Somos
Primos Staff
Mimi Lozano, Editor
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Roberto Calderon, Ph,D.
Bill Carmena
Lila Guzman, Ph.D
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
Juan Marinez
J.V. Martinez, Ph.D
Dorinda Moreno
Rafael Ojeda
Ángel Custodio Rebollo
Tony Santiago
John P. Schmal
Submitters
to January 2014 Denice Adkins
Enrique Alemán, Jr.
Welester Alvarado
Rubn Alvarez
Dan Arellano
Juan Estevan Arellano
Philip L. Bereano
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Dr. Dennis Bixler-Márquez
Edward F. Butler, Sr.
Eddie
Calderon, Ph.D.
Emiliano Calderon, M.A.
Roberto Calderon, Ph.D.
Rosie Carbo
Bill Carmena
Darlene Cerda
Dante Chinni
Krista Conger
Virginia Correa Creager, Ph.D.
Ángel de Cervantes
Jose de la Isla
Richard Griswold Del Castillo
Barry J. Ewell
George Farias
Refugio Fernandez
Maggie Fox
Henry A. Garcia Jr.
Ignacio M. Garcia, Ph.D.
Lino García,Jr., Ph.D.
Margarito J. Garcia III, Ph.D.
David Garza
Imelda Gomez
Ignacio Gomez
Patrisia Gonzales
Delia Gonzalez Huffman
Rafael Jesús González
Sylvia M. Gonzalez
Rhonda Hannan
Odell Harwell
Walter
Herbeck
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
José Antonio López
Catherine Luijt
Jan Mallet
Juan Marinez
Leroy Martinez
Frank Medina
Joseph Mendez Parr
Frank Mendoza
Sylvia Morales
Dorinda Moreno
Paul Nauta
Paul Newfield III
Rafael Ojeda
Poppo Olag
Felipe de Ortego y Gasca, Ph.D.
Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero.
Jose M. Pena
Joe Perez
Juan Perez
Michael Perez
Kimberly Powell
Gilberto Quezada
Pablo
Ricardo Quintana
Oscar Ramirez
Roberto G. Reyes
Letty Rodella
T. H. Roderick, Ph.D.
Roberto Rodriguez
Viola Rodriquez Sadler
Steve Rubin
Joe Sanchez
Louis F. Serna
Sandy Russell Corrine Staacke
Albert Seguin Carvajal Gonzales
Anna Smith Yorba
Dr. Frank Talamantes, Ph.D, Ernesto Uribe
Carlos B. Vega, Ph.D. Albert
V. Vela, PhD. Yomar
Villarreal Cleary
Sandy Westbrook
Kirk Whisler
Clive Williams
Nancy Yturralde
Tony Zapata
rltwood@aol.com
Letters
to the Editor
Hi Mimi,
I continue to read your works and enjoy your insight into the many aspects of life that you so often consider worthy of comment. Keep it up! With your acknowledgement, I would like to send,
for your reading pleasure, a copy of my latest poem.
In a message dated 10/26/2014 2:21:08 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time, curbeloconnections@gmail.com writes:
Mimi! At the age of 76, I have become the Representative Payee with Social Security for my 66 year sister who is mentally and physically
challenged. As such, and being her Power of Attorney in business and medical matters, we went to a local funeral home to arrange for her
to have adequate burial coverage - just in case.
I started this script on a serious subject by interjecting the location of my discovery! But, on the wall of one of their offices were the words,
"Honrando Memorias and Conmernorando Vidas" Correct me if I have the wrong interpretation, but does it translate to? "Honor Memories - Commemorate Lives"
Not meaning to insult your magazine's intent and/or materiel, but in many ways, you do "Honor the memories" of our Spanish heritage with the stories of your thousands of avid readers, and your magazine does "Commemorate" those ancestral lives the same way.
My case in point is that and if I interpreted the words correctly, your readers have awaken the deceased "Lives" of their ancestors with facts and stories and you have placed them in a "Honored" genre that makes all the rest of us "Proud to be
Primos!"
God Bless you!
Tu primo, ~ Enrique Andres Garcia
======
Bless you Henry/Enrique . . . . .
YOU HAVE CAUGHT THE ESSENCE OF WHAT I HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DO . . .
Thank you . . . May I include your assessment in the December issue. I think it would fit nicely under Letters to the Editor.
Warm regards . . ~ Mimi
Oct 15, 2014 MIMILOZANO@aol.com> wrote:
Hi Henry . . . I LOVED your story: "El Tartamundo" It is a perfect cuento, a combination of personal experience, fact, time period, emotion, dramatic episodes, and humanity. . . in its worse and best. All washed off with a touch of humor and a lesson to be learned by all.
Good for you . . . your reaction to life was really wise, it strengthened you, and instead of being bitter, you developed compassion .
hooray for you!!
Please do feel invited to send other cuentos. . this one was darling . . .I included
El Tartamundo in the November issue. ~
Mimi
10/16/2014 curbeloconnections@gmail.com writes:
Mimi! Thanks for the great critique! By the way, later I was encouraged by a 3 co-workers (German, Jewish and Negro (I don't know what the correct word is?) to join a International Association of Toastmasters' Kelly AFB TM Club called "The Kelly Flyers".
I not only become a general member, but through the years I became President of the Club.
Then I was Area 9 Governor of 6 Clubs and the District 56 Secretary involving over 35 South Texas and Northern Mexico Clubs.
I learned the Basics and eventually became an Advanced Speaker, competing in many Serious and Comical Speech Contests. While I lost more contests than I won, they still haven't found my "off" button.
That first "El Tartamodo" personal inflection only took me 35 minutes to write. Part II took me over 3 days, and, to me, it took a nose dive like most movie sequels. Too much thought and not enough
"ganas" to be able to repeat on the first issue's lighter sides.
~ Henry A. Garcia Jr.
Oct 16, 2014 MIMILOZANO@aol.com> wrote:
Good for you . . .
I hope you keep writing, speaking and sharing.
God bless, ~ Mimi
Thoughts to
Contemplate
"A free people ought not only to be armed and
disciplined, but they should have sufficient arms and ammunition to
maintain a status of independence from any who might attempt to abuse
them, which would include their own government.”
~ George Washington
"Any man who thinks he can be
happy and prosperous by letting the government take care of him---
better take a closer look at the American Indian."
~ Henry Ford
Congress tried to fix immigration back in 1986. Why did it fail?
by Brad Plumer
During Amnesty Implementation, Process Over-stayed VISA holders Went First
by
Mimi Lozano
Information on the New 2014 Amnesty Laws
First Annual George Washington
Patriot Prayer Breakfast, November 29, 2014, in San Antonio, TX
An Idea for Your Christmas Tree
Youtubes to enhance Christmas: Mary Did You Know? and Our Father by
Andre Bochele
Hispanics in the American Revolution - 1775-1783 by Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr.
The Most Latino Congress Ever Is Coming in 2015 by Roque Planas, Huffington Post
The Land is Spanish by Pablo Ricardo Quintana
Spanish Heirs win access to Energy wealth in Texas Legislature
Were Native Americans Victims of Genocide? by David Olson
Epidemics in U.S
1657-1918 Compiled by Sandy Russell
This Is a New Story We Are Writing Together
By Guy Bailey
Vaquero Reflects Heritage of South Texas
By Dr. Lino García, Jr.
Vaquero – A Proud Tradition By José Antonio López
Maria Elena Durazo leaving top post at L.A. County Federation of Labor
Marta Lourdes Tellado as Consumer Reports New President & CEO
A Legacy of Smoke: a documentary film by Luis Argeo and James D. Fernández
U.S. History Trivia . . . And Did You Know . . .
Congress tried to fix immigration back in 1986. Why did it fail? by Brad Plumer January 30, 2013
The last time Congress enacted sweeping immigration reform was back in 1986. That bill, signed by Ronald Reagan, looked a lot like the proposals being put forward today. There was a path to citizenship for existing illegal immigrants, coupled with tighter border enforcement.
There was just one problem - the 1986 reform didn't work. The law was supposed to put a stop to illegal immigration into the United States once and for all. Instead, the exact opposite happened. The number of unauthorized immigrants living in the country soared, from an estimated 5 million in 1986 to11.1 million today.
Opponents of expanded immigration often point to the 1986 bill as proof that "amnesty" is doomed to failure. And even the bill's main co-sponsors, former senator Alan Simpson
(R-Wyo.) and former representative Romano L. Mazzoli (D-Ky.) have conceded that "legitimate questions can be raised about the effectiveness of" the law, though they insist the basic framework was sound.
So here's a look at what the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 actually did, why it faltered, and whether there are any lessons to learn from the attempt:
What did the 1986 immigration law do? Two big things. First, there was the "amnesty" bit. Any unauthorized immigrants who had already been living in the United States continuously since 1982 became eligible for temporary legal status, after paying a $185 fee and demonstrating "good moral character." After 18 months, they could then become eligible for green cards, provided they learned to speak English.
Second, there was the enforcement bit. The law aimed to secure the U.S.-Mexico border against illegal crossings with new surveillance technology and a bigger staff. The bill also, for the first time in history, imposed penalties on businesses that knowingly hired or employed unauthorized immigrants.
How many immigrants took advantage of amnesty? The law awarded green cards to about 2.7 million immigrants, all told - including about 1 million farm workers. It was the largest legalization program in U.S. history.
But, importantly, that still left at least 2 million unauthorized immigrants untouched. Many of those people didn't qualify for legal status under the law because they had arrived in the United States after 1982. Others simply didn't know about the amnesty, in part because outreach and publicity was often patchy in many communities.
And there was no real plan for this large pool of remaining immigrants. "Everyone assumed they would just leave, that the new employer restrictions would push them out," says Doris Meissner of the Migration Policy Institute. As it turns out, that didn't happen.
Why were the employer restrictions so ineffective? During the debate in Congress, the bill's sponsors ended up watering down the sanctions on employers to attract support from the business community, explains Wayne Cornelius of the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies at
U.C. San Diego. "The end result was that they essentially gutted the employer sanctions," he says.
Under the final law, all employers had to do to avoid sanctions was to make sure their workers had paperwork that "reasonably appears on its face to be genuine." If the documents were decent fakes, that wasn't the boss's problem. In fact, employers were actually penalized if they scrutinized a worker's nationality too aggressively.
What's more, industries such as agriculture, construction and landscaping often skirted the paperwork rules by relying on contractors and subcontractors. That made it easier for companies to maintain plausible deniability. In California, up to 80 percent of seasonal harvesting is done through contractors - and unauthorized immigrants are thought to make up a massive portion of the workforce.
Why were the border restrictions ineffective? Poor funding, for one. Congress didn't provide enough money to ramp up Border Patrol hiring until the mid-1990s:
As a a result, a New York Times article from 1989 found that illegal border crossings actually appeared to be increasing in the early years after the law had passed:
And when Congress finally did start funding border security, there were some unintended consequences. As Princeton sociologist Douglas Masseyhas explained
(pdf), the beefed-up Border Patrol ended up driving immigrants away from their traditional crossing spots near El Paso and San Diego. Unauthorized immigrants began moving to all parts of the country, rather than staying concentrated in California, Texas and Illinois. (Another effect: The number of border-crossing deaths rose dramatically.)
So the 1986 law didn't work? Not quite. The number of unauthorized immigrants in the country rose from roughly 5 million in 1986 to 11.1 million today. Part of that was due to flimsy enforcement measures. But a major conceptual flaw in the bill, says Doris
Meissner, was that the authors of the bill simply misjudged the high demand for immigrant labor in the United States.
"Congress didn't foresee at the time that employers would want more immigrants in the years ahead," Meissner says. As a result, the law never set up a good process to provide as many legal immigrants as the labor markets would demand in the years ahead.
That meant that after the 1986 reform passed, there was a bottleneck for legal immigration and weak rules against illicit hiring. Given the still-high demand for foreign labor, the end result was, predictably, a boom in illegal immigration.
So if the 1986 law failed, why will a new round of immigration reform be any different? The hope is that legislators have learned from their past mistakes. "A great deal of what's being talked about now reflects understanding of the flaws of the earlier bill," says
Meissner. That includes more stringent border security as well as a legalization provision that covers all unauthorized immigrants, not just a portion.
But Meissner also notes that the world has changed significantly since 1986. For one, illegal
immigration appears to have leveled off in the past few years (see right). That partly reflects the U.S. recession, but also better border enforcement and changes in the Mexican economy. What's more, she says, the relevant immigration agencies are no longer as bare-bones and ineffective as they were back in 1986. That all makes the promise of a legalization-for-enforcement trade more credible.
Yet even the authors of the 1986 bill have worried that Congress could repeat some of the mistakes of the past. For one, there's still no reliable and tamper-proof system to prove legal residency - a national ID card, say - that would make employer enforcement airtight. "We believe that our ... approach is still relevant and workable if carried out vigorously," Mazzoli and Simpson wrote in 2006. But, of course, that's still a big "if."
DURING THE 1986 AMNESTY IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS,
OVER-STAYED VISA HOLDERS WENT FIRST by Mimi Lozano
Editor Mimi: 1986 was my last
year of teaching. I attended many workshops and conferences on the
changes which would be taking place. What was anticipated,
happened, over-night store-front legal aide (for a cost) were set up in
barrios. Unfortunately, in many cases they were sham
set-ups. They did not supply the needed assistance.
But the major problem for
many Spanish speaking was the decision made by the government to gave
priority to VISA holders. The government offices' excuse was
that over-stayed non-compliant VISA holders, who were in fact illegal,
had documentation and would be easy to process. I was at a
conference in El Paso and remember a heated discussion with an elected
Latino official, me arguing against the VISA holders being given
priority. The Latino official said, "But we agreed to
it." At that time, estimates were that 50% of the illegal
population were Over-stayed VISA holders.
The results: Many Latinos who had lived in the US for many years lost
out. They did not
have an easy paper trail compiled. It was more
complicated to prove their long-term residency. They were living
with family or friends, and had not saved their dated work stubs, or
were paid in cash. They did not keep mail that would substantiate
their living address, nor allowed a driver's license.
Their life situation complicated the processing of their applications,
with delays and more delays. It was easy for busy government
workers to put the long-term-resident Latino files on the bottom of
the pileto be processed later, AFTER the VISA holders,
regardless of the amount of time each applicant was waiting. Applications
were not processed by date of application, but rather by expediency of
completion.
What transpired was tragic. Since there was a limited window
of time for amnesty papers to be submitted and processed, countless
numbers of Latinos who had been living and working in the United States
for decades, did not get their applications processed in time.
It was sad to know of Latino families who paid for assistance, submitted
papers in time, but whose applications were not completed before the deadline. It was
the over-stayed student or over-stayed tourist VISA holders who
benefited. They were at the front of the
line.
If anything is going to fair and just, then those
law-abiding families who have proof of their presence in the US, as
demonstrated by their children going through the school systems,
should be put at the front of the line. The parents of the
Dreamer should be acknowledged for what they accomplished. A dear
friend adopted an infant from Mexico. Maria is now in her 30s, two
years ago Maria finally obtained legal status. Her American
parents, home owners, with proper papers, had not made the 1986 Amnesty
cut-off. Maria went through all her education in the U.S.
She is an example of someone who had to stand at the back of the
line. Despite the difficulties that an illegal status imposes on
families, the fact that their children make it through the educational
system
should speak for the fortitude and good character of those families.
VISA holders, who have lived in the US on overstayed VISAS, should be
processed last. Surely VISA holders who have been here for
only 3 years, should wait behind the parents of the Dream Act
children, who have graduated from our schools, and are functioning as
Americans. THAT would be fair.
For more on this subject, go to: www.somosprimos.com/sp2006/spaug06/spaug06.htm
www.somosprimos.com/sp2010/spjun10/spjun10.htm
www.somosprimos.com/sp2012/spmay12/spmay12old.htm
Information on the 2014 Amnesty Laws:
For information on 2014 Amnesty Laws, please go
to Latino Print Network, Volume 12, Number 51.
Editor Kirk Whisler has compiled a series of articles on the new amnesty
laws. http://www.hm101.com/
The First Annual George Washington
Patriot Prayer Breakfast, was held on November 29, 2014 in San Antonio,
Texas
Dear American: The time has come for us to thank God as our founding fathers did for giving us America which has been blessed more than any nation in modern history, in prosperity, in power, in position, in security, and in peace. Let us come together in prayer on November 29 at the covered pavilion in Eisenhower Park and thank God and ask for His continued Guidance.
Let us all stand together with God as did George Washington!
“LET ME HAVE MY DIRECTIONS FROM THY HOLY SPIRIT...ENLIGHTEN MY MIND TO UNDERSTANDING THY BLESSED WORK, THAT I MAY BE ENABLED TO PERFORM THY WILL IN ALL
THINGS. ~ George Washington
A Special Live Production of THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR "MIRACLE AND PRAYERS' Relating to the life of George Washington and our Independence
was viewed. In addition, those in attendance were asked to participate
by providing a short prayer (not more than 3 minutes.) The instructions
concerning the prayer was that the prayer could be on any topic or for any
person, any request and/or the giving thanks. The meeting was strictly
non-denominational.
Sponsors:
Daughters of the American Revolution, San Antonio De Bexar Chapter
Sons of the American Revolution, San Antonio Chapter
Colonial Dames of American Chapter XXXVI
Daughters of the War of 1812, David Crockett Chapter
Texas Connection to the American Revolution Association
Daughters of the American Revolution, San Antonio De Bexar Chapter
The Granderos y Damas de Galvez, San Antonio Chapter
Jamestowne Society
Magna Charta Dames and Barons
Sent by Corrine
Editor Mimi: Although, I live in
California, I am a member of the
Texas Connection to the American Revolution Association and the
The Granderos y Damas de Galvez, San Antonio Chapter. It makes me
proud to see that they are sponsors of this event. We need more
collaboration, unity and prayers.
In the process of going through, separating, and organizing materials
(for the UCLA Chicano Center) I came across an envelope which I did not
recognize. Opening it up, I found a photo and a couple of examples
of a very personalized Christmas tree decoration. The tree was
adorned completely with family photos. The photos were pasted
on cards and filled the tree on all sides. It was touching, thinking of
the hours, organization, and love to complete the task. Embarrassed
with the delay, I set the envelope carefully aside, thinking this year,
I will finally include.
However, unfortunately . . . once again, the thin envelope got lost in
the shuffle of boxes and a memory lapse on my part; but I wanted to
share the idea, thank and applaud the sender. . . . a really
darling idea which captured the whole concept of Christmas, family love
and unity. By next year, I will surely stumbled across the elusive
envelope and share in Christmas 2015, but you might want to borrow the
idea for this year. Merry Christmas ~ Mimi
Youtubes to enhance Christmas:
Joseph Parr sent this
Youtube to remind us to whom we pray. The song is, Mary Did You Know?
edited with clips from The Passion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfpK6cNPF7YA.
P
Powerful, emotional . . . be prepared.
Andre' Bochele sings "Our Father" Magnificent. Absolutely
beautiful, Merry Christmas http://es.gloria.tv/?media=479543
Sent by Jan Mallet.
HISPANICS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION -1775-1783
Pgs. 39-43 Dr. Lino García,Jr., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus/UT-RGV I applaud any and all efforts to make Governor
Bernardo de Galvez a true American Hero, and a USA Citizen. Spain did more than any other
nation to aid the soldiers fighting the British in their struggle for
Independence,
regretfully, France gets most of the credit.
The American Revolution ( April 19, 1775-September 3, 1783) also known
as the War for Independence had its beginning as a civil war ( no war is
civil) by the American Colonies against Britain, but in 1779 Spain
joined in this conflict and in essence creating an international war.
During that period
Spain
had colonies in almost every part of North America which included great
areas of what is now the
United States of America
. Hispanics in the USAwere
eager to help the American soldiers in their fight against Britain,
since that countryhad been
an enemy of
Spain
since theSeven Years War (
1754-1763).However and
perhaps due to many historical events including the USA- Mexican War of
1848 and the Texas Battle of the Alamo of 1836, the United States of
Americahas alwayslooked toward France as its eternal ally and hasobscured, forgotten or has simply denied any Hispanic
participation during our own American Revolution However, it is well
documented that Hispanics actively participated in this conflict not
only in providing soldiers, but also providing arms, supplies, beef,
money, and strategic sea coverage and protection.
It was difficult for
Spain
to declare war against
Britain
given the fact that
Spain
was fighting her own war against
Portugal
. However this did not prevent Spain from engaging in a cloak of secrecy
regarding itssupport of the
American soldiers in their struggle against a common enemy, a secrecyvital to Spain’s defense of its Spanish colonies in the
Southwest , in areas now comprising great parts of what is now the
United States of America. By the year 1777 Spain had already given an
excessive amount of money to the American soldiers , money that wasbadly needed and it was done via Juan Mireles an emissary who
became good friends with George Washington. Mireles’ mission was to
assure that the interest of Spain and her colonies were respected, and
that the monies, and other items presented to Washington were properly
utilized. The Spanish diplomat Juan Mirelles died at Washington’s
headquarters, and it was Washington who, at his funeral,pronounced the following words honoring his Hispanic
friend:”… in this country (USA) he has been universally esteemed and
his death will be universally regretted.”
It was not until June 21, 1779 that
Spain officially declared war against Britain; giving the ancestors of
many Hispanics now residing in the Spanish Southwest, an opportunity to
formally assist the American soldiers in their struggle for
independence, and thus assuring Hispanics a place in the formation of
what is now the United States of America.
Support for the American colonies came
in different forms, with supplies being one of them, as war supplies
left Cádiz, Spain loaded with items headed toward the ports of Boston
and Philadelphia. Washington himself courted the representative of
Spain
as he readily understood the importance of
Spain
’s great sea power to divert
Britain
away from the local land conflict of the thirteen colonies. Furthermore,
Spain
contributed greatly to the success of the American Revolution by
providing the American soldiers with a secure Southern and Western
borders from its bases in
Louisiana
,
California
and
Cuba
. Governor Bernardo de Gálvezthen
governor of Louisiana and for whom Galveston, Texasis named,led his
troops made of Spanish
“ Isleños” residents of
Louisiana, Native Americans, freed African-Americans and others into New
Orleans,in what became
known asthe “ Marcha de Gálvez”,
capturing Baton Rouge and Natchez, both British posts on the
Mississippi; then turning on to Mobile, which he and his men conquered,
and later on Pensacola, Florida, where a bastion of British power
surrendered to him in 1781, together with about 1,100 of the enemy .
More than one hundred Spanish ships
were deployed from México and other parts of New Spain to aid in the
fight against
Britain
. So great was Governor Bernardo de Gálvez’ intervention in the
American Revolution
that after the war the American
Congress highly commended him for his aid during these many years of
struggle, and his name should rank high among the many heroes of the
American Revolution.
A famous Hispanic officer under the
command of Governor Gálvez andwho
helpedAmerican colonistswas Francisco de Miranda, who was born in Venezuela and who
fought in the siege of Pensacola. He later
played a leading role in obtaining supplies badly needed to assist the
American soldiers at Yorktown. As a result of his accomplishments
and heroic deeds during the American
Revolution, Miranda is honored with statues in Washington D.C, and in
Philadelphia, and with a park in Pensacola. Another Hispanic who
assisted the American soldiers was Captain Jorge Farragut who, although
born in
Spain
on the
island
of
Minorca
, came to help and fought gallantly in the American Revolution. His son,
Admiral of the United States Navy David Farragut, fought gallantly
during the Civil War where he was promoted the first Admiral of the US
Navy in 1866 for his heroic role in the Battle of Mobile Bay in 1864.
It is very clear that from the time
the original 13 colonies declared
their independence from
Britain
in 1773 , Hispanics played a very important role in this struggle for
freedom. Spanish colonies in California, Tejas, New Mexico, and other
southwestern areas ofSpanish
colonial lands donated troops ,arms, and money in support of this
independence movement. In the case of Texas, who was best known for its
cattle raising in the Tejano community and where Tejano cattle and land
barons raised large and profitable herds, cattle drives by Tejano “
rancheros” were organized in the 1770’s as “vaqueros” , the
precursors of the modern cowboys, moved cattle to Louisiana which wasthe route taken in support ofHispanics on the Gulf Coast who were engaged in assisting the
American soldiers andsupplying
much needed beef to the soldiers of the American Revolution. Such Tejano
cattle barons as:
Santiago
Seguín, Marcos Hernández, Manuel González, Carlos Martínez, José
Matías Longoria Chapa and Félix Gutiérrez are among many Tejanos who
herded their cattle that fed the soldiers of the American Revolution.
At the Royal Palace of San Ildefonso
King Carlos III of Spain on August 17, 1780 issued a Royal Decree to all
of his vassals in New Spain , which also included California, Texas, New
Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Louisiana, Florida, South America, México,
and the Caribbean Islands requesting that every Indian and Mestizo give
one peso which was the currency of that time and that every Spaniard
donate two pesos every
month to help defray the cost of the American Revolution .Thus, Spanish
missions and other churches throughout the southwestern
Spanish colonial lands in what is now the
United States of America
collected many a “ peso” or more from their faithful parishioners to
send over to the American soldiers thus helping finance many a skirmish
during the War of
Independence
.
Other interesting facts about
Hispanics participation in the American Revolution are as follows:
1.)In 1776 the only supplies received
by the forces of George Washington were those from ships bearing the
Spanish flag.
2.)General Charles Lee requested
badly neededsupplies from
Luis Unzaga, then Governor of
Louisiana
, andUnzaga sent over ten
thousand pounds of ammunition.
3.)King Carlos III of
Spain
ordered that arms. ammunition and clothing be sent to
Washington
’s revolutionaries from
Texas
,
Mexico
,
Cuba
and
Louisiana
.
4.)In 1776
Spain
opened an account by which money was used
to buy the following for the soldiers fighting in the American
Revolution: 216 cannons, 27 mortars, 209 cannon carriages,51,134 bullets, thirty
thousand rifles with bayo
net
s, 4,00 camping tents, 30 thousand military uniforms. All of these items
were sent to the revolutionaries via the Rodríguez and Hortález
Company.
5.)About one hundred Spanish soldiers
fighting with
Washington
’s
revolutionaries were captured and taken prisoners by the British in
New York
.
6.)
Spainplaced her navy in the service of
Washington
’s
revolutionaries by blocking certain areas of the sea.
7.)In 1781
Spain
loaned88,000 gold dollars
to John Jay, then emissary to
Spain
, for use in the war, causing Jay to guarantee
Spain
’s domain in
North America
.
8.) In 1781 Manuel Cajígal,the then governor of Cuba, ordered a public collection of money
in Havana and sent arms, munitions and clothing . Twelve ships left
Havana
to deliver these items assuring the victory in Yorktown
by the American
soldiers.
9.) King
Carlos III of
Spain
financed theconstruction of
St. Peter
Church in New York , the first Catholic church
in the city, and
George Washington attended the dedication.
It is very evident that Hispanics,
whether from the mother country of Spain, México, South or Central
America , the Caribbean Islands or from mainland United States of
America, proved themselves to be extremely patriotic in defending the
United States of America in all of it conflicts beginning with their
involvement during the War for Independence or the American Revolution
as it is called, during our own CivilWar, during the Boxer Rebellion, and up to the war inIraq.However, we
must wait for the Civil War
between the states (no war is civil) to have this nation’sfirsttwo Hispanic
patriots, of a present total of forty-four Hispanics throughout all of
our wars, that have won the prestigious and well deservedUnited States of America Congressional Medal of Honor.
Colonial Spanish Texas and Other Essays is now available.
To obtain a copy, please send;
complete name, complete mailing address and a check for $15 each copy to:
Editor Mimi: If you have early roots in South
Texas/Northern Mexico roots, you will want a copy.
Among the 26 chapters, Dr. Garcia
includes his own genealogy with information back to many of the founding
families.
UNITED
STATES - NOVEMBER 28: Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., speaks at a news
conference in the Capitol Visitor Center,
held by the Congressional Hispanic Caucus entitled 'One Nation:
Principles on Immigration Reform and Our Commitment to the American
Dream.'
(Photo By Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call) | Tom Williams via Getty Images
The
incoming Congress will have one more Latino representative than it
does currently, while the number of Latinos in the U.S. Senate
remained unchanged at three.
“Latino
candidates made history on election night, securing groundbreaking
victories in contests across the country and in both political
parties,” Executive Director of NALEO Education Fund Arturo Vargas
said in a press statement. “Latinos will continue to shape the
nation’s political landscape as candidates, demonstrating their
ability to lead and win at all levels of office.”
The
incoming class of Latino Congress members leans toward the left, with
Democrats making up almost three out of four of the 32. The largest
Hispanic delegation comes from the state of California, with 10
members, all of whom are representatives. Texas will send the
second-highest number of Latino members of Congress, with seven -- six
representatives, and one senator.
Five
new Hispanic faces will join the U.S. House of Representatives next
year, including two Democrats and three Republicans. Alex Mooney, a
Republican, will become West Virginia’s first Latino U.S.
Representative.
Despite
the steady progress boosting their numbers, Latino representation in
the U.S. Congress still isn’t nearly consistent with the Hispanic
share of the population. Latinos make up some 8 percent of U.S.
Congress members, but 17
percent of the population as a whole.
114th
Congress to Feature Largest Class of Latinos in History
Information
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content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or
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SOURCE
National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO)
Educational Fund
29
Latinos will serve in Congress following the results of Election 2014,
including five new Latinos in U.S. House of Representatives
Latinos
also secured notable victories at the statewide executive level,
resulting in at least 12 Latinos serving at top state posts across the
country
WASHINGTON,
Nov. 5, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ --
According to Election 2014 analysis from the National Association of
Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) Educational Fund,
Latino congressional and statewide executive level candidates made
history on Election Night. Rosters of Latinos who will serve in
Congress (page 2) and at the statewide executive level (page 3) are
available here.
"Latino
candidates made history on Election Night, securing groundbreaking
victories in contests across the country and in both political
parties," stated Arturo Vargas,
executive director of NALEO Educational Fund. "We witnessed
Latino statewide executive office candidates win in non-traditional
states nationwide, with Latinos also securing the numbers needed to
form the largest congressional class of Latinos in history. Latinos
will continue to shape the nation's political landscape as candidates,
demonstrating their ability to lead and win at all levels of
office."
Latino
representation in the U.S. House of Representatives will see an
increase of one in the 114th Congress, bringing the total
number of Latinos serving in this office to 29. Set to comprise the
largest class of Latinos serving in the U.S. House of Representatives
in history, the 114th Congress will feature five new Latino
Members of Congress. The new Latino Members of Congress will include:
·Ruben
Gallego
(D) – AZ-7:
After running unopposed in the general election, former State Rep.
