20 and 21, 2016, at Irvine Barclay Theatre, will bring to light RDC's theme, "Where the roots remain strong!" We invite you to join us in our efforts to promote a positive cross-cultural exchange in our community and to bring arts to more of our children by becoming a sponsor of Relámpago Del Cielo Grupo Folklórico. Sponsorship levels are available that would provide your company with recognition opportunities and the satisfaction that you are directly affecting the life of a child. If you cannot attend this performance but would like to support Relampago with a donation please click here. Sent by Ruben Alvarez stayconnectedoc@gmail.com |
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From left to right, Orange County Board of Education members Jack
Bedell, Beckie Gomez |
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At its regular meeting on Wednesday, the Orange County
Board of Education welcomed its newest member and voted to elect officers for the 2016-17 school year. Linda Lindholm (left), who joined the Orange County Board of Education in 2014, was selected to serve a one-year term as president at the board’s organizational meeting on July 13. Beckie Gomez, a Tustin city councilwoman and Cypress College administrator, was sworn in to represent Trustee Area 1 following her victory in the June 7 election. This marks the first term as board president for
Lindholm, but it’s certainly not her first time leading an elected body. She was previously a member of the Laguna Niguel City Council, serving four terms as that city’s mayor. Along with posts on various city boards and committees, Lindholm has been president of the Saddleback College Foundation Board, chairwoman of the San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor Agency and president of the Beta Foster Care Advisory Board. |
Beckie Gomez, a Tustin city councilwoman and Cypress College administrator who secured a victory in the June 7 election, was sworn in at the start of the session along with board incumbents Ken Williams and Jack
Bedell. Moments later, Linda Lindholm, who joined the board in 2014, was selected to serve a one-year term as president, and Trustee Bedell was named vice president. The Orange County Board of Education is made up of five elected officials who each serve four-year terms. Its responsibilities include approving OCDE’s budget and receiving the department’s annual audit; maintaining an awareness of the operations and financial conditions of school districts throughout the county; approving the purchase of property for department programs; hearing and ruling on expulsion appeals, interdistrict attendance appeals and charter school appeals; representing Orange County’s education community and families at the local, county, state and national levels; and informing local communities about the programs and achievements of the Orange County Department of Education. Sent by Yvonne Gonzalez Duncan yvduncan@yahoo.com |
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House of Aragon by Michael S. Perez, Chapter Twenty Two,
"The Task Force" Murals Under the Stars by Gregorio Luke: Multimedia Presentations, 18th Season July/August 2016 Cultural Arts Film Expo: “Our Stories in the Art of Film” First Annual Bautista Reunion, click to: Bautista, from Italy to Los Angeles Click to: Los Angeles County's Historic African-American Beaches by Lauren Walser |
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| Denahy was being pressed to solve the Aragón murder. His team of young agents worked day and night to uncover everything that might lead to the answers. They finally got breaks on the case. It was the money, always follow the money. The Old FBI Agent couldn't take the stress any longer and took a vacation in Boston. There he finds the love of a
Chicana. He's no longer alone. You can read the book in its fullness on your I-Pad at: http://www.amazon.it/The-House-Aragon-English-Edition-ebook/dp/B008PK2E3S If you do not have an I-Pad, you can read the chapters from the Somos Primos homepage, we will be adding them with the chapter introductions. Go to: http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm Michael Brakefort-Grant is a Pen name for Michael S. Perez. If you would like to contact Michael, please contact me. 714-894-8161 ~ Mimi |
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welcome you to our 18th Season. The first four shows will take place in
MOTHERS BEACH (5939 Appian Way, Long Beach, CA 90802). Please BRING YOU
OWN BEACH CHAIR. Food and beverages will be available. Parking is FREE
after 6:00 pm. The MOTHER BEACH shows are:
PANCHO VILLA Saturday
July 23rd 8:00 pm
VINCENT VAN GOGH Saturday
July 30th 8 pm
THE TANGO
Satrurday August
6 8:00 pm
FRIDA AND DIEGO Saturday
August 13th 8:00pm
The CERRITOS PARK show: MARIACHI, Saturday, August 20th @ 8 pm Grand Finale with MICHELANGELO, Friday, August 26th @ 8 pm at the beautiful Scottish Rite Event Center, Long Beach, CA All shows are FREE AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC Bring your own chair and blanket. CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS
If you wish to
help promoting the shows or in the set-up please respond to the email
or call 562-305-0133.
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Are you a Creative Film Editor, or have the gift as a
Cinematographer, to inspire an audience or dazzle a
crowd as a Performing Artist? If you have the ambition to Create, the Cultural Arts Film Expo wants to let you know it’s providing an opportunity to showcase this gift of talent you have. Cultural Arts Film Expo is presenting a Short Film Event, “Our Stories in the Art of Film”. The Genres include Music, Dance, Movies, Documentary-Trailers, Human Interest Stories, Humor, Technology, Creative Arts, Artists, Painters, and Film Animators, etc. As a participant you may interact with the audience in the lobby of the Expo Event area to sell and autograph your product, whether it’s an authored book, or music CDs, DVD, and material related to the content of the entered. |
This is a tentative two hour
show and features both Short and this year’s theme is Film and Expo
Event on:
Saturday, October 15, 2016 Event Location: Performing Arts Center 4640 Maine Avenue Baldwin Park, CA 91706 Entry cutoff date to enter is September 20th 2016 For details contact us @ bpace.phil2@gmail.com Send all entries to: P.O. Box 1121 Baldwin Park, CA Follow Us: https://www.facebook.com/cultural artsfilmexpo.com Sent by bluewall@mpinet.net Source: Phil Correa |
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Aug 19-21: California Vaquero Festival, San Juan Bautista,
California California Vaquero History Vaquero Horsemanship, Buddy Montes Ray Ordway named ‘Honored Vaquero’ Join US: Korean War Memorial Opening Ceremony - Monday, August 1, 2016 San Junipero Serra, Siempre Adelante, Nunca Hacia Atras |
Aug 19-21: California Vaquero Festival San Juan Bautista, California |
| Vaquero Heritage Days - The Mission Trail. The Rancho Era. The Cattle Barons. The "City of History" San Juan Bautista. The Vaqueros were there...Tour the Mission town with its adobes, fiestas & shops. Journey back in time, celebrate the California vaquero's legacy amidst the rolling hills of Rancho San Justo home to Franciscan Friars. Meet today's gear makers, silversmiths, braiders, artisans, historians & entertainers. Gather under the oaks, see & hear vaquero-style horsemen share traditional bridle horse techniques & riata roping. Catch the interviews, action & history in your front row seat! Special Segments include vaquero presentations by Bruce
Sandifer, Richard Caldwell & Jo Johnson filmed on site in 2012 - treasured footage! Be part of California's vaquero heritage!
Vaquero Heritage Days - the DVD! www.vaqueroheritagedays.com |
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| The background of the vaqueros, the lore, tradition and technique has become legendary around the world and has staked a popularity position over the last few years in the media - editors, photographers and film producers have rekindled their desire to explore, document and share their findings on the vaquero with eager audiences. The California vaquero history is one of special significance for it was the be beginning of the working cowboy we know today. It is the saga of the early Spanish and Mexican horsemen of California and their gringo pupils the buckeroos; the origin of the Great Basin buckaroo and an influence that traveled to Wyoming, Montana and further north into Alberta, Canada. The vaquero style still remains in practice today although some variations have been introduced, but many followers hold tight to the foundations of horsemanship in which the California vaquero excelled. Vaquero culture was inherited from the Spanish cavalry, who adopted it from the Moorish Jinete which is thought to have come from the Orient, through Egypt, across the deserts of North Africa into Spain, spreading across the seas into North and South America. Early 1700's California was a vast yet-to-be discovered land. Infrequent expeditions by the Spanish to explore the Alta California coast by ship, finding harbors, brief contacts with coastal "tribes" eventually led them to launching an expedition in 1769 from Mexico into San Diego bringing horses, cattle and mules to the area. The intent was to establish a colony with missions governed by the Franciscan fathers. Of course, much history is documented from that point on as our California hertiage was forming (hostile encounters, uprisings, hide and tallow traders, 21 Missions, revolution, California statehood) but all during which the massive herds of cattle, horses, lifestock that grazed the lush land were under the mounted vaquero's watchful eye, skilled in the use of the rawhide riata for sorting, roping to brand, ear mark or when necessary slaughter. The vaquero "culture" developed into a fine art in California through the Mission era, into the Rancho era (and beyond) by the Spanish, Indians, Mexicans, Gringos - men who upheld the vaquero traditions as in the centerfire saddle, rawhide riata, hackamore (jaquima), half-breed and spade bits. The best of the vaqueros were often referred to as "Californios". These men excelled in the art of making a horse as light and flexible to the rider's soft touch, as is said today...to work as "one". The history, the horsemanship, the gear, the land, the lifestyle remains part of our heritage and is remembered, practiced and celebrated at various vaquero gatherings and shows throughout California each year. These events showcase the talents of artists, gear makers, silversmiths, historians and horsemen who carry on the tradition of the California vaquero. http://www.vaqueroheritagedays.com/index.php?page=california-vaquero-history
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Both Buddy and Laurie will be horseback at Vaquero Heritage Days 2016. Check the schedule for Saturday & Sunday horsemen expos. Learn more about this team, visit the outdoor "horsemens booth" during the event. (photograph at top by Lori McIntosh; lower photograph by Lynda Allan) Buddy and Laurie Montes |
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In an unpretentious, rural part of Madera, lives one of the last unassuming true Vaqueros — Ray Ordway, sometimes referred to as the “Dean of Vaqueros.” It is fitting that the 89-year-old Ordway has been selected as this year’s “Honored Vaquero” at the Santa Ynez Valley Historical Museum’s annual Vaquero Show & Sale, Nov. 8-10. Ordway will be honored at the Gala Vaquero Dinner on Friday, Nov. 8, at Old Mission Santa Inés. Although Ordway’s vaquero days were in the San Joaquin Valley, he holds deep feelings for Santa Barbara County where his father’s vaquero days began in the 1890s, and where Ordway family members reside today. Having worked in the cattle business his entire life, Ordway remains dedicated to preserving and sharing the Vaquero horsemanship traditions that are so unique to Central California. “I’m glad to lend my help and to support the vaquero traditions wherever I can; it’s so important to keep the traditions alive and pass them along to younger generations, learning a sense of respect for the horse, livestock and for people — it’s all part of the true vaquero culture,” said Ordway. In his early life Ordway followed the California vaquero traditions of his father Ira, uncles and older brothers working long, hard days on open ranch land, handling cattle, branding, colt starting and absorbing knowledge from old-time masters of the California Spanish style. Ordway’s family migrated to California in 1870. Ira, his father, was born in 1879, and by age 14 had joined his two older brothers working on the historic Rancho Jesus Maria in Santa Barbara County drawing $5 a month pay. This 1837 Mexican land grant rancho of 42,185 acres along the Pacific coastline from Shuman Canyon south to the Santa Ynez River encompassed today’s Vandenberg Air Force Base. Also working with the Ordways at the Rancho Jesus Maria was future western artist Edward Borein who captured much of the “vaquero era” first-hand, sketching on scraps of paper and the walls of his bunkhouse. Borein is well-remembered in Santa Barbara today as one of California’s most noted artists. Ordway recalls his father fondly speaking of the old vaqueros. They rode with spade bits and roped with riatas. Their horses maneuvered at the lightest touch. Early Spanish vaqueros were often hesitant to share knowledge and skills with young “buckaroos,” so Ira learned to read and write Castilian Spanish to better communicate with these masterful horsemen. His ability to communicate in their native language proved beneficial. Thus began the legacy that Ira passed on to his four sons, all of whom became outstanding bridle horsemen in the old California style. In 1906 Ira married and established himself in Mendocino County with brother Ed running cattle on 88,000 acres using the Lazy Hook Diamond brand which now has been in the Ordway family for more than 100 years, currently registered to Ray. Ordway remembers riding in the saddle in front of his father as he moved cattle, and by age 13 he and his brother Jack started a cattle business called “Ordway Brothers”. After graduating high school, Ray and Jack worked for older brother Kent on the Oak Flat Ranch working 20,000 acres. Ray was drafted into the Army Air Corps and returned in 1946. With good vaquero skills, he hired out for day work at $8 a day — starting colts and working cattle in the San Joaquin Valley. By the 1950s Ordway saw ranching styles change along with land use, cattle management and horse breeds. The quarter horse entered the scene, but didn’t fit the “vaquero style.” The old Spanish and Morgan breed with its head held higher, alert, enduring and “ready to work” was preferred by the Ordways; and Ray preferred working on ranches who stayed more traditional in styles. In 1954, Ordway’s father Ira and brother Kent passed away. Ray relocated to Merced and ran Ira’s ranch, and later managed his brother Kent’s Vasco Ranch. Ordway married LaVerne Disbro in 1957. They have been married for 56 years. Again he saw time change for the traditional vaquero and cattle ranching. “Old vaquero” styles were fading, replaced with a “cowboy and rodeo” style. However, Ordway continued in the cattle business, starting colts in the California bridle horse tradition, for his own use, while hiring out for day work. In the 1960s, ironically he worked on 5,000 acres of the old San Luis Gonzaga Ranch — the same land his father rode in 1898. In recent years Ordway has participated in brandings proudly riding his Morgan gelding and using a traditional riata. In 2012, he retired from the saddle. Ordway said he is pleased to see the resurgence of interest in California’s vaquero style of horsemanship. |
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| http://syvnews.com/lifestyles/ray-ordway-named-honored-vaquero/article_05e98a0c-35fb-11e3-9d54-0019bb2963f4.html http://syvnews.com/lifestyles/ray-ordway-named-honored-vaquero/article_05e98a0c-35fb-11e3-9d54-0019bb2963f4.htm
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**Join US: Korean War Memorial Opening Ceremony - Monday, August 1,
2016 ** |
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The Presidio Trust and the Korean War Memorial Foundation
have partnered to build a memorial at a site near San Francisco National Cemetery to commemorate the American, South Korean, and United Nations forces that fought in the Korean War. The war began on June 25, 1950, when North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded South Korea. For the first time in history, the United Nations (UN) sent a multinational force to help the Democratic South defend itself against the Communist North. Twenty-One UN member nations contributed to the effort. Sixteen sent combat units while five others provided medical and other support services. The war lasted from 1950 to 1953 and ended in stalemate. The Korean War led to the growth of the U.S. Army from 600,000 to 1.5 million troops, and with it an increase in responsibilities for the Sixth Army at the Presidio, necessitating an expansion of the post. The Presidio provided training and support for departing and returning troops. The former Letterman Army Hospital was a major care center, treating the sick and wounded arriving by hospital ship. 2,273 Americans who served in the war are buried in San Francisco National Cemetery, just across the road from the planned memorial site. Among them is General William Dean, the highest-ranking prisoner of war in the Korean War. Along with many other American prisoners released at the end of the war in 1953, Dean was brought to Building 135 (now the Golden Gate Club), visible to the south of this site, immediately after his release. General Dean later served as Depuuty Commanding General of the Sixth U.S. Army at the Presidio. Korean War Memorial - Opening Ceremony Construction of the memorial will be complete in summer 2016. Join us for the Korean War Memorial Opening Ceremony on- Monday, August 1, 2016?. The Korean War Memorial Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit. Donations in support of this project can be sent to:? Korean War Memorial Foundation ?401 Van Ness Avenue Suite 313A San Francisco CA 94102? |
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WASHINGTON D.C, 01 Jul. 16 (ACI).- El 1 de julio en Estados Unidos se conmemora al Santo Junípero
Serra, un franciscano que encabezó varias misiones que hoy se han convertido en grandes ciudades
norteamericanas. Junípero Serra Ferrer nació el 24 de noviembre de 1713 en Petra, Mallorca (España). A los 16 años se convirtió en fraile y cambió su nombre por el de Junípero. En 1749 y motivado por su celo evangelizador partió, junto con veinte misioneros franciscanos, hacia el Virreinato de la Nueva España, nombre colonial de México. Allí impulsó su labor misionera en el Colegio de Misioneros de San Fernando. Luego de seis meses recibió la aprobación del Virrey para iniciar su misión en Sierra Gorda, un territorio montañoso donde ya habían fracasado algunos franciscanos. En este lugar permaneció 9 años. |
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| En 1767, Carlos III decretó la expulsión de todos los miembros jesuitas de los dominios de la corona, lo que incluía al Virreinato de Nueva España. Los jesuitas, que atendían la población indígena y europea de las Californias, fueron sustituidos por 16 misioneros de la orden de los franciscanos encabezados por fray Junípero. | ||
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| La comitiva salió de la ciudad de México el 14 de julio de 1767 y embarcó por el puerto de San Blas rumbo a la península de Baja California. Tras una corta travesía arribaron a Loreto, sede de la Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto, que es considerada la madre de las misiones de la Alta y Baja California. Una vez que llegó la comitiva a la península, determinaron seguir explorando la Alta California para llevar la luz del Evangelio a la población indígena. El 3 de julio se erigió la Misión de San Carlos de Borromeo. En julio de 1771 se estableció la Misión de San Antonio de Padua y en agosto la de San Gabriel, que se encuentra en la actual área metropolitana de Los Ángeles. El 1 de septiembre de 1772 fundó la misión de San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. Los misioneros catequizaban a los indígenas, les enseñaban nociones de agricultura, ganadería y albañilería, les proporcionaban semillas y animales y les asesoraban en el trabajo de la tierra. |
Junípero Serra falleció en la Misión de San Carlos Borromeo (Monterrey, California), el 28 de agosto de 1784. Sus restos se encuentran en la Basílica de esta misma misión. San Juan Pablo II lo beatificó en 1988 y fue proclamado Santo el 23 de septiembre del 2015 por el Papa Francisco en Estados Unidos. Fue la primera vez que un Papa presidió una canonización en Estados Unidos, y la primera vez en su vida que el Santo Padre visitó el país norteamericano. En su homilía, el Santo Padre recordó que Fray Junípero Serra “tuvo un lema que inspiró sus pasos y plasmó su vida: supo decir, pero especialmente supo vivir diciendo: ‘siempre adelante’”. El Santo Junípero Serra es el único español que tiene una estatua en el Salón Nacional de las Estatuas en el Capitolio, donde reside el poder legislativo de los Estados Unidos y lugar donde están representados los personajes más ilustres de esa nación. |
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Más información de este santo aquí:
Sent by Dr. Carlos Campo y Escalante campce@gmail.com
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The Presidio Museum is actively recruiting New Volunteers,
Docents and interpreters.
El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez, historic marker |
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| The Presidio Museum is an important cultural and historic destination in the heart of downtown Tucson. The Museum teaches about the origins, heritage and history of Tucson and the surrouding area. Visitors to the Museum come from around the world. Join our dynamic team of volunteers who support this important downtown cultural attraction. Become an ambassador for Tucson! | ||
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| Upcoming Volunteer Training Classes! To register for any of these classes contact Kate Avalos at KateA@TucsonPresidio.com. Introduction to Interpretation Training: September 17th 9 a.m. – 12 p.m. at the Dusty Monk (across from the Presidio Museum) Modeled after the National Park Service program and taught by our own “Ranger Rick”. We will review the purpose and benefits of education through living interpretation, how to read your audience, how to provoke thought and how to develop a tour or presentation for your specific audience. This class is free to all interested volunteers. Volunteer Training Part I: Introduction to the Presidio October 1st , 9:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Highly encouraged for all volunteers, interpreters and new docents. $75 for brand new volunteers and docents (price includes Part I and Part II (below), as well as Presidio logo shirt and family membership). Free to continuing volunteers and docents. Learn the basics about Tucson's early history. What is a Presidio? Why is it located here? Who lived there, when, why and how? |
First Living History Day of the season October 8th, 10:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. New volunteers and new docents are encouraged to attend and shadow. $3 for admission Volunteer Training Part II: Colonial Skills and Tour Practice October 15th, 9:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Highly encouraged for all docents and interpreters. We will practice tours on each other and exchange knowledge. There will also be an introductory overview to interpretive kits available for use. $75 for brand new volunteers and docents (price includes Part I and Part II, as well as Presidio shirt and family membership). Free to continuing volunteers and docents. Presidio San Agustin del Tucson 196 N. Court Avenue Tucson, AZ 85701 United States info@tucsonpresidio.com
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EL CORRIDO DE GREGORIO CORTEZ." A corrido, or ballad, is a form of folk song used to tell a story. Typically, corridos are highly stylized and often romantic ballads that celebrate Hispanic history and culture along the Texas–Mexico border.
Probably the best-known corrido of the entire
turn-of-the-century period is "El Corrido de Gregorio
Cortez." Although this ballad celebrates an event that occurred a
century ago, it is still very popular among Spanish-speaking people
throughout the American Southwest and northern Mexico. Typical of
ballads in all societies, "El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez" is
based on fact, but it also has been richly embellished. The event that
inspired it occurred on June 12, 1901, in Karnes County, at the W.A.
Thulmeyer Ranch. Gregorio Cortezqv and his brother Romaldo, who worked
as ranch hands on the Thulmeyer property, were approached by Karnes
County sheriff W. T. Morris and his deputies John Trimmell and Boone
Choate. The sheriff and his men went to the ranch to look for a horse
thief who had been trailed to Karnes County. As the sheriff
interrogated the Cortez brothers, Choate, who acted as interpreter,
apparently misunderstood several of Gregorio Cortez's replies. For
example, when asked if he had recently traded a horse, Cortez replied
"no." Choate seemed unaware that, in Spanish, there is a
distinction between a horse (caballo) and a mare (yegua). Cortez, in
fact, had traded a mare but not a horse.
Photograph, Gregorio Cortez (sitting in center) and his group of men. Image courtesy of the University of Texas at Austin. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107. As the misunderstanding escalated, the sheriff became convinced that Cortez was lying. When Morris tried to arrest the brothers, Gregorio refused, telling the sheriff, "No me puede arrestar por nada" (You can not arrest me for nothing). Choate misinterpreted this statement as well and reported to Morris that Cortez was saying, "No white man can arrest me." Believing the Cortez brothers were unarmed, Morris drew his gun. Romaldo tried to protect his brother by lunging at the sheriff. Morris shot and wounded Romaldo and then fired at Gregorio, narrowly missing him. Cortez immediately shot and killed the sheriff. Cortez fled the scene and headed for the Rio Grande. He was soon pursued by hundreds of men, including several Texas Rangers. He was able to evade his pursuers for several days but eventually was captured after one of his acquaintances, Jesus "El Teco" González, informed a posse that Cortez was hiding at Abrán de la Garza's sheep camp in Cotulla. On June 22, 1901, Cortez was arrested and taken to San Antonio. The Cortez incident quickly came to symbolize the ongoing border conflicts, and the ballad that it inspired helped establish the Mexican corrido as a means of expressing racial and cultural tensions along the border. As Cortez eluded his captors, they only grew more determined to capture and punish him. However, Cortez also gained a huge following of supporters, especially from within the Hispanic population, many of whom began to view him as a hero. Those who admired him pointed to the fact that, on the run, he had walked nearly 100 miles and ridden more than 400, while being pursued by search parties of up to 300 men. By the time of his arrest, Cortez had killed two sheriffs and evaded capture by numerous posses. Most of his supporters feared that he would not receive a fair trial. He was sentenced to life in prison. However, when he eventually won early release, many of his admirers saw this as the final triumph of justice. Because of his remarkable ability to prevail against great odds, Cortez came to be seen as an almost mythic symbol of heroism to many Hispanic people in Texas and Mexico. His heroic exploits and his triumph over a legal system that seemed biased against Mexican Americans have been celebrated for decades through "El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez." Numerous ballads have derived from the original corrido. It was these different variants that were responsible for the growth of Cortez's image as a folk hero. It is widely believed that the original version of the Cortez corrido was written as the drama was unfolding by an unknown guitarrero who performed the ballad in various cantinas along the border. Soon after Cortez's capture, other variations of the corrido appeared. Some of the earliest expressed the concern that Cortez would never be given a fair hearing: Between Cortez's capture and his sentencing, from 1901 to 1905, the corrido grew increasingly popular and could be heard on ranches, in bars, and at public gatherings throughout the Southwest. In at least a few cases along the Texas side of the border, singers sometimes were arrested, beaten, or even lost their jobs if they performed it in public. The corrido was sung in different variations and in different areas for distinct reasons. Nevertheless, the Cortez case united Mexicans and Mexican Americans in a common cause that caught attention as far away as Mexico City, where a broadside ballad of Cortez was used to collect funds for his defense. Through the corrido, Cortez ostensibly was able to appeal directly to the audience for contributions. Along the border and in Texas, however, there is no evidence that the ballad was used to collect funds. For the most part, the border corrido focused more on Cortez and his deeds and less on trying to resolve a seemingly hopeless situation. Many Mexican Americans saw Cortez as the kind of hero they needed.  The
Ballad of Gregorio Cortez, 1982, was a movie depicting the story of
Cortez, impersonated by Edward James Olmos. Image available on the
Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
Cortez entered the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville on January
1, 1905, to begin serving his life sentence. After his imprisonment,
the ballad soon fell into the category of old corridos about past
events. Not until his release from prison in 1913 was "El Corrido
de Gregorio Cortez" revived. This was the time of the Mexican
Revolution, and, with Cortez's release, the ballad generated immediate
interest, especially along the lower border, where there was a demand
for such heroic themes. In numerous ways, Cortez personified the
spirit of the border strife. Over the next few years, the original
corrido continued to evolve and be reinterpreted into countless
versions. By the 1920s, details had become less important, and the
focus was directed more toward the general story of Cortez. During the
1940s the corrido continued to be a favorite among Mexican guitarreros
and the Spanish-speaking public. In 1958 historian Américo Paredes
examined the legend of Gregorio Cortez in a book, With His Pistol in
His Hand: A Border Ballad and Its Hero. This study helped to
popularize the story again among the Mexican-American population and
to reintroduce Cortez to the Anglo-American public, thereby stirring
up some old controversies. A former Texas Ranger even threatened
Paredes and claimed that he wanted to "pistol whip the
son-of-a-bitch who wrote that book." In 1982 Hollywood made a
movie entitled The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. The Cortez corrido can
still be considered the prototype of the border-conflict ballad.BIBLIOGRAPHY: Leticia M. Garza–Falcón, Gente Decente: A Borderlands Response to the Rhetoric of Dominance (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998). Richard J. Mertz, "No One Can Arrest Me: The Story of Gregorio Cortez," Journal of South Texas (1974:1).
Texas State Historical association
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| 140 | Gregorio Cortez is buried Along U.S. 180, 4.7 miles west of Anson | 1916 The hero of Américo Paredes’s With His Pistol in His Hand, Gregorio Cortez, became a legend for standing up to the capriciousness of Anglo lawmen. During a shoot-out in 1901 in Karnes County with officers who mistakenly believed that he had stolen a horse, Cortez’s brother was gunned down, and in self-defense Cortez (right) returned fire and killed a sheriff. He subsequently fled, starting one of the most celebrated manhunts in Texas history. On foot and on horseback, he evaded a posse for ten days. When he was finally captured, he was acquitted of one murder, later convicted of another, and eventually pardoned altogether. After fighting in the Mexican Revolution, he died in Anson at the age of forty. Though the official records indicate that he is buried without a marker south of town at Prairieview Cemetery, along FM 707, Veronica Hernandez, of the Adams-Graham Funeral Home, believes the story isn’t so clear. “There’s a cemetery west of town called Anderson Chapel that looks like a little patch of shinnery,” she says. “There are fifty-seven graves there, and one has a marker for Gregorio Cortez.” No one knows if the plot is accurate, but to investigate, travel 4.7 miles west of the intersection of U.S. 180 and U.S. 277 and search for a gate on the north side of the highway. That may well be the final resting place of one of the most famous men from the early part of the twentieth century. —BDS Source: http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/126-150-2/
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"Pueblos Magicos" by
Rosie Carbo |
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In July, a
contingent of government officials from Coahuila, Mexico presented a
program in San Antonio, Texas aimed at highlighting six cities that have
earned the prestigious designation of “Pueblos Magicos.” Cuatrocienegas,
Arteaga, Viesca, Candela, Guerrero and Parras de la Fuente are now as
distinguished as UNESCO’s World Heritage Site designations, according to
Mexican officials. The presentation was held on the campus of Instituto
Cultural de Mexico in downtown San Antonio. One of the
main reasons for the event was the looming 300th anniversary of the
founding of San Antonio in 1718. In fact, Mexican officials pointed out
that the 15 families from Islas Canarias, Spain traveled to the city they
founded via Guerrero, Coahuila. San Antonio
de Valero, now known as “The Alamo,” was originally founded in
Guerrero, Coahuila on March 1, 1700. Presidio San Juan Bautista and
Mission San Bernardo are also in the municipality of Guerrero.
Officials
said that Guerrero and Viesca are two of the Pueblos Magicos that have
historic ties to San Antonio prior to the Texas revolt, which makes the
anniversary celebration in 2018 even more important. Guerrero’s
Mission San Bernardo, founded in 1702, has a direct connection to Mission
San Francisco de Valero, since the Spanish settling families, known as Los
Canarios, founded San Antonio in 1731. The gateway
to Texas, taken by not only the Canarios but Spanish and Mexican soldiers
is called “El Paseo de Francia” situated within the city of Guerrero,
Coahuila. Guerrero is only about two hours from the Texas border. This
Pueblo Magico is near the Rio Grande between Juarez and Piedras Negras. Not far from
Guerrero is San Bernardo mission. The architectural ruins are a legacy of
Franciscan monks who presided over the mission during the time of the
Canarios , and long before Texas became part of the United States. Now Mexican
Officials hope the Pueblo Magico designation, Mexico’s version of
UNESCO’s World Heritage Site designations, will attract tourism to
Guerrero and the other five pueblos, especially during San Antonio’s
tricentennial. “San
Antonio Mayor Ivy Taylor was in Mexico last November, and she invited
President Pena Nieto to come and celebrate San Antonio’s 300th
tricentennial,” said Hector Velasco Monroy, newly arrived Consul General
of Mexico in San Antonio. “There are
50 consuls from Mexico (in the U.S.) but only eight have freestanding
buildings. San Antonio’s is one and the most historic. So the
contributions of Mexicans here can’t be ignored, and that’s why
we’re here,” Velasco Monroy added. Viesca, the
second Pueblo Magico with ties to Texas, is known as the “Flower of the
Desert” for its shimmering sand dunes called the “Golden Dunes of
Bilbao.” The municipality’s history goes back to the early 1730’s
when the town of San Jose de Garcia y Santiago del Alamo was founded near
Laguna de Parras. In the 19th
century, a contingent of soldiers was dispatched from “El Alamo” to
the San Antonio river area to fortify an abandoned settlement. This
settlement was converted to a fort and adopted the name “El Alamo”
from Viesca. Three decades later, mercenaries and slave traders revolted
against the government of Mexico inside the walls of the fort that is
today known as simply, The Alamo. Some scholars
have said that the true reason for the Texas revolt, which led to a bloody
break with the government of Mexico, was an excuse to reinstate slavery.
Mexico hade abolished slavery decades before the United States officially
ended the practice. Meanwhile,
Parras de la Fuente earned the Pueblo Magico designation in part because
in this municipality wine has been continuously produced for more than 400
years! Some of its legendary vineyards go back as 1597, making them the
oldest wine regions in North America. Casa Madero has the longest wine
producing tradition. But there are dozens of vineyards and wineries
welcoming tourists daily. Arteaga is
known as “Mexico’s Switzerland” because of its breathtaking
mountains. In fact, with an average temperature of 72 degrees, this area
offers year-round snow skiing, hiking, horseback riding and other
nature-related activities. Meanwhile,
Candela is in central Coahuila. Among a variety of attractions one of the
most popular is the thermal springs. It’s an isolated mountain town
offering the serenity that some tourists crave. Other Candela attractions
include spectacular mountain views, desert adventure and aquatic
recreational activities. One of
Candela’s most outstanding religious edifices is the Santa Lucia de San
Miguel chapel, situated in an hacendia. The chapel was built in honor of
the Virgin of Guadalupe, but there are a slew of other well preserved
chapels tourists may visit. Cuatrocienegas
boasts a Nature Area that attracts people for miles around. This colonial
town has stellar landscapes within the nature preserve oasis. The
restaurants in this Pueblo Magico are known for their exquisite
gastronomy, such as menudo norteno, barbacoa and carne con chile. Tourists
can pair food selections with locally grown and produced wines. The
aforementioned Paseo de Francia, situated near the Rio Grande, was the
gateway that led to the founding of the San Antonio missions. The Spanish
missions played an integral role in converting Native Americans to
Christianity. The Franciscan monks provided agricultural and religious
education. Last July
2015, a campaign to have the missions globally recognized came to a joyous
end when UNESCO named all five missions World Heritage Sites. The official
names of the five missions founded by Spanish Francisca monks are: Mission
San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purisima
Concepcion, Mission Espada and Mission San Antonio de Valera, aka The
Alamo. Luis Alfonso
Rodriguez Garza, Sub-Secretary of Tourism for the State of Coahuila,
headed up the contingent of Mexican state officials, which included the
mayors from all six Pueblos Magicos. They all stressed the importance of
including the contributions of Mexico as it celebrates its tricentennial
in 2018. For more
information on the Pueblos Magicos of Coahuila, contact Hector Montemayor
at 011-521-844-869-1832. For information on Mexico’s participation in
San Antonio’s 2018 tricentennial call Monica de Arenal at Instituto
Cultural de Mexico, (210) 227-0213 or mdelarenal@saculturamexico.org
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YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO AN OFFICIAL TEXAS HISTORICAL
SUBJECT MARKER DEDICATION FOR GREGORIO LIRA CORTEZ
BORN
June 22, 1875 - DIED February 28, 1916 SPONSORED BY THE
TEXAS HISTORICAL
COMMISSION Saturday, August 20, 2016 at 9:30
a.m.
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Gregorio Cortez Historical Marker dedication in Karnes County, Kenedy, Texas. |
The Texas Historical Commission has recognized Gregorio Cortez as a significant part of Texas history by this dedication of an Official Texas Historical Marker. This designation honors Gregorio Cortez as an important and educational part of history. The Karnes County Historical Society and the Texas Historical Commission cordially invite the public to share in and witness this exciting historical event of the formal dedication of an Official Texas Historical Subject Marker of Gregorio Cortez on Saturday, August 20, 2016, at 9:30 a.m. The ceremony will take place at Lenz Hall, 3728 F. M. 626 Unit 2, and the unveiling of the marker will follow, located across from Lenz Hall, approximately ¼ mile west/southwest of intersection FM 626 and FM 2102 near Kenedy, Texas, Karnes County. The keynote address will be delivered by Cynthia E. Orozco, Ph.D. who obtained her BA from the University of TX at Austin, an MA and PhD from UCLA. She taught at the University of TX at San Antonio and University of New Mexico. She is the author of No Mexicans, Women or Dogs Allowed: The Rise of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. She is the co-editor of Mexican Americans in Texas History, an associate editor of Latinas in the United States: An Historical Encyclopedia and served as Research Associate at the Texas State Historical Association where she wrote 80 articles on TX history for the New Handbook of Texas. She has also worked as a Research Associate at the Institute of Texan Cultures. She currently teaches and is the Chair of History, Humanities and Social Sciences at ENMU Ruidoso, New Mexico. She was appointed to the New Mexico Humanities Council by Governor Richardson. The Texas State Historical Association named Dr. Orozco, a fellow in 2012. “The Official Texas Historical Marker program helps bring attention to community treasures and the importance of their preservation,” said Mark Wolfe, executive director of the THC. “Awareness and education are among the best ways to guarantee the preservation of our state’s history. This designation is a tool that will increase public awareness of important cultural resources,” Wolfe said. Gregorio Cortez Lira (June 22, 1875 - February 28, 1916) for historical information go to Handbook of Texas Online, Cynthia E. Orozco, "Cortez Lira, Gregorio," accessed July 23, 2016, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fco94 . Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association Sent by Loretta Martinez Williams Karnes County Historical Society and the Texas Historical Commission Press Release Contact: Mike Crow of Karnes County Historical Society 830-299-2839 of the Karnes County Historical Society, for more information. |
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Saturday August 20th at 10 am, short memorial service
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The Atascosa County Historical Commission once again invites the public to attend this free and Historical Memorial Service to honor those that fought and died in what is now known as the Rise and Fall of the First Texas Republic. The Battle of Medina was fought on August 18th 1813 and it was the struggle between a tyrannical Spanish government against the Republican Army of the North which consisted of about 900 Tejanos 300 American volunteers and 200 Lipan, Coushatta and Mission Indians. By the time this affair was over approximately one third of our Tejano Community would be dead, one third would flee to Louisiana and the remaining third would live in terror. Join us as we honor those that paid the ultimate price for freedom. For 11 years I have been one of the speakers at this event and there is always new evidence and new information to be presented. This year I will speak of the Historical Tours that I have begun and the discovery of another historical marker that even I did not know existed in San Marcos Texas. On Saturday August 20th at 10 AM on Apple White Road there will be a short memorial service where a rifle salute will be fired. There will be signs on Roosevelt (281 south) Road to the site. After lunch we will assemble at the Atascosa County Annex formerly known as Our Lady of Grace Catholic School at 1 PM to 5 PM which is at 25 5TH Street in Leming Texas.5th Street is one block from Verdi Road south of the Old Pleasanton Road going south towards Pleasanton. For More Information Dan Arellano Author/Historian President Battle of Medina Historical Society danarellano47@att.net 512-826-7569 Our Mission: To Protect, Preserve and Promote Tejano History If we don’t do it no one will do it for us. |
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Daughters of the Republic of Texas settle with General Land Office |
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| (AUSTIN, Texas) June 24, 2016 — The Daughters of the Republic of Texas and Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush have reached a legal settlement to their yearlong dispute over an archival library housed on the Alamo grounds since 1950. This is the final outcome of the lawsuit between the Texas General Land Office and the Daughters of the Republic of Texas. | ||
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| "The Daughters held fast and our prayers were answered," said Dr. Betty J. Edwards, president general of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas. "With this behind us, we can refocus on our mission to ensure the next generation of Texans understand and appreciate our unique history as a sovereign republic." As a result of the settlement, the General Land Office dropped any ownership claims to the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library Collection. The collection closed to the public on June 1 to prepare for its move from its historic home adjacent to the Alamo Shrine to Texas A&M-San Antonio. Through the agreement, Bush also agreed to reimburse the Daughters $200,000 for legal expenses. Shortly after taking office in 2015, Bush ordered the Daughters and their staff to be locked out of the library after he terminated their management contract for the Alamo. DRT staff were only able to reenter the library after the Daughters received a temporary restraining order against Commissioner Bush and the GLO. |
Lamont Jefferson, who negotiated the settlement on behalf of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, said he was pleased with the result. "The Daughters of the Republic of Texas are a respected organization of women who honor and preserve our state's history. This lawsuit was about protecting individual liberties against the overreach of the state." Jefferson said. "This settlement will allow the Daughters to return to their work telling the story of Texas, which they have done so well now for almost 125 years." Edwards said the more than 7,000 members of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas are up to the task. "We may just be a nonprofit organization of women, but we are Texas women," she said. "We will persevere, and we will succeed." https://t.e2ma.net/click/p8f4q/5cmksbb/hag3ge Sent by Gilberto Quezada jgilbertoquezada@yahoo.com |
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| Hello Mimi,
On the last day, two amazing things happened. For one, we saw a rare horned toad!! It was an amazing sight to see this endangered specie, thriving once again in the brush country of South Texas. |
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Traces
of Texas
Texans barricade the Texas side of the bridge that
crossed the Red River between Durant, Oklahoma, and Denison,
Texas, 1931. This was during the "Red River Bridge War"
that erupted between the two states in the summer of that year.