Gallego will fill the seat being vacated by U.S. Rep. Ed
Pastor (D).
·Pete
Aguilar
(D) – CA–31:
Defeating small business owner Paul Chabot
(R), Redlands Mayor Aguilar will fill the seat being left vacant by
retiring U.S. Rep. Gary Miller (R).
·Norma
Torres
(D) – CA-35:
State Sen. Torres won her contest against small business owner Christina
Gagnier (D) to fill the seat currently held by U.S. Rep. Gloria
Negrete McLeod (D).
·Carlos
Curbelo
(R) – FL-26: Miami-Dade
School Board member Curbelo (R) defeated incumbent U.S. Rep. Joe
Garcia in one of the most competitive congressional races in
the nation.
·Alex
Mooney
(R) – WVA-2:
In the 2nd Congressional District, former Maryland
State Sen. Mooney (R) won a competitive open contest against
small business professional Nick Casey
(D) for the seat being vacated by incumbent U.S. Rep. Shelley
Moore Capito (R). He will be the first Latino to serve as a
U.S. Representative in West Virginia.
A
full roster of Latinos serving in the 114th (page 2)
Congress and a state-by-state breakdown of Latino congressional gains
(page 1) is available on the NALEO Educational Fund website here.
The
114th Congress will also feature a change in partisan
composition among Latinos, shifting from 23 Democrats and five
Republicans in the 113rd Congress to 22 Democrats (Loss:
U.S. Rep. Joe Garcia and U.S. Rep. Pete
Gallego; Gain: Pete Aguilar) and seven Republicans (Gain:
Carlos Curbelo and Alex Mooney). The 29
Latino U.S. Representatives will join the three current Latino U.S.
Senators Ted Cruz, Bob
Menendez and Marco Rubio, who
were not up for reelection in 2014.
In
addition, 12 Latinos (with the possibility of 13) will serve in
statewide executive office following Election 2014, an increase of at
least two. A full roster (page 3) of the Latinos that will be serving
in statewide office in 2014 is available here.
Notable
victories for Latino candidates at the statewide executive level
include:
·First
Latino California Secretary of State:
NALEO President and State Sen. Alex Padilla
(D) prevailed in his contest over Pete
Peterson (R).*
·First
Latino Illinois Lieutenant Governor: Attorney
and Wheaton Councilmember Evelyn Sanguinetti (R) ran on the Republican
ticket with investment professional and Gubernatorial Candidate Bruce
Rauner. Both won their races on Election Night.*
·First
Latino New England Statewide Official:
In Rhode Island, former Deputy Secretary of State Nellie
Gorbea (D) emerged victorious in her race against community
college professor John Carlevale (R)
for Secretary of State.*
·First
Latino Texas Land Commissioner:
Investment Adviser George P. Bush (R) won his contest against former
El Paso City Councilmember John Cook, making him the first Latino to
serve in this position.*
·New
Mexico State Attorney General:
Former NALEO Educational Fund Board Member and New Mexico State
Auditor Hector Balderas (D) secured
victory in his race against former Las
Cruces prosecutor and District Judge Susan
Riedel (R).
·New
Mexico
Governor Susana Martinez and Nevada
Governor Brian Sandoval:
Both incumbent Republican Governors emerged victorious in their
reelection contests.
*This
analysis is based on historical data from the NALEO Directory of
Latino Elected Officials, which includes records on Latino office
holders dating back to 1984.
According
to research on Latino representation conducted prior to Election
Day for the 2014 NALEO Directory of Latino Elected Officials,
there were nearly 6,100 Latinos serving in elected office across the
country. This is up from the 4,853 Latino elected officials who held
office in 2004, demonstrating the progress Latinos continue to make in
finding success as candidates. Additional information on Latino
representation nationwide can be found here.
NALEO
Educational Fund projected at least 7.8 million Latinos would cast
ballots in Election 2014, an increase of 1.2 million from the 2010
midterm elections. In 2010, more than 6.6 million Latino voters cast
ballots, with the Latino electorate playing a decisive role in
delivering victories in key state races.
About
NALEO Educational Fund NALEO
Educational Fund is the nation's leading non-partisan, non-profit
organization that facilitates the full participation of Latinos in the
American political process, from citizenship to public service.
If you read my last article on Bernardo de
Galvez, then you know my first reason for saying that the United
States is as much Spanish as it is English; because the Spanish
contributed greatly to the creation of the United States. My second
reason for saying so, is that the land is Spanish. When
Cristobal Colón discovered America, he did not just claim Central and
South America for Spain, but all of the Americas. Pope Alexander VI, in
his papal bull drew a line of demarcation, later revised by the Treaty
of Tordesillas, between the lands of Spain and Portugal in the New
World.
No other country was given right over this land. Spain
immediately moved to establish its claim in fact, by sending explorers
throughout the Americas to map, name and claim this new land. The result
is that there was left no part which was not part of the Spanish
territory, including Hawaii and Alaska. Hawaii, Guam and the Philippines
were discovered and claimed by Fernando de Magallanes (Magellan). What
was unfortunate for Spain was that this land was so vast and her people
so few that it was all but impossible to settle, claim and defend all of
it. There was just too much.
Nevertheless, there were already inroads being made
into doing just that. Esteban Gomez explored and mapped the East coast
of today's U.S.A. and Juan Cabrillo would do the same for the West
coast. In the South, Coronado and de Soto would explore the territory so
well that they would come within 200 miles of each other. Missions,
forts and trading posts would be established throughout both coasts.
Here are some of the original names of these Spanish lands. What is now
New England were the Tierras de Corterreal, the Middle Atlantic states
were the Tierras de Esteban Gómez, Virginia was the Tierras de Ayllón,
North Carolina was Chicoria, South Carolina was Santa Elena and below
that was Florida .. The Hudson River was named Rio de San Antonio, the
Mississippi was the Rio del Espiritu Santo and so on. The land was
Spanish!
When the French, English, Dutch and Russian colonists
arrived in their turns, by using Spanish maps, they were essentially
squatters. The land was not theirs to take, but take it they did. The
English so overwhelmed the poor Spanish fathers' missions in Santa Elena
and Chicoria, when they came in search of Indian slaves, that the poor
fathers had to abandon them. Those lands were left for the English
without so much as a battle and that is how the United States began.
Later, the Russians would sell Alaska to the United States, the French
Louisiana and so on, none of which was theirs to sell. The land was
Spanish. But, there you are! That is what happens in the real
world.
Editor Mimi: To understand Pablo Ricardo Quintana's position, it is necessary to
be familiar with the laws of exploration rights and land claims
among the European nations, during the colonial
period.
Spanish
Heirs win access to Energy wealth in Texas Legislature
George Farias, of Borderlands Books sent
the above information about the efforts of Spanish descendants, seeking
funds from the mineral rights of land owned by ancestors. The
government ignored Spanish land grants held by founding families, which
according to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US would
respect.
In a message dated 11/13/2014 12:27:47 P.M. Pacific Standard Time, gfarias@satx.rr.com
writes:
Dear Mimi:
Good to hear from you and hope you are doing well.
The interview with Greg Groogan occurred May 28, 2013 in La Porte,
Texas outside of Houston. It aired the next day, May 29, 2013. Greg
has done several clips on our cause in the past and this is the
latest one. He is an outstanding award winning reporter.
This year the HB724 Commission has been meeting and doing a very
poor job. They are trying to block our efforts and make us look
ridiculous but it is working against them as we gain more supporters
and they are the ones looking bad. We were supposed to have three
advocates for our cause on the commission and instead Governor Rick
Perry appointed persons who are against our efforts.
Mrs. Fowler's website is www.spanishlandgrants.com
. under the HEIRS
Button you will find much information. I wrote the HEIRS BROCHURE to
succinctly explain our cause. Under ACTION NEWS you will find her
reports to her clients. Under WHITE PAPER AND SUPPLEMENTS you will
find a series of papers I wrote to guide the commission in their
task. They have ignored them all but I will be on the November 21st
agenda again to clarify the confusion and misrepresentations (lies)by
the commission.
Under the HEIRS button is another, STATUS OF ALL COURT CASES. You
can view the extent of Mrs. Fowler's work trying to get claims
filed for Unclaimed well production in our land grants.
A local TV reporter is doing an extensive investigation on this and
it will air probably within 30 days. I will inform you of it and get
a clip to you. We will also have some breaking news soon about our
cause.
We are fighting hard to bring justice for our South Texas families.
The State of Texas has been for years in violation of the 14th
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (White Paper Supplement # 6) That
article guarantees that the states will protect our life and
property. Not only have they done a miserable job to our families,
agents of the state were complicit in the atrocities, such as the
Texas Rangers, Judges, Clerks, Tax Assessor-collectors. County
Clerks, etc. Texas is not out of the woods legally for their murders
and thievery. We will hold them accountable.
Eileen McKenzie Fowler is a licensed Texas attorney whose principal law offices are located in La Porte, Harris County, Texas. A Licensed attorney for more than 18 years, Eileen is a member in good standing with the Texas State Bar, and president and past president of many civic and charitable organizations.
Eileen is an attorney practicing exclusively in research and recovery of mineral rights for heirs of Spanish and Mexican land grants and 'los porciones' in South Texas.
She has spent the last seventeen years of her life fighting for the rights of heirs and family members of Spanish and Mexican land grants and 'los porciones'. She has her own unique way of seeking justice for people whose ancestors' land was taken from them by outright theft, fraud, and/or political chicanery.
Her reputation of fighting for the underdog, constantly seeking justice for the many injustices committed against the Hispanic recipients of Spanish or Mexican land grants, as well as the portions of land bordering the Rio Grande River (los porciones), which were mapped out by government-employed surveyors following the Mexican/American war.
*No board certification is currently available in this field
Editor Mimi: Attorney Eileen statement really touched me .
. “It kind of makes
me nauseated when I think of how many doctors, how many teachers, how
many professionals of all kinds would have come out ofSouth Texas,had they had
these fundsflowing to them
in the first place.”
In addition, to ignoring mineral rights, the
states that acquired land or received
funds from the sale of
the land by the government, were required by
the Morrill Act of 1862 to established colleges for the benefit of the communities.
The government did not follow the Land Grant College Morrill Act in
Texas. There are three related
bills on this issue: 1862,
1890, and 1994. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vh5Bim3Enw
Land-Grant
College Act of 1862, or Morrill
Act, Act of the U.S. Congress (1862) provided
grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges
specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.” Named for
its sponsor, Vermont CongressmanJustin
Smith Morrill(1810–98),
it granted each state 30,000 acres (12,140 hectares) for
each of its congressional seats. Funds from the
sale of the land were used by some states to establish
new schools; other states turned the money over to existing
state or private colleges to create schools of agriculture and
mechanic arts (known as “A&M” colleges). The military
training required in the curriculum...
(100 of 159 words). The first bill in 1862 was signed under Lincoln, which may explain
why out of the 106 universities listed,
21 are identified as black universities or colleges. The
predominance of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities are on the east
coast.
Apparently those holding congressional seats in Texas were not
interested in setting up colleges. The
original Texas A&M was established on 2,416
acres of land given by the citizens of Brazos County in 1871
(?). Texas
A&M was organized under the Morrill Act, and opened under a
different name in 1871, was only open to white
males. http://www.tamu.edu/about/facts/history.html
Thus the government
agents were derelict in two distinct areas of responsibility concerning
the Spanish land right of the early founding families. The government refused to acknowledge mineral
rights and did not follow the Land Grant
Universities Morrill Act.
WERE NATIVE AMERICANS VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE?
by David Olson
Orange County Register, November 16, 2014
Tens of thousands of Native Americans in California were murdered in the mid-1800s or died of disease, malnutrition or overwork. On that historians agree.
But was it genocide? Participants at a conference at UC Riverside on Friday,
November 14, argued that it was. They hope the event will increase awareness about what they define as genocide and prod the California Department of Education to use the term in model curricula that shape what public-school children are taught.
“Historians clearly have documented that genocide occurred here in California,” said Michelle Lorimer, a panelist Friday and a history lecturer at Cal State San Bernardino.
Other experts say that no matter how horrible the atrocities committed against American Indians in California were, they did not constitute genocide.
FOCUS ON GOLD RUSH
The conference, “Killing California Indians: Genocide in the Gold Rush Era,” focused on the influx of prospectors to California to mine gold and the accompanying atrocities against American Indians.
When the Gold Rush began in 1848, there were an estimated 150,000 Indians living in California. By 1870, the number had dwindled to 30,000 and by 1900 to 15,000, said Brendan Lindsay, an assistant professor of history at Sacramento State University and author of “Murder State, California’s Native American Genocide 1846-1873.”
Most died of disease, malnutrition and the results of forced labor, but thousands were murdered, many by citizen militias that set out to kill large numbers of Indians, Lindsay said.
The diseases were brought by Europeans; the deaths from overwork stemmed from enslavement; and the malnutrition was a result of Indians being forced off their traditional gathering, fishing and hunting land, he said.
Lindsay said those deaths shouldn’t be discounted in deciding whether genocide occurred.
Many of the 6 million Jews who died in the Holocaust perished from those causes, and “no one would put an asterisk” next to 6 million or subtract those deaths to minimize the scale of the genocide against the Jews, he said.
In California, there was no formal government order to annihilate Native Americans, like the Nazis’ “final solution” to wipe out European Jews, Lindsay said.
But the government was complicit and facilitated the mass murder, including by reimbursing settlers for killing Indians, Lindsay said.
In 1851, Peter Hardeman Burnett, the first governor of California after it became a U.S. state, said in an address to the Legislature, “That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected.”
Most of the murders, along with the kidnapping, prostituting and enslavement of Indian children and adults, occurred in Northern California, because of the hunger for gold and the belief that Indians were in the way, said Cliff Trafzer, director of the California Center for Native Nations at UCR and the organizer of the conference.
Trafzer is an editor of 1999’s “Exterminate Them!” – wording taken from a Chico newspaper that he said reflected widespread public sentiment in the 1800s.
Even though mass murder was less common in Southern California, it did occur, such as in 1866 settler raids on the Serrano people in San Bernardino County, Trafzer said.
It’s unclear how many people were killed in the raids, but after it was over, fewer than 30 people from the Yuhaviatam clan of the Serrano Indians – now the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians – were left alive, said James Ramos, a former chairman of the San Manuel tribe and now a San Bernardino County supervisor.
“They were shooting and killing Indian people on sight,” he said. The namesake of what is now known as the San Manuel tribe, Santos Manuel, led his people out of the mountains to what is now San Bernardino to protect them.
“If that hadn’t happened, I don’t know if we’d be here today,” Ramos said. “We were almost wiped off the earth.”
DEBATE OVER TERMINOLOGY
Trafzer said the atrocities against California Indians clearly meet the definition of genocide agreed upon by the United Nations in 1948, which is an intent to destroy in whole or in part a particular national, ethnic, racial or religious group. The definition includes acts such as serious physical and mental harm against a group in addition to murder.
Michael Magliari, a history professor at Cal State Chico who is conducting research on enslavement of California Indians in the mid-1800s, said the U.N. definition is too broad and waters down the meaning of the word. Magliari said the definition of genocide most commonly understood by the public is a deliberate policy of extermination.
He said evidence indicates that three California tribes – the Wiyot, Yahi and Yuki – were “subjected to a policy of genocide, but I don’t think you could use it sweepingly to describe what happened to most native peoples in California.”
Magliari said the push to use the word genocide is rooted in part in a concern that not doing so minimizes what happened to Native Americans. But he said the atrocities, and the attempt to destroy Native American culture, stand on their own.
“The record is tragic and brutal enough,” he said.
GUIDELINES FOR SCHOOLS
The state Department of Education is interested in finding out what scholars presented at the conference, said Thomas Adams, director of the department’s curriculum frameworks and instructional resources division.
The state issues advisory guidelines for schools and teachers to use in preparing curricula. The guidelines are used by the state in evaluating textbooks for use in the classroom.
New draft history and social science guidelines released in September do not define wrongs committed against Native Americans as genocide, said Adams. But the commission is still receiving public comment on the guidelines and welcomes any additional historical research that could improve the framework before it is approved by the state board of education, he said.
Lorimer said changing what is taught in California schools is key.
When she tells her California history class at Cal State San Bernardino what happened to Native Americans, students are shocked because they never were taught about it in school, Lorimer said.
Lorimer said one reason why atrocities against Indians are downplayed is because it hits too close to home.
INDIANS IN CALIFORNIA
The history of California from the time of the Spanish until well after the Gold Rush coincided with a precipitous drop in the population of Native Americans.
1542: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who was of either Spanish or Portuguese nationality, led the first European expedition to California.
Estimates vary widely on how many Native Americans were living in what is now California at the time, from 133,000 to 1.52 million. (?)
1769: First mission founded in San Diego.
1848: California Gold Rush begins. Native American population estimated at 150,000.
During the Gold Rush, many miners formed militias to kill Native Americans. Communities offered bounties for Indian heads or scalps. State and federal funds also were paid to militias that hunted Indians.
1850: California law essentially forced Native Americans into servitude. Among other things, it allowed Indians who were not employed to be seized, sold at an auction and forced to work without pay for the buyer for four months.
1851: California Gov. Peter Hardeman Burnett, stated, "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected."
1866: Attacks on the Serrano people in San Bernardino County kill dozens or hundreds. Murder and disease among factors that reduce population of the Yuhaviatam Clan of Serrano people, now the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, to fewer than 30 by 1890.
1870: Murder by white settlers, disease, malnutrition and forced labor helped reduce the Indian population to approximately 30,000.
1892: Perris Indian School (now Sherman Indian High School in Riverside) opened. It was one of nearly 500 boarding schools that opened to, as the founder of the first school in Pennsylvania said, "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Many students were forcibly taken from their homes and families in an effort to erase "savage" Indian values and beliefs from students and force them to assimilate to "civilized" European culture. Sherman now celebrates and immerses students in Native American culture.
1900: Only about 15,000 Native Americans remained in California.
2013: Estimated number of American Indians and Alaska natives living in California: 278,377 whose only race is American Indian; 709,952 who report American Indian as one of multiple races
SOURCES: California Department of Education, Historical Society of Southern California, Cal State San Bernardino Professor James Fenelon, Sacramento State University Professor Brendan Lindsay, UC Riverside Professor Cliff Trafzer, PBS's American Experience, historian James Rawls, Sherman Indian High School, U.S. Census Bureau estimates.
“We can talk about genocide in other areas of the world but we can’t discuss it in the United States and in California because it calls into question the romanticized notions of Gold Rush history, manifest destiny and American expansionism,” she said. “We look at the history of that time period positively, from the pioneer, frontiersman experience. We don’t look at the loss from the native perspective.”
Contact the writer: 951-368-9462 or dolson@pe.com
Editor Mimi: I appreciate studies underway to reveal more fully
what really happened to California tribes. Clearly the damage done
among the California tribes was not by the Spanish during the Mission
Period, but rather after the Gold Rush and the influx of new European
immigrants. Nor was the interaction between the colonizing
Spanish/Mexican families and the native tribes based on purposeful
extermination, as was the goal of California Gov. Peter Hardeman
Burnett. In 52 years, the native population went from 150,000
in 1848 to 15,000 in 1900.
Note, the list of epidemics below, except for world-wide
epidemics, is predominately East Coast.
Epidemics in U.S
1657-1918
Endemics have always had a great influence on people -and thus influencing,
as well, the genealogists trying to trace them. Many cases of people
disappearing from records .can be traced to dying during an epidemic or moving
away from the affected area. Some of the major epidemics in the United States
are listed below:
1657 Boston: Measles
1687 Boston: Measles
1690 New York: Yellow Fever
1713 Boston: Measles
1729 Boston: Measles
1732-33 Worldwide: Influenza
1738 South Carolina: Smallpox
1739-40 Boston: Measles
1747 Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania & South Carolina: Measles
1759 North America (areas inhabited by white people): Measles
1761-61 North America & West Indies: Influenza
1772 North America: Measles
1775 North America (especially hard in New England): Epidemic (unknown)
1775-76 Worldwide: Influenza
1781-82 Worldwide: Influenza (one of worst flu epidemics)
1788 Philadelphia & New York: Measles
1793 Vermont: Influenza and a "putrid fever"
1793 Virginia: Influenza (kills 500 people in 5 counties in 4 weeks)
1793 Philadelphia: Yellow fever (one of worst)
1783 Delaware (Dover): "extremely fatal" bilious disorder
1793 Pennsylvania (Harrisburg & Middletown): many unexplained deaths
1794 Philadelphia: Yellow fever
1796-97 Philadelphia: Yellow Fever
1798 Philadelphia: Yellow Fever (one of worst)
1803 New York: Yellow Fever
1820-23 Nationwide: "fever" (starts on Schuylkill River, PA &
spreads
1831-32 Nationwide: Asiatic Cholera (brought by English emigrants)
1832 New York & other major cities: Cholera
1833 Columbus, Ohio: specific instances of cholera
1834 New York City: specific instances of cholera
1837 Philadelphia: Typhus
1841 Nationwide: Yellow Fever (especially severe in South) 1847 New Orleans:
Yellow Fever
1847-48 Worldwide: Influenza
1848-49 North America: Cholera
1849 New York : specific instances of cholera
1850 Nationwide: Yellow Fever
1850-51 North America: Influenza
1851 Coles Co., Illinois: specific instances of cholera
1851 The Great Plains: specific instances of cholera
1851 Missouri: specific instances of cholera
1852 Nationwide: Yellow Fever (New Orleans: 8,000 die in summer
1855 Nationwide (many parts): Yellow Fever
1857-59 Worldwide: Influenza (one of disease's greatest epidemics;
1860-61 Pennsylvania: Smallpox
1865-73 Philadelphia, New York, Boston, New Orleans, Baltimore, Memphis, &
Washington D.C.: a series of recurring epidemics of Smallpox, Cholera, typhus,
Typhoid, Scarlet Fever & Yellow Fever
1873-75 North America & Europe: Influenza
1878 New Orleans: Yellow Fever (last great epidemic of disease)
1885 Plymouth, PA: Typhoid
1886: Jacksonville, Fl: Yellow Fever
1918 Worldwide: Influenza (high point year) More people hospitalized in World
War I from Influenza than wounds. US Army training camps became death camps
-with 80 percent death rate in some camps.
Compiled and Submitted by Sandy Russell
Guy Bailey
This Is a New Story We Are Writing Together
By Guy Bailey
I am sure most of you have heard the news that The University of Texas Board of Regents unanimously approved my recommendation last week to name the Vaqueros as the athletic nickname for UTRGV and to maintain the colors of UT Brownsville and UT Pan American – blue, green and orange – to represent our new university.
This is an exciting time – a time to create a new identity and to write the pages of UTRGV history.
Also last week, I announced that Chris King, who has served with distinction for the past several years as athletics director for UT Pan American, will now serve as UTRGV’s athletics director. I have asked Chris, along with student leaders, to head a committee composed of students, faculty and staff from UTB and UTPA. This committee will work with a national expert in athletic branding to determine what our Vaquero will look like, including how the nickname and colors will translate to team uniforms.
Choosing an athletic nickname to recommend to the Board of Regents was something I took very seriously. Over the course of four months, I and leaders with the UT System held public meetings, focus groups and conducted several surveys to seek your input. I also talked to many of you personally and took every single opinion into consideration.
In the end, I chose Vaqueros for a number of reasons. First of all, I wanted something that was authentic to the Rio Grande Valley and that represented the spirit of South Texas. But also, I wanted to preserve a link to the Bronc – a beloved, decades-old icon of UTPA – and pay tribute to that legacy. As many people who have personally reached out to me to voice their support have said, what else would a Vaquero or Vaquera ride?
Over the past few days, I have heard from many who have expressed their appreciation for a nickname that honors the heritage of South Texas.
Jose Antonio Lopez, author of several books about the history of South Texas, had a column published in the Rio Grande Guardian this weekend that painted a vivid picture of the history of the Vaquero.
“‘Vaquero’ is embedded in the Rio Grande Valley,” Mr. Lopez wrote. “Learning anew of their heritage, modern-day students will find out the reasons why their earliest roots in Texas lead to the honorable vaquero.”
Indeed, I like “Vaqueros” as an athletic nickname because it embodies toughness, tenacity, intelligence and perseverance. These are qualities that define the men and women of South Texas and, I hope, will inspire the students of UTRGV. Soon after the decision was made, I heard from athletics directors from universities around the country congratulating us on such a unique and inspiring name.
Another column that was published this weekend written by UTPA graduate student Rolf Niederstrasser, made the point that the Vaquero allows all associated with UTRGV to share in the South Texas identity and celebrate the cowboy culture that was born right here in the Valley.
I plan to reach out to Doug Clark, the art professor at UTPA whose students first came up with the idea of the Vaqueros. They created a sculpture representing their idea and I want to commission Doug and his students to produce a life-size sculpture of the UTRGV Vaquero – one that can be produced and displayed on every campus location.
I understand that change is challenging. And that letting go of something one holds dear is difficult. As a university, we will never forget our roots. We will always remember that UTRGV – and all that it will become – was built on the shoulders of UTB and UTPA. Those institutions will always be the cornerstone of our foundation, the beginning of our story.
But I hope we can remember that this is a new story we are writing together. One that holds promise and opportunity and limitless possibilities. I truly believe it is paramount UTRGV have a fresh identity, one that respects the past and embraces the future.
While athletic nicknames, mascots and colors are important to a university, we cannot lose sight of the critical mission of UTRGV. We have celebrated so many achievements already. In less than a year, we will open a new university! The UTRGV medical school is well on its way to reality and we are creating centers of research excellence, such as the new South Texas Diabetes & Obesity Institute and STARGATE – a research and technology commercialization partnership with SpaceX. These are the milestones – the transformational advancements – that will define our university. These are the extraordinary marks that should make our headlines. These are the things that will help us become a university of the first class, and I respectfully request that you join me in putting all of our energy into these efforts.
I am so honored to be on this journey with you to establish the first major American university of the 21st Century. I knew when I took the job it would be a journey filled with challenges and triumphs. But it is a journey that will be eminently worth it when we reach our destination.
Guy Bailey is president of the University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley. The above guest column first appeared in a newsletter Bailey sent out to the students, faculty and staff of UT-Pan American and UT-Brownsville.
Painting by James Walker, Judge of the Plains (1877)
Vaquero Reflects
Heritage of South Texas
By
Dr. Lino García, Jr.
10 November 2014
EDINBURG, November 10, 2014 - Cattle and horses were first brought to Texas by Pánfilo Narváez secretary Alvar Núñez Cabeza de
Vaca, who, with a crew of around 200 Spanish soldiers, landed on Texas soil on November 6, 1528.
The hacienda system of ranching that prevailed in Spain at that time arrived in the New World, with its rich series of activities such as rodeos, cattle drives, horse training, and cattle raising for profit and food.
Ponce de León had earlier arrived in Florida in 1513 and brought with him “Becerrillo,” the first dog to arrive in America, besides bringing in 50 horses in his expedition of 1521. Coronado arrived in New Mexico in 1540 with 552 horses, and there were horses in all Christian missions, towns and villages in America, as the early settlers raised them and used them for transportation, for conquest, for defense, and for work.
These animals multiplied quickly and so by the beginning of the 19th century the “Potrero del Espíritu Santo Ranch” in Brownsville, Texas had several thousand horses for use in various manners. Many quickly became wild horses called “mesteño” “mustang” or “Cimarron.” The historian H. Bolton once proclaimed that “… from the Spanish the American cowboy inherited his trade, his outfit, his vocabulary and his methods.”
Normally the cattle would come in from Spain, or from the Caribbean, as cattle had multiplied extensively in those islands, with Santo Domingo having over one million heads of cattle in 1574. Later on, the cattle arriving in California, Texas and New Mexico normally would come from Mexico, having being brought there by early explorers. The cattle arriving in Texas via Mexico populated the huge haciendas or ranches where cattle raising became an industry.
These ranches that later acquired fame and were known as the King Ranch, the Armstrong, and the “Carricitos,” and others were actually on land that was once Spanish Land Grants bestowed on Hispanic individuals who carried on the cattle raising tradition into Texas. By 1689, Captain Alonso de León from Nuevo León and his secretary Juan Bautista Chiapapria (Chapa) made an excursion into Texas territory and brought along herds of cattle, horses, goats, and other animals, that soon multiplied into the thousands, and in doing so these two individuals became two of the earliest Hispanic explorers of “la provincia de los
Tejas,” as it was then called, at the same time spreading into this new territory herds of animals that were utilized later for the subsequent settlement of Texas, and its ranching industry. They both wrote a book: “Historia de Nuevo
León: Con Anotaciones Sobre Coahuila, Tejas y Tamaulipas- 1690” that details all of this early cattle/horse activity. This new activity soon spread rapidly and it has, throughout the years, distinguished modern Texas from any other state in the United States. These individuals brought the “vaquero” tradition, upon which the modern Texas cowboy built his image.
These pioneers, later on known as Tejanos, were independent, frontier, individuals who enjoyed a strong work ethic, and who brought their families into this rugged and uncharted territory. They cleared the land, pacified and evangelized the Indian population via Christian missions, established villages, and in essence brought a European civilization into the wilderness. Possessing of a strong character, family values, respect for each other, and a strong interest in education, they were determined to forged the newly founded land into a modern society, thus early banking, agriculture, schools, religion, and all aspects of civilized life were encouraged during those early times in Colonial Spanish Texas.
Jack Johnson in his book, “Los Mesteños,” clearly details the evolution of the ranching industry, with its huge cattle raising and drives first conducted by Tejano land and cattle barons who roamed this state long before the Chisholm Trail and the King Ranch drama came on the stage, and certainly almost 200 before the modern cowboy printed its name in Texas history; for we know that northerners coming into Spanish Texas after 1821 soon discarded their coon hats for a ten gallon hat or “sombrero de diez
galones.” They did away with certain type of clothing and used chaps, and ate “carne seca” (jerky meat), from the “Quechua charqui” (dried meat), “bar-ba-coa” (bar-b-cue) from “desde la barba hasta la cola,” cooked from the beard to the tail of the animal, and in essence indulged in all things that the Tejano culture offered them.