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What happened was this: the Red River Bridge Company, a
private firm owned by Benjamin Colbert, had been operating a toll
bridge between Durant, Oklahoma and Denison, Texas, carrying U.S.
Route 69 and U.S. Route 75. Texas and Oklahoma had jointly built a
new, free span northwest of the existing toll bridge.
On July 10, 1931, the Red River Bridge Company obtained
an injunction against the Texas Highway Commission (now Texas
Department of Transportation), keeping them from opening the new
bridge. The company said that the highway commission had promised in
July 1930 to buy the old toll bridge for $60,000, equal to $849,920
today. In reaction to the injunction, the Governor of Texas, Ross S.
Sterling, ordered that the new free bridge be barricaded from the
Texas end.
On July 16, Oklahoma governor "Alfalfa Bill"
Murray ordered the new bridge open, by executive order. Murray issued
this order on the grounds that the land on both sides of the river
belonged to Oklahoma, per the Louisiana Purchase treaty of 1803.
Murray sent highway crews across the new bridge to destroy the
barricades.
Governor Sterling sent Adjutant General William Warren
Sterling and three Texas Rangers to the new bridge to defend the Texas
Highway Commission workers enforcing the injunction and rebuild the
barricade that night. The next day, Oklahoma crews under Governor
Murray's order demolished the Oklahoma approach to the toll bridge,
rendering that bridge impassable.
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The Texas state legislature called a special
session on July 23 to pass a bill allowing the Red River Bridge
Company to sue the state over the issue, partially in response
to meetings in Sherman and Denison, Texas, demanding the free
bridge be opened. The next day, Governor Murray declared martial
law at the site, enforced by Oklahoma National Guardsmen, and
appeared at the site armed with a revolver, hours before a
Muskogee, Oklahoma court issued an injunction prohibiting him
from blocking the northern toll bridge approach. Murray directed
the guardsmen to allow anyone to cross either bridge.
Murray discovered on July 27 that the free bridge
was in danger of being closed permanently. He expanded the
martial-law zone across the river, stationing guardsmen on both
free bridge approaches. The injunction against the bridge
opening was dissolved and the martial law order rescinded on
August 6.
News of the dispute made national and
international headlines. Adolf Hitler may have believed that the
events were evidence of in-fighting between the American states,
weakening the union.
The free bridge that was the cause of the dispute
was opened on Labor Day, September 7, 1931. It was replaced in
1995, though a portion of the bridge was saved as a historical
attraction and relocated to a park in Colbert, Oklahoma.
Sent by Odell Harwell odell.harwell74@att.net |
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For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml |
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A few years back, a local man donated an antique safe to the Museums of Port Isabel. The only catch though, was that the combination to the strong box, which dated back to around the turn of the last century and supposedly came out of the old Champion Building, had been lost for many years. One could only guess what was in it. Recently, the subject of the safe was brought up once again and it was decided to do a live opening during a yearly fundraiser for the museum. Seeing as how I am a practicing locksmith (Almost Always Available Locksmith) I was the man tasked with the job. Though I am a man of many talents, safe cracking is not one of my skills. So I needed an expert and Monty Cantu (Always Open safe and Lock) answered my call. After hearing the details, Monty agreed to donate his time and skills Together we assessed the situation. It was obvious that at one time someone had tried to muscle their way in with pry-bar and sledge hammer. But the safe had to this date resisted all efforts. Professional that he is, Monty decided to drill a hole alongside the combination dial. If the mechanism inside still worked he would be able to manipulate the gears and release the bolts that held the door shut. It sounded good in theory….after about twenty minutes of drilling, with one broken bit, Monty announced he had punched through the outer layer and was ready for a “peek” inside. With the use of a miniature camera mounted on a long cable Monty was able to get a close-up view of the mechanism. Unfortunately, past attempts to open the safe had resulted in damaging the gears so badly they would no longer retract the bolts. Monty’s back-up plan was to cut through the top or back of the safe and with the help of our volunteer sidewalk supervisor Darrell Magnum (Air-Tech air conditioning of Port Isabel) who supplied us with a saw and blade we did just that. First we removed an outer sheath of steel and then several inches of fire retardant concrete; all that remained between us and a treasure whose value we could only guess at, was a thin wooden barrier. That evening, and in front of a live audience Monty ceremoniously peeled back the wood slats to reveal……well, I think it would be more appropriate if you were to watch the opening yourself so here is a link to a video of the event, curtsey of Valerie bates. http://writersoftheriogrande.com/the-bourland-miller-commission/ |
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Let’s just say that the treasure we found inside that antique safe pales when compared to the value of the contents of a similar strongbox that was lost a 150 years ago. The Mexican American War had ended with the February 2, 1848 signing of the Treaty of Hidalgo. Provisions in this document assured landowners that title to their property would not be taken from them by the victorious Americans. |
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The Miller and Bourland Commission, formed in 1850 was tasked with authenticating Spanish and Mexican land grants held by the former Mexican citizens. William H. Bourland and James B. Miller were appointed commissioners, while Robert Jones Rivers, a well-known lawyer and judge, served as the board’s attorney. To authenticate their claims, property owners were required to submit a full written description of the land claimed, along with all the evidence of title and rights on which the claim was based. They also had to sign an affidavit stating that all documents submitted were not forged. Testimony by witnesses was quite often accepted in lieu of documentation. Based on this information the commissioners determined which titles were perfect. The commission could also recommend confirmation if it concluded that all requirements for perfecting the title would have been met had there not been a change in national sovereignty. Following their decision the commission prepared an abstract on each claim together with a recommendation on whether it should be confirmed or rejected. The abstract and supporting evidence would then be submitted to the governor who, in turn, would present the documents to the legislature for final action. |
The completed paperwork was carefully cataloged before being stored in a giant steel safe aboard the steamer Anson. The vessel was enroute from Clarksville Landing at the mouth of the Rio Grande to Galveston when the boiler blew. Reportedly, the Anson slipped beneath the waves somewhere just offshore from present day Matagorda. Relying on notes and memory, the commissioners replicated the original grants. I would not want to speculate on the accuracy of the new report but would bet money that if the contents of that safe were ever salvaged, it could rewrite the real estate history of most of South Texas. Even considering today’s soft real estate market, land covered by the titles said to be in the strong box could be worth billions. Steve Hathcock Originally from Sparta, Wisconsin, Steve Hathcock is a South Padre Island historian, having lived on the island since 1980.
Watch the YouTube video: |
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Benson Latin American Rare Books and Manuscripts reading room card catalog indexes |
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| Hello Briscoe Center Researchers, It has been almost five months since we began renovation of the Briscoe Center’s first floor. Demolition is complete and construction moves along on schedule. I look forward to early 2017 when you can see the new reading room – it’s going to be fantastic! | ||
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| When we prepared for removal from the first floor to our temporary space at the Benson Latin American Rare Books and Manuscripts reading room, some of you voiced concern about the disposition of the card catalogs. The information in those indexes was irreplaceable and it was important to preserve it for future use. Now you can access digital versions of those card indexes. We scanned the cards and put them together with our finding aids and other indexes to help you locate information more easily. These sources are available onsite on IPads and a kiosk computer. Find them online at https://utexas.box.com/v/briscoecenterfindingaids to download for your remote use. I hope that this resource will enhance your research experience at the Briscoe Center. |
If you have any feedback for me on any aspect of our reference services, please don’t hesitate to email me at
m.schlankey@austin.utexas.edu
. Margaret Schlankey Head of Reference Services The University of Texas at Austin Dolph Briscoe Center for American History 2300 Red River St., Stop D1100 SRH, Unit 2 Austin, Texas 78712-1426 512-495-4537 http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/visit.php Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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THE LEARNING YEARS 1945 - 1950 |
 In 1985 when mi padre passed away - I was approximately 45 years of age. In all of those years we never had a disagreement or a cross word between us. We just liked each other too much. When we moved to the top of the hill on Nettleton Avenue in Bonner Springs I was about 5 - and would run to my dad at the first sighting of his car. I always would reach my hand out so he could give me his lunch pail - so I could carry his lunch pail for him into the house. There was about a 2-week period when he did not have the use of a car. That was when I would stand by the street looking down the hill - waiting for the sight of him. I would run about 3 blocks down the street to help him. He was always glad to see me. Those of us who knew him remember his laughing eyes. When I was about 10 - living on the farm, I saw a man leading a beautiful horse on the dirt road and he was heading for our house. Mi padre surprised us - the horse was for us (I considered it my horse). So the horse could get used to his new home we let him out in the pasture for the night. I dreamed about that horse all night. The next morning, I was eager to take "Dynamite" out for a ride, but there was no one home to help me put the saddle on the horse - I did place the bridle on. I then started asking mi madre to help me, but she wanted me to wait. Neither of us had put a saddle on a horse. Finally she agreed. I moved the horse close to the porch and placed the blanket on his back. Mi madre and I were both about the same size, so this was not an easy job. Finally I stepped up on the horse and away we went - soon the horse was running and he was in control. He ran up a hill close to the corn field until I pulled on the reins - he then stopped and turned around. He then took off at full gallop. I was starting to get scared, and started to panic as I realized that the saddle was not tightened enough - I was soon just trying to remain in the upright position - looked like a monkey hanging on for life. After 3 or 4 seconds of terror I just jumped off. I went tumbling into the corn stalks, and skidded to a halt. I was a mess. Not a good start for my career as a cowboy. During the hot days of mid-August when the temperature was hot and the fish were not biting because of the heat, it was time to slow down a bit. During those days, even my horse was not interested in going out for a ride.This was a time for me to take a relaxing break and sit under a large shade tree with a book. I will always thank my older sister Francisca (Frances) for her being so responsible in looking out for the rest of the children in the family. Later in my adult years I remember how she personally purchased a complete set of the “Book of Knowledge” for the family. She was wise beyond her years. |
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I spent hours reading the many tales that children
still read today. I usually read until the sun went down, with a
glass of lemonade nearby and my dog Tony resting his head on my knee.
I also recall the singing of the distant Meadow Lark and the Mourning
Dove. Many times, just sitting and viewing a pale blue Kansas sky for a
few minutes was good for the soul. You see, our farm did not have electricity then.
Of course without a radio for entertainment, we relied on reading books.
Many people can not comprehend living without electricity in a home for
two years, and for certain our life was a bit limited. But I tell
of those being the best years of my life. We did have the use of
electricity for our last year on the farm. That bought about a
huge change in our lives, but possibly not for the better. |
In those years I had some farm duties, but I also had
the time to do a lot of exploring in the surrounding woods. When
night would start to fall, I was always tired and ready to go to bed.
We then used kerosene lamps for light. I was usually in bed by 8
PM. In the summer, we would sleep with all of the windows open.
In some instances the wail of coyotes would awaken me, but usually I was
so tired from my adventures of the day that I would sleep soundly all
night, until day break. The youth in the surrounding farms lived a few miles
away, so we did not visit often in the summer. The start of the
school year in September was a time to renew friendships. I do not
believe that we discussed sports. I think our main interest’s
was in horses, cattle and tractors. These were the times past of
many years ago. |
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Contact: Rudy Padilla (913) 381-2272.
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| Russell Grillasca and
Family by Vivian Nicholas The Survivors of the De Soto Expedition |
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The family Grillasca surname came from Corsica. They went on to Mexico & Puerto Rico, and New York.
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| Nick and I were married in 1966 .
Nick adopted my son Russell born in 1960 with my first
husband. Nick and I had two children a girl in 1967 a boy in 1971. In 1991 we moved to Florida. It was January 1998. Nick got a letter from Carol Bedwell asking Nick to call her. Carol was at one time married to Russell' brother , And he was the one in 1996 that said to Russell, You are not a Bedwell your father is Nick Grillasca. So Russell asked Carol to find Nick for him it took her two years. When Nick called her she said are you the Nick Grillasca that was the friend of Richey from Brooklyn ( he was the brother of Russell's mom ). Nick says yes I am. Nick you have a son his name is Russell Bedwell. He was in shock I was in shock. ( Nick went with Russell's mom for a couple of weeks. And not so long after that when they weren't seeing each other anymore Nick moved to another state for a job. Nicks parents and sister still lived in Brooklyn. Nick was 20 . ) we then tell our son Christopher and daughter Denise and they were in shock. They now have another brother . (Unfortunately, my son Steven didn't want to meet him; he said he wasn't related to him )
It has not been easy to lose him.
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| Los
Sobrevivientes de la Florida: The Survivors of the De Soto Expedition |
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PART I: THE SURVIVORS (continued) 4. Description of the Survivors Following, in alphabetical order by their first surnames, is the information gathered about each of the survivors of the Florida expedition. Since Buckingham Smith's Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida, and Solar and Rújula's El adelantado Hernando de Soto are frequently cited, they have been abbreviated to Smith and SR respectively. These abbreviations are followed by a dash and a number which corresponds to the page in which the quotation is found. This expedient saves more than 300 notes. Acuña, Lope de. Son of Anton Ruiz de Contreras and Leonor de Acuña, citizens of Illescas, SR-327. Survivor from Illescas according to Smith-295. Acuña, however, declared in Mexico where he resided after Florida, that he was born in Toledo, which is near Illescas. He added that he had married Elvira de Hermosillo, one of the first eight female settlers of New Spain. [14] Agostin. From Castilla la Vieja, Smith-297. Agostin. From Vizcaya, Smith-298. Aguilar, Gaspar de. From Castilla la Vieja, Smith-297. Aguilar, Juan de. Son of Juan Gonzalez and Catalina Sanchez, citizens of Valencia de la Torre, SR-292. Since this Valencia is within the Extremadura region, it is probable that this man is the same Aguillar de Villanueva listed in Smith-293. Algalin. Shoemaker from Sevilla, Smith-292. Almendron. Brother of Father Pozo; survivor from Segura, Smith-294. There is one Alonso Hernández Almendro, son of Bartolome Hernández Almendro and Catalina Martin, citizens of Segura, SR-284. Alonso, Alvaro. Son
of Juan Vazquez Perenton and Catalina Alvarez, citizen of Valverde in
the lands of Badajoz, SR-282. Considering that this area is near
Portugal, it seems likely that her people preferred to declare
themselves as being Spanish in order to secure an unencumbered passage
to the Indies. If so, this conqueror may be the same Alvaro Alfonso from
Portugal, survivor of the expedition according to Smith-298. Editor Mimi: Hooray, National Park is publishing pieces of Spanish history in our national parks. This is a very long list, a valuable resource to explore. Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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Los Angeles County's Historic African-American Beaches
by Lauren Walser University of Kentucky Libraries: Notable Kentucky African Americans Database Freedmen's Bureau Project |
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Willa Bruce and Family : Willa Bruce (right) with her son Harvey (center) and his wife, Meda (left) under a portable shade and tent structure at Bruce's Beach. Photo: Courtesy Bernard Bruce
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Bay Street Beach, or "The Inkwell" Many African-American beachgoers referred a stretch of coastline south of Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California, as the Bay Street Beach. Others called it “the Inkwell.” The latter term was most certainly derogatory, referring to the skin color of those who used the beach, but some, Jefferson says, reclaimed the term and used it as a badge of pride. “It’s how it has become to be known,” Jefferson says. “But there are some people who went to the beach and never used the term.” |
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While the boundaries of Bay Street Beach shifted through time, it was a popular beach for African-Americans from the early 1900s to the 1960s. It was accessible by streetcar, and it was near a thriving African-American community centered around the Phillips Chapel Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (built in 1908) at Fourth and Bay streets and a host of other African-American businesses that were eventually established. The beach was a gathering place, with a bathhouse, cafes and restaurants, tennis courts, volleyball nets, and other recreational opportunities. “It became a place of refuge,” Jefferson says. In the 1920s, a group of African-American investors, including prominent attorney Charles Darden, sought to develop a “first-class resort” along the beach at Pico Boulevard. The plan was met with protests, and the city blocked the development from happening. After the investment group abandoned its plans, the property was purchased by white developers. Their plans for a resort was approved, and the now-iconic Casa del Mar hotel was built. |
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| As other similar resorts were built in the area, Bay Street Beach was pushed further south. But it continued to be enjoyed. It’s where one of the earliest documented surfers of African- and Mexican-American descent, Nick Gabaldón, got his start in the 1940s. Walk around the area today, and you’ll see a commemorative marker at Bay Street and Ocean Front Walk, near a cluster of palm trees. Jefferson wrote the text on the marker. And there are also annual events, like Nick Gabaldón Day and Coastal Cleanup Day, which have taken place around the monument for the last several years. These efforts are organized by local groups like Heal the Bay, the Santa Monica Conservancy, and the Black Surfers Collective, as well as Jefferson, and they promote coastal conservation while also raising awareness of and celebrating the historic beach. |
Nick Gabaldon Day photo by: Courtesy of the Black Surfers Collective Facebook page, Celebrating Nick Gabaldón Day at Bay Street Beach in Santa Monica. “What people think about when they look at African-American history is the political and economic struggles people had,” Jefferson says. “But they forget about some of the other struggles—like getting space to sit and think for a minute. To enjoy yourself. To breathe. … With enslavement and Jim Crow laws, people were trying to restrict African-Americans from everything, including going to the beach.” She continues, “I was really excited to discover [these stories] and share them with people. People are hungry to learn about these sites.” |
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| Lauren Walser is the Los Angeles-based field editor of Preservation magazine. She enjoys writing and thinking about art, architecture, and public space, and hopes to one day restore her very own Arts and Crafts-style bungalow. Source: https://savingplaces.org/stories/exploring-los-angeles-county-historic-african-american-beaches?utm_medium=email& utm_source=NTHP_newsletter_070716&utm_campaign=NTHP_eNewsletter-FY16_July7#.V4hLfZe0Loc http://www.ci.manhattan-beach.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=3886 |
University of Kentucky Libraries Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |
| The Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (NKAA) has been developed as a finding aid
for African American family researchers. It bring together a brief description of pertinent names, places, and events, and lists the sources where additional information may be found. This is not currently an all inclusive database,
work is still underway, suggestions are welcomed.
The NKAA database has many rich resources, you must
explore the site to to realize how much!! |
Anderson, Ezzrett, Jr. Birth Year : 1920 Ezzrett Anderson, Jr. was born in Nashville, AR, according to the 1930 U.S. Federal Census. He became one of the first African Americans from a predominantly African American school to play professional football when he joined the Los Angeles Dons in 1947. Anderson had attended Kentucky State University in Frankfort, KY, where he played football. He also played professional football with the Los Angeles Mustangs. He played for the Hollywood Bears in the Pacific Coast League when they won the title. He also played in the Canadian Football League for seven seasons (1948-1954) and was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2010. In addition to playing football, Ezzrett Anderson, Jr. was also an actor and appeared in 20 Hollywood films. For more see Smith, T., "Outside the pale; the exclusion of Blacks from the National Football League, 1934-1946," Journal of Sport History, 15, no. 3 (Winter 1988); and Pro Football Hall of Fame, General NFL History: African-Americans in Pro Football. Subjects: Actors, Actresses, Football, Migration North, Migration West Geographic Region: Nashville, Arkansas / Frankfort, Franklin County, Kentucky / Canada Anderson, Myrtle E. Birth Year : 1907 Death Year : 1978 Myrtle E. Anderson was from Boston, MA. In 1943, she was a 1st Lieutenant in the Women's Army Corps (WACs). Anderson and 2nd Lieutenant Margaret E. Barnes Jones arrived in Camp Breckinridge, KY, with 175 enlisted African American women. The enlistees and officers were the first African American women of the U.S. Army to be stationed in Kentucky. The enlistees were given menial tasks such as cleaning latrines, and some of the women resigned from the WACs. Majors Jones and Anderson fought for better work assignments for the women. Ft. Breckinridge, also referred to as Camp Breckinridge, was disposed of by the U. S. Army on December 5, 1962. Prior to becoming a WAC, Myrtle E. Anderson had been a member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACs) Officers Training Camp at Ft. Des Moines, IA. The WAACs was transitioned into the Women's Army Corps (WACs) during 1943. According to her World War II Army Enlistment Records, Myrtle [D.] Anderson enlisted in the Army on November 25, 1942 in Los Angeles, CA, Inactive Reserve, Aviation Cadet. It was noted on her record that, as a civilian, Anderson had been an actress. While at Ft. Des Moines, she continued her acting career on stage and in film; she performed throughout the run of the play "Run Little Children" and other government-sponsored stage plays for the military [source: H. Levette, "Gossip of the movie lots," Plaindealer [Kansas], 04/02/1943, p. 6]. In June of 1943, Anderson was ill in an Army hospital in Maine, and it was thought that she would have to leave the Army [source: H. Levette, "Gossip of the movie lot," Plaindealer [Kansas], 06/18/1943, p. 6]. Anderson recuperated, however, and continued in the WACs until she was discharged June 1, 1943 [source: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs BIRLS Death File]. She continued her acting career with small uncredited roles in films. She had first appeared in the film The Green Pastures in 1936, and her last film appearance was around 1957. Myrtle Anderson was born May 26, 1907 and she died October 5, 1978, in Los Angeles, CA. For more about the African American women enlistees see To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race, by B. L. Moore; "6 WACs Resign: WAC Clerks Decline to Scrub Floors," Philadelphia Afro-American, July 10, 1943, p. 1; and see photo image with Myrtle Anderson and others above the photo caption "WAACs departure from Des Moines" in the article "Speaking of WAACs," Arkansas State Press, 01/01/1943, p. 3. For more about Camp Breckinridge, see the Camp Breckinridge entry in the Kentucky Encyclopedia; and History of Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, by P. Heady. See also the NKAA entry WACs Protest at Camp Breckinridge, KY. *Please note that there were other African American WAACs named Myrtle Anderson, one being Myrtle Estella Anderson in Kansas City, MO, who arrived at Ft. Des Moines around July of 1942 [source: "Myrtle Anderson feted by business group," Plaindealer [Kansas], 07/31/1942, p. 12]. Anderson had resigned her job as a dietician at the Wheatley Hospital, a job she had held for a year and a half before enlisting in the WAACs. Just prior to returning to Ft. Des Moines in July of 1942, she was voted vice-president of the Business and Professional Women's Club in Kansas City. [Wheatley Hospital was established and run by African Americans in Kansas City, MO, from 1902-1972 - - source: Wheatley-Provident Hospital—Kansas City, a flickr site]. *This may be the same Myrtle Anderson mentioned above. She was recognized for her military service with the American Campaign Medal; her hometown is given as Kansas City, MO. Subjects: Actors, Actresses, Military & Veterans, Women's Groups and Organizations, Women's Army Corps (WACs) Geographic Region: Fort Breckinridge [or Camp Breckinridge], Henderson, Webster, and Union Counties, Kentucky (no longer exists) / Boston, Massachusetts / Los Angeles, California BBC's Kentucky Minstrels The BBC's Kentucky Minstrels was a popular radio show, a blackface minstrel series produced by Harry S. Pepper and broadcast by the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC) from 1933-1950. The show was an exaggerated depiction of African Americans in the "good ole days" of plantation life in the U. S. South (Kentucky), accentuated with the use of stereotyped racist and sexist humor. The main characters were played for many years by three African Americans who had left the United States for the entertainment business in England: Isaac "Ike" F. Hatch (c. 1891-1961), Harry Scott (1879-1947), and Eddie Whaley (1886-1961). Hatch was a trained vocalist and songwriter who had been a member of the W. C. Handy Orchestra. He moved to England in 1925. Scott and Whaley had worked together as a comic act touring the United States; they went to England in 1909. In 1934, Scott and Whaley became the first black performers to star in a British film, Kentucky Minstrels, which was directed by John Baxter and written by Harry S. Pepper and C. Denier Warren (who was also an American). A less distorted version of blackface minstrels continued to be broadcast on BBC television during the 1950s and 1960s. A favorite was the Black and White Minstrel Show, which ran from 1958-1978; the show did well in the ratings, drawing an audience of nearly 17 million. For a more detailed analysis and history, see M. Pickering, "The BBC's Kentucky Minstrels, 1933-1950: blackface entertainment on British radio," Historical Journal of Film, Radio, & Television, vol. 16, issue 2 (1996), pp. 161-194; and "Race, Gender and Broadcast Comedy: the case of the BBC's Kentucky Minstrels," European Journal of Communication, vol. 9 (1994), pp. 311-333. Includes a photo image of Harry Clifford Scott 1915 at the flickr site by puzzlemaster. Information was sent by Elizabeth Hll She explained that she was reaching out to minorities to pursue a career nursing degree. Managing Editor of http://nursingdegreeguide.com/ (P) 816-824-9965 (F) 816-512-1923
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FamilySearch has announced the completion of the Freedmen’s Bureau Project, an unprecedented effort to index the names of millions of African Americans collected during the years following the Civil War. This year-long project was announced on June 19, 2015, the 150th anniversary of Juneteenth, an annual celebration of emancipation from slavery in the United States. |
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| FamilySearch
has announced the
completion of the Freedmen’s
Bureau Project, an unprecedented effort to index the names of
millions of African Americans collected during the years following the
Civil War. This year-long project was announced on June 19, 2015, the 150th anniversary of Juneteenth, an annual celebration of emancipation from slavery in the United States. |
The Freedmen’s Bureau was a federal agency created by Congress in 1865 to assist newly emancipated slaves. Though established at the end of the Civil War, its origin can be traced to the numerous charitable efforts to care for the tens of thousands of slaves that escaped to Union lines over the course of the four-year conflict. Ulysses S. Grant explained the Bureau’s origins in this matter-of-fact way: | |
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“Orders of the government prohibited the expulsion of the negroes from the protection of the army, when they came in voluntarily. Humanity forbade allowing them to starve.” (Ulysses S. Grant, “Chapter 30,” Personal Memoirs, 1885–86.) |
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Principal battle of Cherokee War Begins |
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San Antonio Fiesta Commision elects first Native American president By Elaine Ayala May 27, 2016 San Antonio Express San Antonian, Erwin J. De Luna: A retired state employee and longtime president of the United San Antonio Pow Wow organization, has been elected president of the San Antonio Fiesta Commission, becoming the first Native American to ascend to the volunteer position.: http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/ Fiesta-Commision-elects-first-Native-American-7950257.php http://www.fiesta-sa.org/
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Every nation in the world designates its own capital city – except one. Though Israel holds Jerusalem as its capital, most of the rest of the world refuses to recognize that fact. And sadly, that includes the United States of America. This is true even though Congress passed The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, which "Declares it to be U.S. policy that: (1) Jerusalem remain an undivided city in which the rights of every ethnic religious group are protected; (2) Jerusalem be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and (3) the U.S. Embassy in Israel be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999." Yet, it hasn't happened. Presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama have all used a loophole in the law to avoid complying. America's embassy remains in Tel Aviv rather than Jerusalem. That's why Christians in Defense of Israel is petitioning Congress to take action on behalf of The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, acknowledge Jerusalem as the undisputed and undivided capital of Israel, and move the U.S. Embassy to the City of David. Moving the American embassy to Jerusalem would be a powerful message to Israel and the world. If you agree, then stand with us by adding your name to our I Stand With Israel and Jerusalem as its Undivided Capital petition. CIDI representatives will hand deliver the petitions to lawmakers on Capitol Hill as soon as we have 50,000 signers – or enough to make an impact. Click here to join with us. + + The city of Jerusalem is not just the rightful capital of Israel, sacred to the Jewish people. It is also the home to the holiest places of the Christian faith. The world's plan to divide Jerusalem and give much of it to the Palestinians to be the capital of their proposed nation would place Mt. Calvary, the Garden Tomb, and many other important Christian sites in the hands of those who have done so much to desecrate and destroy Christian shrines. The world may not be willing to stand for Israel, but you and I know what the word of God commands! We must stand with and for the nation of Israel and the Jewish people. Some three thousand years ago, David wrote, "Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee." (Psalm 122:6) Today, Jerusalem knows little peace. Terrorist attacks are a common occurrence. Innocent Jewish men, women, and children are targeted for death for no other reason than that they are Jewish and live in Jerusalem. And many of America's government officials are standing by and ignoring the threat. Again, Christians in Defense of Israel is petitioning Congress to acknowledge Jerusalem as the undisputed and undivided capital of Israel, and move the U.S. Embassy to the City of David. Doing so sends a powerful message to Israel and the world. Will you stand with us by adding your name to our I Stand With Israel and Jerusalem as its Undivided Capital petition. CIDI representatives will hand deliver the petitions to lawmakers on Capitol Hill as soon as we have 50,000 signers – or enough to make an impact. Christians in Defense of Israel http://www.cidisrael.cc/201652/petition.asp?Ref_ID=37286 Kathie Kennedy mftkathie@msn.com |
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LOS LUNAS COVENANT LITHOGRAPH Display an ancient artifact of Yisrael, found in North America |
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A full color
coated lithograph measuring 10" x 21.5" on heavy
stock, and ready to frame, or hang as it is.
An easy way to display the Covenant for the whole family to read from across the room. Quiz the children every day on them.
The
photograph shows the Ten Commandments written in the primary (palaeo)
Hebrew script written on a large stone found in the 1800's at Los
Lunas, New Mexico, near the Rio Grande in an area known as Hidden
Mountain.
The style of the letter "yod" used on the stone indicates that the Israelites were in North America, and probably members of the Samaritan tribes (from northern Israel). It could have been inscribed on this stone as early as the ninth century BCE, during the reign of King Shalomoh (Solomon), or as late as 146 BCE when the Carthaginians (Israelites) were conquered by Rome. Many "diasporas" occurred, but we now know that Israel was mostly a "sea empire", and they were called "Phoenicians" by the Greeks. The Israelites travelled the oceans of the world as they mined tin, copper, gold, and iron. Did you know that the distance from the western coast of Africa to South America is LESS than the width of the Mediterranean Sea? Columbus didn't discover the Americas, Israelites were already living here, and many became what are now referred to as "Native Americans". Also
see Hebrew
Letter Study Chart |
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“Learning Ladino–Then and Now” |
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Sephardi Jews learned Ladino in the 19th and 20th centuries through “silabarios… small grammar books… that taught children how to read and write in Ladino… in the traditional Hebrew alphabet.” Although silabarios were originally published by Protestant movements hoping to win Christian converts, “Sephardic Jews decided to publish their own books… that would promote Jewish messages.” Silabarios were thus used to teach basic information regarding holidays, including, in one Constantinople silabario published in the early 1920’s, the holiday of 2 November. The holiday of November 2nd? That was when some Sephardi Jews with Zionist sympathies celebrated “[n]one other than the Balfour Declaration.” Nuevo Silavario Djudeo-Espanyol, Constantinople, 1908 (Photo courtesy of Stroum Center for Jewish Studies) |
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“Sisters
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| Yosef Elyashar, a rabbi in the Spanish town of Híjar, was expelled from Spain 500 year ago. Today, two of Elyashar’s American descendants are poised to acquire Spanish citizenship after having passed a battery of tests and producing documents proving Spanish lineage. Says Tamar
Hurwitz, one of the rabbi’s descendants, “It never occurred to me that I’d be able to return to Spain. It never occurred to me that we’d be welcomed back as Sephardic Jews based on our family’s history, and the fact that this law emerged sparked something in me.” Sisters Sharón Eliashar (left) and Tamar Hurwitz (right) and their mother, Rina Eliashar (middle) (Photo courtesy of Sharón Eliashar and Tamar Hurwitz) |
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| The American Sephardi
Federation, Portuguese Consulate of New York, the Sousa Mendes
Foundation, and the Municipality of Almeida, Portugal proudly present a
new exhibition in the Leon Levy Gallery honoring Aristides de Sousa
Mendes, the courageous and creative Portuguese diplomat who saved
Salvador Dali, the authors of Curious George, and thousands of other
Holocaust refugees. |
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Israel may have just solved one of the Bible’s biggest mysteries |
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ASHKELON, Israel — An archaeological discovery announced on Sunday in Israel may help solve an enduring biblical mystery: Where did the ancient Philistines come from? |
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| The origins of the Philistines is one of the biggest unsolved mysteries in the Bible. “After decades of studying what Philistines left behind, we have finally come face to face with the people themselves,” said Daniel M. Master, professor of archaeology at Wheaton College and one of the leaders of the excavation. “With this discovery we are close to unlocking the secrets of their origins.” | ||||
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| A few human remains at Philistine sites had been discovered in past years, but they provided too small a sample to draw conclusions, he added. The archaeologists kept the discovery a secret for three years until the end of their dig because of a unique hazard of archaeology in modern-day Israel: They did not want to attract ultra-Orthodox Jewish protesters, Master said. “We had to bite our tongues for a long time,” Master said. In the past, the ultra-Orthodox have staged demonstrations at excavations where human remains are found, arguing that the remains could be Jewish and that disturbing them would violate a religious prohibition. The Leon Levy Expedition itself faced ultra-Orthodox demonstrators in the 1990s, during the excavation of a Canaanite burial site. In the Bible, the Philistines are depicted as the ancient Israelites’ archenemy, a foreign people who migrated from lands to the west and settled in five main cities in Philistia, in today’s southern Israel and the Gaza Strip. The bones found in Ashkelon may finally reveal where the ancient Philistines came from.Photo: AP The most famous Philistine was Goliath, the fearsome warrior who was slain by a young King David. The Philistines’ legacy lives on in the name Palestine, the term the Romans gave to the region in the 2nd century, and which is used today by Palestinians. |
Archaeologists and biblical scholars have long believed the Philistines came from the Aegean region, based on pottery found in excavations of Philistine sites. But scholars have debated where exactly in the Aegean region the Philistines came from: mainland Greece, the islands of Crete or Cyprus, or even Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. The bones might hold the answers, said archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel, an Israeli expert on the period who did not participate in the dig. He called the cemetery find “a very significant discovery indeed.” The excavation of the cemetery has also shed light on Philistine burial practices. The Philistines buried their dead with perfume bottles, placed near the face. Near the legs were jars that likely held oil, wine or food. In some cases, archaeologists found the dead were buried wearing necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and even toe rings. Some were buried with their weapons. “This is how Philistines treated their dead, and it’s the code book to decoding everything,” said archaeologist Adam Aja, a participant in the dig. Finds from the cemetery went on display Sunday in an Israel Museum exhibition held at the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem. Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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On the outskirts of Beijing, a small limestone mountain named Dragon Bone Hill rises above the surrounding sprawl. Along the northern side, a path leads up to some fenced-off caves that draw 150,000 visitors each year, from schoolchildren to
grey-haired pensioners. It was here, in 1929, that researchers discovered a nearly complete ancient skull that they determined was roughly half a million years old. Dubbed Peking Man, it was among the earliest human remains ever uncovered, and it helped to convince many researchers that humanity first evolved in Asia. Since then, the central importance of Peking Man has faded. Although modern dating methods put the fossil even earlier — at up to 780,000 years old — the specimen has been eclipsed by discoveries in Africa that have yielded much older remains of ancient human relatives. Such finds have cemented Africa's status as the cradle of humanity — the place from which modern humans and their predecessors spread around the globe — and relegated Asia to a kind of evolutionary cul-de-sac. But the tale of Peking Man has haunted generations of Chinese researchers, who have struggled to understand its relationship to modern humans. “It's a story without an ending,” says Wu Xinzhi, a palaeontologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing. They wonder whether the descendants of Peking Man and fellow members of the species Homo erectus died out or evolved into a more modern species, and whether they contributed to the gene pool of China today. Keen to get to the bottom of its people's ancestry, China has in the past decade stepped up its efforts to uncover evidence of early humans across the country. It is reanalysing old fossil finds and pouring tens of millions of dollars a year into excavations. And the government is setting up a $1.1-million laboratory at the IVPP to extract and sequence ancient DNA. |
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| The investment comes at a time when palaeoanthropologists across the globe are starting to pay more attention to Asian fossils and how they relate to other early hominins — creatures that are more closely related to humans than to chimps. Finds in China and other parts of Asia have made it clear that a dazzling variety of Homo species once roamed the continent. And they are challenging conventional ideas about the evolutionary history of humanity. | ||
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| “Many Western scientists tend to see Asian fossils and artefacts through the prism of what was happening in Africa and Europe,” says Wu. Those other continents have historically drawn more attention in studies of human evolution because of the antiquity of fossil finds there, and because they are closer to major palaeoanthropology research institutions, he says. “But it's increasingly clear that many Asian materials cannot fit into the traditional narrative of human evolution.” Chris Stringer, a palaeoanthropologist at the Natural History Museum in London, agrees. “Asia has been a forgotten continent,” he says. “Its role in human evolution may have been largely under-appreciated.” In its typical form, the story of Homo sapiens starts in Africa. The exact details vary from one telling to another, but the key characters and events generally remain the same. And the title is always 'Out of Africa'. In this standard view of human evolution, H. erectus first evolved there more than 2 million years ago (see 'Two routes for human evolution'). Then, some time before 600,000 years ago, it gave rise to a new species: Homo heidelbergensis, the oldest remains of which have been found in Ethiopia. About 400,000 years ago, some members of H. heidelbergensis left Africa and split into two branches: |