Certain borrowed words from the Tejano ranching vocabulary passed on into English and into the modern cowboy’s lexicon such as: “lasso, corral, rodeo, chaps from: “chaparreras,” dolly welter from “dale
vuelta,” mustang from “mesteño” (stray animal), ranch, buckaroo, from “vaquero” and this from the Arabic “bakara,” a mounted horseman who tended to cattle, lariat from “la riata” rope, “hacienda” from Spain’s system of cattle ranching, “bronco” (wild), vamoose from “vamos” (to go), vigilante from “vigilante,” desperado, from “un hombre desesperado” (a desperate man), cinch, from “chinch,” (belt), mossy from
“muévase,”marauders from “ maranos” (pigs), fiesta, and many others.
The above narrative, then, supports the new mascot of 'Vaqueros' for the new UTRGV as recommended by President Dr. Guy Bailey and approved by the UT-System Board of Regents. This new identity reflects the heritage that set the foundation for the culture that clearly defines Texas and especially South Texas. Everything Texas brags about is Tejano and Vaqueros!
Historia Chicana
Mexican American Studies
University of North Texas
Denton, Texas
To All: To be honest, when I first heard of the Vaquero mascot idea for the University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley
(UTRGV), I thought, Wow, finally some recognition of our long-forgotten Texas ancestors, inventors of the ranchos and the vaquero (cowboy) way of life!
Sadly, I was quickly disappointed. What should have been an overwhelmingly positive announcement in my view, has a contentious flavor. Although the UT Chancellor has stood firm and has declared the Vaquero will be the UTRGV mascot, there’s still some unhappy campers.
To me, those who are familiar with and value the preservation of early Texas history
(Tejano Monument, for example) support the mascot decision. On the other side, there are folks who for generations have been told that their unique vaquero history is nothing to be proud of and (sadly) they have learned to believe it. They are reluctant to accept the decision. Others in the local media have lashed out in an ugly insulting tone, similar to the same bigotry aimed at young Sebastien de la Cruz singing our national anthem at the Spurs game.
The article below that appears today in the Rio Grande Guardian is meant as a quick Tejano history 101 lesson. It is aimed at those folks who it seems need to get to know the real meaning of “Vaquero” up close and personal.
Saludos, Joe López
López: Vaquero – A Proud Tradition
By José Antonio López
SAN ANTONIO, November 9 - Chances are that if you have a Spanish last name and you originate in Texas, your earliest ancestors developed the vaquero way of life.
Indeed, their very survival depended on it. While that is true throughout our state, it is especially true in South Texas and the Rio Grande Valley. So, Texans who qualify should feel much honored to claim that distinction in their genealogy.
So important to the founding of our state, the word “Vaquero” symbolizes the most important of Texas icons. Even the Dallas Cowboys, “America’s Team”, have their team name’s roots in the word vaquero.
“Vaquero” is embedded in the Rio Grande Valley. Most young people are unaware that the entire South Texas region was once part of the state of
Tamaulipas, Mexico, and its rich vaquero traditions. Nor are they aware that key pieces in the mainstream Texas history puzzle, missing since 1848, are just now re-surfacing, such as the Tejano Monument in Austin.
Learning anew of their heritage, modern-day students will find out the reasons why their earliest roots in Texas lead to the honorable vaquero. The truth is that it was honest, hard work. The unique occupation enjoyed a dignified, respectful reputation and lifestyle in early Texas. It is for that reason that I offer the following details.
As Spanish Mexican pioneer settlers began arriving in the early 1700s from population centers in central and northern New Spain (Mexico), the towns they established in Texas remained small in size. The reason is simple. Large communities in a frontier take a very long time to develop.
For example, the first towns were able to support only a few people. One of the chief problems is that goods were difficult to transport. Large general merchandise stores typically seen in western movies were rare. Those that did exist had an extremely limited inventory. Most of the time, they were very small buildings and their shelves were usually bare.
As such, the greatest majority of citizens lived and worked cattle in ranchos peppering South Texas’ wide open spaces. That is where all the action took place. Tracing their beginnings to the Spanish porción system, they quickly overgrew that archaic method of land control. By the latter part of the 1700s, most self-respecting ranchos were also self-sustaining. Isolated from sources of food, supplies, ranch implements, furniture, etc.., the rancheros (vaqueros) had a simple credo. If they couldn’t raise it, make it, or build it; they didn’t need it.
Albeit, what is it that Texas owes to the vaquero? Most ranch lingo is in Spanish. Included are: bronc (bronco), buckaroo (vaquero), mustang
(mesteño), lariat (la riata), cinch (cincho), chaps (chaparreras), ranch (rancho), and many others. Also, fields that most people normally don’t associate with vaqueros – land management, water rights, public education system, community rights of women, and law, were all initiated in early Texas by our
Tejano/Tejana ancestors. In the words of Dr. Andrés Tijerina, History Professor, Austin Community College, most of what Texas is known for today was developed by the early Texas vaquero.
If there is one person who deserves to be called the first Texas vaquero, it would be Marqués de San Miguel de
Aguayo. He is the first person to lead a major cattle drive in Texas when he and his team of vaqueros herded several thousand head of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats to what is now San Antonio. Nearly equal in stature to that momentous birth of the cattle industry in Texas is the role of Spanish missionaries and Native American residents of the several missions of early Texas. In reality, they were the first homegrown vaqueros (cowboys and cowgirls) of Texas. They are the ones who tended and expanded the first herds driven to Texas in 1721.
After only a few years, the herds had multiplied many times over and roamed freely in the open spaces. Thus, the first roundups of cattle and the vaquero (cowboy) way of life evolved from the Spanish missions. Not only did the vast herds provide for the well-being of mission residents, but the missionaries shared their bounty with town residents who soon developed and began managing their own herds.
What about pioneer women in early Texas? They include Rosa Maria Hinojosa de
Ballí. At one time, her land holdings covered over one-third of the present-day Lower Rio Grande Valley. Another unsung heroine of
vaquero/vaquera life in South Texas is Ignacia Gutiérrez de Lara Uribe, a true pioneer woman of early Texas. Her story is one of faith, hope, and determination. She established “El Uribeño Ranch”, the area that grew into the San
Ygnacio, Texas community. Many of her descendants still live in Zapata and Webb Counties.
Both Rosa Maria and Ignacia represent a fact that is not well known in history. That is, that much of the early success of the ranching and agriculture industries was due to the hard work and dedication of a significant number of pioneer women who either worked side-by-side their husbands or took on the responsibility to manage large ranchos themselves. They earned their own right to the title
vaqueras, because they often worked cattle alongside vaqueros.
The point in covering the above history is to remind Mexican-descent Rio Grande Valley citizens that the words Tejano and Vaquero represent an idea – a way of life – not to a single individual. Being a vaquero takes great skill and intelligence. It’s one of the most dangerous occupations. At the same time, it’s one of the most rewarding and its rare history of grit and guts (courage) deserves preserving for future generations.
Additionally, Dr. Tijerina reminds us that when we visit the Tejano Monument in Austin, we need to think about Family. We must never forget that when our earliest vaquero ancestors in Texas
travelled, they did so as a family. In other words, while each of the statues in the memorial is vital, the central theme of the Tejano Monument is depicted by the young couple and their two young children.
Finally, most of the Rio Grande Valley’s Mexican-descent students are descendants of this proud tradition. Thus, it is their duty to reconnect with their ancestors by reclaiming the Vaquero (cowboy) persona as their own. Far from being an offensive, stereotype term, displaying the “Vaquero” (Cowboy) cultural heritage symbol as the UTRGV mascot is a badge of honor. It’s the right thing to do for the right reasons in Tejas (Texas).
José “Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is a USAF Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of three books: “The Last Knight (Don Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara
Uribe, A Texas Hero),” “Nights of Wailing, Days of Pain (Life in 1920s South Texas).” and, “The First Texas Independence, 1813.” Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano Learning Center,
LLC, and
www.tejanosunidos.org , a Web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S. history that are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.
jlopez8182@satx.rr.com
My small addition to Joe's article is that if you wish to see a documentary on the topic of vaquero, gaucho, Chilean huasos are skilled horsemen, Texas cattle round up, Spanish and Moroccan horsemen. Look up "Ride around the World" It a rich heritage that the horse working with men has allowed to feed the world and add to its transformation.
Juan Marinez jmarinezmaya@gmail.com
Maria Elena Durazo leaving top post at L.A. County Federation of Labor
By James Rainey, David Zahniser
October 29, 2014
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, an umbrella entity representing 600,000 workers, has arguably reached a zenith of its influence under
Durazo, its first woman leader. It helped land allies on the Los Angeles City Council and county Board of Supervisors and recently pushed through a minimum wage law requiring large Los Angeles hotels to pay workers at least $15.37 an hour, one of the nation's highest base wages.
"She never left the table empty-handed. She's one of the most effective and powerful labor leaders in the country." - City Council President Herb Wesson
A fierce advocate for the working class, Durazo was comfortable walking on broiling picket lines and negotiating in air-conditioned corporate board rooms. She lifted an already strong Los Angeles labor movement to a preeminent position of influence in civic affairs.
Candidates prized the support of the labor federation and its political action arms. Campaign adversaries feared Durazo's wrath. And business leaders alternately formed alliances with Durazo and complained that her demands made it untenable to do business in Los Angeles.
"She never left the table empty-handed," said Los Angeles City Council President Herb Wesson. "She's one of the most effective and powerful labor leaders in the country."
Maria Elena Durazo, second from right, marches with other labor leaders. “I feel that the Los Angeles labor movement is very strong, very progressive, very proactive,” she said. “Altogether, we have accomplished a lot.", (Anne
Cusack, Los Angeles Times),
Maria Elena Durazo — the powerful Los Angeles County labor leader who helped elect politicians, boost wages and push through major development projects — said Wednesday that she is leaving her post to take a national union job promoting civil rights and campaigning for immigration reform.
Durazo, 61, will leave the labor organization she has led since 2005 at the end of the year. She will become vice president for immigration, civil rights and diversity at Unite Here, the nationwide union for restaurant, hospitality and casino workers. She previously served as head of that union's Los Angeles unit, Local 11, for 17 years.
Durazo said she chose to take "the next step in my life's work," knowing that the county organization is well positioned to continue making gains on behalf of workers. Among the initiatives she hopes will soon win approval from the Los Angeles City Council is an across-the-board minimum wage hike. One proposal in the works could reach $15.25 by 2019.
"I feel that the Los Angeles labor movement is very strong, very progressive, very proactive," she said in an interview Wednesday. "Altogether, we have accomplished a lot."
Looking ahead, she said, "There is a passion I have always had for immigration and civil rights. So I have the opportunity to do this and completely focus on those issues."
Durazo has made it clear she would like Rusty Hicks, the labor federation's political director, to succeed her, according to several union activists. Durazo declined to confirm that, citing a vote on the next federation leader scheduled for November.
Hicks, 34, is considered a savvy political hand, steeped in the electoral challenges of Los Angeles. He is credited with raising large sums of money, finding able lieutenants and mobilizing union voters to get to the polls and support their candidates.
Supporters say that the biggest challenge for Hicks, a member of the U.S. Naval Reserve who deployed to Afghanistan in 2012-13, would be in areas where he has little or no experience — organizing unrepresented workers and building coalitions among the federation's sometimes fractious 300-plus locals.
Tom Walsh, president of Unite Here, Local 11, said Hicks "has demonstrated that he has a deep understanding of all of the issues that are important to the labor movement."
Like many others who have come to play a central role in the labor movement in California, Durazo got her start among
farmworkers. The daughter of Mexican immigrants, she spent summers in the Central Valley fields picking peaches, strawberries and grapes. Cesar Chavez, founder of the United Farmworkers of America, inspired her.
Durazo started her union activism leading walkouts by maids and janitors and a strike by USC cafeteria workers. Her husband, Miguel Contreras, headed the county labor organization until his death in 2005 at the age of 53. After the brief tenure of another leader, Durazo was elected to the top county federation job.
She gained a reputation for packing City Hall with union members for important votes. She didn't always win. In the 2013 mayor's race, unions spent $5.8 million supporting Wendy
Greuel, who lost to Eric Garcetti. But often Durazo won the contests she bet on. Last year, six of the seven City Council candidates she backed took seats on the 15-member council.
Looking to expand good-paying jobs in the construction trades, Durazo lobbied heavily for new development in Los Angeles. She has been a driving force behind a massive expansion of the rail system, the $4-billion upgrade of LAX, and subsidies for new downtown hotels.
Los Angeles City Councilman Bernard C. Parks told The Times in a recent interview that Durazo's power had become corrosive for the political process. "Very few people will talk publicly because of fear of reprisal," Parks said. "If they choose to run for public office, they will be in the position of having no support."
Carol Schatz, president of the pro-business Central City Assn., said Durazo's power had become too great. She and other business leaders noted that Durazo had criticized a rail car assembly plant in the Antelope Valley, which is now looking to move jobs out of state.
"She was willing to sacrifice jobs ... if they were not union jobs," Schatz said. "We hope that under her successor, labor and business can work more collaboratively."
Durazo's supporters argue that they have waited too long for jobs that pay living wages and say she has been their greatest champion. Lupe Luna recalled meeting Durazo in the 1980s, when she was teaching hotel workers, many of them women, how to fight for better wages and working conditions.
"For me, she was my hero," said Luna, who became an organizer herself in 2005.
james.rainey@latimes.com
david.zahniser@latimes.com
Congratulations to Marta Lourdes Tellado as Consumer Reports New President & CEO
Marta Lourdes Tellado is the new President and Chief Executive Officer of Consumer Reports, the largest and most trusted consumer organization in the world. Before joining Consumer Reports, Tellado was vice president for global communications and an officer of the board at the Ford Foundation in New York.
Tellado, whose career began in the consumer movement and who has 25 years of experience as a frontlines advocate and leader for social justice, will become the organization's seventh president.
Born in Cuba and raised in New Jersey, Tellado began her career in public policy, advocacy and social justice working alongside Ralph Nader and Joan Claybrook at Public Citizen.
Over her career, she has served as Executive Director of the Domestic Policy Group at the Aspen Institute; as Director for National Issues and Outreach for Senator Bill Bradley; as Vice President of the Partnership for Public Service, where she launched the Best Places to Work in the Federal Government and the Service to America awards. She holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from Yale University.
Congratulations to Marta Lourdes Tellado as Consumer Reports New President & CEO
Marta Lourdes Tellado is the new President and Chief Executive Officer of Consumer Reports, the largest and most trusted consumer organization in the world. Before joining Consumer Reports, Tellado was vice president for global communications and an officer of the board at the Ford Foundation in New York. Tellado, whose career began in the consumer movement and who has 25 years of experience as a frontlines advocate and leader for social justice, will become the organization's seventh president.
Born in Cuba and raised in New Jersey, Tellado began her career in public policy, advocacy and social justice working alongside Ralph Nader and Joan Claybrook at Public Citizen.
Over her career, she has served as Executive Director of the Domestic Policy Group at the Aspen Institute; as Director for National Issues and Outreach for Senator Bill Bradley; as Vice President of the Partnership for Public Service, where she launched the Best Places to Work in the Federal Government and the Service to America awards. She holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from Yale University.
Spanish
immigrants aboard the SS Aquitania, courtesy of Joe Losada.
Between 1880 and 1930, tens of thousands of Spaniards emigrated to the
United States. Some came directly from Spain, often recruited as
semi-skilled labor in specific industries: cultivating sugarcane
on the Hawaiian Islands; mining coal or refining zinc or steel in West
Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio and elsewhere; tending sheep in the Pacific
mountain states; cutting granite in the quarries and stone sheds of New
England, for example. Many others found their way to the US
following less formalized routes, often re-emigrating from points in the
Spanish-speaking Americas, to wherever work could be had in the US: as
cigar makers or merchants in Key West and Tampa, Florida; as dockworkers
and seamen based in New York; as fishermen, farmers, cannery workers or
domestic servants in California, for example.
The
Spaniards tended to live in close proximity to one another, and, in many
cases, in close proximity to Spanish-speakers from countries other than
Spain: eg, Puerto Ricans in New York; Mexicans in California; Cubans in
Tampa. And like most other ethnic/national groups in the pre-New
Deal United States, the Spaniards tended to band together in all manner
of social groups and mutual aid societies, in an attempt to weave their
own social safety net, at a time when there was no social security, no
unemployment insurance, no Medicare or Medicaid.
From
the 1941 book commemorating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of
Tampa's Centro Español.
Compared to some of the other national or ethnic groups of immigrants that came to the United States (eg, Italian, Irish, Polish) the Spaniards constituted a drop in the bucket of US immigration. [We should remember that while hundreds of thousands, or even millions of immigrants of these nationalities were disembarking at Ellis Island, similar numbers of Spaniards were also participating in trans-Atlantic emigration, but most often to countries in the Spanish-speaking Americas. Roughly 4 million Spaniards emigrated to the Americas between 1880 and 1930; more than had crossed the Atlantic from the time of Columbus (1492) until 1880!] The restrictive immigration
legislation passed in the early 1920s practically put an end to the arrival of significant numbers of Spanish immigrants to the US. But those who had arrived in the first two decades were settling down and having children and the numbers, cohesiveness and visibility of the Spanish colonies peaked during the years right before World War II, just when their native country became embroiled in a horrific Civil War (1936-39)
By
the time the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, there was a veritable
archipelago of small but vibrant Spanish enclaves dotting and
crisscrossing the entire geography of the US: from Hallowell,
Maine, through Canton, Ohio, and on to Bakersfield, California, from
Tampa, Florida through St. Louis, Missouri, and on to Boise, Idaho.
The immigrants were primarily working-class industrial laborers or
peasants, and the vast majority of them supported the democratically
elected government of the Spanish Republic, which was under siege
following a military coup staged by General Francisco Franco.
During the years of the war (1936-39), many of the smaller, scattered
Spanish enclaves merged together under the umbrella of an organization
known as Sociedades Hispanas Confederadas [SSHHCC], in an attempt to
coordinate fundraising efforts on behalf of the Spanish Republic.
Thanks to this wartime mobilization, and thanks to the literature and
propaganda produced by the SSHHCC, many of the smaller Spanish enclaves
become visible at this time, as the hundreds of fundraising activities
–dances, picnics, soccer matches, etc.—are often announced and later
reported on with great detail in posters, handbills, bulletins and
newspapers that have survived.
Spanish
Civil War rallying song, composed by Tampa resident Leopoldo González
in 1937.
If
any of these Spanish immigrants in the US harbored dreams of someday
returning to Spain, those hopes were probably dashed once and for all by
the victory of the fascist forces led by General Francisco Franco.
Politics aside, there really was no going back after 1939:
Spain’s economy and infrastructure had been devastated by the brutal
and total war waged throughout the country at the height of the Great
Depression. Adversity, necessity, and perhaps the faint hope of
returning to Spain had been the glue that had held together the Spanish
immigrant community in the US through the twenties and thirties.
Tampa
children dressed up as Loyalist milicianas,
courtesy of Alicia Menéndez.
Now, with the possibility of returning to Spain more or less off the
table, the opportunities and relative prosperity of post-World War II
America would act as solvents. Ethnic enclaves usually located in
urban centers became less desirable when a house in the suburbs
beckoned; social clubs were rendered less crucial, once the New Deal
reforms kicked in.
So
it is that the story of Spanish immigration to the US has been rendered
almost invisible, though its traces can still be found –often
privatized, domesticated and transformed, in the stories, photo albums
and recipes of descendants all over the United States. Spanish
Immigrants in the United States: Ni frailes ni conquistadores
is a project aimed at documenting, archiving and interpreting this
precarious history. We conduct fieldwork in places that were once
home to significant Spanish communities; searching out and interviewing
descendants; gathering their stories and recipes, scanning and labeling
their photographs, with the intention of creating an on-line, multimedia
archive, that will put back into public circulation a rich collective
history that has become the stuff of private nostalgia or, in some
cases, idiosyncratic local history. We will also produce a brief
creative documentary film based on the stories and the archival
materials that we are able to compile at each site.
A
Legacy of Smoke: Spanish Immigrants in Tampa is
a 50-minute no-budget non-fiction film, that offers a
“fly-on-the-wall” perspective of a handful of tampeños as they go
about their lives during two days in 2013…
Sent by Juan Perez jperez1980@yahoo.com
U.S. History
Trivia . . .And Did You Know
the
U.S. Presidents
Who Never Had a Vice President?
The following four U.S. presidents never had vice presidents:
After President James A. Garfield was
assassinated in Washington, D.C. in 1881, his vice president, Chester A.
Arthur, was sworn in as president. Arthur surprised everyone by rising above
partisanship. In the process, however, he alienated many members of his own
party, and the Republicans chose not to nominate him in the next election.
Arthur died of kidney disease two years later, at the age 56. He was the last
living U.S. president to have never had a vice president.
John Tyler (1790-1862) took over when William H.
Harrison died in 1841. He served until 1845. 10th
president
Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) became president when
Zachary Taylor died in 1849. He served until 1853. 13th president
Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) took over when Abraham
Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. He served until 1869. 17th
president
Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886) succeeded to the presidency when
James A. Garfield was assassinated in 1881. He served until 1885. 21st president
Theodore
Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry Truman, and Lyndon Johnson served without vice
presidents after stepping up to the presidency, but they were all later elected
to full term with vice president. Sent
by
Poppo Olag.
Extract from: Court stops federal agency interference in Utah prairie dog issues on state, private lands
Written by Brett Brostrom
OVER-REACH OF GOVERNMENT HALTED and DEFINED
CEDAR CITY – A federal judge has ruled against the federal government, invalidating protections for Utah prairie dogs on state and private lands.
The Nov. 4 decision by U.S. District Judge Dee Benson found against a 2012 administrative rule issued under the Endangered Species Act that prevented interference with the animal or its habitat on nonfederal lands.
Despite the ruling, the prairie dogs are still protected by Utah state law; and they are
still protected by federal law on federal lands. “Unless you have a certificate of registration from the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources,” the DWR said in a statement issued Friday, “you may not kill or remove a Utah prairie dog.”
“We have a strong history of successfully protecting and conserving sensitive wildlife species,” Sheehan said. “We’ll continue to use our resources and the expertise of our biologists to manage Utah prairie dogs.
Our goal is to work cooperatively, with local officials and property owners in southern Utah, to ensure that the species continues to be an important part of the landscape.”
Editor Mimi: Under this new ruling, the city of Cedar City,
Utah can now protect the fields where residents’ children play, as well as the airport and the cemetery, from this rodent that has basically taken over the town.
According to Deseret News, . . . "people are now able to build their dream homes and start their small
businesses. These are things Cedar City residents haven’t been able to do for 40
years. "
Latinos in Heritage Conservation: Launching a National Network
DNA Proves Horses Unlike Any Others on Earth
The Colonial Spanish Wilbur-Cruce Mission Horses
Honoring Col. Juan N. Seguin Burial Site, October 25, 2014
The Reenactment of the Battle of Medina
La Belle and the
Alamo
Connection by Dan Arellano Author/Historian
Fojas Perdidas Project
A Tour of Tijuana’s Maquiladoras
in Mexico by Barbara Zaragoza
The Importance of Promoting Hispanic History by Mimi Lozano
Latinos in Heritage Conservation: Launching a National Network
The organizers of “Latinos in Heritage Conservation” – a new group aimed at empowering Latino communities nationwide to protect and sustain historic places –
(participated in a conference held in Georgia in November) invite you to attend our first-ever visioning session at the 2014 National Preservation Conference. Join preservation professionals, scholars, and advocates in our growing efforts to build an intergenerational network of individuals and communities dedicated to the preservation of Latino places and stories. https://www.facebook.com/latinoheritageconservation
Latinos in Heritage Conservation was established in 2014 with the goal of promoting Latino leadership and engagement in historic preservation, with representatives from San Francisco Heritage, the Los Angeles Conservancy, the Westside Preservation Alliance (San Antonio), Chicano Park Steering Committee (San Diego), the American Latino Scholars Expert Panel, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Interested in getting involved? Feel free to contact the session organizers below.
Desiree Smith (San Francisco Heritage): dsmith@sfheritage.org
Laura Dominguez (Los Angeles Conservancy): ldominguez@laconservancy.org
Manuel Huerta (Los Angeles Conservancy): mhuerta@laconservancy.org
Sylvia M. Gonzalez | MANAGER OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS
P 210.223.9800 F 210.223.9802
NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION
Villa Finale: Museum & Gardens
401 King William Street San Antonio TX 78204
www.PreservationNation.org www.VillaFinale.org
DNA Proves Horses Unlike
Any Others on Earth
Direct descendents of the original stock brought to the Americas in the
1500s.
In 1990, our ranch, Rancho Del Sueno, became the steward for a special herd of Colonial Spanish horses
from the Wilbur-Cruce ranch in southern Arizona. Dr. Ruben Wilbur, originally purchased the horses in
the late 1800’s from Father Kino’s Mission Dolores in Sonora, Mexico. Over a hundred and twenty years
later, the Nature Conservancy acquired a portion of this ranch from Dr. Wilbur’s granddaughter, Eva Antonia
Wilbur-Cruce, requiring relocation of the family’s historic mission horses. Rancho Del Sueno became their
new home.
My name is Robin Lea Collins, president and founder of the Heritage Discovery Center. The HDC is a 501
(c) 3 non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of rare Colonial Spanish
horses.
These horses were determined by equine geneticists to be an exceptional strain of the original Iberian stock
brought to the Americas by the Spanish during the period of exploration and colonization. Due to their
contained isolation on the ranch, these horses are unlike any others on earth. Now known as the Colonial
Spanish Wilbur-Cruce Mission Horse, they represent the last pure examples of the original Spanish
horses sent to the New World.
Today, we are the only facility dedicated to the conservation of this endangered breed. The horses themselves
share in this responsibility:
• As ambassadors for our time-honored “living history” colonial educational programs that have
entertained and enlightened thousands of people over the years.
• As partners in an innovative therapy for individuals with various physical or psychological
challenges and others seeking personal growth.
• As teachers through their generous character and their innate desire to be deeply connected
with humans.
Now the horses need your help. PLEASE visit our website, www.ranchodelsueno.com
. I am writing this letter in an urgent request for aid in the conservation of this unique genetic resource
on the brink of extinction. For over twenty years, the Heritage Discover Center and Rancho Del Sueno have
conserved and cared for these special horses. But now, without additional help, there will be no recourse but
to disband this rare genetic resource and dispose of the herd of 50+ foundation livestock.
I cannot continue to sustain these horses without immediate financial assistance. Due to the extreme
increase in feed costs and the need for unusually numerous veterinary expenses this past year, I am now
urgently requesting funding for feed, veterinary care, and the essential necessities for the survival of
this herd.
I graciously ask you to help us preserve these horses and the educational and therapeutic work they are doing.
With your contribution, you have the opportunity to help conserve an integral part of America’s story
and bring the history of Colonial California to thousands of individuals.
It is critical that we find support during this difficult time to continue to perpetuate this precious living
legacy. Please help us save their future and the important services they provide to humanity.
To learn more about our RDS programs and the Colonial Spanish Wilbur-Cruce Mission horses,
PLEASE visit our website at www.ranchodelsueno.com
Contributions, no matter how small, are greatly needed. The Colonial Spanish horses have
accomplished great things and it is with my deepest gratitude that I acknowledge your consideration of this
special cause. On behalf of the horses, my staff, and the many individuals whose lives have been touched by
Thank you so very much,
Robin Lea Collins
President/Founder of Heritage Discovery Center
and Rancho Del Sueno, equine division of HDC
Heritage Discovery Center, Inc.
40222 Millstream Lane Madera, California 93636
559 868-8681 559 868- 8682 fax HDCranchodelsueno@gmail.com
The Heritage Discover Center is a registered 501(c) 3 non-profit organization, and your gifts are tax deductible.
these animals, we thank you and appreciate your support beyond words. Please send your gift today.
The Colonial Spanish
Wilbur-Cruce Mission Horses
By
Catherine Luijt
Vice-President, California State Genealogical Alliance
In
the rolling Blue Oak countryside of the San Joaquin Valley, in Madera
County, 16 miles north of Fresno, sits a training and conservation
center known as the Rancho Del Sueño.
It is part of the equine division of the Heritage Discovery Center Inc.,
a non-profit organization, established in 1992 to promote the
stewardship and understanding of the region’s history, resources, and
animals. Its focus has been on the preservation of the critically
endangered Colonial Spanish horse. Interestingly, in 1989 an isolated
herd from Arizona, the Colonial Spanish Wilbur-Cruce Mission Horses,
were "discovered to be the pure descendants of the Spanish horse
brought to the Americas in the 1500s." (www.ranchodelsueno.com)
But
the organization offers so much more. On July 19, 2014, I had the
pleasure of meeting Robin Lea Collins, President and Founder of Rancho
Del Sueño, at a Los
Angeles Convention Center event. She explained that the goals of the
center are to include other similar programs for Colonial Spanish
livestock such as sheep, cattle, etc. brought to the New World centuries
ago. While current tours of the Rancho Del Sueño
and a re-enactment program educate the public on the importance of the
preservation of the Colonial Spanish horse, Horses4Heroes and Wounded
Warriors support our veterans and military.
Visit the Heritage Discovery Center
website www.ranchodelsueno.com
to learn more and for a complete listing of available services and
programs
Honoring Col. Juan N. Seguin Burial Site, October 25, 2014
Several hundred attendees’, which included guest, friends and history buffs were on hand to celebrate and honor Col. Juan N. Seguin who was a 19th-century Texas Senator, Mayor, Judge, and Justice of the Peace and a prominent participant in the Texas Revolution. Juan N. Seguin was also a Capt. in the Texas Rangers – Mounted Riflemen Calvary.
Also attending were over 50 Seguin family members. City of Seguin Mayor Keil welcomed everyone to the city and spoke of the very important legacy of Juan
Seguin. Mr. Mike Young of The Former Texas Rangers Association, The Former Texas Ranger Foundation, and Scott Dunbar of the Sons of The Republic of Texas participated in the event along with Albert Seguin Gonzales who has for the last 26 years organized the annual event.
Highlights of the ceremony included an opening prayer Mr.Ted Herrera a Native American Indian Elder
who gave the Invocation in his native dialect, with English translation. Absolutely a beautiful prayer and so well done.
Following was a welcome by Albert and Mayor Keil, plus speeches by members of the Former Texas Rangers Association and Ranger Ramiro “Ray” Martinez, Texas Ranger, Retired. The unveiling of Juan Seguin's Texas Ranger Memorial Cross was conducted by Ms. Abigail Rhiana Cortes and Mr. Jeremy Evans Rodriguez both 5th generation descendants of Col.
Seguin. Mr. Mike Gower, Past Grand Master of Masons gave the Masonic Presentation and Mr. Terry Lee Walters presented the Seguin Biography.