one ventured into the Middle East and Europe, where it evolved into Neanderthals; the other went east, where members became Denisovans — a group first discovered in Siberia in 2010. The remaining population of H. heidelbergensis in Africa eventually evolved into our own species, H. sapiens, about 200,000 years ago. Then these early humans expanded their range to Eurasia 60,000 years ago, where they replaced local hominins with a minuscule amount of interbreeding. A hallmark of H. heidelbergensis — the potential common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans — is that individuals have a mixture of primitive and modern features. Like more archaic lineages, H. heidelbergensis has a massive brow ridge and no chin. But it also resembles H. sapiens, with its smaller teeth and bigger braincase. Most researchers have viewedH. heidelbergensis — or something similar — as a transitional form between H. erectus and H. sapiens. Unfortunately, fossil evidence from this period, the dawn of the human race, is scarce and often ambiguous. It is the least understood episode in human evolution, says Russell Ciochon, a palaeoanthropologist at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. “But it's central to our understanding of humanity's ultimate origin.” |
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| The tale is further muddled by Chinese fossils analysed over the past four decades, which cast doubt over the linear progression from African H. erectus to modern humans. They show that, between roughly 900,000 and 125,000 years ago, east Asia was teeming with hominins endowed with features that would place them somewhere between H. erectus and H. sapiens, says Wu
(see‘Ancient human sites’). “Those fossils are a big mystery,” says Ciochon. “They clearly represent more advanced species than H. erectus, but nobody knows what they are because they don't seem to fit into any categories we know.” The fossils' transitional characteristics have prompted researchers such as Stringer to lump them with H. heidelbergensis. Because the oldest of these forms, two skulls uncovered in Yunxian in Hubei province, date back 900,000 years, Stringer even suggests that H. heidelbergensis might have originated in Asia and then spread to other continents. But many researchers, including most Chinese palaeontologists, contend that the materials from China are different from European and African H. heidelbergensis fossils, despite some apparent similarities. One nearly complete skull unearthed at Dali in Shaanxi province and dated to 250,000 years ago, has a bigger braincase, a shorter face and a lower cheekbone than most H. heidelbergensis specimens, suggesting that the species was more advanced. |
Such transitional forms persisted for hundreds of thousands of years in China, until species appeared with such modern traits that some researchers have classified them as H. sapiens. One of the most recent of these is represented by two teeth and a lower jawbone, dating to about 100,000 years ago, unearthed in 2007 by IVPP palaeoanthropologist Liu Wu and his colleagues. Discovered in
Zhirendong, a cave in Guangxi province, the jaw has a classic modern-human appearance, but retains some archaic features of Peking Man, such as a more robust build and a less-protruding chin. Most Chinese palaeontologists — and a few ardent supporters from the West — think that the transitional fossils are evidence that Peking Man was an ancestor of modern Asian people. In this model, known as multiregionalism or continuity with hybridization, hominins descended from H. erectus in Asia interbred with incoming groups from Africa and other parts of Eurasia, and their progeny gave rise to the ancestors of modern east Asians, says Wu. Support for this idea also comes from artefacts in China. In Europe and Africa, stone tools changed markedly over time, but hominins in China used the same type of simple stone instruments from about 1.7 million years ago to 10,000 years ago. According to Gao Xing, an archaeologist at the IVPP, this suggests that local hominins evolved continuously, with little influence from outside populations. |
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POLITICS AT PLAY? Some Western researchers suggest that there is a hint of nationalism in Chinese palaeontologists' support for continuity. “The Chinese — they do not accept the idea that H. sapiens evolved in Africa,” says one researcher. “They want everything to come from China.” |
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| Chinese researchers reject such allegations. “This has nothing to do with nationalism,” says Wu. It's all about the evidence — the transitional fossils and archaeological
artefacts, he says. “Everything points to continuous evolution in China from H. erectus to modern human.” But the continuity-with-hybridization model is countered by overwhelming genetic data that point to Africa as the wellspring of modern humans. Studies of Chinese populations show that 97.4% of their genetic make-up is from ancestral modern humans from Africa, with the rest coming from extinct forms such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. “If there had been significant contributions from Chinese H. erectus, they would show up in the genetic data,” says Li Hui, a population geneticist at Fudan University in Shanghai. Wu counters that the genetic contribution from archaic hominins in China could have been missed because no DNA has yet been recovered from them. Many researchers say that there are ways to explain the existing Asian fossils without resorting to continuity with hybridization. The Zhirendong hominins, for instance, could represent an exodus of early modern humans from Africa between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago. Instead of remaining in the Levant in the Middle East, as was thought previously, these people could have expanded into east Asia, says Michael Petraglia, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford, UK. |
Other evidence backs up this hypothesis: excavations at a cave in Daoxian in China's Hunan province have yielded 47 fossil teeth so modern-looking that they could have come from the mouths of people today. But the fossils are at least 80,000 years old, and perhaps 120,000 years old, Liu and his colleagues reported last year. “Those early migrants may have interbred with archaic populations along the way or in Asia, which could explain Zhirendong people's primitive traits,” says
Petraglia. Another possibility is that some of the Chinese fossils, including the Dali skull, represent the mysterious Denisovans, a species identified from Siberian fossils that are more than 40,000 years old. Palaeontologists don't know what the Denisovans looked like, but studies of DNA recovered from their teeth and bones indicate that this ancient population contributed to the genomes of modern humans, especially Australian Aborigines, Papua New Guineans and Polynesians — suggesting that Denisovans might have roamed Asia. María Martinón-Torres, a palaeoanthropologist at University College London, is among those who proposed that some of the Chinese hominins were Denisovans. She worked with IVPP researchers on an analysis, published last year, of a fossil assemblage uncovered at Xujiayao in Hebei province — including partial jaws and nine teeth dated to 125,000–100,000 years ago. The molar teeth are massive, with very robust roots and complex grooves, reminiscent of those from Denisovans, she says. |
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| A third idea is even more radical. It emerged when Martinón-Torres and her colleagues compared more than 5,000 fossil teeth from around the world: the team found that Eurasian specimens are more similar to each other than to African ones. That work and more recent interpretations of fossil skulls suggest that Eurasian hominins evolved separately from African ones for a long stretch of time. The researchers propose that the first hominins that left Africa 1.8 million years ago were the eventual source of modern humans. Their descendants mostly settled in the Middle East, where the climate was
favourable, and then produced waves of transitional hominins that spread elsewhere. One Eurasian group went to Indonesia, another gave rise to Neanderthals and
Denisovans, and a third ventured back into Africa and evolved into H. sapiens, which later spread throughout the world. In this model, modern humans evolved in Africa, but their immediate ancestor originated in the Middle East. Not everybody is convinced. “Fossil interpretations are notoriously problematic,” says Svante Pääbo, a palaeogeneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. But DNA from Eurasian fossils dating to the start of the human race could help to reveal which story — or combination — is correct. China is now making a push in that direction. Qiaomei Fu, a palaeogeneticist who did her PhD with Pääbo, returned home last year to establish a lab to extract and sequence ancient DNA at the IVPP. One of her immediate goals is to see whether some of the Chinese fossils belong to the mysterious Denisovan group. The prominent molar teeth from Xujiayao will be an early target. “I think we have a prime suspect here,” she says. |
Despite the different interpretations of the Chinese fossil record, everybody agrees that the evolutionary tale in Asia is much more interesting than people appreciated before. But the details remain fuzzy, because so few researchers have excavated in Asia. When they have, the results have been startling. In 2003, a dig on Flores island in Indonesia turned up a diminutive hominin, which researchers named Homo floresiensis and dubbed the hobbit. With its odd assortment of features, the creature still provokes debate about whether it is a dwarfed form of H. erectus or some more primitive lineage that made it all the way from Africa to southeast Asia and lived until as recently as 60,000 years ago. Last month, more surprises emerged from Flores, where researchers found the remains of a hobbit-like hominin in rocks about 700,000 years old. Recovering more fossils from all parts of Asia will clearly help to fill in the gaps. Many palaeoanthropologists also call for better access to existing materials. Most Chinese fossils — including some of the finest specimens, such as the Yunxian and Dali skulls — are accessible only to a handful of Chinese palaeontologists and their collaborators. “To make them available for general studies, with replicas or CT scans, would be fantastic,” says Stringer. Moreover, fossil sites should be dated much more rigorously, preferably by multiple methods, researchers say. But all agree that Asia — the largest continent on Earth — has a lot more to offer in terms of unravelling the human story. “The center of gravity,” says Petraglia, “is shifting eastward.”
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Source: Scientific American online, July 12, 2016
Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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15 de Agosto de 2016 Nacionalidad Española y Portuguesa para sefaradíes Mexican Murals. San Juan Teitipac: The Lost Supper Cave etchings reveal early dialogue between Native Americans and Europeans Nov. 1966 Foto ”Aniversario de la Revoluciòn Mexicana” Montemorelos, N.L. Mexican Cultural Institute celebrates Coahuila Pueblos Magicos and shared history of San Antonio Primera Oficina de Correos en Nueva España El bautismo del Distinguido Profesor Don Plinio D. Ordoñez por Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero El matrimonio de Alfonso Dubois de Saligny y la Srita. y Marìa de la Luz Ortiz de la Borbolla |
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| Temas: Busquedas más eficaces en FamilySearch: "Lo que busco ¿estará en Familysearch?" Agregando las Fuentes de Información a mi Genealogía Heraldica Básica? |
| Benicio Samuel Sánchez García,
Presidente Sociedad Genealógica y de Historia Familiar de México Genealogista e Historiador Familiar |
Email: samuelsanchez@genealogia.org.mx Website: http://www.Genealogia.org.mx Cell Phone: 811 191 6334 |
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| The Dominican mission of San Juan Teitipac in the Valley of Oaxaca is best known for the suite of processional murals in the entrance to the convento. | ||
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Before the tragic destruction of the cloister, many of its other walls were also decorated with murals, most of which have been lost. However until very recently vestiges remained of an extraordinary Last Supper fresco on the rear wall of the former refectory, probably earlier than the porteria murals.
or many years open to the weather, this mural was almost entirely washed away, save for a single fragment, still framed in part by grotesque bands and friezes. |
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2005 From the surviving fragment, painted in warm monochrome, we can appreciate the fine quality of the draftsmanship, most noticeably in the sensitive treatment of the faces of the Apostles. |
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Arts
of Colonial Mexico Text © 2016 Richard D. Perry. Images by the author See our other posts on Mexican Murals: Cuautinchán; Xometla; Culhuacán; Zacualpan; Ozumba; Tlalmanalco; Ixmilquilpan; Mama; Izucar; Tree murals; Tepeapulco; Tula; Epazoyucan; Zempoala; Yecapixtla; |
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| Unfortunately, installation of a new beamed roof on the room contributed to the further effacement of the mural, a loss for early Mexican art and us all. For the rest of the summer we plan to post at a slower pace, continuing with more early murals, and a look at some more Mexican stone crosses and other examples of early colonial stone carving. We also plan additional posts on folk baroque examples in art and architecture. Enjoy, Arts of Colonial Mexico http://colonialmexico.blogspot.com http://colonialmexico.blogspot.com/ |
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The colonization of the Americas at the hands of Europeans is often depicted as violent, oppressive, religiously zealous, and without interest in learning about the people who were already there. But in some places, it might not have been that cut and dry. Etched in the soft limestone walls of a network of caves deep in Mona Island in the Caribbean are clues of a more thoughtful dialogue between the newcomers and the island's residents. The inscriptions appear to be an interplay between indigenous spiritual iconography and Christian symbols and phrases in Latin and Spanish. And the archaeologists who found this historical artwork say that they think the markings are the remnants of a colonial-era religious dialogue, as the Native and European peoples learned about each other. "It is proof that the first generation of Europeans were going into caves and being exposed to an indigenous world view," one of the lead archaeologists, Jago Cooper, curator at the British Museum, told The Guardian. Mona Island was inhabited by indigenous people for over 5,000 years. Thousands of years into their residence, Christopher Columbus stopped by on his second voyage to the New World in 1494. Just 41 miles west of Puerto Rico, the island would go on to be situated directly along a well-traveled route from Europe to the New World. There are about 200 caves throughout the 19-square-mile rocky island, but the European arrivals wouldn't have known of the dark recesses of those caverns where the archaeologists found the etchings. So indigenous people would have had to be their guides. And the researchers don't doubt that both groups were there. "What we’re seeing here is a dichotomy between two very different sets of art," Dr. Cooper told National Geographic. "The later set is definitely drawn by Europeans who are having a reaction to, and a dialog with, the indigenous art." In the same area where the researchers found indigenous art, they also spotted Christian crosses, abbreviations of Jesus's name, and phrases in Latin and Spanish. There was also more modern-style graffiti, as people apparently marked their presence by scrawling their names and dates on the cave walls. "This research reveals a new perspective on the personal encounter between indigenous populations and the first generations of Europeans in the Americas," Cooper said in a press release.  The researchers analyzed the style of the iconography and associated pottery, and dated the scorch marks left by torches carried into the dark caverns for illumination. They also compared the handwriting of European signatures to those found in historical records. Their results were published Tuesday in the journal Antiquity."We have this idea of when the first Europeans came to the New World of them imposing a very rigid Christianity. We know a lot about the inquisition in Mexico and Peru and the burning of libraries and the persecution of indigenous religions," one of the lead archaeologists, Alice Samson, of University of Leicester, told The Guardian. "What we are seeing in this Caribbean cave is something different. This is not zealous missionaries coming with their burning crosses, they are people engaging with a new spiritual realm and we get individual responses in the cave and it is not automatically erasure, it is engagement.” Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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En la fotografía tomada el dìa 20 de Noviembre de 1966,
me encontraba en Montemorelos disfrutando mis últimas vacaciones de
Cadete del Heroico Colegio Militar. Foto tomada el dìa 20 de Noviembre de 1966: ”Aniversario de la Revoluciòn Mexicana” en Montemorelos, N.L. Ciudad donde nacì. De Izq. a der. Profesor Carlos Treviño Quiroga, Cadete de 1/a. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero, Sr. Pezino, Profr. Angel Garcìa, Dr. Pablo de Osio, Doña Tulitas Garcìa de la Garza de Gonzàlez, Capitàn 1/º de Caballerìa Don Daniel Gonzàlez Corella “Veterano de la Revoluciòn”, el siguiente Sr. no recuerdo su nombre y el Profesor Don Plinio D. Ordoñez. “El Capitàn 1/º de Caballerìa Don Daniel Gonzàlez Corella, originario de Montemorelos, perteneciò al Segundo Regimiento de la Brigada Canales que mandaba el Tte. Corl. Don Genovevo Rivas Guillèn, combatió contra tropas Norteamericanas de la Expediciòn Punitiva al mando del General John J. Pershing en el Carrizal, Chihuahua el dìa 21 de Junio de 1916; en dicha acción murió el General Fèlix U. Gòmez quien había sido nombrado para hacerse cargo de las Operaciones Militares en dicho Sector. Las tropas Norteamericanas que combatieron en el Carrizal estaban compuestas por las Compañìas K-10 y C-17 de Caballerìa las mandaba el Capitàn Charles T. Boyd, quien murió en el combate así como el Teniente Adair”. Investigò. Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero. M.H. Sociedad Genealògica y de Historia Familiar de Mèxico, de la Sociedad de Genealogìa de Nuevo Leòn y de la Asociaciòn de Cronistas e Historiadores de Coahuila, A.C. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero duardos43@hotmail.com |
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July 8, 2016 - San Antonio, Texas; The Instituto Cultural de
Mexico (Mexican Cultural Institute) welcomes the Government of Coahuila at an event that celebrates the shared history of San Antonio with the recognition of six of cities that have received the prestigious designation of Pueblos Magicos. Led by Luis Alfonso Rodriguez Garza, Sub-Secretary of Tourism Coahuila and Mayors of the six cities, the public is invited to attend a formal presentation and celebration of Coahuila Pueblos Magicos at the Mexican Cultural Institute located at 600 Hemisfair Park on Thursday, July 14, starting at
10 am. A Pueblos Magicos designation is Mexico's equivalent to a World Heritage Site, and two of Coahuila's Pueblos Magicos towns have important historical connections to San Antonio; Guerrero and Viesca. On March 1, 1700, the Mission that is now known as The Alamo was founded in Guerrero (the former Presidio San Juan Bautista). Three of San Antonio's other Missions emanated from the site of Mission San Bernardo in Guerrero, led by captain Domingo Ramon in 1716 across the famous Paso de Francia at the Rio Grande. And in 1731, fifteen families from the Canary Islands departed from Guerrero for the arduous journey to San Antonio to establish the city's first civil government. Guerrero is the closest Pueblo Magico to San Antonio, just over a two hour drive. When people ask, "how did The Alamo get it's name?", the town of Viesca (formerly known as San Jose y Santiago del Alamo) has the answer; from the Spanish soldiers who came from San Jose? del Alamo that were stationed at San Antonio de Valero after that Mission was secularized in 1793. By 1803, the townspeople of San Antonio were referring to the site as el Alamo, because of the soldiers from Viesca who were stationed there. Descendants of The Alamo soldiers from Viesca will participate in the Coahuila Pueblos Magicos event. Coahuila is also known as one of the world' premier producers of wine, and some of the oldest vineyards in America are located at Parras de la Fuente, another important Pueblos Magicos. Parras is also called the oasis of the semi-desert of Coahuila, and it has bathing resorts which were also used to generate electric power for industrial use. In Arteaga, residents tout the year-round median temperature of 72 F. and say theirs is the most perfect climate in North America. Many call Arteaga Mexico's Switzerland, with mountain regions that offer hiking, horse back riding and year round winter sports, that include snow skiing. Candela is located in the central region of Coahuila, and attracts visitors with its beautiful mountains, deserts, aquatic recreational areas and thermal springs. Like other isolated mountain towns, Candela is a religiously cultured place that features capillas (chapels) like the one located on the Santa Lucia de San Miguel hacienda that was erected in the honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe. And in the colonial town of Cuatrocienegas, visitors can immerse themselves in one of Mexico's most spectacular landscapes within an oasis at the Cuatrocienegas Natural Area. The restaurants in the city center are also known for their exquisite gastronomic selections, such as barbacoa, menudo norten?o and carne con chile paired with the locally produced pulque and wines. Coahuila Pueblos Magicos will be the first event produced by the new team at the Mexican Cultural Institute, led by Hector Velasco Monroy, Consul General of Mexico to San Antonio and Monica de Arenal, Director of the Institute. The event will be presided by Coahuila's Sub-Secretary of Tourism and Mayor's of the six Pueblos Magicos towns who are confirmed: o Antonio Castillon - Guerrero o Marcelo Quirino - Viesca o Jorge Davila - Parras o Jesus Duran - Arteaga o Roberto Tijerina - Candela o Miguel Cantu - Cuatrocienegas Following a formal presentation and press conference in the Main Auditorium at 10am, the public will enjoy culinary, cultural, historical and artisan product displays in an adjoining exhibit space at the Mexican Cultural Institute. This will include an announcement by INAH Coahuila of a new archaeological excavation at Mission San Bernardo in Guerrero. As San Antonio approaches its tricentennial in 2018, it is essential that the City and County include the history and culture of Mexico as it celebrates the transfer and founding of Mission San Antonio de Valero and the Presidio de Bexar, both of which came from Mexico (New Spain). |
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| One of the speakers was Dan Arrellano discussing the Alamo de Parras Company which arrived in San Antonio in 1803. His
GGGGrandfather, a sergeant en la segunda Compania Volente de Alamo de
Parras, arrived with the company. The company was stationed in the Mission known as San Antonio de Valero and eventually would be known as the Alamo.