Captain Juan N. Seguin Texas Ranger
Mounted Rifleman
To close the ceremony at the burial site, bagpiper Lynn Crislip played "Amazing Grace", and Texian re-enactors fired several volley salutes lead by Col. Juan
Seguin, aka, Andy Anderson to honor Seguin. A period cannon crew fired several shots lead by Mr. Scott Dunbar, SRT and Knight of San
Jacinto. Albert Seguin fired one of the cannon shots, as did Mayor Keil, while Andy Andersen, dressed in his new Juan Seguin uniform, directed the firing of the black powder rifle and pistol salute.
Following the ceremony, most of the crowd processed across the road to the
Seguin/Guadalupe County Coliseum for the Twenty-Sixth Annual Memorial program honoring Juan
Seguin. Mariachi de Oro performed a rousing program which induced some attendees to get up and dance. Mayor Don Keil gave a speech about honoring Juan
Seguin, as did Seguin family members.
Dr. Stephen Schneider was the Key Note Speaker and spoke on, “After San Jacinto – Restoring Juan N. Seguin” which is a premise to a new book in process dispelling myths and reinforcing the truth regarding Seguin’s actions during his period of self exile from his beloved Texas.
He skillfully debunked with hard facts the accusations of Mary Maverick, a self proclaimed era socialite, among others, that Juan had been a traitor to Texas and the Texian cause.
Seguin, had been a victim of greed, hate and envy by new comers to Texas. The State of Texas gave Col. Juan N. Seguin a pension for life for his service to Texas in which he served in many capacities.
After the program, Cake and coffee was provided by Teatro de Artes De Juan
Seguin.
Mayor Keli pulling the firing pin.
Seguin City Councilman Carlos Medrano, Andy Anderson aka Juan N. Seguin and
Seguin City Councilman Tomas Castellon, Jr
The Battle of Medina Historical Society and the Southside
Independent
School District
presents the Annual Battle of Medina Reenactment. The event will take
place during the schools annual “Cardinal Days Festival” on
Saturday November 15th. The reenactment starts at
11:30AM
. and it will be on the football field. Reenactors are asked to be on
the field by
10 AM
for rehearsal. Anyone may participate providing proper period attire
is worn and volunteers are welcome. Dress should be Native American,
1800 Tejano , early
Texas
pioneer or Spanish/Mexican Soldier ladies and children are also
welcome. This year 40 students from the High School will dress as
Tejano soldiers Please visit my facebook page for examples of proper
attire.
The Battle of Medina was the biggest and bloodiest battle ever fought
on
Texas
soil. This battle was part of the Mexican War of Independence when our
Tejano ancestors under the leadership of Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara
proclaimed Texas Independence on
April 6, 18
13
. This
First
Republic
has been officially recognized by the 83rd Texas
State Legislature in House Resolution 709. This year promises to be
bigger and better than ever since the Texas Army has agreed to
participate and will be bringing a cannon. This event is not only
entertaining but educational as well and is presented as accurately
and as historically as possible.
The school is located in Losoya
Texas
on the corner of
Martinez/Losoya Road
and Hi 281 South (
Roosevelt Road
) approximately 20 miles south of
San Antonio
. The school itself sits on hollowed ground as it was part of the
killing field. Lunch for reenactors will be provided by the school
district.
La Belle and the
Alamo
Connection
by Dan Arellano Author/Historian
After boycotting the
Bob
Bullock
Texas
History
Museum
for two months I have decided to resume where I left off. I was upset
with the way they carried on with La Belle and its 4 year influence in
Texas
while ignoring the 300 years of Spanish/Mexican/Tejano influence. I
realized that the only way to make changes is from within and I am now
back speaking in the colonial era portion of the museum which is next
to the La Belle exhibit room.
The La Belle does play a major role in the colonization
of
Texas
; but it is only what I call a link in the chain of historical events
that led to the colonization of
Texas
by the Spanish.
In 1689 General Alonzo De Leon and Fray Daniel Massanet
finally locate the abandoned colony of
La Salle
. Yet, as shocked as they were the Spanish would take no action. In
May of 1700 a mission is built at San Juan Bautista, now known as
Guerrero Coahuilla
Mexico
and named it Mission San Francisco de Solano. In 1712 Fray Francisco
Hidalgo, which is the role I play in the Texas Before the Alamo
documentary, writes 5 letters to his fellow French Franciscans in
Louisiana encouraging them to found missions in Texas to convert the
Indigenous people to Christianity. One of those letters would fall in
to the hands of the French Governor who in turn would recruit Louis
Juchereau de St Denis, another Frenchman to investigate affairs in
Texas
. Arriving at San Juan Bautista in 1714 Denis was promptly arrested
and sent to
Mexico City
for interrogation. Again the Spanish would become alarmed but this
time would make plans to colonize
Texas
but it would take yet another 4 years. Finally in 1718 Mission San
Francisco de Solano would be transferred to the banks of
San
Pedro
Creek
in
San Antonio
and renamed Mission San Antonio de Valero; it is not yet known as the
Alamo
. In 1803 a company of mounted soldiers, which included Sgt. Francisco
Arellano my grand father 5 generations ago, from the
village
of
Alamo
de Parras would be transferred to Mission de Valero and would be there
for over 30 years. Eventually the name Valero would be forgotten and
the mission would be simply known as the
Alamo
and it remains the same to this day.
I will now be speaking on Thursdays and Saturdays at
the Bullock from
10 AM
till
2 PM
.
Dan Arellano Author/Historian
President Battle of
Medina
Historical Society
To Promote, Protect and Preserve Tejano History
Fojas Perdidas Project
Before I give an update on our imaging project I would like to express our appreciation to all who have helped with our Fojas Perdidas Project. Without your financial donations and voluntary hours we would not be where we are today.
As of now our plans to image some missing parish records are on hold. The Bishop did not give us approval; he said, “not right now.” We are workinging with FamilySearch to get the diocese copies of records they do not have, so this should keep the door open. Meanwhile we have started imaging the Fondo Colonial of the Archivo Histórico Municipal and at the same time we are in communication with the folks at the Office of Digital Innovation and Stewardship, University of Arizona Libraries for their assistance in the placement of our project online.
While in Valle de Allende the Jornadas Vivistas was taking place in Parral as well as the opening ceremonies for Viva Chihuahua in el Valle which brought people from all over Chihuahua as well as the States. You cannot believe the positive comments that were made when they learned what we were doing. We received donations of books from Jesus Vargas and Alvaro Canales Santos. Cantante Polo Montanez made a donation of some CD’s of his canciones de pueblo Chihuahuaneses. The Instituto Chihuahuense de la Cultura donated to our Project a generous portion of Journadas Vivistas posters.
For those of you who were able to give a donation of time or money we would like to send you the CD of Polo Martinez or the poster of the Journadas Vivistas as a token of appreciation If you would like one of these items sent to you please indicate which one along with your address. We can also send it to a friend as a gift from you. To preview these items check out our home page to see the poster and the following link to listen to one of Polo’s songs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNvQCsJm8P4. Should you desire an additional poster or CD they are $25 for the poster and $8.00 for the CD. The price includes postage. Once again thank you so very much.
A Tour of Tijuana’s Maquiladoras
in Mexico
By Barbara Zaragoza / South Bay Compass
At Large on October 23, 2014
From San Diego Free Press
Each month, Enrique Davalos, a professor at City College, gives a tour along the U.S.-Mexico border of the Tijuana Maquiladoras. A social activist tour, Enrique, as well as former employees of the maquilas, brings awareness to American consumers about the poor working conditions and environmental exploitation taking place right along our frontera.
What are maquiladoras?
Enrique’s tour passes the gates of several maquiladoras (or maquilas): foreign owned factories that have come to Mexico in order to benefit from cheap labor and lax environmental laws.
The tour begins at the San Ysidro Trolley in the U.S. where our group is taken through the busiest land port of entry in the world. On the Mexico side, a shuttle bus waits to take us along the border.
Colonia Libertad
The first stop is a narrow street looking down into a shanty neighborhood called Colonia Libertad. In the middle of roofs often made of recycled materials, a nude female sculpture stands prominently. She’s known as Tijuana III Milenio or “La Mona”. Built by engineer Armando Munow Garcia in 1990, the sculpture sits in a ravine right next to Tijuana’s International Airport. This is also where Garcia lived, the interior of the sculpture doubling as his living quarters. According to Enrique, the head of the sculpture was his office and the belly was his bedroom. The sculpture is impressively made of 18 tons of brick.
Former boundary monument painted
red with crosses affixed to it.
The Crosses
The shuttle next stops along a busy road about one hundred feet from a roundabout. In the middle stands an obelisk similar to the boundary monuments along the U.S.-Mexico border. This obelisk, however, is painted red and has crosses attached. The road is right next to the U.S.-Mexico boundary wall made of military landing mats. This was once the actual boundary line, but since then the U.S. has unilaterally created a thicker wall about 300 feet away with concertina rolls on top.
Here, we get out of the shuttle and walk along the wall to see the wooden crosses affixed to the fence and scattered on the floor. First installed by a migrant group on the Day of the Dead in 1998, the number of crosses started out as 340 to commemorate those who died trying to cross into the United States from 1995-1998 (the beginning of Operation Gatekeeper). Activists continued to place more crosses along this road and they now number in the thousands, mirroring the number of migrants who have died trying to cross into the U.S.
The Maquilapolis
After these two moving monuments, the shuttle takes us to a maquilapolis. Warehouses jut up against the U.S.-Mexico fence and surround themselves with thick gates. During the weekday these roads are glutted with trucks and taco carts that cater to the approximately 160,000 employees of 700 formal maquilas. There are another 200 informal maquilas with an unknown number of workers.
Enrique takes us on the tour during a Saturday when the trucks and maquila employees are gone.
There’s not much to see and worse yet, as Enrique explains, we can’t get out of the shuttle to take pictures because it’s likely security will show up and tell us its illegal.
A few years back, Mexico was known to be the capital of television production. China surpassed them for a time, but then Mexico once again took on the moniker. Tijuana also has a large production of medical items, textiles and other products (including Nike shoes).
Sanyo
The shuttle stops outside the warehouses of Sanyo, one of the major maquiladoras in Tijuana. The company came to Tijuana in 1983 from Japan. The founder originally planned to come to San Diego in 1978 to produce refrigerators. He realized, however, it was better to come to Tijuana because the company could save more than $20,000 per worker if production moved across the border. In the best moments, Sanyo had 6,000 workers and opened 6 maquilas in Tijuana. Over time, however, Sanyo has cut its workforce to a little more than 1,000 workers.
Maquila Working Conditions
As the shuttle drives or stops outside more fences, Enrique hands the microphone over to two former maquila employees who describe their first-hand experiences.
The largest number of maquila workers are young women, presumably because they agree more readily to low wages and long hours. They also largely come from Central America, having traveled up to Tijuana in hopes of eventually being able to cross into the United States. Instead, they often get stuck in these maquilas where wages average $80 per week, hardly enough to pay for rent, health care or provide for a family.
Generally, women are not allowed to be pregnant and are given regular pregnancy tests. They are fired if they do become pregnant. Most workers are not allowed to go to the bathroom, except for during prescribed times. They also have strict regulations on being at work on time. If they are a few minutes late, they do not receive their on-time bonuses. Safety is also a constant concern. Most employees work about 10 hours a day, six days a week. Many times they are forced to work 24 hours a day because they are required to produce a certain number of products to ship out the next day. They also often require workers to carry the weight of about 100 lbs. by themselves.
While driving in the shuttle, one of two maquila workers explained that when she encountered the injustices of maquilas, she became engaged in union organizing and in strikes. The first maquila she worked at went on strike for seven years. She then worked for another that produced cables for telecommunications. She was fired from this job because she asked if there was a union. She continued working at various maquilas, but once again was fired because she was an activist. She explained that workers have experienced threats, intimidation and incarceration due to their strikers activities.
Electronics, television, medical products, regardless these maquiladoras use various chemicals which many times affect the health of the workers and the surrounding communities. It is well known that many workers become sick or die because of their exposure to these chemicals. As we drive by the most expensive real estates in the area, Enrique explains that often houses are right next door to a maquila and there is no kind of protection for the life of the people regarding all the industrial activity right next to their home.
Environmental Damage
The next stop along the tour is a soccer and basketball field. Behind it sits an ugly concrete warehouse. Unmarked, you don’t know what company is there, but the area was once extremely toxic.
In 1994 Jose Kahn was ordering his maquila workers to make some underground holes and simply bury toxic waste produced from batteries for cars, boats, etc. They did this here at the maquila, which sits at the top of a hill. Eventually, the lead and other toxic substances leaked into the the neighborhood of Colonia Chilpancingo at the bottom of the hill and people became sick.
The EHC and the citizens of Tijuana notched up a success in 2004, when they forced the Mexican government to clean up an abandoned factory called Metales y Derivados, where over 23,000 tons of waste were warehoused. The remediation work lasted until 2008, when the results of a final inspection satisfied environmentalists.
This was a huge victory, although the owner ran away to San Diego and never had to pay anything. Instead, he opened a new maquila, which churned out profits of over $1 million.
A craftsman applies his trade.
The Old Curio Market
The solution to all this industrial madness? Craftsmanship. Buying local. Individual businesses that eclipse the large factories.
The last stop along the tour was the old curio market where Ollin Calli offered lunch us lunch and discussion. Located in an alley off to the side of Avenida Revolucion where artists gather, Ollin Calli sells craft wares and also advocate for maquila employees.
They organize workers, have labor lawyers to help and address workers issues in general. In 2010, for example, Ollin Calli tried to help workers organize, including public transportation to and from their home, raise in wages, etc.
Thank you, Enrique!
For much more information, see: The movie Maquilapolis, which vividly depicts the issues described in the tour. Description: Carmen works the graveyard shift in one of Tijuana’s maquiladoras, the multinationally-owned factories that came to Mexico for its cheap labor. After making television components all night, Carmen comes home to a shack she built out of recycled garage doors, in a neighborhood with no sewage lines or electricity. She suffers from kidney damage and lead poisoning from her years of exposure to toxic chemicals. She earns six dollars a day. But Carmen is not a victim. She is a dynamic young woman, busy making a life for herself and her children.
Find out more about the tours and social justice for maquila workers. Sign up. Volunteer. Donate. Support. Get active or take the tour.
Barbara Zaragoza is a freelance writer and runs the website South Bay Compass. She recently published a photographic history of San Ysidro and the Tijuana River Valley. Sent by Dorinda Moreno pueblosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com
Editor Mimi: Hi, this is the outline for a presentation
which I made in 2007 to the US. Army Reserve in Los Angeles.
I
thought it might be helpful for anyone if you are called upon to make a presentation
on the subject. I know you can fill in the blanks with your own examples
and experiences.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROMOTING HISPANIC HERITAGE
United States Army Reserve, Los Angeles, CA October 17, 2007
"I am not attempting to reconstruct history;
I am trying to reveal the
Hispanic presence in U.S. history." ~ Mimi Lozano
TO PROMOTE SELF-AWARENESS
Sense
of belonging, ownership
Know
accomplishments of ancestors, their potential
Pride
in self, look ahead with hope, future success possible
Family
history knowledge promotes and strengthens the family
Latinos
are the most assimilated and multi-cultural of any other group
WHY DON'T HISPANICS KNOW THEIR HISTORY?
Intentional distortion and/or omission for political and social reasons
Mendez v Westminster School District
East LA Marine: The Untold True Story of Guy Gabaldon
PBS/The War and the www.DefendTheHonor.org
Marches, events, panels, Baldo cartoon, 87 year old veteran stories
Why? Damnatio Memoriae... Damnation of Memories
History is told by the perception of the winners
California Constitution was created and signed as Bilingual
document
US History taught in for understanding US history
Chicano Studies in the 1960-70s.
Manifest
destiny concepts, west of Mississippi, Puerto Rico, Cuba
Assimilated Latinos, English dominant, highlighted abuses
Hispanics in US, extremely diverse: Those that know their history fair
better
Regional history divides us
Multi-ethnic,
multi-racial, multi-national differences
Errors being perpetuated in colleges by emphasis on radical
Efforts of many to promote interaction, collaboration, historical societies
and events
Texas Connection to the American Revolution, TCARA.
National Archives and Records Administration activities
Smithsonian Hispanic Contributions in the development of the US
RESULTS of the complexity of the issue of historical invisibility
Third-generation phenomena
Immigration problems continue, based on past US/Mexico past
interaction
Southwest Hispanics, remembering the past, want to be part of the
present
Native Americans claiming their land rights
Increasing numbers of Hispanics in the US, legal and illegal
FUTURE.
..
Hispanics will be the Key to the Strength of the Nation
Demographic
changes, Hispanics youthfulness, 50% by 2050, or sooner
Lt. Col. Cowan, TCARA Pres., 75% of U.S. military will be Latino
HOW CAN YOU HELP?
Increase your personal family history knowledge
Acknowledge historians inclusive of the Hispanics contributions to
US development
Remembering Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
The History Blog
Colorization of Civil War era and early 1900’s
photos
Book: When Mexicans Could Play Ball by
Ignacio M. Garcia
November 2nd, 1779 -- Spanish diplomat dies of head injury November
6th, 1528Castaways begin
amazing journey
November 8, 1852 - The Circus come to town!
Remembering Pearl Harbor, December
7, 1941
Mistakes that the Japanese made
Really interesting, and I never knew this little bit of
history: Tour boats ferry people out to the USS Arizona Memorial in Hawaii every
thirty minutes. We just missed a ferry and had to wait thirty minutes.I went
into a small gift shop to kill time. In the gift shop, I purchased a small book
entitled, "Reflections on Pearl Harbor" by Admiral Chester Nimitz.
Sunday, December 7th, 1941--Admiral Chester Nimitz was
attending an afternoon concert in Washington D.C. He was paged and told there
was a phone call for him.When he
answered, it was President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on the phone. Pearl Harbor
had been attacked. He told Admiral Nimitz that he (Nimitz) would now be the
Commander of the Pacific Fleet.
Admiral Nimitz flew to Hawaii to assume command of the Pacific Fleet. He landed
at Pearl Harbor on Christmas Eve, 1941. There was such a spirit of despair,
dejection and defeat--you would have thought the Japanese had already won the
war.
On Christmas Day, 1941, Adm. Nimitz was given a boat tour
of the destruction wrought on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Big sunken
battleships and navy vessels cluttered the waters every where you looked.
As the tour
boat returned to dock, the young helmsman of the boat asked, "Well Admiral,
what do you think after seeing all this destruction?" Admiral Nimitz's
reply shocked everyone within the sound of his voice. Admiral
Nimitz said, "The Japanese made three of the biggest mistakes an attack
force could ever make, or God was taking care of America. Which do you think it
was?"
Shocked and surprised, the young helmsman asked, "What
do mean by saying the Japanese made the three biggest mistakes an attack force
ever made?" Nimitz explained:
"Mistake number one: The Japanese attacked on
Sunday morning. "Nine out of every ten crewmen of those ships were ashore
on leave.If those same ships had
been lured to sea and been sunk, we would have lost 38,000 men instead of 3,800.
"Mistake number two: When the Japanese saw all
those battleships lined in a row, they got so carried away sinking those
battleships, they never once bombed our dry docks opposite those ships. If they
had destroyed our dry docks, we would have had to tow every one of those ships
to the mainland to be repaired. "As it is now, the ships are in shallow
water and can be raised. One tug can pull them over to the dry docks, and we can
have them repaired and at sea by the time we could have towed them to the
mainland.And I already have crews
ashore anxious to man those ships.
"Mistake number three: Every drop of fuel in
the Pacific theater of war is in top of the ground storage tanks five miles away
over that hill. One attack plane could have strafed those tanks and destroyed
our fuel supply.
"That's why I say the Japanese made three of the
biggest mistakes an attack force could make...or God was taking care of
America."
I've never forgotten what I read in that little book. It is
still an inspiration as I reflect upon it. In jest, I might suggest that because
Admiral Nimitz was a Texan, born and raised in Fredericksburg, Texas -- he was a
born optimist. But anyway you look at it--Admiral Nimitz was able to see a
silver lining in a situation and circumstance where everyone else saw only
despair and defeatism.
President Roosevelt had chosen the right man for the right
job. We desperately needed a leader that could see silver linings in the midst
of the clouds of dejection, despair and defeat. There is a reason that our
national motto is, IN GOD WE TRUST.
Editor Mimi . . Ooopps, I forgot to copy who sent it . .
Sorry
June and July 2006 were the firstpostings, then one in December 2007, and after that, almost regularly
monthly issues .Each issues seem to
include about 8-10 articles, touching world history, from ancient to recentfinds.
Thank you to Ernesto Uribe for sharing.
These
photographs are absolutely incredible…and very moving! Many
of them are from the Civil War era and early 1900’s. The
clarity is astounding and the Colorization looks like it was taken
with modern photo gear.
Make sure you watch it on HD setting; you can click on it in the
upper Right hand corner of the screen when it starts playing.
History does not lie. It is being made today right in front of
our eyes.
From: Ignacio Garcia [mailto:Ignacio_Garcia@byu.edu]
Sent: Saturday, October 25, 2014
To: Calderon, Roberto
Subject: RE: Greetings and Update from LSA Coordinating Committee
Roberto,
My book When Mexicans Could Play Ball has just come out in paperback version. The paperback came out nearly six months earlier because the hardcover sales went really well. There were numerous students and community people who told me they could not afford the $55 for the book when this option did not exist.. It is a book that can also be used for the classroom and students will not have to pay an arm or a leg to get it.
Gracias,
Ignacio
Ignacio M. Garcia
Lemuel Hardison Redd, Jr.
Professor of Western & Latino History
(801) 422-4387
Ignacio_Garcia@byu.edu
In 1939, a team of short, scrappy kids from a vocational school established specifically for Mexican Americans became the high school basketball champions of San Antonio, Texas. Their win, and the ensuing riot it caused, took place against a backdrop of shifting and conflicted attitudes toward Mexican Americans and American nationalism in the WWII era. “Only when the Mexicans went from perennial runners-up to champs,” García writes, “did the emotions boil over.” The first sports book to look at Mexican American basketball specifically, When Mexicans Could Play Ball is also a revealing study of racism and cultural identity formation in Texas. Using personal interviews, newspaper articles, and game statistics to create a compelling narrative, as well as drawing on his experience as a sports writer, García takes us into the world of San Antonio’s Sidney Lanier High School basketball team, the
Voks, which became a two-time state championship team under head coach William Carson “Nemo” Herrera. An alumnus of the school himself, García investigates the school administrators’ project to Americanize the students, Herrera’s skillful coaching, and the team’s rise to victory despite discrimination and violence from other teams and the world outside of the school. Ultimately, García argues, through their participation and success in basketball at Lanier, the Voks players not only learned how to be American but also taught their white counterparts to question long-held assumptions about Mexican Americans.
November 2nd, 1779 -- Spanish diplomat dies of head injury
On this day in 1779, Athanase de Mézières died at San Antonio of lingering effects from a head injury suffered in a fall from a horse. Mézières was born to nobility in Paris in 1719 and served in the French army in Louisiana in the 1730s. In 1746, while stationed at Natchitoches, Louisiana, he married Marie de St. Denis, the daughter of Louis Juchereau and Manuela Sánchez Navarro de St. Denis; the marriage ended the following year, when Marie died in childbirth. In 1763, shortly after Louisiana had passed from French to Spanish control, Mézières offered his services to Spain. Skilled in Latin, French, and Spanish as well as in several Indian languages, he embarked on an extraordinary career as Spanish agent to the Indians of northern Texas. He negotiated several important treaties, and in 1772 made the earliest definite mention of the Texas Iron, which was for years the largest recorded meteorite in the world. In 1778 Bernardo de
Gálvez, governor of Louisiana, assigned Mézières to forge an alliance among the Spanish,
Comanches, and Norteños against the Apaches. To this end Mézières spent much of the next year traveling, and was en route from Los Adaes to Nacogdoches when he was thrown from his horse. He arrived in San Antonio, where he learned he had been appointed governor of Texas, in September 1779, but never assumed office. The proposed alliance with the Comanches and Norteños never came to pass.
Source: Texas Day by Day, Texas State Historical Association
November
6th, 1528Castaways begin
amazing journey
On
this day in 1528, some eighty survivors of the Narváez expedition washed up on
an island off the Texas coast. The castaways included Álvar Núñez Cabeza de
Vaca and three other men: the slave Estevanico, Alonso Castillo Maldonado, and
Andrés Dorantes de Carranza. These "four ragged castaways" became the
first non-Indians to tread on Texas soil and live to tell their remarkable
story. Cabeza de Vaca, born about 1490 in Spain, recovered from an almost fatal
illness shortly after landing on the coast and then traveled the Texas coast and
interior as a trader with native groups, including the Karankawas. The Indians
revered him as a medicine man. He eventually rendezvoused with the three other
survivors, and their journey ended when they arrived at the Spanish outpost of
Culiacán near the Pacific Coast of Mexico in 1536. Cabeza de Vaca’s account
of his amazing odyssey in his Relación detailed
valuable ethnographic, geographic, and biotic information on Texas. He died in
Spain in the mid-1550s.
Source: Day by Day Texas State Historical Society
November 8, 1852 - The Circus come to town!
On this day in 1852, the first recorded mention of the distinctive Mexican circus in Texas appeared in the San Antonio Ledger. Though the performing groups may have been in Texas prior to this date, this newspaper report marked the first documentation of the circuses in the Lone Star State. The Mexican circuses evolved over the years from sixteenth-century performers called voladores (flyers) and Spanish minstrels and jugglers to include maromeros (acrobats) by the seventeenth century and dramatic performers in the eighteenth century. By the time they got to Texas, the Mexican circuses had incorporated Italian, English, and American influences, including the English clown. Carpas (tent circuses) proved popular into the twentieth century throughout the Rio Grande Valley and South and Central Texas, and several companies made San Antonio their home base. The
carpas, often family-based, delivered commentary on Tejano social life and influenced the development of Mexican-American theater.
Source: Texas Day by Day, Texas State Historical Association
Maestro Juan Estevan Arellano,
1947-2014
Ricard Duardo, LA Master printmaker and artist, - November 12, 2014 Lorenzo
Santos Luera, California State Past LULAC President
Arellano and students, 2013 Acequia Agroecology and Permaculture
Institute
Maestro Juan Estevan Arellano,
1947-2014
It is my saddest duty to inform everyone that Don
Estevan Arellano has passed away. A dear friend and close associate of
The Acequia Institute, he will continue to inspire and inform our work
for environmental and food justice in the acequia communities of New
Mexico and Colorado. Siempre presente. Dr. Devon
Pena devonpena@gmail.com
Today the acequia community lost another one of its greats.
We are very saddened by the loss of one our most treasured teachers, El
Maestro Estevan Arellano who was a fiercely dedicated acequiero. He spent a
lifetime working for our communities and acequias as a historian, scholar,
poet, and farmer.
Estevan's passing comes shortly after UNM press released his book
"Enduring Acequias: Wisdom of the Land, Knowledge of the Water" (see
announcement below). He had recently been featured at number of book signings
in New Mexico and was scheduled to make a presentation about his book at our
upcoming Congreso de las Acequias in November. His loss will be deeply
felt. Please keep him and his family in your prayers. Que Dios lo tenga en su
gloria.
===
I was saddened by the news about Estevan Arellano. Moreso since 67 is still so young. From the perspective of being 88, 67 is young. I met Estevan in the summer of 1969 when he was 22 and working with Tomas Atencio who was helping Louis Bransford create the Chicano Studies Program at UNM. I was 43 and finishing up the Ph.D. in English. I remember how impressed I was with Estevan and others working with Tomas. I liked him immediately for his joie and sabiduria. He was a great resource for me as I set about to teach the first course in Chicano literature in the country (Fall, 1969) that Louis Bransford asked me to create for the Chicano Studies Program. As a Ph.D. candidate I was a Teaching Fellow and the only Mexicano in the English Department at UNM.
Though my interactions with Estevan were limited, nevertheless I was abreast of his community activism and intellectual growth. We saw each other sporadically over the years. I regarded him as uno de nuesros valores. Como dijo John Donne: “Every man’s death diminishes me!”
===
He had a good heart and was so calm and grounded. I remember him from our days of living in Albuquerque and he was running the Onate center. Thanks for letting us know.
===
Don Estevan will be missed in the flesh, but his strong spirit
remains with us. He was an incarnation of querencia, which dwells deathless in
our hearts. You were one of the bravest warriors among us, Estevan. We
will miss you. It has been a good harvest. Welcome home, hermano.
Con mucho cariño, Reyes reyesrobertogarcia@gmail.com
==
elisa sabatini wrote:
"A la gente nunca se le olvida lo que hicieron los Juanes, como
movieron montañas y cambiaron el curso de los rios para que la gente pudiera
vivir y prosperar. Alrededor de las estufas de leña y la meses de las cocinas, la gente todavía les
cuenta a sus hijos y nietos de las hazañas de Juan del Oso y sus amigos para
hacerles ver lo honrado que puede ser el trabajo duro. La fuerza sin propósito pude llevar a la
destrucción. Pero la fuerza canalizada, como el agua en una acequia, trae
vida a todos.” La Acequia de Juan del Oso
===
Juan Esteven Arrelano; un hombre que, de verdad, cambio el curso de los
rios.
Que bonitas palabras! Gracias compañera.
Philip L. Bereano
Professor Emeritus,
University of Washington
NMAA Tribute to el Maestro Estevan Arellano
Friends, loved ones, and colleagues are mourning the passing of Estevan Arellano, a widely respected figure in New Mexico and internationally for his deep knowledge about acequias, food, culture, and community. Regarded by many as a maestro, or teacher, Estevan was considered one of the most important acequia scholars of our time. He was well known for his vibrant storytelling about the dynamics of daily community life in an acequia community as well as his scholarly lectures about ancient acequia history and language. He not only professed the profound importance of language but put language into practice. Many who spent time with him appreciated his mastery of the northern New Mexico Spanish dialect and the locally familiar cadence that carried his words of wisdom and unique style of analysis.
As an asociado, or associate, of La Academia de la Nueva Raza, Estevan applied his journalist training, deep sense of community, and love of culture to collecting stories from the ancianos of northern New Mexico. His experiences gave him a lifelong appreciation for the diverse voices that comprise an acequia village and gave him unique insights into the worldview of the people of the region. He and his loving wife Elena were aficionados of traditionally prepared foods and he was well known as a zealous proponent of locally grown heritage foods. He and Elena raised gardens and livestock, recently completing an NRCS project with irrigation improvements and a hoophouse. Many of his colleagues and associates were fortunate to have been guests in the Arellano home and participated in gatherings in the gentle shade of an ancient and grand apricot tree near their adobe house.
He had several publications including his most recently published book, "Enduring Acequias," for which he was currently engaged in numerous book signings and readings. His novel "Inocencio" helped to define a genre of literature based in the distinctive style of storytelling of his contemporaries. His writings also helped to popularize the concept of
querencia, or love of place, and numerous conferences and publications have built upon his articulation of querencia. His life and voice served as a bridge to ancianos, or elders who were his teachers, and his spirited engagement in current political issues. Estevan was highly sought after as a speaker at numerous conferences on the topics of water, food, culture, and community and was recently a featured presenter by video teleconference at the Congreso Internacional de Regadio recently held in Valencia, Spain.
Estevan served as a member of the Concilio of the New Mexico Acequia Association for many years and as President of the Embudo Valley Acequia Association where he served as a devoted servant to local acequias, advocated for restoration of the watersheds that feed acequia flows, and secured resources for the improvement and repairs of local acequias. He hosted numerous workshops including the annual
Celebracion de las Acequias in Embudo which was one of the most widely attended acequia events in New Mexico.
Those close to him will carry vivid memories of his wit, intellect, and passionate opinions on a wide variety of issues. His loyalty, love and devotion to his family, wife Elena, children, and grandchildren, were evident in his daily life. Estevan's passing will leave a great void in his local community and the broader community that he helped to cultivate with his writings and his work.
ACEQUIA BOOK RELEASE:
Enduring Acequias: Wisdom of the Land, Knowledge of the Water
UNM Press has recently published Juan Estevan Arellano's latest book on community irrigation, "Enduring Acequias: Wisdom of the Land,
Knowledge of Water." The book is part of UNM Press Querencia Series.
Juan Estevan Arellano
For generations the Río Embudo watershed in northern New Mexico has been the home of Juan Estevan Arellano and his ancestors. From this unique perspective Arellano explores the ways people use water in dry places around the world. Touching on the Middle East, Europe, Mexico, and South America before circling back to New Mexico, Arellano makes a case for preserving the acequia irrigation system and calls for a future that respects the ecological limitations of the land.
Richard Duardo, LA master printmaker and artist, has died
By Kevin Roderick | November 12, 2014
l-r: Richard Duardo, Barbara Carrasco, Carlos Almaraz
Copyright 1979, Harry Gamboa Jr.
Vie 21, Photo Journal 1
Selected 21st Century photographic works by Harry Gamboa Jr.
Performances by Virtual Vérité
Available: US, UK, EU
Amazon.com and other online retailers.
http://www.amazon.com/Vie-21-Photo-Journal-1/dp/1500706868/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1408845388&sr=1-1
http://harrygamboajr.wordpress.com
See the following online interview available in PDF, link: http://www.chicano.ucla.edu/files/09Duardo.pdf
This interview was conducted as part of the L.A. Xicano project. Preferred citation: Richard Duardo, interview with Karen Mary Davalos, November
5, 8, and 12, 2007, Los Angeles, California. CSRC Oral Histories Series, no. 9. Los Angeles: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press, 2013.
[Editor Mimi: If you have any connections with Los Angeles, you will
find this interview fascinating. I sure did.]
Richard Duardo was born in East Los Angeles and is a graduate of UCLA. His serigraphs have been shown internationally and are represented in notable public and private collections, including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. He is a recipient of an Artist of the Year award from the California Arts Commission. In 1978 he established Hecho en Aztlán, a fine art print studio, followed by Aztlán Multiples, Multiples Fine Art, Future Perfect, Art & Commerce, and his present studio, Modern Multiples, Inc. He has printed the work of more than 300 artists.
Lorenzo
Santos Luera, California State Past LULAC President
www.somosprimos.com/sp2014/spaug14/spaug14.htm
Hi Mimi,
I just read the
cuento by the late Larry Luera of Westminster, CA in Somos
Primos. It was news to
me that he had died so I did not find that out right away.
What I wanted
to tell you was how HE influenced me. I met Larry when I was Chair of
Spanish Peoples Commision of the State of Iowa. I was also a tenured
member of the faculty of the College of Education at the Iowa State University,
Ames, IA. I was serving on that appointment and also substituting for
EEOC from the Midwest in Washington, D.C. --wow! and also the Student
Sponsor of the Hispanic-American Students Union club at Iowa State.
Larry had been
invited to a Latino Conference (of which you already printed about previously)
where I was on the planning team and editor of the conference proceedings.
He came as part of his aerospace job trying to influence Latinos into majors and
careers in engineering. He was with Rockwell International, I believe.
At any rate, I
was intrigued but not at all qualified for engineering. He didn't see any
problem because he knew there were many other jobs and that my area would
probably be in Human Resources and Training. Well, he gave me HR info and
I interviewed at a Colorado (where I had gone to visit my brother) Rockwell facility
at my very next spring/Easter break.
You guessed it;
I got the job and also a one-year professional advancement leave from the
university. I loved the job, met one of the execs...and married
him (now 30 years) and, of course had to resign my Tenured job as professor back
at Iowa State.
Larry was
also like a professional sponsor to me as well as to the students I had in the
Latino group.
Rest in Peace, Larry. Job well done.
~ Ginny
Tulio Halperín Dongi (1926-2014), el historiador más conocido de la Argentina falleció el viernes pasado, 14 de noviembre de 2014. Profesor largo tiempo en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, salió de su país con el golpe militar en 1966 para dictar clases en Oxford y Harvard, pero luego se incorporó al Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de California, Berkeley, donde fue catedrático a lo largo de cuatro décadas. Durante todo ese tiempo, regresaba a Argentina casi cada año para dictar conferencias magistrales, siendo recibido con un entusiasmo poco común por la comunidad de alumnos y profesores universitarios. Fue participante asiduo en innumerables seminarios y coloquios académicos en todo el mundo y será siempre recordado como gran pionero en la historia moderna y contemporánea de Argentina y de América Latina por su extraordinaria erudición y su penetrante capacidad analítica que modificaron el panorama de la historia en muchos
terrenos.
Su primer libro de juventud fue El pensamiento de Echeverría (1951). El segundo, basado en su tesis doctoral, se tituló Un conflicto nacional: moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (1957). Pocos años después, publicó un libro clave de la historia política e intelectual argentina que fue Tradición política española e ideología revolucionaria de Mayo (1961). Su obra de síntesis, Historia contemporánea de América Latina (1967, original italiano; 1969 en castellano publicada en Madrid por Alianza editorial), tuvo enorme repercusión y sigue siendo reeditada y leída hoy en día, además de ser pieza esencial de muchos cursos universitarios introductorias a la materia. Quizá su obra más conocida sea Revolución y Guerra. Formación de una elite dirigente en la Argentina criolla (siglo XXI, 1972), que cambió la forma en que se interpretaban las independencias en el Río de la Plata y en Hispanoamérica, por vincular tan estrecha los procesos de movilización militar y política, la relación entre elites y clases populares, así como por abrir tanto una multitud de preguntas sobre la ideología contemporánea como una necesaria revisión historiográfica de los complejos procesos de independencia y sus secuelas posteriores en la época poscolonial. Desde el punto de vista de la historia económica, fueron fundamentales sus estudios de los años de 1960 sobre el comercio exterior de Argentina y luego una obra de historia fiscal y financiera, Guerra y finanzas en los orígenes del estado argentino (1791-1850) (1982). En su última fase de trabajos históricos, que continuó hasta su muerte, se centró en la recuperación de la historia intelectual y política, destacando obras como los libro antológicos Proyecto y construcción de una Nación (1996) y Vida y muerte de la República verdadera; 1910-1930 (2000), que son mojones claves de una historia intelectual de largo alcance. Para conocer su vida y obra son fundamentales sus
Memorias (2008).
Se le echará de menos en América Latina en todas las universidades y ámbitos académicos y creativos centrados en la
historia.
_______________________________________________
Source: H-MEXICO Grupo virtual sobre historia de Mexico, 1995-2014, H-MEXICO@servidor.unam.mx http://www.h-mexico.unam.mx/node/15114
Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. Roberto Calderon@unt.edu
Dec. 3, 2014 Latino Education & Advocacy Days
(LEAD)
Educational Advocate of the Year
Gates Millennium Scholarship Program
Teacher expectations produce a Pygmalian effect that influences student achievement.
The Old Deluder Act passed in 1647
Missing Minority Ph.D.s by
Scott Jaschik
Stolen Education: Screen documentary on systematic discrimination in Texas schools
LATINO EDUCATION AND ADVOCACY
DAYS (LEAD) has been selected as the
2014 Educational Advocate of
the Year by Hispanic Lifestyle
Hispanic Lifestyle is a television program that broadcasts on PBS
stations throughout the United States that profiles and promotes
positive images of the Latino community. Hispanic Lifestyle reaches over
16 million households in California, Arizona, Oklahoma and Texas
alone.
Gates Millennium Scholarship Program
Deadline to apply: January 14, 2015
The Gates Millennium Scholarship Program is looking for underrepresented youth to earn both their bachelor’s degrees and they provide additional support for master’s degrees, including the
MLIS. If you know of a student who is going to college and meets the criteria, please encourage them to apply, and please help them by writing recommendation forms.
Deadline is January 14, 2015. http://www.gmsp.org/publicweb/AboutUs.aspx
From https://scholarships.gmsp.org/Program/Details/2bfd8f53-40aa-4705-9f8b-d92d972e59df:
Who’s Eligible?
Students are eligible to be considered for a GMS scholarship if they meet all of the following criteria:
- Are African American, American Indian/Alaska Native*, Asian & Pacific Islander American** or Hispanic American
- Are a citizen, national or legal permanent resident of the United States
- Have attained a cumulative high school GPA of 3.3 on an unweighted 4.0 scale or have earned a GED
- Will enroll for the first time at a U.S. located, accredited*** college or university (with the exception of students concurrently pursuing a high school diploma) in the fall of 2015 as a full-time, degree-seeking, first-year student. First-time college enrollees can also be GED recipients.
- Have demonstrated leadership abilities through participation in community service, extracurricular or other activities
- Meet the Federal Pell Grant eligibility criteria
- Have completed and submitted all three required forms: the student's application (Nominee Personal Information Form), an evaluation of the student's academic record (Nominator Form) and an evaluation of the student's community service and leadership activities (Recommender Form) by the deadline
Denice Adkins, Associate Professor
SISLT, University of Missouri
Past President (2012-13), REFORMA (National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos & the Spanish-speaking)
Teacher expectations produce a Pygmalian effect that influences student achievement.
Cavan Images via Getty Images
http://blackstarjournal.org/?p=4440
Rebecca Klein
October 7, 2014
Students from low-income families and students of color may perform poorly in school because their teachers simply do not believe in them.
A study published Tuesday by the left-leaning Center for American Progress, or CAP, looks at whether teacher expectations produce a Pygmalian effect that influences student achievement. Researchers found that students whose teachers expected them to graduate from college were significantly more likely to do so.
But teachers had lower expectations for disadvantaged students and students of color, the researchers found. Teachers thought a college degree was 47 percent less likely for African-American students than for white peers, and 53 percent less likely for low-income students than for students from more affluent families. Teachers thought Hispanic students were 42 percent less likely than white students to graduate from college, the study found.
Data from the National Center for Education Statistics shows that white students are almost twice as likely to graduate from college in four years than black students. The new CAP study used data from the National Center for Education Statistics’ Education Longitudinal Study, which followed a representative group of high school students from 2002 to 2012. Researchers asked 10th-grade teachers if they expected their students to graduate from college, and compared the results with whether these students actually earned college degrees.
The CAP report carefully avoids assuming that teacher expectations cause student achievement. Teachers may have an accurate sense of who is likely to graduate from college, regardless of race or economic class, the researchers note. Teachers with low expectations of students may be more likely to teach in
under-performing schools. Also, teachers’ low expectations of minority and disadvantaged students may reflect these students’ actual underperformance, possibly a result of broader education system problems.
Even after taking other factors into consideration, including students’ motivation and course-taking patterns, “teachers’ expectations and students’ college-going outcomes had a significant relationship, and teacher expectations were tremendously predictive of student college completion rates,” the study found.
Ulrich Boser, a senior research fellow for CAP, told The Huffington Post that he was surprised by the strength of the results.
“I expected to find something –- we had seen other data that linked teacher expectations with just remaining enrolled in college,” said Boser. “For us, what was surprising was that individuals [whose teachers had high expectations] were three times more likely to graduate from college.”
He continued, “If you’re told you’re going to graduate from college, that could make you more likely to take certain actions.”
In terms of race, Boser noted that teachers and students from different backgrounds may misunderstand each other.
“Look at racial demographics,” said Boser. “Most of our teachers are white, but most students are of color. To not understand where people are coming from can lead to these types of issues.”
The possible link between teacher expectations and student achievement is not new. In the 1960s, an experiment at a California elementary school dubbed the idea that high expectations lead to high performance the Pygmalion effect, after the Greek myth. In the experiment, teachers were told some students possessed exceptional intelligence — even though there was no evidence they were above average. Nevertheless, those students showed unparalleled achievement by the end of the year.
A previous study from University of Virginia and Rutgers University researchers found that teachers’ expectations of students was a more powerful predictor of future success than parents’ expectations and students’ expectations of themselves.
“The United States needs to raise its expectations for students — as well as educators,” the CAP study says. “The Pygmalion Effect can go a long way toward helping our children succeed in college and in life.”
The Old Deluder Act (1647)
From Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay
in New England (1853), II: 203
It being one chief project of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an unknown tongue, so in these latter times by persuading from the use of tongues, that so that at least the true sense and meaning of the original
might be clouded and corrupted with false glosses of saint-seeming deceivers; and to the end that learning may not be buried in the grave of
our forefathers, in church and commonwealth, the Lord assisting our endeavors.
It is therefore ordered that every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord hath increased them to fifty households shall forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write and read, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general, by way of supply, as the major part of those that order the prudentials of the town shall appoint; provided those that send their children be not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other towns.
And it is further ordered, that when any town shall increase to the number of one hundred families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university, provided that if any town neglect the performance hereof above one year that every such town shall pay 5 pounds to the next school till they shall perform this order.
ATLANTA -- The Institute on Teaching and Mentoring, whose annual meeting just
concluded here, gathers 1,300 minority Ph.D. students and postdocs, and some of
their advisers in what is billed as the largest annual gathering of minority
doctoral students. Many here talk about the challenges created for black and
Latino students who end up -- as doctoral candidates or later as junior faculty
-- with few colleagues who share their backgrounds.
The institute celebrates the success of new minority Ph.D.s in a ceremony in
which they put on their doctoral robes, but what of those who didn't make it to
the finish line?
Data presented here by the Council of Graduate Schools suggest that higher
education could significantly diversify the Ph.D. pool by holding on to more of
those black and Latino students who start programs but do not finish. Only 44
percent of black and Latino Ph.D. students in STEM (with STEM defined to include
behavioral and social sciences) earned a doctoral degree within seven years,
according to the new study. That's only slightly more than the 36 percent who
leave their programs. (Another 20 percent are still in their programs, without a
Ph.D., after seven years.)
The new data come from a council study that looked at the progress of more than
7,000 black and Latino graduate students enrolled from 1992 through 2012 at 21
research universities. The work was supported by the National Science
Foundation, which along with the council wanted to find out if there had been
much progress since previous studies. (The official report is still a few weeks
away, but the data were presented at a session here.)
A 2004 report, for example, found that across all disciplines, the 10-year
doctoral completion rate for students of all races and ethnicities was 57
percent, while the rates were 51 percent for Latinos and 47 percent for African
Americans.
The new study also looked at 10-year rates, and found that the overall black and
Latino STEM Ph.D. completion rate in that time frame was 54 percent. But many in
the room (primarily graduate faculty members in STEM fields) said that they had
a hard time viewing 10-year completion as success. "Does anyone here want
to keep students for 10 years? What are they doing?" asked one participant.
Robert A. Sowell, who recently retired as vice president of the Council of
Graduate Schools and is finishing work on this study, said that the results were
disappointing in part because so many efforts have been started by so many
groups in recent years to improve the completion rates of Ph.D. programs for all
students and in particular for minority students.
For the latest study, the focus was on seven-year completion rates and only
black and Latino candidates were tracked. (Sowell said that Native Americans are
also underrepresented but that the pool was too small to offer meaningful
analysis on completion rates.) The study found significantly higher completion
rates for Latino than black students (48 percent vs. 40 percent).
There were differences by type of STEM field. The seven-year completion rates
were higher for engineering (48 percent) and life sciences (52 percent) than for
physical sciences and mathematics (39 percent) and social and behavior science
(38 percent). For every STEM specialty, and for black and Latino students alike,
women are completing at higher rates than men.
In addition to compiling the data on completion rates, the council also
conducted both a survey and focus group interviews with black and Latino
graduate students.
In the survey (1,640 responses), the study found mixed evidence on whether
graduate programs in STEM are doing a good job in making black and Latino
doctoral students feel that they are treated equally. Seventy-seven percent
reported that standards were the same for all graduate students, and only 13
percent reported that they experienced racism in the program. But only 31
percent reported that they felt that faculty members understood issues that
affect underrepresented minority students. People who attended the session were
mixed on whether the 13 percent figure was surprisingly low or high.
The survey also found the black and Latino students reporting mixed personal
experiences while in their doctoral programs. A very high percentage (95
percent) said that they felt supported by a network of students. But 62 percent
reported being worried about their mental or physical health while in grad
school, 53 percent reported that they were losing interest in the field, and 40
percent said that they felt burdened financially.
The students were also asked open-ended questions about what would most help
minority doctoral students finish. The top responses were that faculty members
be clear about expectations, and review student progress regularly.
In the focus groups, several themes also emerged. One is that many black and
Latino students feel that they are constantly being evaluated and that they feel
pressure to perform well, in part because of their minority status. One student
said: "I have to look on point and maybe it's just in my head, but I feel
have to be that much better" than other students. Another doctoral student
said: "If I were to miss class, it would be noticeable."
Another common theme was that family members supported them, and were proud, but
had no idea what their doctoral education was about. They reported comments from
parents such as: “When do you finish?” “What is that you really do?”
“When am I having grandkids?” and "What kind of doctor are you going to
be?"
Dr. Frank Talamantes, Ph.D,
Professor of Endocrinology (Emeritus)
University of California
Santa Cruz, California, 95064
Stolen Education
Institute of Texan Cultures screensdocumentary on systematic discrimination in Texas schools
SAN ANTONIO – After theSupreme Court outlawed school segregation in 1954, elected officials stillsearched for ways to separate minorities from the mainstream. In the classroomsof Driscoll, Texas, it meant assigning minority children to three years offirst grade, not based on their academic ability, but the color of their skin.
Enrique Aleman capturedthis story in "Stolen Education," a documentary showing at theInstitute of Texan Cultures, 2 – 4 p.m., Sunday, March 9 – the museum’s freeadmission day, Second Sunday.
Stolen Education is, in away, a personal story for Enrique Aleman, assistant vice president for studentequity & diversity and an associate professor of educational leadership& policy at the University of Utah, who produced the film. His mother wasone of the children affected by the Driscoll school system’s discriminatorypolicy. She was, at age nine, kept in first grade. The film notes how some ofthese students, at age 21, had not yet graduated high school and were sometimesmistaken for school staff members.
Down Town Noche of Altares
José de la Isla’s latest book, Day Night Life Death online
Casa Navarro Dia de Los Muertos, October 28, 2014
The 7,000-Year Story of Maiz on Tortillas
Dear Readers Who Are Not Chicana/o,
Before Television, there was the radio
Noche de Altares in Downtown Santa Ana, California
The entire city of Santa Ana seems to enter into the Dia de los Muertos.
Both businesses and the streets reflect the respect for this period of
honoring your loved ones who have passed away. Ruben Alvarez's photo essay, a sampling of some of the
participants.
https://www.facebook.com/LatinoOC100Stay Connected OC
- Emerging Markets Network, Santa Ana, CA.
A digital version of José de la Isla’s latest book, Day Night Life
Death is now available free at www.DayNightLifeDeathHope.com.
Trying to give a broad, journalistic perspective was the intention Wilhelm Scholz and I had in doing a limited edition book, released by the Ford Foundation.
(The print edition is no longer available, sold out.)
We set out in pictures and few words to give an impression, instead of taking on issues-and-answers. Our approach was journalistic and artistic ("first draft of history"), qualitative rather than quantitative. The website has been used in several classrooms as an example of a new journalism, creative journalism, and how to use media. But most of all, our intention was simply to give a truthful,
impression while conveying the story. I hope the website might be
helpful. ~
Jose de la Isla
Casa Navarro Dia de Los Muertos, October 28, 2014
We had a blast this hosting the Dia de Los Muertos altar craft night! Great crowd and a very meaningful event for all those who came out. Kids and adults had the opportunity to make a portable altar for a deceased loved one or create their own Dia de Los Muertos themed papel picado(decorative paper cuttings). Georgia and Lester made an ofrenda for Jose Antonio Navarro and our deceased relatives that we were also able to use as an example for those not familiar with altar crafting. Attached are some photos that you can email to the Friend’s group. There is also one of Carol from the Friend’s group who came to help us out that evening! The Ofrenda will be up during the General meeting this Saturday so we are looking forward to yall seeing it. Hopefully if scheduling allows we can do one together next year.
A big thank you to the Friend’s of Casa Navarro for supporting the site and making community events like these possible!
Best, Emiliano Calderon, M.A. Nano.Calderon@thc.state.tx.us
Casa Navarro State Historic Site
Texas Historical Commission
228 South Laredo St.
San Antonio, TX 78207
P: 210.227.4570
F: 210.226.4801
A year ago, Acapulco Tortillas in East LA, placed the story of maiz (that I wrote) on its tortillas. It is in 3 languages.
Every time I return to LA, I pick some up. They put the story on their Habanero and Spinach tortillas... the original idea was to put them on their corn tortillas. Still may happen, though now, looking at possibility of putting the front cover of my book (by Laura V. Rodriguez) on the front of their [special edition] tortillas.
Truthfully, the cover belongs on an Indigenous/organic tortilla. May happen. Will keep everyone posted. The Nahuatl translation is from Paula Paola Domingo. The story: "Corn: It is who we are. It is where we come from and what we are made of. It is our sacred sustenance. It forms part of our ancient memory that goes back 7,000 years to this very continent. It is what connects us to our Mother Earth." Please let me know if you would like to see this happen. There's a cost involved and may have to raise it. Was thinking this should be done for May(May 3) when el dia del maiz was/is traditionally celebrated. (The Catholic changed May 3 to Dia de la Santa Cruz).
~ Dr Cintli
Mimi, In response to your article
in Somos Primos, I respectfully submit my version of the Southwest Corn Mother
or Goddess.Blue corn was used for
sacred purposes in past history.White
corn is used somewhat today.
Book: Our Sacred Maíz is our
Mother:
Indigeneity and belonging in the Americas
By Roberto Dr. Cintli Rodriguez
It can be viewed on my web
sitewww.leroymartinez.com
I hope you won’t mind, but in our Chicana/o homes we do Thanksgiving in a slightly different way. For example, we don’t just eat “turkey”, rather, we also eat guajalote (the Nahuatle word for turkey), pavo, or “cocono.” And the dressing (or stuffing) that our mothers make for the guajalote is usually corn-bread based---you might say that in our homes we still worship the Aztec corn goddess Tonantzin. In addition we do not celebrate either Thanksgiving and/or Christmas without a pile of fresh made home tamales (spicy & mild), home-made flour tortillas, and warmed-up (store bought) corn tortillas.
In addition, in some Chicano households, it’s not considered a real holiday unless a dish called “asado” (consisting of stewed prime pork meat in a rich red chili sauce) is served alongside the turkey. Furthermore, we don’t leave out the additional side dishes of refried beans, salsa picante, menudo, asadero cheese dip, and guacamole, along with is some good mole sauce (mild and hot) to put over some freshly sliced turkey meat in a flour tortilla (killer burritos!). In fact, in some Chicano households, it is not considered Thanksgiving unless there are those additional items along with the traditional American fare.
The other thing that we Chicanos don’t put a limit on for Thanksgiving is desserts (such as having just pumpkin, cherry, or apple pie), rather, we also include (along with those usual American desserts) some freshly made pumpkin-filled empanadas (turnovers) and/or buñuelos (fritters). And many Chicano households would be insulted if they did not bake especially selected additional fancier Mexican cookies and pastries. In our homes, you’re not just coming to eat at a traditional Chicano home, you’re also coming to what feels like full-fledged Mexican restaurant and/or bakery!
You see, there are so many food-related words that originated with the Nahuatle language (such as aguacate, chipotle, mole, posole, jalapeno, atole, tamale, habanero, molcajete, habichuela, chocolate, picante, frijole, chicle, cacahuate, guajalote, etc., etc.), that we just can’t break away from those foods and traditions we inherited from our mestizo heritage, ok?
Sorry America, but we’re different. It’s called diversity, so just live with it.
BEFORE TELEVISION, THERE WAS…………… THE RADIO ..
Here's an unbelievable collection of all the old time radio shows.
Find your favorite, click on it, and listen to all the episodes.
Painless
Spanish by Carlos B. Vega breaks record selling
Hispanic Growth in Smaller Markets
Vaqueros in Blue and Gray by Jerry D.ThompsonJuana Bordas commenced a
Wisdom Newsletter and invites readership.
Aztlan Libre Press How America’s Most
Dynamic Population Is Poised to Transform the Politics of the Nation The World War I Diary of José de la Luz Sáenz
by Emilio Zamora (Editor), J. Luz Sáenz,
Ben Maya (Translator) John Phillip Santos' list of the greatest Texas books ever written.
Dear Mimi:
I would like to share with you the good news.
My book, "Painless Spanish," published by Barron's Educational Series,
has broken a record selling since publication over 1/4 million copies worldwide
with the bulk of sales in the United States, exactly 228,990 copies, combining
the first and second editions. This goes far beyond being a bestseller.
As many as 9,500 men of Hispanic heritage fought in the United States' Civil War. In Texas, the bitter conflict deeply divided the
Tejanos-Texans of Mexican heritage. An estimated 2,500 fought in the ranks of the Confederacy while 950, including some Mexican nationals, fought for the Stars and Stripes. Vaqueros in Blue & Gray, originally published in 1976, is the story of these Tejanos who participated in the Civil War. This edition of the history of these vaqueros contains the first comprehensive list, containing almost 4,000 names, ever compiled of the Confederate and Union Hispanics from Texas who served in the war. Vaqueros in Blue & Gray presents a stirring saga of these brave people, their land, and their epic role in the Civil War and in the history of Texas.
Well know author and motivational speaker, Juana Bordas,
author of "Salsa, Scout, and Spirit"
and the "The Power of Latino Leadership" has commenced a
Wisdom Newsletter and invites readership.
Juana Bordas emigrated to the U.S. from Nicaragua on a banana boat. The youngest
daughter in a family of eight, she was the first to go to college. She learned
leadership from her hard-working parents especially her mother, Maria, who
cooked food and scrubbed floors in the school lunch room so Juana could get a
scholarship to a Catholic school. "Their vision, determination, and
sacrifice taught me the essence of Servant Leadership." Her early years
would instill in her a desire to give back, to make a contribution, and to
assist other Latinos/as find their place in society.
After college, she joined the Peace Corps and worked in the barrios of Santiago, Chile assisting women form work cooperatives so they could feed their children. Juana later received the U.S. Peace Corps' Franklin Williams Award for her life-long commitment to advancing communities of color.
Juana was a founder of Denver's Mi Casa Women's Center and served as executive director. Today, Mi Casa is recognized as a national model for women's empowerment. She was founding President of the National Hispana Leadership Institute
(NHLI), the only program in America that prepares Latinas for national leadership. In 2001 she founded the Circle of Latina Leadership to prepare the next generation of leaders. For her extensive work with
Latinas, she was commended by Latina Style Magazine for creating "a Nation of Latina Leaders."
Her book Salsa, Soul, and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age won the International Latino Book Award for leadership in 2008. Her new book The Power of Latino Leadership was released in 2013 and has received compelling endorsements. Juana served as advisor to Harvard.s Hispanic Journal on Public Policy, the Kellogg National Fellows Program, as board vice chair of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, and a trustee of the International Leadership Association. She received an honorary doctorate from Union Institute in 2009.
Juana was selected as a Wise Woman Award by the National Center for Women's Policy Studies and is in the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. In 2009 the Denver Post and the Colorado Women's Foundation named her the Colorado Unique Woman of the Year. She is President of Mestiza Leadership International
(MLI) -- a company that focuses on leadership, diversity, and organizational change.
Aztlan Libre Press
Aztlan Libre Press, an independent Xicana/o press based out of San Antonio, Texas, announces the publication of: At the Risk of Seeming Ridiculous ... Poems from Cuba Libre by B.V. Olguín; and Where the Reckless Ones Come to Die by Vincent Cooper.
"At the Risk of Seeming Ridiculous" ... Poems from Cuba Libre by B.V. Olguín
In the tradition of testimonial poets Raúl Salinas, Carolyn Forché, Luís Rodríguez, Martín Espada, Roberto Vargas and other politically-engaged writers, B.V. Olguín has written a lyric testament to the resilience of the Cuban people and their revolutionary spirit, and that of the Venceremos Brigade, that have inspired legions throughout the world to fight for justice. 120 pages / $18
"Where the Reckless Ones Come to Die" by Vincent Cooper
Vincent Cooper is a young poet and former United States Marine. This collection of eight poems by Cooper and eight black & white photographs by Desireé Escobedo draws the reader into the Westside neighborhoods of San Antonio and the stark reality of family life in the barrio. 32 pages / $13
How America’s Most
Dynamic Population Is Poised to Transform the Politics of the Nation
By Matt Barreto and Gary M. Segura
Public Affairs. 286 pp. $26.99
The Washington Post, LATINO AMERICA Review by
Dante Chinni
It’s all but impossible
to read any story about the state of politics in America that does not discuss
Latino voters. There’s a reason for that. Since 1990 the percentage of the
U.S. population that identifies as Hispanic or Latino has gone from 9 percent to
about 17 percent. If that is not an important demographic and political trend,
what is?
In their book “Latino
America,” academics Matt Barreto and Gary M. Segura do a solid job outlining
what growth like that means. It is a useful handbook for anyone looking to
understand the impact of the coming demographic wave, even if the authors may
reach a little when they get into the foggy world of predicting the future.