Dan Arellano Author/Historian President Battle of Medina Historical Society darellano@austin.rr.com |
For more information, please contact: Monica de Arenal | Director, Instituto Cultural de Mexico 600 Hemisfair Park San Antonio, Texas 78205 210.227.0123 mdelarenal@saculturamexico.org Source: Bill Millet 972.365.3303 billmillet@yahoo.com info@milletfilms.com Received from Gilberto Quezada jgilbertoquezada@yahoo.com
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El bautismo del Distinguido Profesor Don Plinio D. Ordoñez |
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Estimados amigos Genealogistas e Historiadores. Envìo a Uds. la imagen del Registro del bautismo del Distinguido Profesor Don Plinio D. Ordoñez. Fuentes del Reg. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Dìas. Libro de bautismos de la Parroquia de San Mateo de Montemorelos, N.L. Màrgen izq. Acta No.1222. Marzo 28 de 1882. Plinio Daniel. Ciudad. “En la Parroquia de San Mateo de la Ciudad de Montemorelos, en veintiocho de Marzo de mil ochocientos ochenta y dos. Bautizè solemnemente y puse los Santos oleos y Sagrado crisma à Plinio Daniel, de dos meses, veinticinco días de nacido, hijo legìtimo de Cipriano Ordoñez Rodriguez y de Marìa Gonzàlez: Abuelos paternos, Marìa Teodora Rodriguez, abuelo no hay; y maternos Don Ygnacio Gonzàlez y Doña Tomaza Garza. Padrinos Don Josè Marìa Urbina y Doña Natalia Guerrero, a quienes adverti su obligación y parentesco espiritual. Y para constancia lo firmo. J. Gpe. M. Morales”.
Investigò. Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero. |
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El matrimonio del Excelentìsimo Señor
Don Juan Pedro, Elisidoro, Alfonso Dubois de Saligny |
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Envìo a Uds. la imagen del registro
eclesiástico del matrimonio del Excelentìsimo Señor Don Juan Pedro,
Elisidoro, Alfonso Dubois de Saligny y la Srita. Marìa de la Luz,
Josefa, Brìgida, del Corazòn de Jesùs de Ortiz de la Borbolla. Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de
Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Dìas. No. 204. Exmo. Sr. Don Juan, Pedro, Elisidoro, Alfonso, Dubois de Saligny y la Señorita Marìa de la Luz, Josefa, Brigida, del Corazòn de Jesùs de Ortiz de la Borbolla.
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| Simon Bolivar, Liberator of
Latin America lodged here in 1810 Dialectos de la Lengua Española |
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En el momento de la emancipación, las colonias españolas se volvieron una especie de colonias
inglesas. Placa vista en Londres. "Bolívar, el liberador de América Latina, se alojó aquí en 1810". Bolívar también conocerá en Inglaterra al anti-esclavista Wilberforce (quien estaba en contacto con figuras del movimiento Sons of Africa, como Olaudah Equiano) y al reformador educativo Joseph Lancaster, cuáquero que llegará a ser influyente en la pedagogía en Caracas. También publicará un artículo en el "Morning Chronicle" (5 de Septiembre) sobre la emancipación de Iberoamérica.
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| Editor Mimi: This is a
website with a discussion that views Simon Bolivar with a different
perspective. I looked up " una especie" just to make sure
I was reading it correctly and to help me understand the article
which is in Spanish. "una especie" is just what you
would guess, a specie. |
| Definición de especie .
. . A menudo se define la especie como un grupo de individuos que se reproducen o pueden reproducirse en la
naturaleza. En este sentido, la especie es el mayor acervo génico que existe en condiciones
naturales. Si dos linajes de roble tienen un aspecto completamente distinto pero en algunas ocasiones hibridan entre sí, ¿deberíamos considerarlos especies
diferentes? Hay muchas otras ocasiones en las que los límites de una especie están
borrosos. No es tan sorprendente que existan estos lugares borrosos; después de
todo, la idea de especie es algo que las personas hemos inventado para nuestra propia
conveniencia! http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/evo_41_sp |
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| The author suggests when the Spanish colonies
were overtaken by the English, the settlements became historically English colonies.
The plaque above identified as English Heritage certainly suggest
that Simon Bolivar was English. The article seems to place this easy transition on the association of Masons and their political power. When I look at the bird visually explaining a specie, it seems that they are saying, the Spanish and English are alike in form, only the outward appearance is different. |
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 Sent by Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante |
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Y así en cada pais de America |
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Liberación de Filipinas por USA . . . . Shameful chapters in our short history! |
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Liberación de Filipinas por USA . . . . Shameful chapters in our short history! |
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Matanza de filipinos por parte de soldados norteamericanos en
Jolos, provincia de Sulu (Filipinas). En la Guerra que sucedió entre norteamericanos y
filipinos, tras la independencia propiciada por los mismos norteamericanos, se sucedieron muchas masacres como ésta. En la foto puede apreciarse como los soldados yankees han asesinado a niños y
mujeres. ¡Cuánto hubieron de llorar los filipinos la ausencia de España!
La guerra filipino-estadounidense fue un conflicto bélico acaecido entre Filipinas y el ejército de Estados Unidos de América desde el 4 de febrero de 1899 hasta el 16 de abril de 1902. Una vez que los EEUU “liberaran” Filipinas de s españes. Durante la contienda murieron 20.000 militares filipinos y 4.234 estadounidenses. |
El número de civiles filipinos que perecieron como consecuencia directa de los enfrentamientos sobrepasó el millón de personas
(que para el año de 1899, la población del país rondaría aproximadamente los nueve
millones), más del 10% de la población. Este evento se llama Genocidio filipino
(Estados Unidos ordenó a su ejército no tomar prisioneros y matar a todos los mayores de diez años. Según Luciano de la Rosa, autor de El Filipino: Origen y Connotación(Manila, 1960): es de esperar que una enorme proporción de esas bajas sean filipinos de habla hispana ya que eran los de este habla los que mejor entendían los conceptos de independencia y libertad y los que escribieron obras en idioma español sobre dichas ideas. |
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https://www.google.com.mx/search?q=philippine+american+war+genocide&newwindow=1&biw=1366&bih= 667&noj=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjayZ7hkYbOAhXC4yYKHZ5aBVwQ_AUICCgB https://somatemps.me/2016/04/23/hispanidad-el-genocidio-filipino-cometido-por-los-norteamericanos/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War Sent by Dr. C. Campos y Escalante campce@gmail.com |
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Dia de la Amistad Hispano-Filipino New Legislature for a WWII Congressional Gold Medal of Honor The Philippines its Unique Small Public Transportation System by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D. |
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30
DE JUNIO, FELIZ DÍA DE LA AMISTAD HISPANO-FILIPINA!
(Araw ng pagkakaibigang Espanyol at Filipino) :) Tiene lugar el 30 de junio, fecha en que el general Emilio Aguinaldo, Presidente de la Primera República Filipina, emitió una orden por la cual se decretaba que los últimos soldados españoles "los últimos de Filipinas" que se habían atrincherado en la iglesia del pueblo de Baler durante casi un año fueran tratados no como enemigos, sino como amigos, y que recibieran la asistencia necesaria para su retorno a España. (y) #filipinashispánica #hispanidad #historiafilipina Sent by Dr. Carlos Campo y
Escalante campce@gmail.com |
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There is legislation that has been introduced to honor the men of Bataan and Corregidor with the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor! PLEASE contact your US Representatives and Senators and ask them to support this bill. H.R.4766 - To award a Congressional Gold Medal, collectively, to American military personnel who fought in defense of Bataan, Corregidor, Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippine Archipelago between December 7, 1941, and May 10, 1942, and who died or were imprisoned by the Japanese military in the Philippines, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Wake Island, and Guam from April 9, 1942, until September 2, 1945, in recognition of their personal sacrifice and service to their country. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4766/cosponsors |
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| The Philippines like the rest of the world has all kinds of public transportation systems from big to small, including a non-motorised transportation system. It has railway and bus transportation systems which can transport passengers from a short to a long distance destination. This is not the same as the smaller transportation system which for the most time travels short distances and is very common in rural areas. The rickshaw system very common in China and other Asian countries is not very popular in the Philippines. It is operated by a person pulling the cart with a maximum of two passengers and can only cover the shortest distance. It also exists in my home state of Minnesota particularly in Minneapolis and St. Paul downtown areas especially during the warm seasons. Now the rickshaw transportation can be pulled by an animal and a motorized bicycle. |
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The Philippines has a non-motorized system called Kalesa which some mistakenly refer to as Rickshaw, but it is not as the latter in its non-motorized mode is pulled by a man and the former, by a horse. We can say that the Kalesa system is unique of its own. The other small public transportation systems of the Philippines comprise the Jeepneys, the Tricycles both motorised and non-motorized, and small wooden wagons pulled individually by either a single water buffalo or a cow. These wooden wagons are topless and are only used by farmers to transport their goods and to sometimes , if it has space, take passengers along the way who are unable to find a ride. We also have taxi transportation in the Philippines like the rest of the world but I am not going to include this in the article as its existence like the railway and bus transportation systems are not unique. Also the popularity and convenient use of the taxi is now overshadowed by the tricycle. Let me then start with the Kalesa transportation system.
Before the advent of tricycle and jeepney transportation systems, we had the Kalesas that started as far back as the earliest Spanish colonization of the Philippines. A typical Kalesa in the rural area is a one horse driven two wheel wooden carriage which can still be seen in our country at present. But it is no longer popular as the tricycles and jeepneys. The jeepneys have taken over those routes previously served by the Kalesas. But now the tricycles have taken over the jeepney routes. For the Philippine Kalesa transportation see: http://hubpages.com/travel/The-Philippine-Kalesa |
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The Kalesas are
very much available in
rural areas and the fare
is cheap although they
have suffered stiff
competition from
non-motorized tricycles.
The rural Kalesas are not
as elegant as those shown
in the above
pictures/websites but they
are very simple and wooden
in structure. These
carriages were once a
status symbol and mark of
prestige. Owning a Kalesa
was akin to having a
luxury car of today. When
the Philippines was still
under the Spanish rule,
the Kalesa was used by
rich Filipinos (also known
as “ilustrados”)
for personal transport and
to conduct business.
The Philippine Kalesa
during the Spanish time
was akin to the US and
European horse and
carriage transportation in
the 19th century that were
fully covered except for
their windows. Both were
enclosed and could sit at
least four passengers. The
common Kalesa in the
Philippines has been
since the Spanish
occupation of the
Philippines an open space
carriage except for
the top with two large
wheels on each side that
can accommodate at least
two passengers.
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I remember very well
riding the Karitela when I
was a boy and vacationing
at my mother's hometown of
Taal, Batangas in the
50's, where I and my male
first cousin would
sometimes ride the
Karitela to go to the
beach which was a
mile away from home. I
also remember riding the
Karitela in the summer of
1961 when I went to
Tanauan, Batangas which
was 46.2 kilometres away
from Taal and 75.3
kilometres from my place
of residence in Quezon
City. At the start
of summer of 1961 took the
Karitela/Kalesa upon
arriving by bus in Tanauan,
in the province of
Batangas from Manila to go
to the office of the town
Mayor to get assistance in
finding a place to rent
for me and my research
work crew part of our
summer work in 1961. I
received a research
assistant job together
with 4 others from the
University of the
Philippines to do
community study in three
barrios (town
subdivisions) of Tanauan.
We UP research work crew
also used the Karitela
transportation system in
our work the rest of the
summer of 1961 in Lipa,
Batangas and Santa Cruz in
the province of Laguna if
no motorised
transportation vehicles
were available. Through
the years, however, the
Kalesa’s design, length
and passenger capacity
have evolved and with more
decorative features mainly
to attract tourists.
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For several centuries, the
Kalesa was considered as
the undisputed “King
of the Road”
until the arrival of the
jeepneys during the
American period. It soon
dominated all major
thoroughfares relegating
the Kalesa transportation
system into the
background. The Kalesa,
however, has never lost
its appeal however, and
its enduring allure
appears to be a match to any
present genre of
transport. It has even
inspired a Filipino
national artist to compose
a song about the Kalesa.
For a Kalesa song rendition,
go to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELVJxHnZhz8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_94qwevviA0 The Kalesa’s future has always been in survival mode. It has faced threats to its continued existence due to modern and faster modes of transportation in the Philippines. But with growing economic and environmental concerns, it may be the opportunity for the Kalesa to make a comeback and regain its former stature as the Philippines King of the Road. Many would say that Philippine life and culture would never be the same without the Kalesa as it has been an important part of Philippine history which is difficult to ignore. Despite the challenges of modernisation, the Kalesa will always provide a unique mode of transport that is environmentally friendly. More importantly with the rising cost of imported oil, the Kalesa can be accorded a serious consideration as one of the Philippines' primary means of transportation. |
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The Jeepney Public
Transportation System |
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I remember when I was a
kid seeing jeepney vehicles (we call
them jeeps/jeepneys used
by the military). After the Second
World War and the American military
mission was completed and we became
independent, the jeeps were left by
the Americans by the thousands, and
our transportation minded people
converted them into public
transportation vehicles. From my
hometown of Kamuning, Quezon City, we
used to board a jeepney transportation
vehicle to go to Manila and back in
addition to the bus
transportation. The jeepney
could seat 8 passengers on the back
and two in front along with the
driver. We used to pay 5 to 10 cents
riding the jeepney per occupant in the
same fare we paid in riding the bus
except for children which had to
seat on the lap of their parents. At
that time the equivalent of a US
dollar to a Philippine peso was 50
cents to a peso. It is still being
used as public motorised
transportation but it had to compete
with tricycles both non-motorised and
motorised on short distance
travel.
Refer to: http://www.jeep.com/en/history/#/home and for the pictures of Philippine transporation using the jeepneys, here is the website. |
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The oldest jeepney
transportation vehicles manufactured in
the Philippines were extended in length
by two meters. Two long seats were
inside the the jeeps on the back of the
driver. The driver seat area also
accommodates two passengers. The most
famous jeep builders was Sarao Motors
which went out of business in 2001.
The Philippine made jeepneys are all
hand built. Used parts such as engines,
transmissions, axles, etc are imported
from Japan. The chassis and bodywork are
all Philippine made. The jeepneys are
equipped with loud horns and the drivers
used them to very much especially if
they become impatient.
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As you will see the pictures of the jeepneys in the website, they are all very colourful and glittering ornaments are on the car like paintings, color lines, dots, and specific and sometimes unusual names. One can also see a lot of times a typical statued aluminum horse in front of the jeepneys and multiple decorative lights. This will give the jeepney transportation in the Philippines very unique in the world.
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Tricycles (Philippines)
From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia
Then as far back as the 50's I can still remember seeing and then riding a non-motorized tricycle whose cart is added to a bicycle which could take at least two passengers. It did the job of a taxi cab and of course was a very cheap means of transportation. Later when the motorised bicycles and scooters came along later in the 50's, a motorized tricycle from either the bicycle or scooter came into being. This mode of transportation has been much versatile than the jeepney transportation as it can go any place where the jeepneys can not. The motorized tricycles can accommodate at least four passengers. Some of them can take 9 passengers if extra passengers would not mind standing on the edge of the tricycle. The standard fare for local trips in most provincial towns for the tricycle transportation is 8 Philippine peso. A US dollar is now equivalent to 46.31 Philippine pesos. Tricycles wait around in front of malls, restaurants and hotels where they usually get many clients. Non-motorized tricycles are very common in rural setting and are seldom seen in heavily populated areas of the Philippines. For pictures of tricycles both motorized and non-motorized refer to:
and
https://www.google.com/search?q=tricycle+transportation+philippines&
tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa= X&ved=0ahUKEwiFjcDm8arNAh VQVFIKHR2kAnAQsAQIKg&biw=1280&bih=595 Motorized tricycles, or simply tricycles, common means of public transportation in the Philippines. These public utility vehicles either ply a set route or are for-hire, like taxis. The Boracay Budget Travel website says of the motorized tricycle, "The tricycle is the most popular means of transport in small towns and cities, especially in the rural areas." Tricycles are built in a variety of styles, which differ from city to city, and are usually made locally by building a sidecar and affixing it to motorised bicycle, scooter, or motorcycle (Eddie's edition). Usually both the cycle and sidecar are covered, but not always by the same roof. Larger companies, such as Fitcor Marketing, also manufacture passenger tricycles. Passenger tricyclesPassenger tricycles can accommodate from four passengers up to as many as 9 or more, excluding the driver.[3] Goods can be placed on the roof. One or two passengers can sit behind the driver while several more can sit in the sidecar, depending upon the design. Additional passengers can sit on the roof or stand hanging onto the side or back of the sidecar. In rainy weather, a tricycle will be completely enclosed in heavy plastic covering.
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Tricycles
can be painted colorfully, like jeepneys. Fares
are less than taxi fares (if the
city or municipality has taxis),
yet more expensive than jeepney
fares. Fares range from P6 to
P250, depending on the locality
and the distance to be ridden.