This is not a book for
someone looking for personality profiles of Hispanics in the electorate. Barreto
and Segura are the founders of the polling firm Latino Decisions, and they like
numbers. This is a data-driven analysis, and that’s their strength.
‘Latino America: How America’s Most Dynamic Population is Poised to
Transform the Politics of the Nation’ by Matt Barreto and Gary M. Segura (PublicAffairs)
For a start, the authors
use data to tackle the important question of whether a real Hispanic vote
exists. Anyone who has dug into demographics and politics understands that the
Hispanic vote is actually a lot of smaller votes. It is the Mexican American
vote and the Puerto Rican vote and the Salvadoran American vote and the Cuban
American vote. But Barreto and Segura argue that the fights over immigration in
particular have helped create a “pan-ethnic consciousness” across all those
groups. In 1989, the Latino National Political Survey found little evidence that
Latinos across the country saw themselves “as a ‘group’ in any meaningful
sense of the word.” But the same survey completed in 2006 found that 87.6 percent
of respondents “said they thought of themselves in these terms ‘somewhat
strongly’ or ‘very strongly.’ ” That may not sound like major
news, but it shows how recently this idea of a Hispanic vote has taken shape and
how potentially potent it can be. It shows why the growing population matters.
The authors also do a fine
job of knocking down familiar and overdone theories about Hispanics that have
become throw-away lines in political journalism. One of the best known:
Hispanics might vote Democratic now — President Obama captured 71 percent of
their vote in 2012 — but their family and religious values mean they are bound
to become Republicans in time. The authors repeat a quip that Ronald Reagan
reportedly made to a pollster — “Hispanics are Republicans, they just
don’t know it yet” — and then dispute it. Their data shows that Hispanics
stand to the left of non-Hispanic whites on a range of issues, including
government’s role in reducing inequality, guaranteeing jobs and increasing
environmental spending.
Barreto and Segura do tell
some stories, in a way. They recount how California flipped from being a
Republican state to an overwhelmingly Democratic one after voters approved
Proposition 187, which was pushed by then-Gov. Pete Wilson, a Republican. The
bill greatly angered the state’s Hispanic voters because it required law
enforcement officers to report anyone they arrested who had violated immigration
laws to the state attorney general’s office and to the Immigration and
Naturalization Service.
The law and the growing
Hispanic population combined to create a nightmare for Republicans in California
and mobilized a new group of voters. Between 1994, when Proposition 187 was on
the ballot, and 2004, 1.2 million Hispanics became registered voters in
California. In that time, non-Hispanic white voter registrations grew by only
160,000. No Republican presidential candidate has won the state since.
“Latino America” offers
a wide range of fascinating charts and tables if you want to understand the
power of the Hispanic vote. In one table, the authors go through 12 states and
try to determine whether the Hispanic vote swung them to Obama in 2008 by
showing each state’s margin and Hispanic votes. They argue that the Hispanic
vote was decisive for Obama in North Carolina, New Mexico and Indiana. Analyzing
the 2012 returns, they state that “had Latino voter turnout rates been
somewhat lower, Virginia and Colorado would have gone to [Mitt] Romney.”
The book is sluggish in
parts. A section about the fight between Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton over
Hispanics in the 2008 presidential primaries is dated and long. And the Latino
perspective on Obamacare is, not surprisingly, incomplete because the
health-care law is not well understood by most Americans, regardless of ethnic
background.
And as with any book that
delves deep into one topic, “Latino America” on occasion suffers from
single-mindedness. The authors see the world through the prism of the Hispanic
vote, but as anyone who deals with numbers will tell you, “Beware
causality.” While the Hispanic vote was hugely important for Democrats in 2012
and will probably be again in 2016, there are other factors in play. Polls
indicate that the gender gap is growing as women become increasingly Democratic.
Urbanization seems to be a hugely powerful force working in the Democrats’
favor. Hispanics are clearly important, but they are not the whole story.
It helps to remember that
all the data and arguments in Barreto and Segura’s book are from a moment in
time. It’s likely that, over time, Hispanics, like almost every other ethnic
group in America, will become more “American” and less “Hispanic.” That
is the story of the United States.
But, as the authors
themselves note at the end of their book, that time is likely to be years off
— particularly where politics is concerned. For now, those seeking a smart,
data-driven analysis of the politics of Latino America will want to grab a copy
of Barreto and Segura’s contribution.
Dante Chinni is the author of “Our Patchwork Nation” and
director of the American Communities Project at American University.
November 2014 Photograph by Adam Voorhes
John Phillip Santos' list of the greatest Texas books ever written.
There’s no such thing as an authoritative list of the greatest Texas books ever written. There is, however, my list. (And yours.)
By John Phillip Santos
John Phillip Santos, the first Latino Rhodes Scholar, is a San Antonio native and distinguished scholar in Mestizo Cultural Studies at the University of Texas at San Antonio. A longtime documentary filmmaker for CBS and PBS, Santos was a National Book Award finalist for his memoir “Places Left Unfinished at the Time of Creation,” which he followed up with “The Farthest Home Is in an Empire of Fire.”
– Steve Bennett
As a writer born in San Antonio, I have always felt myself anointed, or perhaps branded, by the conflicted literary legacies of the Lone Star State. I was never sure whether my origins—as a descendant of eighteenth-century Spanish expeditionary settlers and Revolución-era norteño immigrants and a mestizo heir of storytellers as diverse as Américo Paredes, Katherine Anne Porter, and Hondo Crouch—were truly a blessing of birthplace, a karmic serendipity of sorts, or, given Texas’s fraught history of ethnic and racial discord, exclusion, and violence, a Tejano version of the mark of Cain.
It’s this uncertainty that has compelled much of my work, and it’s this same uncertainty that informs my thoughts whenever I consider the Texas literary canon. That a canon of Texas literature notionally exists cannot be denied; J. Frank Dobie first made the case for one in 1943 with his Guide to Life and Literature in the Southwest, and it was the pantheon of Texas literati that later inspired Larry McMurtry’s curmudgeonly takedown of our letters in his essays “Southwestern Literature?” (1968) and “Ever a Bridegroom” (1981). The canon has been explored in the pages of this magazine by such distinguished Texas writers as A.?C. Greene, who in 1981 put forth a list of the fifty best Texas books (including one Hispanic writer), and Don Graham, who ventured a more-modest twenty contemporary exemplars (including two Hispanos). Many of the state’s great universities still offer courses of study in the tradition.
But in an ever more diverse and burgeoning Texas, exactly which books merit inclusion, and how such a canonical list might be serially ranked, will vary vastly from reader to reader. In part, it depends on what kind of personal history you bring to the reading table. There isn’t a single defensible canon, in other words—and that dismissal isn’t meant as a wet relativist’s dodge or an indication of any wariness about getting caught in the ensuing crossfire. It’s only that, as a reader or a writer, your list will be as much a reflection of who you are, and who you are becoming as a Texan, as any meaningful assertion of an objective pantheon. The age of the authoritative canonical pronouncement has passed, güey. Instead, we’re called to venture our own lists and be ready to argue for them. That’s always been where the sparks can really fly.
In that spirit, I have considered my own peripatetic readings and devised my list—a list that, to my mind, represents a way to plumb the deep human mystery of Texas. Hence, my litany of titles, top ten and beyond, tacks toward a “deep time” perspective, reaching back to commence the saga in remotest antiquity, more aligned to nonfiction than fiction, more to history than reportage, more oneiric than factual, less overtly political than cultural, with an abiding fealty to the paranormal and poetic. I’m less fussy about sniffing out the truffle of ageless literary excellence à la McMurtry than I am keen to find those books that, side by side, limn the improbable, contradictory human epic that is the grand story of Texas.
READ JOHN PHILLIP SANTOS'S LIST OF THE 10 BEST TEXAS BOOKS EVER WRITTEN.
My family’s history wasn’t exactly literary, much less conventionally Texan. My mother’s ancestors were already long in northern New Spain when they joined José de Escandón’s mid-eighteenth-century expeditions as founders of the villages of Revilla and Camargo, in present-day Tamaulipas. By the time my mother was born, in the twenties, the family was in Laredo, another of Escandón’s settlements. My father’s family fled Coahuila in 1914, when the Mexican Revolution made everyday life a peril.
Yet by the time I was born, in 1957, we were Texans. In one of my earliest portraits, I’m decked out in Roy Rogers trappings, with a cowboy hat, a Western shirt, pants tucked into my boots, a toy six-shooter strapped to my hips. I first read Dobie’s Apache Gold and Yaqui Silver in junior high school, alongside Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield, embedding the Texas narrative into the global one from the beginning. But the Texas history classes I took never included accounts of settlers like the ones I’d heard of in my family. I knew there was clearly a great Texas story, but for me, there was an absence at its center. By the time I left Texas to study at the University of Notre Dame, I was searching out those books that could fill in this missing tale.
Through the more than thirty years of semi-voluntary exile that followed, whether I was bunking in Indiana, England, Connecticut, or New York City, I harbored this unique literary conundrum that superseded all others—Midwestern, British, New Englander, or New Yorquino. I was never intimidated. Albion’s literary legacy and the great American canon had nothing on my Tejano heritage. I carried an ever-growing sacred bundle of Texas books with me from place to place like an obsessive archivist, a hoarder of esoteric tomes, each of which contained a piece of an unfathomable story that was my truest literary compromiso, a sort of poetico-philosophical obligation—what I’ve come to think of as the Question of Texas.
As an undergraduate, I planned a literary festival that brought my biggest writer heroes to campus, including William S. Burroughs, Tennessee Williams, Ken Kesey, and Denise Levertov. I was most eager to meet William Goyen, the luminous Texas-born author of the transcendent novel
The House of Breath. I expected to encounter a classic rural Lone Star type, reflecting his Trinity roots. Instead I was astounded to find him by then a longtime expat, an elegant, urbane Manhattanite, having been first at sea with the Navy before living for spells in Hawaii, New Mexico, and Los Angeles and then settling in New York City. But he always continued writing out of his Texas origins. His meandering, exploratory sojourn, his adoption of a prose style akin to Proust’s, Joyce’s, and Faulkner’s, demonstrated for me just how complicated and nuanced a Texas writer really could be. Dobie had seen this long before, observing in 1952 that “the hope of regional literature lies in outgrowing regionalism itself.”
The Question of Texas is an apocalyptic query; it has to do with what the epic of this vast place reveals to the world about human encounters over the long span of time, an intertwining saga of land and conflicting identities. The poet Paul Christensen, who teaches at Texas A&M, eloquently captures this drama in his foreword to Amsterdam Cantos y poemas pistos, by fellow poet Ricardo Sánchez, an El Pasoan. “The European émigrés to the region warred against an indigenous Indian population, then against Spanish colonialists; and finally, not only against Texas Blacks freed by the Civil War, but also those who had drifted West . . . to eke out marginal livelihoods in tenant farming,” he writes. “Against [the white settlers] were not only other races and cultures but the environment itself, a cursed land of droughts, winds, raging storms, scarce water, insects, infidels and outlaws among their own kind. Their victims never allied against them, but their revenge was to refuse White Culture, to cling to whatever identity of otherness remained to them.” Christensen concludes this heroic synopsis with a concise anatomization of our Texas literary tradition. “Hence the great fractured and suspended pieces of Texas life, to which few writers have gained insight or the sense of what could possibly unite them; it was easier to celebrate the natural order of Texas than it was to explain the human.”
From the beginning, I was drawn to those writers who sought to engage this longue durée framing of the story of Texas in their work: the slow-moving, shape-shifting tale of a protean land that would eventually become Texas, a millennial saga in which profound truths about humanity are only gradually being revealed. So far, it has been an unforgettable, infinitely unspooling real-time movie in which strangers are perpetually encountering one another, falling in love, or coming to sometimes-fatal blows; and those who were conquerors come to be conquered, onetime oppressors come to be oppressed, with astounding reversals of fortunes ever awaiting on the next horizon.
In a recent conversation in San Antonio with poet Naomi Shihab Nye, my longest-running literary conspirator and interlocutor on Texas writing (forty-plus years!), she spoke of her take on the idea of a Texas canon, saying, “I don’t feel any compulsion to pick greatest things—that’s very hard to do.” But on the Question of Texas, it’s the “potency of mixture, of spaciousness, of something that’s rough, ragged, and haunted about this state; its story, the way the stories are told, the way that it’s always described nationally or internationally through its bigness while those of us who live here are so attracted to all its intimate aspects.”
Of course, not every writer born in Texas is compelled to take on these historical and literary inheritances in his or her work, but for those of us who do, the particular landscapes, histories, characters, conflicts, and plotlines of the Texas saga are elements as profound and stirring as those of any of the world’s greatest literary traditions. Some, in lieu of arguing over the question of a canon, have taken a direct-action approach, preemptively setting out to publish their own canonical litanies. In 2006 the eminent eclectic novelist and writer Dagoberto Gilb edited Hecho en Tejas, an impressive anthology of “Texas Mexican literature,” spanning centuries and genres, that included a sprawling host of voices and authors, songwriters and journalists such as Aristeo Brito, Norma Cantú, Alejandro Escovedo, and Rubén Salazar (full disclosure: I’m in there too). “My goal,” wrote Gilb in his introduction to the volume, “has been to tell the larger story not only of Raza in Texas but also the literary evolution that has taken place as it grows from account to letter to corrido to poem to story. . . . We have been here, we are still here.”
Then, in 2013, the University of Texas Press announced it would tackle the creation of a DIY literary canon with its Texas Bookshelf project, which will publish sixteen books authored by University of Texas at Austin faculty members, promising “the most ambitious and comprehensive publishing endeavor about the culture and history of one state ever undertaken.” The first book of the series—which will cover themes and topics that range from politics and film to food and the diverse cultures of the state—will appear in 2017, a comprehensive history of Texas, penned by novelist and texas monthly writer-at-large (and Michener Center professor) Stephen Harrigan, who is also the author of, among much else, The Gates of the Alamo. The remaining fifteen books will be published over the following five years.
I knew from my earliest readings that much of what has long been considered the core of the Texas literary tradition—the triumvirate of J. Frank Dobie, Walter Prescott Webb, and Roy Bedichek; frontier and cowboy writing; the myriad riffs on the history of the war for Texas independence and the siege of the Alamo; the slavers’ all-out option for the Confederacy; the abiding romance of Texas’s rural past; all that ever-beloved rough-hewn and hardscrabble literary business—was an Anglo Texan legacy, largely unconcerned with the literary achievements of my Mexicano, Tejano, and Chicano precursors. But the story I was divining through my most treasured Texas books began long before the arrival of Spanish or Anglo settlers.
Recent archaeological excavations have revealed just how long these lands have been home to humans. A site near Buttermilk Creek, north of Georgetown, has yielded a horde of projectile points and other artifacts that date back more than 10,000 years, remote American antiquity, adding to the tremendous trove of similar discoveries over the years from across the state. Don’t you want to start your story of Texas at the very beginning of our ancestral enterprises?
My top ten list of Texas books accompanies this essay, but I also want to share a few of the other titles and authors that have been essential for me, prized volumes from my now-well-traveled and always-growing library of Lone Star literature. The earliest written chronicles of future Texas lands came from Spanish writers, such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, whose much-noted
La Relación (“The Account”), or as a later edition, Naufragios (“Shipwrecks”), includes a gripping account of his trek from Galveston through uncharted lands to the west and south, offering a first glimpse of the unforgiving landscapes and many peoples he encountered, a trip that affected him so deeply he would later become an advocate for the humane treatment of the indigenous peoples of the New World.
Juan Bautista Chapa’s lesser-known Historia de Nuevo León, from 1690, is an eloquent account of the exploits of Governor Alonso de León (the elder) in his effort to colonize the tierras bárbaras of northeastern Mexico and the lands of future Texas as well as of his son’s later expedition in search of the French explorer René La Salle’s coastal settlement. This document, which was long lost and only published in 1909, contains the first detailed descriptions of the flora and fauna of the lands of the Rio Grande Valley, and there’s a sobering chapter listing, at considerable length, the names of “Indian Nations” that have “vanished,” after an already extensive history of battles and disease brought on
by Iberian settlers.
Out of such written testimonios, you begin to reckon how Texas’s story first takes shape from the south, with implications that clearly echo into the cultural demography of the present. The borderlands have been a trafficked space for a very long time, a place of contacts, conflict, and mestizaje. The larger lesson is well put by author Robert Kaplan in his recent The Revenge of Geography when he observes that “the destiny of the United States will be north-south, rather than the east-west, sea-to-shining-sea of continental and patriotic myth.”
My loyal affinity for the work of J. Frank Dobie is in part because of his recognition of this deeply embedded orientation in Texas culture and history. My mother remembers him from the early thirties, often sitting at dusk with my grandfather and his compadres on the porch in front of the Lopez family grocery store, in Cotulla, listening to the elders telling stories, scratching away with a pencil in a small notebook. In his 1935 work, Tongues of the Monte, Dobie writes of being born and reared in a part of Texas “where Mexicans were, and still are, more numerous than people of English-speaking ancestry.”
His accounts of South Texas vaquero culture were the first ones I read, pretty much heading off any interest I might have taken in reading Anglo cowboy tales. That’s a genre that doesn’t die easily, though. In Larry McMurtry’s earlier-noted lambasting of Texas letters, he took Texas writers to task over their reluctance to move beyond the cowboy story, shunning the state’s increasingly urbanized profile; five years later, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Lonesome Dove.
In the past few decades, there has been a significant outpouring of new historiography filling in the story of the state’s Tejano past, ranging from early Spanish colonial settlement to Texas independence. Historians such as Jesús F. de la Teja, Gerald E. Poyo, and Andrés Tijerina, among others, have published books that help us see the deep continuity of Mexicano cultural and political presence in Texas’s formation and evolution. In San Antonio, going back to the Spanish and Mexican colonial eras, there was a long-standing presence of Spanish-language presses that continued well into the twentieth century, many of which specialized in Spanish literary work. Once, in a bookstore in Madrid, I found a volume of poems by the Spanish Romantic poet Gustavo Bécquer that had been printed in San Antonio and somehow found its way back to Iberia.
And by the time I began reading, there was already a great, if greatly ignored, Mexican American literary heritage in South Texas, with works by such luminaries as Jovita González, whose historical novel
Caballero, co-written with Eve Raleigh, was an account of the twilight of the Tejano ranching era before the turn of the century, and Américo Paredes, whose
With His Pistol in His Hand was a stunning work of vernacular anthropology, a study of the border ballad tradition through the life of Gregorio Cortez and an indictment of the Texas Rangers. (Along the way, Paredes blithely laid bare the racist, anti-Mexican pseudo-sociology of maestro Walter Prescott Webb.) Later, his
“Mexicotexan” novel George Washington Gómez would add to his weighty literary legacy with its account of discrimination against Mexicanos in the Valley and its satirical send-up of none other than Dobie.
I knew in those early days of reading that Texas was changing yet again. A generation of prophetic new Chicano literary voices was emerging, such as poets Ricardo Sánchez, from El Paso; Carmen Tafolla, from San Antonio; Raúl Salinas, from Austin; Reyes Cárdenas, from Seguin; and Tomás Rivera, from Crystal City, whose autobiographical novel . . . y no se lo tragó la tierra (“. . . And the Earth Did Not Devour
Him”) brought forth the first lyrical and searing testimonio of the Mexican American migrant worker experience. Today, changes in the state’s makeup are even more considerable: Texas is already “majority minority” (a beautiful, self-consuming oxymoron), and by 2036 it will be straight-up
majority Hispano, predominantly of Mexican ancestry. Don’t expect intimations of secession to be taken lightly in days to come.
These transformations inform my ongoing reading of the long Texas story, always seeking that writing which reveals the new forces at work in our widening historical and cultural gyre. Authors such as Gloria Anzaldúa and Alicia Gaspar de Alba have reflected on the Texas Mexicano heritage from a theoretical and cultural matrix; so has David Montejano with his defining histories of the Chicano movimiento. The multigenerational Texas epic has also lately resurged, embodied in such books as James Carlos Blake’s riveting and harsh Country of the
Bad Wolfes and Philipp Meyer’s grandiloquent and eerily nostalgic
The Son. I love the picaresque San Antonio realism of Franco Mondini-Ruiz’s
High Pink. The Valley is not just a region of political foment in electioneering, it’s also a cauldron of literary creativity, with new work like Ito Romo’s
The Border Is Burning, Domingo Martinez’s The Boy Kings of Texas, and Fernando Flores’s
Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas, Vol. 1.
The late San Antonio playwright Sterling Houston wrote a series of provocative plays exploring black Texan identity and history, but where are other black Texan voices? Asian Texan? Indigenous Texan? I’m eager to see others’ lists that might include important texts, illuminating the lingering lacunae from these communities.
The work of fellow San Antonian Whitley Strieber is always compelling, often drawing out tales that link his origins in San Antonio to confounding cosmic mysteries; I’m similarly enthralled with Dallas-based Jim Marrs’s forensically buttressed, oddly homespun conspiracy theories. The skies of Texas I grew up under were teeming with ineffable wonders, the events of those times, from Kennedy’s assassination to Houston’s reach to the moon, leaving me perpetually gobsmacked. I know I’m a provincial South Texas lad, but I do want to expand my gaze. I’m awed by my comrade roquero David Garza’s unstinting statewide wavelength, as sung out in his
“Texas Is My Hometown”:
The shores of Galveston
The moon over Fort Worth
The sky over Abilene
The Poteet strawberries
The grandest Grand Prairies—
Texas is heaven to me.
From west El Paso
To east Nacogdoches
From Amarillo on down
I got a soft spot in my heart for Texas, baby—
Texas is my hometown.
The expansiveness of the Texas story inevitably gives me pause, and I eventually return in modest genuflection to the wisdom of Ecclesiastes. “I have seen all the works that are done under the sun; and, behold, all is vanity and vexation of the spirit. . . . Of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh.” A working writer cringes to reckon that these truths were already commonplace three centuries before the Common Era—that Qoheleth, the supposed author of Ecclesiastes, could express in hoary antiquity such a distinctly modern sentiment about the legacy of letters and the way it can weigh upon a humble scribe. A vexation of the spirit and a weariness of the flesh, indeed, for a very long time, for so very long in Texas.
But who can stop reading on, to see what happens next?
Lyrics from “Texas Is My Hometown" reprinted with permission from David Garza.
The World War I Diary of José de la Luz Sáenz
by Emilio Zamora (Editor), J. Luz Sáenz, Ben Maya (Translator)
Overview “I am home, safe and sound, and reviewing all these memories as if in a dream. All of this pleases me. I have been faithful to my duty.” Thus José de la Luz Sáenz ends his account of his military service in France and Germany in 1918. Published in Spanish in 1933, his annotated book of diary entries and letters recounts not only his own war experiences but also those of his fellow Mexican Americans. A skilled and dedicated teacher in South Texas before and after the war, Sáenz’s patriotism, his keen observation ..
Award-winning historian and scholar, Dr. Emilio Zamora
and his book were featured at the Texas Book Festival , presenting on his latest, absolutely stellar, and substantial contribution to Texas history, The World War I Diary of José de la Luz Sáenz, a translated World War I memoir of a man who was a school teacher in S. Texas who joins the U.S. military to fight totalitarianism in Europe with a deliberately conscious agenda of improving social, political, and economic conditions back home. In a spirit of sacrifice, he is prepared to pay the ultimate price, if necessary, for freedom for U.S. Mexicans back home.
Video Mansions, Giving Thanks to those who
Gave Their Lives for our Freedom
Hero Street, book, video and documentary
Chicano POW Of Nazi Slave Camp Speaks Out
How to Trace Your U.S. Military Ancestors
Medal of honor Chaplains
2014 Las Estrellas de Tejas Reception
History of the Marine Corps by Kelsey Driscoll
Thank you for visiting! Please select items from the right hand column to learn more about the historical documentary feature film "Hero Street" or scroll down for projects news and updates.
Chicano POW Of Nazi Slave Camp
Veteran Anthony Acevedo's Contribution to the Holocaust Memorial Museum
Nov.11, 2014 in Education, Patriotic Chicano Mexican American
Army Medic Anthony C. Acevedo recorded names in a diary of fallen comrades in a Nazi slave camp.
As we end this Veteran's Day, I want to highlight a Mexican American Chicano Veteran who broke his silence about 6 years ago. He was so scarred with regard to his horrific experiences in a Nazi camp - but thank God he survived.
I recently saw a video of Army medic Anthony C. Acevedo in a documentary with regard to Nazi Germany and Hitler and I was moved to my core when I saw Acevedo recalling events. Anthony desperately wanted to help his dying comrade(s) and begged the Nazis for permission to help the dying. Anthony was a medic and wanted to apply his training to help his fellow man. In once instance, Anthony watched a Nazi soldier dump ice water on his ailing comrade sending his Army buddy into immediate shock and death. Acevedo cries uncontrollably telling that story and it haunts him to this day.
If it hadn't been for Acevedo documenting and writing the many names of his fellow Americans who died in a Nazi slave labor camp, many families would not have the closure they have today. I implore my fellow Chicanos to see this video. It's excruciating to hear, but it will solidify how important it is to strengthen the Jewish and Chicano rapport we are building. We are both a people who struggled as a result of our ethnic identities. Mexican indigenous and other indigenous Latinos who do not benefit from Cuban amnesty continue to struggle today, and we will not forget the green card soldier veterans who were willing to sacrifice their lives for this great Nation in order to become a proud American citizen. Some have already been deported after serving this great Nation and some are at risk of being deported even to this day. We made a plea to the Obama administration on this day, and we hope the "powers that be" will grant the indigenous / immigrant soldiers relief for honorably serving our Nation. They will not be forgotten.
Moving forward, may patriotic Chicanos continue to help those who cannot help themselves and are struggling.
Acevedo catalogued the atrocities in a diary he kept hidden in his pants, using a Sheaffer fountain pen to record what he saw all around. When the soldiers were on their forced death march, Acevedo asked to use his pen for a tracheotomy to save a soldier named George Buddeski. Metz refused. "You're going to kill him then," Acevedo responded. Metz grabbed a rifle from a guard and cracked the young medic across his face. Acevedo suffered permanent nerve damage from the blow.
Editor Mimi: The opening statement by Mr.
Acevedo was quite upsetting to me. The government forbid any
public disclosure of what he and other American soldiers had
endured.Where was freedom of speech for an American who had endured such
atrocities at the hands of the enemy. I don't quite
understand, who was to benefit from not revealing how American
POWs were treated under Germany.
CNN: Powerful story of WWII slave
soldier's diary recently donated to Holocaust Museum
POW American Media Antonio
Acevedo's diary chronicles his capture by Nazis, his labor camp
enslavement and the death march he endured.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS38IvDtuBM&feature=youtu.be
Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera scarlett_mbo@yahoo.com
Estimada Mimi, Honoring our Military Chaplains and hopefully their stories will inspires other young men and women to serve as
Chaplains in our Military. We have a lot of women serving as Chaplains in all of our Military Branches.
Home of Heroes has many Ebooks available "Free". http://www.homeofheroes.com/e-books/mohS_chaplains/index.html
Medal of Honor Chaplains is a unique Hall of Heroes e-book that introduces you to the men who received Medals of Honor for service "above and beyond the call of duty" while serving God, Country and fellow man on fields of battle. Each page provides you with photos and personal information on each of these all too rare heroes. If you are new to our E-books program, you may wish to visit our "Helps & Policy pages before continuing.
The Hispanic Heritage Center of Texas (HHCTX) extends it gratitude to everyone who supported and attended our Las Estrellas de Tejas program, which was held on Wednesday, October 15 at St. Mary’s University. It was our pleasure to host the event to honor our Texas military leaders who have served our country with distinction.
Throughout our program, the sacrifice of our military leaders and all servicemen and women was referenced by all of our speakers beginning with the invocation prayer by Father Timothy Eden, Chaplain of St. Mary’s University, Master of Ceremonies, Honorable Dan Naranjo and Dr. Felix Almaraz, who led a presentation about the history of the Tejano military in south Texas. HHCTX Vice-Chair, Alfred Rodriguez and St. Mary’s University President, Thomas Mengler also noted the outstanding examples all of our honorees are to future generations.
As the highest-ranking general in attendance, Gen. Ricardo Sanchez spoke, after the awards presentation, to reiterate that those who have lost their lives in service to our country are the greatest of all heroes and deserve our unwavering gratitude.
ishop Joel Martinez, United Methodist Church, closed our evening with a reverent benediction.
Our 2014 Honorees included ten distinguished generals, all of whom were born and raised in South Texas.
Highlights of their service include:
Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, USA (RET.) Born in Kingsville, Texas (1929)
Texas Tech Alumni (1951)
In 1982, became first Hispanic four-star general
In 1976, became first Hispanic to reach rank of Brig. General
Former Commander of the US Army Force Command (FORSCOM)
Mr. Ramiro Cavazos, president of the San Antonio Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, is the grand nephew of Gen. Ramirez and accepted his award on his behalf.
Lt. Gen. Marc Cisneros, USA (Ret.) Born in Brownsville, Texas (1939); Raised in Premont
St. Mary’s University Alumni (BBA 1961)
Former Commander of US Army South and Joint Task Force during Operation Just Cause in Panama
Former president of Texas A&M University Kingsville
Currently CEO, Kenedy Memorial Foundation
Ms. Kara Flores, daughter of Gen. Marc Cisneros, accepted the award of his behalf.
Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, USA, (Ret.) Born in Rio Grande City, Texas (1951)
Texas A&I University Alumni
Commander, MultiNational Forces- Iraq (MNF-I) during Operation Iraqi Freedom
Longest serving Commanding General of V Corps
Currently CEO of OpTech Enterprise Solutions
Maj. Gen. Alfred Valenzuela, USA (Ret.) Born in San Antonio, Texas
St. Mary’s University Alumni (BBA 1970, MA 1979)
Served three Combat Corps and six Infantry Divisions all over the world
Commander of US Army South (2000-2003)
Author - No Greater Love: The Lives and Times of Hispanic Soldiers (2003)
Currently serves as consultant to Housing Authority of Bexar County (HABC)
Currently serves on the WWI Centennial Commission, appointed by President Obama
Lt. Col. Hector Pacheco, USA, (Ret.), advisory board member of the HHCTX, accepted the award on Gen. Valenzuela’s behalf.