Inside cities, tricycles often
operate as shared taxis, where
passenger fares are calculated
per passenger and after the
distance traveled. These fares
are close to the fares of
jeepneys. For longer journeys or
in areas with heavy tourism, the
driver will usually request that
the passenger hire the whole
tricycle and negotiate a
"special fare", which
will then be a private hire. Cargo
tricycles
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Water Buffalo and Cattle drawn Transportation Wagons |
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Last, the water buffalo
and cattle driven transportation
system is not the same as the three
other transportation systems I
mentioned above. This particular
transportation system is used by
farmers to harvest crops, gather, and
transport private matters and not as a
passenger transportation. However,
when the wagon owner/driver sees
someone on the way who is in need of
transportation, he would offer the
person a ride as far as the wagon
would go. This was true in 1945, when
I was three year old and the Americans
had defeated the Japanese in the
Philippines during the Second World
War.
My parents left the
province of Batangas to return
to Kamuning, Quezon with the entire
family which included me and my two oldest
and youngest sisters to go to
Manila. On the way we met a farmer
driving his buffalo pulled wagon
who was also traveling to Manila. He
then invited us to ride his
wagon upon knowing our destination, My
sister and I rode the wagon while our
mother carrying our infant sister and
my father decided to walk at
first until they all joined us on the
wagon ride.
See pictures of a wagon driven by a buffalo, see: https://www.google.com/search?q=picture+of+a+wagon+cart+drawn+by+a+water+buffalo +or+a+cattle+in+the+Philippines&espv=2&biw=1024&bih=667&tbm=isch&imgil=9Ev4OnFxI5JfkM %253A%253BpwnZ0KBmaKi3FM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.alamy.com%2 5252Fstock-photo%25252Fbuffalo-cart.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=9Ev4OnFxI5JfkM%253A%2 52CpwnZ0KBmaKi3FM%252C_&usg=__enKcGF2SnYgS5UbzMrt4yNq7qEg%3D&ved=0ahU KEwjOkKiwy8vNAhUD2IMKHT23DMMQyjcIJQ&ei=zuFyV87xIYOwjwS97rKYDA#imgrc=9 Ev4OnFxI5JfkM%3A
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Similarities between Holy Office of Spanish Inquisition &
political correctness by Gilberto Quezada To add to the discussion of the Spanish Inquisition and modern day secular lynching by Dr. Henry M. Ramirez |
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What the Spanish Inquisition was to the world of the 15th to the 17th centuries, political correctness was to the latter part of the 20th century, and is very much a part of this present century. Even though, we no longer burn today's heretics at the stake, now we burn them in social media and in the news media. If Jews and Moslems were banned from Spain in the 15th century, nowadays, newscasters, politicians, and other professionals are banned from their places of employment for making politically incorrect statements. If many more were excommunicated from the church during the 17th century, four centuries later, many more are still being excommunicated from society and from their jobs for making politically incorrect remarks. Although in the 21st century, politically incorrect statements are considered offensive and blasphemous, these are no different from what the agents of the Inquisition had to obey when confronted with colonists, leading citizens, and even a governor, who were accused of unorthodox beliefs. During the Inquisition, a blasphemer, if pronounced guilty, was forbidden to hold any military or political office, and was banished from New Spain. Our own "blasphemers" are forbidden from holding on to their previous employment and are ostracized by the mainstream media and social media. Even though they no longer wear a sanbenito ( a penitential garment of the Inquisition), these poor outcasts still wear an invisible one. During the Inquisition, books were censored and condemned and were forbidden to be sold or read. In 1639, the Escorial had a list of 932 prohibited books. Doesn't this sound familiar in today's political correct world? Don't we have a similar list for books that contain the N-word, or other offensive language. Consider some of these books that were classified "classics" when you and I went to school:
At least during the Inquisition, the perpetrators were given a chance to explain their allegations before a tribunal in Mexico City. And they were even appointed a defense attorney. If a person was found guilty and he or she made a clean examination of conscience and a sincere contrition, the Holy Office commuted their harsh sentences. Lamentably, today's "heretics" are not even afforded a trial in the courts ruled by the gods of political correctness. Those accused of making politically incorrect statements are not given an opportunity to present their side. Only after they have been fired from their jobs, they have no choice but to apologize and feel humiliated.
More closer to home, the Texas Education Agency no longer uses the title of "Master" to the designated agent who will oversee the school board members when they get into trouble. The term was a reminder of the slavery system. Now, the politically correct term is "Conservator." I wonder if the universities will have to change their Master's degree to a euphemism that does not connote a slaver's word. |
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Dear
Mimi, To add to the discussion of the Spanish Inquisition and modern day secular lynching, a clear and historical understanding of An Inquisition demands a reading of Chapter 13 of Deuteronomy. God inspired the Laws of Moses to His Chosen People. God permitted No Other god at a time in history when all peoples on the earth had defined their own gods.
~ Dr. Henry M. Ramirez anahuac31@gmail.com |
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How China is dealing with their Muslim population |
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Here are China’s directives: No citizenship privileges granted to Muslims and very
strict immigration laws are in place, every Muslim residing in China,
even Muslim visitors are closely monitored. Islamic restaurants must sell cigarettes and alcohol
and they must display them prominently for all patrons to visibly see. In China you are guilty until proven innocent, not
innocent until proved guilty as practiced in civilized Christian
countries. Chinese Lawyers are forbidden by the Government to defend a Muslim in a court of law because of their Islam belief which is not recognized in China, they must represent themselves. 27 Muslim male and females were executed by hanging in 2014-2015 for suspected terrorism while dozens are in prison awaiting their fate. 2,127 Muslims left China in 2015 and returned home
because of its very tough anti-Muslim laws and China completely ignores
the anger of the United Nations Refugee Council.
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Author Paul Sperry writes
that the 28 pages "show the hijackers got help from Saudi
diplomats and spies." And while the evidence might not
meet the threshold that the current Department of Justice
requires for an indictment, Senator
Richard Blumenthal (Democrat-CT) described it as
The evidence of the Saudi government's connections to the 15 Saudi
jihadists who were involved in the 9/11 attacks has long been
among the worst-kept secrets in Washington. Even so, few suspected
that the 28 pages would reveal an intricate web of Saudi nationals
radiating outwards from Prince Bandar himself, supplying
assistance to Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdar, two members of
the "muscle" crew on American Airlines Flight #77 which
Hani Hanjour flew into the Pentagon. Bandar, nephew to the former
and current King, was Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to the United
States from 1983 to 2005.
The web includes Saudi consular officials, naval officers, pilots,
and servants. At least three Saudi intelligence officers
functioned as facilitators and go-betweens for several of the 9/11
jihadists. One of them, Osama Bassman, and his wife received
monthly checks from Princess Haifa Bint Sultan -- not just any
princess, but the wife of Bandar. Meanwhile, Saudi-funded
mosques and Islamic centers, a variety of Saudi owned front
companies, and even the Saudi embassy in Washington, D.C., (where
Osama bin Laden's brother Abdullah worked) provided all the cover
a spy could ask for.
Former US Senator Bob
Graham (Democrat-Florida) and others in Congress have spent
years calling for the 28 pages to be released
A.J. Caschetta is a Shillman-Ginsburg fellow at the Middle East Forum and a senior lecturer at the Rochester Institute of Technology. © 2016 Gatestone Institute. All rights reserved. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml
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The Narrenturm was constructed in 1784, under Emperor Joseph II, by Isidore Canevale. It consisted of a five-storey, fortress-like circular building with 28 rooms and a ring of slit windows, plus a central chamber aligned north-south. There were in total 139 individual cells for the inmates. The building of the Narrenturm was prompted by the discovery of underground dungeons used by the Capuchin monks of Vienna for housing their mentally ill brethren; another factor was that Joseph II had learned about similar institutions in France during his travels there. The construction of the Narrenturm points to a new attitude towards the mentally ill – they began to be distinguished from the rest of society, and not simply classified among the general category of "the poor".[2] Each cell had strong, barred doors as well as chains for restraining inmates.[1] With its barracks-like appearance, the tower was a visible expression of the segregation, stigmatisation and criminalisation of socially deviant forms of behaviour. By the late 1790s the tower had already been made fully obsolete by innovations in the treatment of mental patients. Despite appearances, the Narrenturm was not an implementation of Jeremy Bentham's hypothetical panopticon, as the cells could not be monitored from a central post. The tower's round shape is the source of the Viennese slang word Gugelhupf (a type of round cake) for mental asylums and psychiatric clinics.[1] When it was first built, the Narrenturm had a lightning rod or "lightning catcher" installed on the roof ridge. Two of the supporting fixtures can still be seen in the inner chamber. In that time Václav Prokop Diviš, a clergyman in Prímetice near Znojmo, had studied plant growth and healing with electrical currents present, publishing his findings to the medical community. He was not the only person who believed electricity to have health benefits – however, it is not known whether the lightning rod in the Narrenturm, whose remnants are probably the oldest surviving pieces of such a device in the world, was used in the treatment of patients. |
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Actualmente museo de Anatomía Patológica. Todas las imágenes interiores son tomadas de internet porque ahora no permiten hacer fotografías dentro del Narrenturm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrenturm_(hospital) http://www.viennadirect.com/sights/hospital.php http://www.narrenturm.at/ http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/jart/prj3/nhm/main.jart |
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| ====== The museum[edit] The tower is currently home to the Federal Pathologic-Anatomical Museum, founded by Emperor Francis II in 1796 as the "Museum of the Pathologic-Anatomical Institute". It has been a national museum (Bundesmuseum) since 1974. Electro-Pathological Museum Parts of the former Electro-Pathological Museum, founded in 1936 by Stefan Jellinek, are housed here. Jellinek was forced to leave the country in 1939, but regained his old collection after the war. A new exhibition was created after Jellinek's death in 1968 by his colleague Franz Maresch. In the 1980s the Technisches Museum Wien took over a large part of the collection, while its preserved human and animal exhibits were transferred to the Pathologic-Anatomical Museum.[3] |
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| Notes[edit] 1. a b c Narrenturm: Erstes Tollhaus am Platz Ulrike Abel-Wanek, Pharmazeutische Zeitung, 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2010. (German) 2. Geschichte der Armut und des Bettels in der Neuzeit Martin Scheutz, University of Vienna lecture. (German) 3. Eröffnung der Elektro- Pathologischen Sammlung im Wiener Narrenturm Kultur-Online, 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010. (German)= Sent by Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante campce@gmail.com Editor Mimi: There are hundreds of photos which can be viewed online. It is a fascinating collection well photographed. Interesting that dealing with mental issues is clearly a historical problem, recorded in the Bible, a collection with this focus, drug related and Muslim terrorist problems. |
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Hello Mimi, The SPAR projects from our last telephone conference motivated me to compile the attached bibliography of some of the books dealing with the Spanish Presence in Americas Roots. This bibliography is by no means meant to be all inclusive. It is comprehensive, although not exhaustive. There are many more books (primary and secondary sources), articles, theses and dissertations, unpublished materials, and archival collections from throughout the Southwest, in English and Spanish, too numerous to mention. In keeping with the theme of SPAR, I have, therefore, divided the bibliography into four sections: United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. My purpose in putting together this select bibliography was twofold: (a) to give you and the readers an idea of the tremendous wealth of literary and scholarly information that is available on this very important topic of SPAR, and (b) that you and others may find it useful and informative as a resource guide. Mimi, it is with great pleasure that I present this select bibliography for SPAR to you. May the literary, historical, social, cultural, and genealogical Hispanic world be richer and more knowledgeable because of your hard work and dedication to Somos Primos. And, may our Heavenly Father continue to bless your efforts. Gilberto jgilbertoquezada@yahoo.com |
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| United States Alegre, Francisco Javier. Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Nueva España, 3 vols. (Mexico, 1841). Arciniegas, Germán. The Knight of El Dorado: The Tale of Don Gonzalo Jiménez De Quesada (New York, 1942). _______________. Latin America: A Cultural History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967). Ashford, Gerald. Spanish Texas (Austin, 1971). Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888 (San Francisco, 1888). Bandelier, Adolph F. The Gilded Man (New York, 1893). Bandelier, Fanny (trans.). The Journey of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 (New York, 1905). Bannon, John Francis. The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1531-1821 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970). _________________(ed.). Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964). Barth, Pius J. Franciscan Education and the Social Order in Spanish North America, 1502-1821 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945). Beek, Warren L. New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962). Bethell, Leslie (ed.). Colonial Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). Bishop, Morris. The Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca (New York, 1933). Blackmar, Frank W. Spanish Institutions of the Southwest (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1891). Bolton, Herbert Eugene. Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1949). ___________________. Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706 (New York, 1967). ___________________. Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century: Studies in Spanish Colonial History and Administration (Austin, 1970). ___________________. The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and The Southwest (New Haven: Yale Un. Press, 1921). ___________________ (ed. & trans.). Anza's California Expeditions, 5 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930). ___________________. Font's Diary, 1775-1776: A Chronicle of the Founding of San Francisco (Berkeley: Un. of California Press, 1931). ___________________. Fray Juan Crespi, Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774 (Berkeley: Un. of California Press, 1927). ___________________. Rim of Christendom: A Biography Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific Coast Pioneer (Tucson: Un. of AZ Press, 1984). ___________________and Thomas Maitland Marshall. The Colonization of North America, 1492-1783 (NY: The Macmillan Co., 1936). ___________________.The Padre on Horseback: A Sketch of Eusebio Kino, S.J., Apostle to the Pimas (San Fran.: Sonora Press, 1932). Bourne, Edward G. Spain in America, 1450-1580 (New York, 1962). ______________. (ed.). Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida, 2 vols. (New York, 1904). Brackenridge, H.M. Early Discoveries by Spaniards in New Mexico Containing An Account of the Castles of Cibola (Pittsburgh, 1857). Bradfute, Richard Wells. The Court of Private Land Claims: The Adjudication of Spanish and Mexican Land Grant Titles, 1891-1904 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1975). Briggs, Charles L. and John R. Van Ness (eds.). Land, Water, and Culture: New Perspectives on Hispanic Land Grants (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1987). Brinckerhopp, Sidney B. and Odie B. Faulk. Lancers for the King: A Study of theFrontier Military System of Northern New Spain, with a Translation of the Royal Regulations of 1772 (Phoenix: Arizona Historical Foundation, 1965). Brower, J.V. Kansas, Monumental Perpetuation of Its Earliest History, 1541-1896 (St. Paul, Minn., 1908). Butler, Edward, Sr. (Judge). Galvez/Spain, Our Forgotten Ally in the American Revolutionary War: A Concise Summary of Spain's Assistance (Southwest Historical Press, 2015). Campa, Arthur L. Hispanic Culture in the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979). ____________. Treasures of the Sangre de Cristos: Tales and Traditions of the Spanish Southwest (Norman: University of OK Press, 1963). Canny, Nicolas and Anthony Pagden (eds.). Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500 - 1800 (Princeton: Princeton Uni. Press, 1988). Carlson, Alvar, W. The Spanish-American Homeland: Four Centuries in New Mexico's Río Arriba (Baltimore, 1990). Castañeda, Carlos Eduardo (trans.). History of Texas, 1673-1779 by Juan Agustín Morfi (Albuquerque: The Quivira Society, 1935). ____________________. Our Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1936, 7 vols. (Austin, 1936-1958). Castañeda de Najaro, Pedro. Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543 (n.p., 1907). Caughey, John W. Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana, 1776-1783 (Berkeley, 1934). _____________. California (New York: Prentice Hall, 1953). _____________. History of the Pacific Coast (Los Angeles: John Walton Caughey, 1933). Céliz, Francisco. Diary of the Alarcón Expedition into Texas, 1718-1719 (Los Angeles: The Quivira Society, 1935). Chapa, Juan Bautista. Texas and Northeastern Mexico, 1630-1690. Edited by William C. Foster (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997). Chapman, Charles E. The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687-1783 (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1916). _______________. Colonial Hispanic America: A History (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1933). Chipman, Donald. Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992). Cisneros, José. Riders Across the Centuries: Horsemen of the Spanish Borderlands (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1984). Clavijero, Francisco Javier. The History of Lower California. Translated and Edited by Sara E. Lake and A.A. Gray (n.p., 1937). Cleland, Robert Glass. From Wilderness to Empire: A History of California (n.p., n.d.). Cortes, José, and et.al. Views from the Apache Frontier: Report on the Northern Provinces of New Spain (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994). Cortez Society. Documents and Narratives Concerning the Discovery and Conquest of Latin America, 9 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1917-1950). Cutter, Charles R. The Legal Culture of Northern New Spain, 1700-1810 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992). _____________. The Protector de Indios in Colonial New Mexico, 1659-1821 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986). Cutter, Donald C. Malaspina in California (San Francisco: John Howell Books,1960). Cruz, Gilberto R. Let There Be Towns: Spanish Municipal Origins in the American Southwest, 1610-1810 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988). De Aragon, Ray John. Hidden History of Spanish New Mexico (The History Press, 2012). de la Teja, Jesús F. San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). De Levario, Israel Mendoza. A Brief Chronicle of Presidio del Norte: Homeland of the Jumano (n.p., n.d.) Denhardt, Robert M. The Horse of the Americas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947). Diffie, Bailey W. Latin-American Civilization: Colonial Period (Pennsylvania: Stackpole Sons, 1945). Dobie, J. Frank. The Mustangs (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1952). Dobkins, Betty E. The Spanish Element in Texas Water Law (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959). Dunne, Peter M. Pioneer Jesuits in Northern Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1944). ____________. Black Robes in Lower California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952). Engelhardt, Zephyrin. The Missions and Missionaries of California, 4 vols. (Santa Barbara, 1929). Espinosa, Aurelio M. The Folklore of Spain in the American Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985). Espinosa, José E. Saints of the Valley: Christian Sacred Images and Folk Art of Spanish New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966). Farnum, Mabel. The Seven Golden Cities (Milwaukee, 1943). Faulk, Odie B. The Last Years of Spanish Texas, 1778-1821 (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964). Fish, Jean Y. Zapata County Roots Revisited (San Antonio: Borderlands Press, 1990). Flores, Dario Fernández. The Spanish Heritage in the United States (Madrid: Publicaciones Españolas, 1968). Foik, Paul J. (trans.). Captain Don Domingo Ramón's Diary of His Expedition into Texas in 1716 (Austin: Texas Catholic Historical Society, 1933). Forbes, Jack D. Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960). Forrestal, Peter P. (trans.). Peña's Diary of the Aguayo Expedition (Austin: Texas Catholic Historical Society, 1935). Foster, William C. Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995). Fugate, Francis. The Spanish Heritage of the Southwest (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1952). Fundaciones Hechas por D. Jose de Escandon en la Colonia del Nuevo Santander, Costa del Seno Mexicano (Mexico City, 1930). Galvin, John (ed. & trans.). The First Entry into San Francisco Bay, 1775: The Original Narrative, Hitherto Unpublished, by Fr. Vicente María (San Francisco: John Howell, 1971). García, Clotilde P. Padre José Nicolás Ballí and Padre Island (Corpus Christi: Grunwald Publishing Co., 1979). Gerhard, Peter. The Northern Frontier of New Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982). Gibson, Charles. Spain in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). González, Nancie L. The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico, A Heritage of Pride (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1967). Graham, Joe S. El Rancho in South Texas: Continuity and Change from 1750 (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994). Grimm, Agnes G. Llanos Mesteños (Waco: Texian Press, 1984). Haas, Lisbeth. Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936 (Berkeley, 1995). Habig, Fr. Marion A. The Alamo Chain of Missions: A History of San Antonio's Five Old Missions (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1968). Hadley, Diana, et.al. (eds. & comp.). The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, A Document History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997). Hallenbeck, Cleve. Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: The Journey and Route of the First Europeans to Cross the Continent of North America, 1534-1536 (Glendale, California, 1939). _____________and Juanita H. Williams. Legends of the Spanish Southwest (Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark, 1938). Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949). Hamilton, Carlos. Historia de la Literature Hispanoamericana (n.p., 1960). Hammond, George P. Coronado's Seven Cities (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940). _______________ and Agapito Rey. Narrative of the Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542 (Albuquerque: Un. of New Mexico Press, 1940). ____________________________(trans.). Obregon's History of Sixteenth Century Explorations in Western America (Los Angeles, 1928). ___________________________(trans.). Expeditions into NM Made by Antonio de Espejo, 1582-1583 (LA: Quivira Society, 1929). __________________________. NM in 1602, Juan De Montoya's Relation of the Discovery of NM (Albuquerque: Quivira Society, 1938). __________________________. Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of NM, 1596-1628, 2 vols. (Albuquerque: Un. of NM Press, 1953). _______________and Edgar F. Goad. The Aventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (Albuquerque: Un. of NM Press, 1938). Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947). Hawkins, Wallace. El Sal del Rey (Austin, 1947). Henriquez, Urena Pedro. Historia de la Cultura en la America Hispanica (n.p., 1955). Hildrup, J.S. The Missions of California and the Old Southwest (Chicago: A.C. McClurg Co., 1914). Hill, Lawrence Francis. José de Escandón and the Founding of Nuevo Santander (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1926). Hinojosa, Gilberto Miguel. A Borderlands Town in Transition: Laredo, 1755- 1870 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1983). Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis (eds.). Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543 (New York, 1907). Holmes, Jack D.L. Gayoso: The Life of a Spanish Governor in the Mississippi Valley, 1789-1799 (Gloucester, Mass., 1968). Holmes, Maurice G. From New Spain by Sea to the Californias, 1519-1668 (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1963). Horgan, Paul. Great River: The Río Grande in North American History (New York: Rinehart, 1954). __________. Conquistadores in North American History (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1963). Houck. Louis (ed.). The Spanish Regime in Missouri, 2 vols. (n.p., 1909). Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. Missionaries, Miners, and Indians: Spanish Contact with the Yaqui Nation of Northwestern New Spain, 1533-1820 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981). Hughes, Anne E. The Beginnings of Spanish Settlement in the El Paso District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1914). Jackson, Jack. Los Mesteños: Spanish Ranching in Texas, 1721-1821 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986). Jara, René and Nicholas Spadaccini. 1492-1992: Re/Discovery of Colonial Writing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991). John, Elizabeth A.H. Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds: The Confrontation Of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). Jones, Oakah L. Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979). ____________. Pueblo Warriors & Spanish Conquest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966). ___________. Nueva Vizcaya: Heartland of the Spanish Frontier(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988). Jones, Paul A. Coronado and Quivira (Lyons, Kansas, 1937). Jordan, Terry G. North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation (Albuquerque: Un. of NM Press, 1993). Kessell, John L. Spain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002). Kinnaird, Lawrence (trans.). Frontiers of New Spain (Berkeley: The Quivira Society, 1957). Lafora, Nicolás de. Relación del viaje que hizo a los presidios Internos situados en la frontera de la America septentrional perteniciente al rey de España (Mexico City, 1939). LaForce, James Clayburn. The Development of the Spanish Textile Industry, 1750- 1800 (n.p., 1966). Lanning, John Tate. The Spanish Missions of Georgia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1935). Leigh, Randolph. Forgotten Waters: Adventure in the Gulf of California (Philadelphia, 1941). Leonard, Irving A. Books of the Brave, Being an Account of Books and of Men in the Spanish Conquest and Settlement of the Sixteenth Century New World (Cambridge, Mass., 1949). Loomis, Noel M. and Abraham P. Nasatir. Pedro Vial and the Roads to Santa Fe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967). López-Portillo y Weber, José. La Conquista de la Nueva Galicia (Mexico, 1935). Lowry, Woodbury. The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513-1516 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1959). Lucero, Donald L. The Adobe Kingdom: New Mexico, 1598-1958 (Sunstone Press, 2009). Lummis, Charles F. The Spanish Pioneers (Chicago, 1963). Lynch, John. Spanish Colonial Adminstration, 1782-1810 (n.p., 1958). MacNutt, F.A. The Letters of Cortés to Charles V (New York, 1908).Madariaga, Salvador de. The Rise of the Spanish American Empire (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1947). Mange, Juan Mateo. Unknown Arizona and Sonora, 1693-1721 (n.p., 1954). Marrow, William W. Spanish and Mexican Private Land Grants (San Francisco, 1923). Martínez, Leroy. From Across the Spanish Empire: Spanish Soldiers Who Helped Win the American Revolutionary War, 1776-1783. Arizona, California, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Texas Military Rosters (Pennsylvania: Clearfield Publishing Co., 2015). Mather, Christine (ed.). Colonial Frontiers: Art and Life in Spanish New Mexico (Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, 1983). Mathes, W. Michael (ed. & comp.). Cattle Brands of Baja California Sur, 1809- 1885 (Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop, 1978). Maurelle, Francisco Antonio. Journal of a Voyage in 1775 to Explore the Coast of America, Northward of California (San Francisco, 1920). Maynard, Theodore. De Soto and the Conquistadores (New York, 1930). Mecham, J. Lloyd. Francisco de Ibarra and Nueva Viscaya (Durham, N.C., 1927). Meigs, Peveril. The Dominican Mission Frontier of Lower California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1935). Merriman, Roger Bigelow. Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1918-1934). Meyer, Michael C. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984). Moorhead, Max L. The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975). ______________. The Apache Frontier: Jacobo Uguarte and Spanish Indian Relations in Northern New Spain (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press: 1968). _____________. New Mexico’s Royal Road (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958). Mora, Jo. Californios: The Saga of the Hard-Riding Vaqueros, America’s First Cowboys (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1949). Morfi, Fray Juan Agustín. History of Texas, 1673-1779. Translated by Carlos E. Castañeda (Albuquerque: Quivira Soc. Publications, 1935). Moses, Bernard. The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America (n.p., 1965). Myres, Sandra L. The Ranch in Spanish Texas (El Paso, Texas Western Press, 1969). Nasatir, A.P. (ed.). Before Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History of The Missouri, 1785-1804, 2 vols. (n.p., 1952). Navarro García, Luis. Don José de Gálvez y la comandancia general de las provincias internas del norte de Nueva España (Sevilla: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1964). Naylor, Thomas H. and Charles W. Polzer (comp. & eds.). The Presidio and the Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain: A Documentary History, vol. 1: 1570-1700 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986). Oberste, William H. The Restless Friar: Venerable Fray Antonio Margil De Jesus, Missionary to the Americas—Apostle of Texas (Austin: Von Boeckmann- Jones Co., 1970). Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. Roots of Resistance: Land Tenure in New Mexico, 1680- 1980 (Los Angeles, 1982). Palou, Francisco. La Vida de Junipero Serra (n.p., 1966. Palmer, Gabrielle G. and Donna Piersce. Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation In Spanish Colonial Art (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993) . Pérez, Samantha. The Isleños of Louisiana: On the Water’s Edge (The History Press, 2011). Perrigo, Lynn I. Our Spanish Southwest (Dallas: Banks Upshaw and Co., 1960). Picon-Salas, Mariano. A Cultural History of Spanish America. Translated by I. Leonard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962). Polzer, Charles W. Rules and Precepts of the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976). Porras Muñoz, Guillermo. Iglesia y estado en Nueva Vizcaya, 1562-1821 Pamplona, Spain: Universidad de Navarra, 1966). Pourade, Richard F. The History of San Diego: The Explorers (San Diego: Union Tribune, 1960). Powell, John Wesley. The Exploration of the Colorado River (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957). Powell, Donald M. The Peralta Grant: James Addison Reavis and the Barony of Arizona (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960). Poyo, Gerald E. and Gilberto M. Hinojosa. Tejano Origins in Eighteenth-Century San Antonio (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). Priestly, Herbert Ingram (ed. & trans.). The Luna Papers: Documents relating to The Expedition of Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano for the Conquest of La Florida in 1559-1561, 2vos. (Florida, 1928). ___________________. Tristan de Luna, Conquistador of the Old South: A Study of Spanish Imperial Strategy (Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co, 1936). Richman, Irving B. California under Spain and Mexico, 1535-1847 (n.p., 1965). Robertson, Brian. Wild Horse Desert: The Heritage of South Texas (Edinburg, Texas: New Santander Press, 1985). Rouse, John E. The Criollo: Spanish Cattle in the Americas (Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1977). Saunders, C.P. The California Padres and their Missions (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1915). Schneider, Silke. Arizona’s Spanish Barbs: The Story of the Wilbur-Cruce Horses (Outskirts Press, 2007). Scholes, France V. and et.al. Juan Dominguez de Mendoza: Soldier and Frontiers- man of the Spanish Southwest, 1627-1693 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012). Scott, Florence Johnson. Historical Heritage of the Lower Río Grande Valley (Waco: Texian Press, 1966). ___________________. Royal Land Grants North of the Río Grande, 1777-1821 (Río Grande City: Distributed La Retama Press, 1969). Serna, Louis F. A History of the Spanish People of Northern New Mexico and Why They Live Where They Live (Cimarron Publ Co., 2012). Simmons, Marc. Coronado’s Land: Essays on Daily Life in Colonial New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991). ___________. Spanish Government ion New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1968). __________. The Last Conquistador: Juan De Oñate And The Settling of the Far Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993). Sonnichsen, C. L. Pass of the North: Four Centuries on the Río Grande (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1968). Spicer, Edward H. Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1962). Steiner, Stan. Dark and Dashing Horsemen (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981). Tate, John Lanning. Academic Culture in the Spanish Colonies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1940). Thomas, Alfred B. After Coronado: Spanish Exploration Northeast of New Mexico, 1696-1727 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935). _____________. Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941). _____________. Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932). Thompson, Cecilia. History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1946 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1985). Thonhoff, Robert H. The Texas Connection with the American Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1981). Thrapp, Dan L. The Conquest of Apacheria (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967). Time-Life Books, Editors of. The Spanish West (New York: Time-Life Books, 1976). Trimble, Marshall. Arizona: A Panoramic History of A Frontier State (New York: Doubleday, 1977). Vega, Carlos B ., Ph.D. Our Hispanic Roots: What History Failed To Tell Us (Janaway Publishing, Inc., 2013). _________________. Conquistadoras: Mujeres Heroicas de la Conquista de America (Janaway Publishing Inc., 2012). Vela Musquiz, G. Roland. Bernardo De Galvez, Spanish Hero of the American Revolution (Denton, Texas: Acacia Press, n.d.). Vernam, Glenn R. Man on Horseback (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972). Vigil, Phillip Arnold. Early Roads to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains: An Historical Journey of the Vigil Family from Spain to the American Southwest (Las Placitas Publications, 2010). Villarreal, Jesse O. Tejano Patriots of the American Revolution, 1776-1783 (n.p., 2014). Walter, Tamra Lynn. Espiritu Santo de Zúñiga: A Frontier Mission in South Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009). Wagner, Henry R. Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast of America (San Francisco, 1929). _____________. California Voyages, 1539-1541 (San Francisco, 1925). _____________. The Cartography of the Northwest Coast of America to the Year 1800, 2vols. (Berkeley, 1937). _____________. The Discovery of New Spain in 1518 by Juan De Grijalba (n.p.,1942). Wagoner, Jay J. Early Arizona: Prehistory to Civil War (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1975). Ward, Hortense W. Cattlebrands and Cowhides (Dallas: Story Book Press, 1953).Weber, David J. New Spain’s Frontier: Essays on Spain in the American West, 1540-1821 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979). ___________. The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). Weddle, Robert S. San Juan Bautista, Gateway to Spanish Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). _____________. The San Sabá Mission, Spanish Pivot in Texas (Austiin: University of Texas Press, 1988). Wellman, Paul I. The Trampling Herd: The Story of the Cattle Range in America (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1974). Westphall, Victor. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Río Grande Region (Albuquerque: Un. New Mexico Press,. 1983). Whitaker, Arthur Preston. The Spanish American Frontier, 1783-1795: The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969). Wilbur-Cruce, Eva Antonia and Michael McCurdy. A Beautiful, Cruel Country (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987) Wilgus, Curtis A. (ed.). Colonial Hispanic America (n.p., 1936). Wilkinson, J.B. Laredo and the Río Grande Frontier (Austin: Jenkins, 1975). Winship, George Parker. The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542 (Chicago, 1964). Zavala, Silvio A. The Political Philosophy of the Conquest of America. Translated By Teener Hall (Mexico, 1953). Mexico Aiton, Arthur S. Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain (Durham, N.C., 1927). Alessio Robles, Vito. Coahuila y Texas en la época Colonial (Mexico City, 1938). Bakewell, P.J. Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546- 1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971). Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of Mexico, 6 vols. (San Francisco, 1883-1887). __________________. History of the North Mexican States and Texas, 2 vols. (San Francisco, 1889). Bannon, John Francis. The Mission Frontier in Sonora, 1620-1687 (New York, 1955). Bobb, Bernard E. The Viceregency of Antonio María Bucareli in New Spain, 1771- 1779 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962). Boyd-Bowman, Peter. Indice Geobiográfico de Cuarenta Mil Pobladores Españoles de América, El Siglo XVI, 2 vols. (Mex 1964 & 1968). Borah, Woodrow. Silk Raising in Colonial Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943). Bradley, Haldeen. Mexico and the Old Southwest (Port Washington, 1971). Cavazos Garza, Israel. Cedulario Autobiográfico de Pobladores y Conquistadores de Nuevo León (Monterrey, N.L., 1964). ________________. El Muy Ilustre Ayuntamiento de Monterrey Desde 1596 (Published by author, 1953). Cervantes de Salazar. Life in the Imperial and Loyal City of Mexico in New Spain (n.p., 1954). Chamberlain, Robert S. The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan, 1517-1550 (n.p., 1948). Chevalier, Francois. Land and Society in Colonial Mexico: The Great Hacienda (Berkeley, 1963). De León, Alonso. Historia de Nuevo León (Monterrey, 1961). del Hoyo, Eugenio. Historia del Nuevo Reino de León, 1577-1723, 2 vols. (Monterrey, 1972). Díaz, Bernal del Castillo. The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517-1521 (New York, 1956). Dunne, Peter M. Pioneer Jesuits in Northern Mexico (n.p., 1944). Dusenberry, William H. The Mexican Mesta: The Administration of Ranching in Colonial Mexico (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963). Fernández de Recas, Guillermo S. Mayorazgos de la Nueva España (Mexico City, 1965). Gallegos, José Ignacio. Durango Colonial, 1563-1821 (México: Editorial Jus, 1960). Gerhard, Peter. México en 1742 (México: José Porrúa e hijos, 1962). Gibson, Charles. Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955). ____________. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964). González de la Garza, Rodolfo. Apellidos de Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila y Texas (Published by the author, 1980). González Salas, Carlos. 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(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948). Leonard, Irvy (trans.). A Cultural History of Spanish America, from Conquest to Independence (Berkeley: Un. of California Press, 1962). León, René and Emilio J. León. Hernán Cortés y los Hombres Que Lo Acompañaron en la Conquista de México (U.S.A., 1987). MacLachlan, Colin M. and Jaime E. Rodríguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). Martin, Cheryl English. Governance and Society in Colonial Mexico: Chihuahua In the Eighteenth Century (Stanford, 1996). Mendirichaga Cueva, Tomás. Origen de los Apellidos Garza y Treviño en Nuevo León (Mexico City, 1982). Morner, Magnus. Race and Mixture in the History of Latin America (Boston, 1967). Paddock, John (ed.). Ancient Oaxaca (n.p., 1966). Powell, Philip W. Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550-1600 (Berkeley, 1952). Prescott, William H. 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The University in the Kingdom of Guatemala (New York: Cornell University Press, 1940) _______________. Academic Culture in the Spanish Colonies (New York, 1940). Mackie, S.J. (trans.). An Account of the Conquest of Guatemala in 1524 (Cortes Society, n.d.). Macleod, M.J. Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973). Mencos, Franco, A. Literatura Guatemalteca en la período de la Colonia (Guatemala, 1937). Miró, Rodrigo. La Cultura Colonial de Panama (Mexico, 1950). Tax, Sol, and et.al. Heritage of Conquest: The Ethnology of Middle America (Glencoe, Ill., 1952). Van Dyke, Harry Weston (trans.). History of the Discovery and Conquest of Costa Rica (New York, 1913). Wright, Irene. Early History of Cuba (n.p., 1916). South America Barrera, Laos. Intelectual del Virreinato del Perú (Buenos Aires, 1940). Birney, H. Brothers of Doom: The Story of the Pizarros of Peru (n.p., 1942). Bushnell, Geoffrey. Peru in 1548 (n.p., 1957). 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Scholars and Schools in Colonial Peru (Dallas: SMU School of Continuing Education, 1973). Medina, José Toribio. Historia de la Literatura Colonial Chilena, 3 vols. (Santiago, 1878). ________________. The Discovery of the Amazon (n.p., 1934). Moore, John P. The Cabildo in Peru under the Hapsburgs: A Study in the Origins and Powers of the Town Council in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1530-1700 (Durham, N.C., 1954). Morner, Magnus. The Political and Economic Activities of the Jesuits in the La Plata Region (Stockholm, 1953). Moses, Bernard. Spanish Colonial Literature in South America (New York, 1922). Pocock, H.R.S. The Conquest of Chile (n.p., 1967). Prescott, William Hickling. History of the Conquest of Peru (New York: Dutton, 1963). René Moreno, Gabriel. Ultimos Días Coloniales en el Alto Peru (La Paz, 1940). Rubio, Juan. Exploracion y Conquista del Río de la Plata (n.p., 1953). Shay, F. Incredible Pizarro (n.p., 1932). Vernon, Ida W. Pedro de Valdivia, Conquistador of Chile (n.p., 1946). Verrill, Alpheus. The Great Conquerors of South and Central America (n.p., 1949). Wethey, Harold E. Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949). |
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UNITED STATES
HISPANIC LEADERS
EARLY LATINO PATRIOTS
MIDDLE AMERICA
INDIGENOUS
ARCHAEOLOGY
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA
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08/04/2016 01:56 PM
Several
military, historical, genealogical and patriotic organizations laid
wreaths honoring those who came before us and defended our freedom.
The
Granaderos de Gálvez 
El Rancho
H.S. students on a field trip at Olvera Street in Los Angeles. 
The city eventually passed an ordinance prohibiting public bathhouses along the beach—including the
Bruces’, which at the time was the only public bathhouse in the area. The city later passed ordinances prohibiting people from changing their clothes in their cars or in tents.
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