Maj. Gen. Angela Salinas, USMC (Ret.) Born in Alice, Texas
Dominican College of San Rafael Alumni (California)
First Latina selected and promoted to general officer in Marine Corps
Commanded at every rank from LT. to Gen. officer
Former Commanding General, Marine Corps recruit Depot in San Diego and Commanding General Western Recruiting Region
Bvt. Maj. Gen. Belisario Flores, USAF (Ret.) Born in Eagle Pass, Texas (1926); Raised in San Antonio, Texas
St. Mary’s University Alumni (BBA 1950) (Kappa Pi Sigma Honor Fraternity)
Former Asst. Adjutant General of Texas Air National Guard. (1971-1986)
Promoted to Brigadier General in 1974 making him the first Hispanic to have ever been promoted in Texas to that rank in the United States Air Force Reserves
On his retirement in 1986, he was breveted to Major General by Texas Governor Mark White
In 2008, Gen. Flores was enshrined in the Texas Military Forces Hall of Honor in Austin, Texas
Brig. Gen. Manuel R. Flores, USAR (Ret.) Born in Laredo, Texas (1941)
St. Mary’s University Alumni (BS 1963; MBA 1970)
Recognized for military career and work in the US Civil Service
Former director of enlisted training program at US Army Reserve School in Richmond, VA
Gen. Flores’ brother and sister, Oscar Flores and Mary Pena, accepted the award on his behalf.
Brig. Gen. Victor M. Ortiz, Jr., USA (Ret.) Born in Galveston, Texas (1946)
St. Mary’s University Alumni (BA 1969)
University of Texas San Antonio Alumni (MA 1983)
Army War College Alumni (1995)
Former Commander 49th Armored Division Artillery
Former Commander US Contingent, Joint Operation Safe Border
Former Deputy Commander, Army, Texas State Guard
Currently Texas ESGR Southern Region Director and Ombudsman
Brig. Gen. Joe E. Ramirez, Jr., USA (Ret.) Born in Houston, Texas (1957)
Texas A&M University Alumni (BA 1979)
Webster University Alumni (MA 1993)
Former Deputy Chief of Staff for United States Central Command during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom
Currently Commandant, Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets, College Station, Texas
Dr. Allen Rasmussen, Texas A&M University – Kingsville, accepted the award on Gen. Ramirez’s behalf.
Brig. Gen. Manuel Ortiz, USA (Ret.) Born in Crystal City, Texas
Texas Tech University Alumni (BSME 1979)
Midwestern State University Alumni (MPA 2000)
US Army War College Alumni (MSS 2003)
Former Asst. Adjutant General Army, Texas National Guard and Deputy Commanding General, US Army South
We received many favorable comments about Las Estrellas de Tejas and are so grateful that this event brought attention to the importance of our mission and objectives, including recognition and celebration of our nation’s military.
We extend our thanks to our Legacy Sponsors, Valero Energy Foundation and St. Mary’s University. We also thank our Host Committee members: APEX HomeHealth, The History Shop, Partners Realty, Sembradores of San Antonio Educational Foundation and Texas A&M University – Kingsville for their support.
Finally, we must share our appreciation for the young men and women who participated in our program: the 8th grade students from St. John Bosco Catholic School who recited the Pledge of Allegiance and the St. Mary’s University ROTC who presented and retired the colors before and after the program.
It was a wonderful evening and we look forward to continuing to honor our Texas military in the years to come.
On November 10, 1775, Philadelphia native Captain Samuel Nicholas formed the first two battalions of the Continental Marines of the American Revolutionary War after realizing the need for a group able to battle both on water and on land. That institution has transformed and evolved into the few, the proud: the modern day United States Marine Corps.
Monday marked 239 years since the creation of the Marine Corps, and it has grown from Captain Nicholas' initial two battalions to roughly 194,000 active members and 40,000 reserve Marines, though it remains the smallest branch of the United States Armed Forces within the Department of Defense.
The official title of United States Marine Corps was incorporated in 1798. The Continental Marines, as well as the Continental Navy, were temporarily disbanded at the completion of the American Revolution. The Marines in particular were reinstated in preparation for the Quasi-War, which was fought against Spain and the French Republic, and mostly at sea.
Since its creation, the Marine Corps has earned recognition by serving in the majority of American wars. Their well-known motto,
"Semper Fidelis," often shortened to "Semper Fi," appropriately translates to "Always Faithful." Marines are capable of fighting via land, air and sea, and every member of the Marines receives additional training as a rifleman. The Marine Corps works closely with the United States Navy, as these two services make up the United States Department of the Navy.
Click through the slideshow above to see a brief history of the Marine Corps in photos, and as we commemorate this anniversary as well as Veterans Day, make sure to thank an active soldier or veteran in your life.
Editor's Note: The translation of "Semper Fidelis" has been corrected from "Always Loyal" to "Always Faithful."
Bernardo de Galvez Plaque
Natchez
Galvez Program on Tenerife TV
Video on Los Galvez de Macharaviaya
Galvez Projects of Edward F.
Butler, Sr.
Call to write your senators in support of Galvez
Example of letter written by José Antonio López
Contact Your State Senators
Granaderos y Damas de Galvez, San Antonio at the
Founder's Day Event
Dorothy Perez Honored by SAR
NEED A PHOTO . .
Editor Mimi: Excellent 22 minute video on Los Galvez de Macharaviaya.
Kudos to Eva Partal who produced and directed this outstanding video. Spanish voice over, fully supported with beautiful graphics, classic, historical
paintings and mini-reenactment segments.. The history includes the four important Glavez family members, holders of high
standing political and military positions. It would be wonderful to have an English voice-over for use in U.S.
classrooms across the nation.
In May, 2010,
with the assistance of your immediate predecessor, I lead a group of
members of both the Sons of the American Revolution and the Damas y Cabelleros
de Galvez to Spain. Then HRH Crown Prince Felipe de Borbon granted us a
private audience. The attached photo is of me and my wife with Prince
Felipe.
Prior to that
audience, I had received letters of appreciation from both HRH Prince Felipe and
HRM King Juan Carlos thanking me for my published articles about Spain's
assistance during the American Revolutionary War. These articles had been
published in both the Newsmagazine of the National Genealogical Society and the SAR Magazine, the official magazine of the Sons of
the American Revolution. In those articles I commented that France had
received credit for much of what Spain contributed.
After the
official audience was concluded King Felipe called me aside and asked me to
write a book about Spain's involvement in the war. He also asked me to
write a screen play so that a movie could be made. Finally, he said he
would like Antonio Banderas to play the part of Gen. Bernardo de Galvez. I
told his majesty that I could write the book, but the rest would be up to
Hollywood.
I have just
completed my book, the working title for whish is SPAIN
- OUR FORGOTTEN ALLY IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR: A CONCISE SUMMARY OF
SPAIN'S ASSISTANCE.
At this point I
have several people reviewing my book for possible errors and suggestions for
better clarity, etc. I also have a researcher at the British Archives
checking on the results of a British requested Spanish courts martial of a
Spanish captain who ran the British blockade of Charleston, SC to provide arms
and ammunition to the rebels.
I am wondering
if it would be possible for HRM Felipe - or perhaps his lovely queen - to write
the Forward for my book, since it was he who asked me to write the book? I
am unsure of the protocol to contact the king directly, and would appreciate
your thoughts and suggestions. Attached is a photo of my wife and I with
then Crown Prince Felipe. Attached is a draft of my book. If you
have time I would greatly appreciate your comments.
Sincerely,
Edward F.
Butler, Sr.
President General 2009-1010
National Society Sons of the American Revolution
210-630-9050 SARPG0910@aol.com
In a message
dated 11/3/2014 9:19:35 A.M. Pacific Standard Time, SARPG0910@aol.com
writes:
To: Hon.
Enric Panes
Dear Sir,
Many thanks for
your letter of Oct. 7, 2014 in response to my earlier e-mail. I have some
interesting news.
I have been
serving on the United States Committee asking the U.S. Congress to bestow
Honorary U.S Citizenship to General Bernardo de Galvez. I personally
prepared and submitted a proposed resolution to the Resolution Committee of the
National Society Sons of the American Revolution (SAR); I attended the meeting
of the SAR Resolution Committee and spoke on behalf of the committee's
endorsement of the proposed resolution. It was unanimously recommended to
the Congress. At the annual Congress of the SAR in Greenville, S.C. on
July 22, 2014, I moved for adoption of the Resolution and spoke in favor of the
resolution. It was adopted unanimously. Copies have been sent
to every member of the U.S. Congress. I am pleased to attach a copy.
As you may be aware, the U.S. House of Representatives adopted the Joint
Resolution to bestow U.S. Citizenship posthumously to General Galvez in late
June. Hopefully, the U.S. Senate will also vote favorably.
Also, I have
had the privilege of serving on the U.S. Committee to hang Gen. Galvez' portrait
hung in Congress, as voted in Congress over 200 years ago. Hopefully, you
saw that U.S. Senator Menendez of New Jersey accepted the portrait of Galvez on
behalf of the Senate. Any day now, there will be a notice of a portrait
hanging ceremony. When I hear, I will advise you. If possible, I
plan to attend and participate.
In my previous
e-mail I noted that HRM Felipe VI, King of Spain, when Crown Prince in May,
2010, asked me to write a book on Spain's assistance to the United States; write
a screen play; create a movie; and get Antonio Banderas to play the lead role of
Bernardo de Ga'lvez.
Earlier, I sent
you a copy of a draft of the book. I am pleased to enclosed a copy of
the abbreviated screen play. I recently submitted this to the theatrical
agent for Mr. Banderas, Mr. Nunez from Beverly Hills, CA, along with a brief
summary, a copy of which I also enclose. I informed Mr. Nunez of the Royal
request that his client, Mr. Banderas portray Galvez in the movie. Two
days later I received a short message from one of Mr. Nunez' assistants advising
me that Mr. Banderas does not get involved with a project until the money is in
place and a director has been hired. That assistant informed me that she
thought Mr. Banderas was at his home in Malaga, Spain - so I doubt that he was
aware of the proposal.
Under the
circumstances, would it be possible for King Felipe' Royal Secretary or some
other staff member to contact Mr. Banderas and express the desire of King Felipe
that Mr. Banderas not only play the part, but also assist in getting the movie
started? I understand that he owns his own production company.
Although I am obviously biased, I think he would be great in the role of Galvez.
As a side note,
hopefully you have had an opportunity to meet Mimi Lozano, web-mistress for the
Hispanic Internet newsletter "Somos Primos".For many years, she was a leader in
California of a group seeking to have Spanish participation in the American
Revolution recognized. That group over 10 years ago discussed a movie
about Galvez. Unanimously, they agree that Antonio Banderas would be
perfect for the role.
If that is not
possible or if that attempt fails, all we have left is the hope that the book
will be successful enough to get the interest of a Hollywood producer. To
that extent, a Foreward by a member of the Royal family would go far towards
making the book a success.
Sir, if I can
be of assistance to you, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Edward F.
Butler
210-630-9050
CALL TO WRITE YOUR SENATORS
After the unveiling of the portrait this month of Governor Bernardo de Gálvez, the next big push is to complete the bill that will make Gálvez an Honorary US Citizen alongside the French Lafayette and the Polish Pulaski.
According to the Spanish Embassy and Senators Rubio (FL) and Cornyn (TX) it is critical to get
the bill to give Galvez honorary citizenship status out of committee and onto the Senate
floor for a vote. Many of the senators don't know who Gálvez was or what he did.
Anything you can do to help - i.e. send letters to your Senators detailing
Gálvez' importance and
your support for the passage of the bill -- would be gratefully appreciated.
Thanks for your interest in our Hispano/Latino heritage.
Sincerely,
Dr. Carolina Castillo Crimm
Professor of History, retired
Sam Houston State University
Huntsville, TX 77340
(936) 291-2580
history.ccc@gmail.com
517 Hart Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Senator Cornyn, thank you for your support to grant honorary citizenship to one of the greatest military heroes in U.S. history -- General Bernardo
Gálvez.
There’s no doubt that many people in the general public are unaware of his distinctive contributions to U.S. independence. It is for that reason that I kindly remind you of that incredible story we first heard from our elementary school teacher.
That memorable classroom lesson taught us that General George Washington’s Continental Army of starving, ill-dressed, and ill-equipped citizen soldiers were able to miraculously defeat mighty Great Britain, one of the strongest superpowers of that time. How was that possible?
While historians have written volumes trying to answer the question, the impact and value of General Gálvez’ contributions have eluded their attention and gratitude. That is, until now.
Very briefly, General Gálvez championed the thirteen U.S. colonies’ independence from the start. For example, he wrote often to Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. He organized a Spanish Army that at its height numbered over 7,000 troops and stretched from Texas to Florida. He engaged and defeated the English fort in West Florida. English forts at Mobile and Pensacola were soon in flames as well, forcing the English general to surrender. The brilliantly executed Battle of Pensacola was won, banning the English from the Gulf of Mexico.
So, how was General Washington able to defeat the more powerful English Army? A good part of the answer is that the English had to deploy nearly half of their forces to fight General
Gálvez.
Senator, most U.S. children today recognize Marquis de Lafayette as a champion of U.S. independence. It is time that they get to know an equally impressive U.S. ally by the name of General Bernardo
Gálvez. He truly deserves to be recognized as a U.S. citizen. Thank you.
Below is an article also written by Joe Lopez, which could accompany the letter
to a senator.
López:
“Yo Solo”
Last
Updated: June 9, 2014
By
José Antonio López
SAN
ANTONIO, June 19 - Few courageous stories of New Spain personalities
surpass the brilliant career of General Bernardo de Gálvez
(1746-1786). A man of such rare courage, King Carlos III awarded him
the royal motto “Yo Solo”. While that may seem too bold a slogan,
he earned it justly.
However,
what is it he did to garner such a robust title? Who was this man of
history?
Bernardo
de Gálvez de Madrid was born in Macharaviaya, Málaga, a mountain
village in southern Spain. He was the son of Matías de Gálvez and
nephew of José de Gálvez, both powerful Spanish officials in New
Spain. Trained in military school, he joined the Spanish Army in his
teens. He served ably while in Spain, but was posted to Mexico in
1762.
Bernardo’s
leadership career in America began in earnest in Sonora and Nueva
Vizcaya where he led Spanish soldiers and Native American allies
against Apaches. He was wounded several times in battle. Soon, he was
promoted to the rank of Commandant of Troops of both provinces.
Bernardo accompanied José de Gálvez, his uncle to Spain, where he
continued to fine-tune his military skills. He was severely wounded in
a military campaign in Algeria. For his bravery, he was promoted to
lieutenant colonel and spent time recovering from his wounds as a
professor of military science at the prestigious military school in
Ávila.
As
a 29-year old in 1776, his uncle named him Governor of Spanish
Louisiana and so he returned to America. An astute military thinker,
he was a savvy diplomat as well. Careful to walk the narrow path of
being loyal to Spain’s monarchial American empire (Colonial New
Spain), he at the same time championed the thirteen U.S. colonies’
independence from England and the independence fervor sweeping across
America. Bernardo Gálvez wrote often to Patrick Henry, Governor of
Virginia, by which they exchanged ideas in fighting the British.
Soon
after arriving in Louisiana, the king sent word that the English must
be driven out of Spanish territory. Thus, Governor Gálvez organized a
Spanish Army and attacked the English fort in West Florida. Facing a
much larger force, Gálvez’ strike was quickly decisive and he drove
the British out. By late 1779, he pushed his objective even further
toward Mobile and Pensacola, also held by English troops. His army
would ultimately reach over 7,000 troops.
First,
Gálvez defeated English units in Baton Rouge and Natchez, resulting
in the capture of hundreds of soldiers and several vessels. Using his
trademark military tactics, he succeeded in defeating a well-defended
English Fort at Mobile. However, it was in the taking of Pensacola
where he excelled the most. Having amassed a strong flotilla of ships
and gunboats sent by the king to assist his mission, Gálvez was
disappointed that naval commanders were still far off from the battle
front; hesitant in entering the narrow harbor. The Spanish admirals
pleaded with him to wait, while others tried using their own favor
with the king as leverage. Gálvez was not impressed. Timidity in war
was not something Governor Gálvez was ready to accept.
Leading
by example, he took command of one of his ships, raised his own coat
of arms on its mast. With two gunboat escorts, he entered the
unfriendly harbor himself, facing fire from several land positions.
Watching Gálvez’ incredible single-handed act of courage
embarrassed the still hesitant senior naval officers so much that each
began to steer their ships in his direction. The English fort was soon
in flames, forcing the English general to surrender. The brilliantly
executed Battle of Pensacola was won, ridding the Gulf of Mexico of
the English presence.
King
Carlos III was magnanimous in recognizing his gratitude toward
Bernardo de Gálvez. The honors were many. He was given the
prestigious title of Count, promoted to, general, field marshal, and
given command of all Spanish expeditionary forces in New Spain. Still,
King Carlos wished to distinguish Gálvez’ rare display of
single-handed bravery in the face of enemy guns. Thus, he granted the
motto “Yo Solo” to be placed on the Gálvez Coat of Arms.
General
Galvez returned to Spain and again led military expeditions. In 1785,
his father died and Bernardo replaced him as Viceroy of New Spain. The
gregarious general had great plans for New Spain. However, in 1786 he
became ill and died on November 30 of that year. Although Bernardo de
Gálvez was only 40 years old when he died, his life proves that
it’s not necessarily how long one lives, but it is in what one does
while living.
Both
France and Spain helped the U.S. colonies drive for independence.
However, U.S. history books primarily give credit to French general
Marquis de Lafayette. In truth, Gálvez’ direct contributions to
George Washington were incalculable. Only recently has this hero come
to the attention of mainstream historians. Although author historians,
such as Robert H. Thonhoff have done their best for years to help the
general public understand the New Spain role in U.S. history. His
book, “The Texas Connection with the American Revolution”
skillfully explains the story.
In
summary, many generations of Mexican-descent Texas students have
longed to learn about their ancestors in the classroom. Parents, be
aware that since 2010, the state-approved STAAR curriculum has
included some pre-1836 people places, and events in Texas history. So,
don’t be bashful. Ask your fourth- and seventh-grade students’
teachers to include more lessons on the Spanish Mexican founders of
Texas. Also, the next time one of your kids asks you to recommend a
topic for a history book report, tell them to look up the inspiring
story of Spanish-speaking Bernardo de Gálvez, a mega hero in U.S.
history.
José
“Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is
a USAF Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the
author of three books: “The Last Knight (Don Bernardo Gutierrez de
Lara Uribe, A Texas Hero,”, “Nights of Wailing, Days of Pain (Life
in 1920s South Texas)”, and “The First Texas Independence,
1813”. Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano Learning Center, LLC,
and www.tejanosunidos.org,
a Web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S.
history that are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.
Please feel free to share with your wide network of pre-1836 Texas and U.S. history aficionados. Hopefully, they will agree with me, copy it & sign at the bottom next to my signature and send it in, or rewrite it in their own words.
If we don’t do it ourselves, no one else is going to do it for us. In the words of Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr.,
UTPA, “¡Exigimos solamente lo que merecemos!”
S.J. Res 38 is a Joint Resolution sitting in the Senate Judiciary Committee to grant Bernardo de Gálvez Honorary Citizenship. The bill has passed the House but help is needed to get this bill out of the Senate committee NOW and passed by the Senate as a simple Unanimous Consent voice vote before the Senators adjourn for the holidays.
It is a bill which costs nothing, is completely non-controversial, and would honor a man who deserves thanks for his help in defeating the British during the American Revolution.
Please support S.J. Res 38 by Unanimous Consent to grant Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez Honorary Citizenship for his aid during the American Revolution. This is a cost-free, non-controversial bill that will honor our war heroes. Thank you for your support.
On Saturday, October 25th, we staffed a living history booth at the 11th Annual San
Antonio Founders Day event. In Granadero
uniform were Roland Salazar, Jesse Guerra and J.J. Zavala. We also had in our booth this year,
our friends from Batallón Zapadores
Permanente, who educate the public about the Mexican Zapadores (Engineers) from the Texas Revolution period. Our
booth was in front of the Alamo on Alamo Plaza where we displayed historical Spanish Colonial items.
This has become a very big annual event and we were able to reach out to hundreds of people who were there specifically for the event or
tourists who were there to see the Alamo. The picture above left is Granadero Jesse Guerra in
uniform in a shooting pose with the 1757 Spanish musket.
Eliu Santos as a Zapador.
Jesse Guerra
Joe Perez jperez329@satx.rr.com
Governor, San Antonio Chapter
Order of Granaderos y Damas de Galvez
www.granaderos.org
www.Facebook.com/GranaderosDeGalvez
Jesse and J.J. Zavala staffing booth with a visitor.
Our National Meeting, hosted by the Jacksonville Chapter was very successful. It
was held in both Jacksonville and St.
Augustine, Florida. Joe Perez was succeeded as Governor General by Javier Salinas with Richard Espinosa
stepping in as Deputy Governor General. Chapter reports were presented and showed how active each chapter has been
throughout the year. We also abolished the Texas State Order, eliminating that layer of administration.
Dorothy Perez, and Robert Hancock
"DOROTHY PEREZ HONORED BY SAR"
On Saturday, October 18,2014, Dorothy Perez was honored by the San Antonio Chapter,
Sons of the American Revolution SAR) by receiving the coveted Martha Washington Medal
and a Certificate, which was presented by President Robert Hancock.
Dorothy was cited for her dedicated efforts in supporting the SAR continuous
search and recruitment of qualified candidates.
The Martha Washington Medal, nationally authorized in 1971, was awarded to Dorothy for
her continuous and dedicated efforts in gathering data and helping both SAR and DAR
potential members prepare their respective applications. Over the last 12 months, she
is accredited in helping six individuals qualify for their membership
Dorothy's brother is Rueben Perez, a SAR Member of the San Antonio Chapter.
In Fact, with Rueben's permission, we used his SAR # and data for my son, Gregory Lance Garcia and I, to become SAR members too. We won't be officially announced until 19 November or 17 December 2014.
If you want to read an interesting Career Background file, go to Google.com and type in Gregory Lance Garcia,
Information Technology Agency, U.A. Army. According to his Executive Officer, Greg is the 3rd Civilian under the Secretary of the Army. His SES rank equates to a 2-star Genera level.
Another strong military person in our Garcia linage is my nephew, Alfred A. Valenzuela, Major Gen. Retired. His mom, Sarah Garcia, is 90 years strong.
Thank you for what you do so well.
Genetically, There's No Such Thing as a Mexican
by Maggie Fox
Vast Genetic Diversity among Mexicans Found in Large-scale Study by Krista Conger
My suspicions have been confirmed by Refugio Fernandez
Genetic Evidence Says Easter Island Had Visitors 100s Of
Years Before Previously Thought
New Mexico DNA Project Database celebrates it's 10 year anniversary
Researching Your Family Health History with the application of genetic
information.
Ambitious Google drive to put human genome online gathers steam
Genetically, There's No Such Thing as a Mexican
By Maggie Fox
Edgard Garrido / REUTERS file
A new study of Mexican genetics shows surprising diversity.
Medical researchers, doctors and census-takers may lump Latinos or Hispanics into one group, but a giant study of Mexican genetics shows there’s really no such thing.
Mexicans themselves show such extreme diversity that someone from the dry north is genetically as different from someone from the Yucatan as a European is from an East Asian.
The findings, published in the journal Science, are important for medical research and healthcare, the researchers said. "In this study, we realized that for disease classification it also matters what type of Native American ancestry you have,” said Carlos
Bustamante, a professor of genetics at Stanford University. “In terms of genetics, it's the difference between a neighborhood and a precise street address."
Before the Spanish conquerers arrived in the 16th century, Mexico was inhabited by Native Americans who had carved out their
isolate down, often, kingdoms. These genetic differences show up even today, the team at Stanford, the University of California, San Francisco and the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine found.
"Mexico harbors one of the largest amounts of pre-Columbian genetic diversity in the Americas," said Stanford’s Dr. Andres Moreno-Estrada. "For the first time, we've mapped this diversity to a very fine geographic scale, and shown that it has a notable physiological impact on an important clinical trait: lung function."
They compared their genetic map to tests of lung function as measured by the volume of air a person can expel in one second or FEV1. They found a 7 percent difference in baseline FEV1 as they moved from populations in the western state of Sonora to Yucatan in the east.
"We were really fascinated by these results because we had expected that 500 years of population movements, immigration and mixing would have swamped the signal of pre-Columbian population structure," said
Bustamante.
The differences hold even though most Mexicans are mestizos. “Today, the majority of Mexicans are admixed and can trace their ancestry back not only to indigenous groups but also to Europe and Africa,” the researchers wrote.
It will be important as medicine becomes increasingly tailored based on an individual’s genes. Their specific origin — not just a broad racial group — may provide crucial pointers. "We can't just clump everyone together and call them European Americans or Mexican Americans,” added Dr. Esteban Burchard of
UCSF. First published June 12th 2014, 12:03 pm
Maggie Fox is senior health writer for NBCNews.com and TODAY.com, writing top news on health policy, medical treatments and disease. She's a former managing editor for healthcare and technology at National Journal and global health and science editor for Reuters based in Washington, D.C. and London.
She's reported for news agencies, radio, newspapers, magazines and television from across Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe covering news ranging from war to politics and, of course, health and science. Her reporting has taken Maggie to Lebanon, Syria and Libya; to China, South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan; to Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia and to Ireland and Northern Ireland and across the rest of Europe.
Maggie has won awards from the Society of Business Editors and Writers, the National Immunization Program, the Overseas Press Club and other organizations. She's done fellowships at Harvard Medical School, the National Institutes of Health and the University of Maryland.
Stanford Medicine News Center
Accessed: 2 November 2014
Vast Genetic Diversity among Mexicans Found in Large-scale Study
Some of Mexico’s indigenous groups are as genetically different from one another as Europeans from Chinese. Cosmopolitan Mexicans reflect these differences, which affect biomedical traits.
A new study shows that Mexico has one of the largest amounts of genetic diversity in the Americas. Shutterstock
The first large-scale, comprehensive analysis of the genomic diversity of Mexico — led by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, the University of California-San Francisco and the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine — has identified a dazzling mosaic of genotypes and population substructures across the country.
Some groups are as genetically different from one another as Europeans are from East Asians.
The study, published June 13 in Science, soundly refutes the current practice of lumping together Mexicans or Latinos as a homogenous group for genetic, clinical or population studies. In particular, the researchers found that variations in Native American ancestry among Mexicans and Mexican Americans significantly affect biomedical traits, such as lung function, emphasizing the importance of incorporating fine-scale ethnic information into clinical practice.
The analysis represents an international collaboration of researchers from the United States, Mexico, Spain and the United Kingdom.
How it affects health
“Understanding the genetic structure of a population is important for understanding its population history, as well as designing studies of complex biomedical traits, including disease susceptibility,” said Stanford professor of genetics Carlos
Bustamante, PhD. “As we deploy genomics technology in previously understudied populations like those of Latin America, we discover remarkable richness in the genetic diversity of these important groups and why it matters for health and disease.”
“Mexico harbors one of the largest amounts of pre-Columbian genetic diversity in the Americas,” said Andres Moreno-Estrada, MD, PhD, life sciences research associate at Stanford. “For the first time, we’ve mapped this diversity to a very fine geographic scale, and shown that it has a notable physiological impact on an important clinical trait: lung function.”
We’re moving beyond blanket definitions like Mexican or Latino.
Bustamante, who directs the Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human
Genomics, shares senior authorship of the study with Esteban Burchard, MD, MPH, professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences and medicine at
UCSF. Moreno shares lead authorship with Christopher Gignoux, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar now at Stanford and previously at
UCSF, and Juan Carlos Fernandez Lopez, a researcher at the Mexican genomic institute.
Burchard noted that in lung diseases, such as asthma or emphysema, a person’s ancestry at specific locations on their genes matters. “In this study, we realized that for disease classification it also matters what type of Native American ancestry you have,” he said.
The researchers compared variation in more than 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, or
SNPs, among 511 people representing 20 indigenous populations from all over Mexico. They compared these findings with SNP variation among 500 people of mixed Mexican, European and African descent (a category called
mestizos) from 10 Mexican states, a region of Guadalajara and Los Angeles, as well as with SNP variation among individuals from 16 European populations and the Yoruba people of West Africa.
As different as Europeans and Chinese
The researchers found that Mexico’s indigenous populations diverge genetically along a diagonal northwest-to-southeast axis, with differences becoming more pronounced as the ethnic groups become more geographically distant from one another. In particular, the Seri people along the northern mainland coast of the Gulf of California and a Mayan people known as the Lacandon found near the country’s southern border with Guatemala are as genetically different from one another as Europeans are from Chinese.
“Many of these Native American groups have been and remain very geographically isolated,” said
Gignoux. “We found they share very little genetically with other neighboring groups.” When rare gene flow did occur, it was concentrated among populations on the country’s coastlines, the researchers found.
Much of Mexico, however, is populated by people of mixed ancestry, primarily as a result of European colonization. The researchers found that these individuals had a large amount of European and Native American ancestry, coupled with a relatively small amount (5 percent or less) of African ancestry.
“Because this mixing happened fairly recently within the spectrum of human history,” said
Gignoux, “we can use genomic data techniques to identify which segments of an individual’s genome correspond to specific ancestral populations. What portion comes from Europe? What from Native Americans? And then we can find out how that fits into the pattern of modern-day populations.”
Carlos Bustamante helped lead a team that found some Mexican populations are as genetically different from one another as Europeans are from East Asians. Norbert von der Groeben
Consistent with the history of the Spanish occupation and colonization of Mexico, the researchers found that the European portion of the mixed-individuals’ genomes broadly corresponded to that of modern-day inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. The Native American portion of their genomes, however, was more likely to correspond to that of local indigenous people. A person in the Mexican state of Sonora, for example, was likely to have ancestors from indigenous groups in the northern part of the country, whereas someone from Yucatan was more likely to have a southern native component in their genome, namely Mayan.
“We were really fascinated by these results because we had expected that 500 years of population movements, immigration and mixing would have swamped the signal of pre-Columbian population structure,” said
Bustamante.
Although it wasn’t possible to precisely identify the specific ethnic group from which a person of mixed heritage had descended, the researchers were able to ascertain a person’s ancestry at a regional level at an unprecedented level of resolution.
Pinpointing origins
“We’ve asked these questions in other studies on a larger scale within Europe and the Caribbean,” said Moreno-Estrada. “When we tried to identify where exactly within Mexico these Native American sequences originate, we found we could be surprisingly accurate — beyond what anyone has ever been able to do before. We’ve demonstrated that we don’t have to stop at the continental level.”
Finally, the researchers wondered if differences in Native American ancestry could affect biomedical traits known to vary among ethnic groups, like lung function. To find out, they studied the outcomes of two studies measuring lung function in Mexican and Mexican American children: the Mexico City Childhood Asthma Study and the Genetics of Asthma in Latino Americans (the largest pediatric asthma study of Latino populations in the United States).
The lung function tests assessed by the researchers measure the volume of air a person can expel in one second — designated as FEV1. FEV1 values are used by clinicians to diagnose asthma and other lung and airway diseases.
Deviations from standard values can indicate a need for intervention, but because a healthy normal for one ethnic group may be borderline abnormal for another, different reference standards are used for different ethnicities.
The researchers drew on data that calculated the predicted normal FEV1 for each subject based on age, gender, height and ethnicity (in this case, the reference was a standard used for all people of Mexican descent). To understand implications of these results within Mexico, they modeled the predicted lung function across Mexico, accounting for differences in local Native American ancestry for a large cohort of mestizos from eight states. The model predicts a marked difference across the country, with the average predicted FEV1 for a person from the northern state of Sonora and another from the state of Yucatan differing by about 7.3 percent. (That is, the population from Sonora has predicted values that were slightly higher than the average for the country, and those from the Yucatan were slightly lower.)
“There’s a definite predicted difference that’s due only to an individual’s Native American ancestry,” said
Gignoux. “Variations in genetic composition clearly give a different physiological response.”
Getting the ethnic backgrounds right
The researchers emphasize that a lower FEV1 does not necessarily mean a particular ethnic group has impaired lung function. Disease analysis takes place in the context of standardized values of matched populations, and the study points out how it is necessary to match people correctly to their ethnic backgrounds before making clinical decisions.
“We’re moving beyond blanket definitions like Mexican or Latino,” said Moreno-Estrada. “Now we’re putting finer details on that map. Those broad terms imply common ground among populations, but we’re finding that it’s much more like a mosaic.”
“This can shape public health and public policy,” Burchard said. “We now have a map of Mexico that will help researchers make those clinical and public health decisions.”
Other Stanford authors are former graduate student Fouad Zakharia, PhD; postdoctoral scholars Martin
Sikora, PhD, and Karla Sandoval, PhD; graduate student Patricia Ortiz-Tello; undergraduate student Victoria Robles; and former postdoctoral scholar Eimear Kenny, PhD.
The study was supported by the Federal Government of Mexico, the Mexican Health Foundation, the Gonzalo Rio Arronte Foundation, the George Rosenkranz Prize for Health Care Research in Developing Countries, the UCSF Chancellor’s Research Fellowship, the National Institutes of Health (grants GM007175, 5R01GM090087, 2R01HG003229, ES015794, GM007546, GM061390, HL004464, HL078885, HL088133, RR000083, P60MD006902 and ZIA ES49019), the National Science Foundation, a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Amos Medical Faculty Development Award, the Sandler Foundation, the America Asthma Foundation and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Bustamante is on the advisory board of a project at 23andMe and on the scientific advisory boards of Personalis Inc.;
InVitae; Etalon Inc.; and Ancestry.com.
Information about Stanford’s Department of Genetics, which also supported the work, is available at
http://genetics.stanford.edu.
Krista Conger is a science writer for the medical school’s Office of Communication & Public Affairs.
Stanford Medicine integrates research, medical education and health care at its three institutions - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Health Care (formerly Stanford Hospital & Clinics), and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford. For more information, please visit the Office of Communication & Public Affairs site at
http://mednews.stanford.edu.
Carlos D. Bustamante
Population Geneticist
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA
Age: 35
Published January 25, 2010
Carlos D. Bustamante is a population biologist who mines DNA sequence data for insights into the dynamics and migration of populations and the mechanisms of evolution and natural selection. In studies of humans, Bustamante analyzes SNPs (sites of common variation in a DNA sequence) from many individuals to infer changes in human populations and their relationship to specific gene mutations. He compared SNPs in regions of DNA that are translated into proteins with those in non-coding regions of the genome; from this analysis, he inferred that between a third and a half of mutations that change protein composition are lethal or produce weak negative selection, generating further understanding of a long-standing question of population genetics. He has applied
SNP-based methods to retrace the history of species’ domestication, both plants and animals; collaborative investigations of Asian rice and dogs, for example, have provided clues about where and how long ago humans domesticated these species. Bustamante has also teased out higher-resolution reconstructions of human demographic and migration patterns using new data sets from ethnically and geographically diverse samples. He and his colleagues have used DNA markers to assess the impact of shared language and geographic obstacles on migration patterns and genetic composition of human subpopulations in Europe, Africa, and Latin America. Through his multifaceted research, Bustamante is developing a rigorous, quantitative foundation for addressing fundamental questions about genetics and evolution across species, about patterns of population migration, and about the complex origins of human genetic diversity, before recorded history and since.
Carlos D. Bustamante received a B.A. (1997), M.A. (2001), and Ph.D. (2001) from Harvard University. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford (2001–2002) and affiliated with Cornell University (2002–2009) prior to his appointment as a professor of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine. His scientific articles have appeared in such journals as Nature, Science, Molecular Biology and Evolution, PLoS Genetics, and
PNAS.
Besides being 17% Native American, my DNA makeup shows 4% African ancestry. This came about, I determined, from the ancestors of my paternal grandmother, Dolores Rodriguez Fernandes (Mama Lolita), who had to be Mulatto Indians, and also from the unknown spouse of Gonzalo Fernandez de Castro, father of Lazaro Renteria Fernandez, my sixth generation grandfather.
If you have seen photos of Dolores Rodriguez Fernandes, her skin is very dark, dark brown, plus she had the trait of Mesoamerican Indians, who even at very old age, maintained their natural black hair. Familysearch.org shows only a mother (Ysidra Rodriguez) and a grandmother (Maria de Carmen Rodriguez). No father or grandfather are identified. This usually indicates the child was born out of wedlock for both women.
History indicates Negro slaves from Africa lived in the area where Mama Lolita was born. This would indicate the strong possibility of Negros, mestizos, and/or mulatto Indians having intercourse with each other. It is a well known historical fact that Blacks were more readily accepted in the Spanish/Mexican cultures, than in the White/Ango Saxon culture.
Ancestry.com pinpointed the area where my Black ancestors (3% of DNA) come from: Ivory Coast/Ghana. From north Africa 1% of my DNA originated from the area of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.
When I extrapolate this 4%, that could mean my father was 8% African and his mother, was 16%. Antonia Rodriguez was 32% and Maria del Carmen was 64%. Interesting.
74 % of my DNA is European of which 28% is from the area of Spain/Portugal. 33% is from Italy/Greece areas. Additional finds were traces as follows: 4% Ireland, 3% Scandinavia, 3% European Jewish, 3% Europe West, and less than 1% British. Much of these origins I attribute primarily to my Fernandez/Salinas/Saldivar lineages, among many others. A lineage of the Fernandez appears to have come from Jewish origins on the eastern border of Spain with Portugal.
I even have 2% DNA traces originating in Central Asia: Afghanistan, Kyrgystan, and Turkmenstan, and maybe even "Aqui No Estan." I have no idea where these came from, but they are there.
I originally had recommended getting DNA testing from Heritage.com, but results were not what I expected, what was advertised. I highly recommend going through Ancestry.com for about $75. They matched my DNA with people from all over the world, and I have contacted some and some have contacted me, since we matched 98 to 99% in DNA results. That is the way to go.
God bless you and yours.
Sinceramente
Dad, Brother, Uncle, Cousin, Primo, etc.
Refugio Fernandez
Genetic Evidence Says Easter Island Had Visitors 100s
Of
Years Before Previously Thought
Genetic Evidence Says Easter
Island Had Visitors 100s Of Years Before Previously Thought
Scientists published a study in Current Biology that
suggests the inhabitants of the remote Easter Island had contact with the
Americas hundreds of years before previously thought.
Heritage
Daily reports that, according to new genomic evidence, the Rapa
Nui people living on one of the most isolated islands had significant contact
with Native American populations hundreds of years before Jakob Roggeveen, whose
ships arrived on the islands in 1722. In fact, it appears that the population of
the island had been mating with Native American people hundreds of years before
Roggeveen set foot in the region.
The findings were reported in the journal Current
Biology yesterday, and provide the
first genetic evidence for such an early trans-Pacific route between Polynesia
and the Americas. The journey from Easter Island to the Americas would be almost
2,500 miles, making it a daunting journey for early Native Americans or Rapa Nui
people. However, it appears these journeys did take place.
The journey is so impressive that some scientists say we should reevaluate
our entire understanding of early Rapa Nui travel. Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas from
the Natural History Museum of Denmark’s Centre for GeoGenetics notes that
“early human populations extensively explored the planet” according to this
new data. They were actually taking to the seas.
“Textbook versions of human colonisation events – the peopling of the
Americas, for example – need to be re-evaluated utilising genomic data.”
Reuters
reports the exact timeline the study believes that interbreeding occurred
between Rapa Nui and South American natives.
“Genetic data on 27 Easter Island natives indicated that interbreeding
between the Rapa Nui and native people in South America occurred roughly between
1300 and 1500.”
Though genetics can not indicate which people made the journey, scientists
believe it was most likely the Rapa Nui who made the dangerous ocean journey.
Mark Stoneking, a geneticist with Germany’s Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology who collaborated on a related study of Brazil’s
indigenous Botocudo people, says he believes that the Rapa Nui made their way to
South America, and brought the Native Americans back with them.
“It seems most likely that they voyaged from Rapa Nui to South America and
brought South Americans back to Rapa Nui and admixed with them. So it will be
interesting to see if in further studies any signal of Polynesian, Rapa Nui
ancestry can be found in South Americans.”
To further back up the findings that Rapa Nui were the ones doing the
traveling, a second study, also published in Thursday’s issue of Current
Biology, illustrates another case of Polynesians venturing into South
America. Two ancient human skulls from Brazil’s indigenous Botocudo people,
known for the large wooden disks they wore in their lips and ears, belonged to
people who were genetically Polynesian, with no detectable Native American
ancestry.
This means the previous understanding that the inhabitants of Easter Island
were isolated is completely false. In fact, it appears the Rapa Nui made the
transpacific journey many times prior to the arrive of Westerners to the island.
New Mexico DNA Project Database
celebrates it's 10 year anniversary
Hello Everyone:
I want to thank you all for being part of the New Mexico DNA Project. Today is the 10 year anniversary of the database, which started on October 27, 2004. The project currently has 2,000+ members, this could not be accomplished without your participation. Please share this e-mail with others in New Mexico DNA Project. Take care and God bless.
Researching Your Family Health History with the
application of genetic information.
October 14, 1995.
Daughters of the American Revolution,
Mission Viejo Chapter, California
Editor Mimi: The following information was distributed at a meeting of the
Daughters of the American Revolution, Mission Viejo Chapter, California The speaker was Melinda E.
Kashuba, Ph.D. The
topic twenty years ago was Researching Your Family Health History with the
application of genetic information.
This is a genealogical and genetic study which has four goals:
1. For the genealogist, to define and document long umbilical
lines and verify many of them through genetic analysis
2. For the genealogist and population geneticist, to gain
further insight into the structure of early colonial populations, and to get
further information on the genealogical and genetic background of European
immigrants to North America
3. Also for the genealogist and population geneticist, to
determine differences in the mitochondridal DNA due to different ethnic or
geographical backgrounds, and to use this information to study genealogical
origins of families and genetic origins of populations.
4. For the geneticist to determine more precisely the mutation
rates in various portions of the mitochondria! DNA.
Background:
An umbilical line is defined as that unique matrilineal
ancestral line which passes back only through our mother and her mother
and her mother and her mother ... and so on, only through females with no
intervening male. Through our umbilical lines we, both males and females,
inherit a singular type of DNA called mitochondrial DNA, abbreviated as mtDNA.
Most of the time this kind of DNA is inherited purely through the umbilical line
with no contribution from males. In an ancestor table, this type of DNA would
therefore be inherited by us through individuals numbered 3, 7,15, 31, 63, 127
etc., i.e. 2n-l. (see Figure 1) Thus for example, in
the 4th generation back I inherit my mtDNA from only individual No. 31, my
mother's mother's mother's mother, and she from her mother, and so on back.
Males just as females inherit this mtDNA through their umbilical lines, but only
females pass it on. So for example, I and all my full siblings as well as anyone
who has an umbilical line which intersects my umbilical line, will share the
same mtDNA. To be sure, as we go much farther and farther back we would
encounter mutational changes that took place in the mtDNA. Molecular geneticists
and genealogists could probably expect to find changes in the mtDNA over 4000
years, but probably not often in 400 years. This means that most of the time
when two umbilical lines can be genealogically traced to a common ancestor, we
will not find differences in the mtDNA. Put in another way, if 3 or 4 of us have
independent umbilical lines back to a common immigrant ancestor say 12
generations ago, we will probably all exhibit the same mtDNA. If one of us has a
slightly different mtDNA, the reason could be a mutation in that line or it
could be due to genealogical error in compiling the pedigree. There are other
parts of the mtDNA that can distinguish between these two possible explanations.
The specific characteristics of our own mtDNA can be
determined from a small sample of blood. And, as stated, the particular type of
mtDNA that is found in my blood,
for example, will
usually be identical to the mtDNA found in all individuals in my umbilical
line. And it will most likely be identical to the mtDNA in those individuals who
have umbilical lines that intersect mine. This type of analysis therefore will
be particularly useful to the genealogist in verifying umbilical lines and in
discovering possible connections among umbilical lines farther back than written
records reveal.
Umbilical lines extending back into colonial North America or farther back
are of particular interest. Today these will be at least 10 generations or more.
Lines extending farther back than colonial times into Europe or Great Britain
are especially valuable. It is these longer lines that provide the best
opportunity for further genealogical and genetic analysis. However, any
umbilical line of eight or more generations or extending into the 1700s could be
useful.
Genealogists interested in collaborating in this study should assemble their
umbilical lines with full citations to vital records, deeds, probate records, or
other primary sources which prove the connection between generations. Good
secondary sources fully cited will sometimes suffice if primary sources are not
available. It is not necessary to send photocopies of birth certificates and
other original records. Here is an example:
(Gl) Eleanor Simpson. b. perhaps Eng., ca.1630, d. Boston MA, 23 Jan.
1682/3 (age 52, VR) m. Boston MA, 4 July 1653, Alexander2 Stevens (J. P.
Stevens, Stevens Genealogy. 1913, p. 33.)
(G2) Anna Stevens. b. Boston, 2 Apr 1655
(VR); m. Boston, 13 May 1677,
Jonathan Adams (VR)(Suffolk Deeds 4:24); d. before 12 Aug. 1722, as she was
deceased by the time Jonathan Adams made his will (Suffolk Co. Probate 7:25).
(G3) Eliza Adams, b. probably Boston ca!685 (Suffolk Co. Probate
4:25); m. Bolton CT
1710, Ezekiel4 Hodgkins (Bolton Church Records, 1935, p.36; also J. L.
Hodgkins, Hodgkins Family in America. 1934, pp. 104-5, 122). Death date
not known, her death or burial under that name not recorded in Bolton Ch. Recs.
(G4) Jerusha Hodgkins. b. Bolton CT, 4 Aug. 1718
(VR); m. there 1738,
James McClure (Ulstermen in Connecticut. 1936, p.45-56)
(G5)etc.
If your documentation is not as thorough as this, send what you have, at
least to begin the process.
When pedigrees have been received and collated, some will be chosen for mtDNA
analysis depending on the length of the line and how many other umbilical lines
have the same origin. At that time participants will be notified and asked to
provide a small sample of blood. Read and sign the form below and include it
with your umbilical line. Send them to:
T. H. Roderick, Ph.D., Center for Human
Genetics Municipal Building
P.O.Box 770 Bar Harbor
ME 04609
Mitochondrial DNA, A
Tool For Genealogists and Geneticists Objectives:
May 1995
Ambitious Google drive to put human genome online gathers steam
Published time: November 08, 2014 Reuters / Cathal McNaughton
Google’s plan to store entire copies of the human genome online is edging closer to reality. With 3,500 genomes already stored on its servers and more medical institutes jumping onboard, the blueprint of every person on Earth could soon be in the cloud.
The potentially game-changing project, called Google Genomics, has now been quietly moving forward for a year and a half.
Perhaps with so many ambitious plans coming out of the company’s secretive Google X research and development division, from nanobots to sniff out cancer to tremor-canceling spoons for Parkinson's patients, it’s easy for even deeply ambitious projects to get overlooked.
RT first wrote about the search giant’s plan to create individual genome databases in July, but even promotional videos hashing out the details of the project attracted just 5,000 views over the past four months.
Maybe the fact that Google Drive currently cannot cope with entire copies of the genome has left many thinking the project is mere speculative pipe dream at this stage of the game.
READ MORE: Google nanobots: Early warning system for cancer, heart disease inside the body
But for futurists, whose first commandment is Moore's Law, that which is impossible today will likely be outdated tomorrow.
Google itself was quick to point out that at the inception of the human Genome project, it took 15 years and $3 billion just to do the first human genome sequence. Today, it can all be done in a day, and for about $1,000.
Just how many gigs am I?
But just how much memory is needed to save all 6 billion of the nucleotide letters that comprise a single genome sequence? Google estimates it’s around 100 gigabits, which might not seem like a lot, until you consider just how many of us there are.
For example, if you wanted to read the DNA of everyone (officially!) living in Moscow, it would take more than 1.2 million terabit hardrives. While that is obviously an enormous amount of information to process, Google’s current search index stands at 100 petabyes – 100,000 terabytes. The average search query, however, takes 0.25 seconds.
And it is applying this self-same search technology to the Google Genomics which is viewed as the key.
At the inception of the project, scientists began hammering out an application programming interface (API) which would allow them to move DNA data into Google server clusters and conduct experiments using the companies renowned web-indexing technology.
And as scientists have expanded their studies beyond individual genomes, hammering out a synthesis between data science and life science could propel the pace of medical advancement over the coming years.
“We saw biologists moving from studying one genome at a time to studying millions,” David Glazer, the software engineer who led the effort and was previously head of platform engineering for Google+, the social network, told the MIT Technology Review. “The opportunity is how to apply breakthroughs in data technology to help with this transition.”
Human genome (Image from wikipedia.org)
Currently, different genome data sets are exclusively available to specific research labs. The goal then, is to create one centralized database where researchers can compare millions of genome sequences at one time.
Speaking to Technology Review, Sheila Reynolds, a research scientist at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, one idea is to create “cancer genome clouds” where scientists can share information and quickly run virtual experiments as easily as a web search.
“Our bird’s eye view is that if I were to get lung cancer in the future, doctors are going to sequence my genome and my tumor’s genome, and then query them against a database of 50 million other genomes,” Deniz Kural, CEO of Seven Bridges, which stores genome data on behalf of 1,600 researchers in Amazon’s cloud, told the magazine. “The result will be ‘Hey, here’s the drug that will work best for you.’”
But as Reynolds noted, not every research institute has the ability to download a petabyte of data, or the computing power to analyze it.
With a centralized database, however, those technological trammels would be put out to pasture.
The treatment potential of being able to compare the genomes of multiple individuals suffering from the same ailments is astronomical, as is the profit motive for whoever holds the keys to the data locker.
This reality has already put Google, Amazon and Microsoft and IBM in a race to see who will store the data. And on a fair playing field, the competition has driven prices down.
Reuters / Phil Noble
Saving you for a quarter a year
Currently, storing a single human genome with Google is going to cost you $25 a year, in the same ballpark as Amazon. Running analysis of the data, of course, is gonna cost you. The catch, of course, is that people’s DNA is 99.1 percent identical. Once you can whittle it down to the 0.1 percent that makes us who we are, less than a gig will be needed to store the essence of you in the cloud. So in the long term, a bit of analysis and a quarter will get your unique genomic sequence put up in the cloud for a year.
Glazer did tell the magazine just how many customers Google Genomics has now, though at least 3,500 genomes from public projects are already stored on Google’s server farm.
According to The Verge, the National Cancer Institute has already signed on to the project, and has expressed its willingness to pay $19 million to upload copies of its 2,600 terabyte Cancer Genome Atlas to Google Genomics and Amazon’s data center.
The project, however, definitely comes with its privacy pitfalls.
As Gizmodo recently noted, a study in the Journal Science last year showed it was possible to identify several men from the publicly available 1000 Genomes Project based on their Y chromosomes and age, location, and family tree data.
Insurance companies would also likely be thrilled to get their hands on that data.
There is also the issue of whether scientists should tell people if they unknowingly have a rare disease, or have unknown siblings out there in the world.
But while both concerns of privacy and practicality are inevitable in any venture of this scope, the likelihood that the seemingly infinite permutations of AGCT which tell the story of every person on earth seems all but inevitable.
FamilySearch introduces MyHeritage's institutional service at Family History Centers and Libraries
More Family Search Records Indexed Records and Images
What
every genealogist needs to know about digital content and preservation (100+
resources)
FAMILY SEARCH
120
Years of Pioneering Genealogy
Salt
Lake City, Utah
November 13, 2014-"Whatever your past perceptions, it is different
now!" proclaimed Allan F. Packer, in a recent worldwide broadcast,
describing the ever growing popularity of online ancestry research and
the broad range of inviting online family history activities. Packer is
the Executive Director of FamilySearch International (FamilySearch.org
), formerly the Genealogical Society of Utah. 120 years ago
today, the obscure nonprofit organization held its first meeting under
the direction of its first president, Franklin D. Richards. Billions of
historic records and millions of subscribers later, it has become a
premier global leader in the online genealogy space helping more people
than ever discover their ancestors.
What
started as a charge to begin gathering its first published family
histories and historical records from around the world to help its
members (predominantly Mormon immigrants at the time) with their
genealogical research, today, has morphed into the free public family
history mega-site, FamilySearch.org.
It entertains millions of patrons a month seeking to find, connect,
preserve, or share their ancestral roots and memories, and publishes
hundreds of millions of new historic records online each year from
archives around the world.
David
E. Rencher, the organization's Chief Genealogy Officer said,
"People today have such a vast reservoir of resources at
FamilySearch.org to draw from, that many historical gems which were
previously buried in obscurity are now readily available online. The
family links that can be made from these rich resources will blossom
into the most complete picture we've ever had of the human family."
FIRST
THINGS FIRST
In 1894, the Genealogical Society of Utah was formed under the direction
of Wilford Woodruff, then President of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, to assist members of the faith to seek out their
ancestors and preserve their family trees for future generations. Today,
the vast collection of historical records and other family history
preserving and sharing services are available for free to anyone at
FamilySearch.org, in 4,745 family history centers, and the famous Family
History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.
THE
GREAT DEPRESSION BRINGS UNEXPECTED RESULTS
During the Great Depression in the 1930’s, interest in genealogy
increased. Previous to this time, involvement remained low. “Many who
were out of work took the opportunity to do some long neglected family
research. One Society staff member noted that there was probably more
work done in this period than at any previous time, with the library
filled to capacity” (Allen, James B., Jessie L. Embry, Kahlile B. Mehr,
Hearts
Turned To The Fathers,
Provo, Utah, 1995, 92).
PIONEERS
OF LONG-TERM DATA PRESERVATION
In 1938, the society became a veritable pioneer in the broad use of
microfilm to preserve and provide broader access to the world’s
historic genealogical records—with hundreds of microfilm cameras in
operation in dozens of countries. Revolutionary at the time, the special
cameras would take a picture of a historic document shrinking the image
down to roughly one percent of its original size on the film that could
then be magnified using a microfilm reader. In addition, if properly
stored, the film could be preserved for at least 500 years!
CAVE
OF WONDERS
In 1963, the Society completed the Granite Mountain Records Vault in
Salt Lake City. This incredibly designed, climate-controlled vault
provided the perfect conditions for long-term storage of the microfilmed
records and is still used today to protect over 2.4 million rolls of
film from over 120 countries and principalities against the effects of
time and nature. Today, FamilySearch uses proprietary digital cameras to
preserve the world’s records and publish them online more quickly. It
operates 285 camera teams daily in 45 countries, and publishes about 100
million new images of historic records each year online—most of which
have never seen the light of the Internet. FamilySearch is also
digitally converting its massive, historic microfilm collection, making
most of it accessible for online viewing 24/7.
EVOLVING
FAMILY HISTORY TECHNOLOGY
In 1984 the society pioneered one of the first desktop genealogy
management software programs on the market (Personal Ancestral File) and
is credited with developing GEDCOM (GEnealogy Data COMmunication), a
software code that helped launch the genealogy technology industry and
enabled users to save and share genealogical data.
No
longer serving a local customer base, the Genealogical Society of Utah
eventually began operating as FamilySearch to align with its expanded
international operations and growing, widespread consumer base. It
launched its popular free website, FamilySearch.org, in 1999, today is
available in 10 languages.
In
2007, to make its growing historic record collections more easily
searchable online, FamilySearch pioneered the adaptation of Internet
crowdsourcing by creating a web platform where hundreds of thousands of
online volunteers can look at digital images of historic records and
make the genealogically significant information freely searchable online
for people seeking family connections. This ongoing initiative is called
“indexing” (See FamilySearch Indexing). Volunteers have made over 1
billion records searchable in this manner in just 7 years, including the
popular collections, United States Censuses 1790 to 1940.
In
2013 FamilySearch introduced its free online Family Tree service and
Memories feature. These online tools allow users to freely build,
preserve, and share their family trees, photos, stories, and historical
documents collaboratively. Individuals and families have already
contributed over a billion records.
Today,
FamilySearch is a premier records preservation brand that is well
respected amongst archivists globally and a top consumer website serving
tens of millions of individuals and families each year who use it to
build, preserve, share, and research their family histories and records.
Find out more at FamilySearch.org.
FamilySearch
and Genealogical Society of Utah At-a-Glance
Searchable historic records are made available on FamilySearch.org
through the help of thousands of volunteers from around the world. These
volunteers transcribe (index) information from digital copies of handwritten
records to make them easily searchable online. More volunteers are needed
(particularly those who can read foreign languages) to keep pace with the large
number of digital images being published online at FamilySearch.org. Learn more
about volunteering to help provide free access to the worldís historic
genealogical records online at FamilySearch.org
.
FamilySearch is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch
is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records,
resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in
this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively
gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100
years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources for free at FamilySearch.org
or through more than 4,600 family history centers in 132 countries,
including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Added indexed records and images to an existing collection.
FamilySearch
Adds More Than 1.2 Million Indexed Records and Images to Argentina, the
Dominican Republic, France, and the United States, posted November
7, 2014.
What
every genealogist needs to know about digital content and preservation (100+
resources)
Posted
on
By
Barry J. Ewell
As
a genealogist and/or family historian you are ever increasingly faced with the
need to better understand how to create, evaluate, manage, organize, and
preserve content that include audio, photography, video, film and more. I’ve
learned that even the simplest decision like which format to scan an image can
have far reaching irreparable consequences if not done correctly.
The
following article includes links to over 100 resources covering a variety of
digital topics you’ll need to jump start and successfully get on your road to
developing your digital awareness and skills one project at a time. In
preparing the articles, slideshows, and video resources, I focused on sharing my
personal lessons learned from the thousands of hours I have spent working with
digital content as well as best practices from industry experts. Go to: http://genealogybybarry.com/every-genealogist-needs-know-digital-content-100-resources/
SHHAR Sephardic Workshop, November 8, 2014, Opened doors of
Understanding
Westminster, CA Latinos in WWII and Korean War
Heritage Museum of Orange County, November 20th, 2010 and November 15th,
2014
The SHHAR November 8th meeting was focused
on evidence of Jewish roots among those of Spanish heritage. John
Inclan kindly distribute a manual on his personal research which
touched many of the founding families in South Texas, including mine. Ruth C. DePieri, Adjunct Prof. at East Los Angeles College said,
her research on the subject revealed that most, if not all Spanish
surnames were of Jewish heritage. You will find lots of resources
on the subject in the November issue and the current December
issue. In addition,
The certificate that John is receiving reads . . .
The Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research certificate of appreciation is awarded to John
Inclan. John Inclan is being recognized for his tireless dedication to Hispanic ancestral research.Going beyond his own ancestors, John has selflessly compiled pedigrees of important founding families in Northern Mexico and South Texas. Of great historical interest, his research has revealed that many of those families have Jewish roots.
Westminster,
California
FRONT: Socorro Colo Rivera, 2nd B; Jimmy Romero, 3rd
B; Johnny Pérez, CF; Tony Rivera, C; Tony Niebla, RF
STANDING:
Raymond Lupe Rivera, LF; Joe Pepe
Rivera, 1st B; Pete Guadan, P; Julio Chico Méndez, P;
Julio Mendez , Güero Ted Alarcón, George
Zepeda
Albert
V. Vela, PhD. (cristorey38@comcast.net
)
November 19, 2014 writes: Frank, I'm
considering using this pix for the front cover of my book on the barrio.
They represent to me the best of our barrio; a number of them served in
WWII; they were proud of their heritage; were great role models
embodying admiral personal, cultural, familial values; had excellent
athletic skills; played their hearts out. . .The early 50s is when
greater opportunities for self-improvement / upward mobility opened up
for all Mexicanos in OC: educational, jobs, removal of real estate
covenants . . .
Frank
Mendoza (mendozafrank51@yahoo.com ) writes,
November 20, 2014:
Most of
those Toreros on this pix served in the military during WWII, I would
say 9 out of ten did so. Most of the guys on the Eagles Team did
as well, some during the Korean War. I'm estimating that give or
take 1 or 2, some 68 of our barrio young men served during those two
wars in total. I think this pix is a great idea for your book for the
reasons you mention. There are many factoids that I recall about
the Toreros, some that I wrote about in my story of softball in the
barrio. Kiko
Published: Nov. 14, 2010
Early California history celebrated at event
Heritage Museum of Orange County
Celebration of California's first constitution provides opportunity to
celebrate the state's early Spanish and Mexican history. By Jessica
Terrell/ The Orange County Register.
SANTA ANA - California's early history came to life Sunday on the sprawling
grounds of the Heritage Museum of Orange County, where Native American
blessings, firearm drills, and lively renditions of Spanish songs marked the anniversary of the state's first constitution.
The document was approved by voters in November 1849. The state's second -
the current - constitution was ratified 30 years later.Sunday's California Heritage Day celebration was a first for the museum, but
organizers hope it will become an annuai event, drawing new visitors tothe facility and raising awareness of the state's early Spanish and Mexican
history.
"So much effort has been made to stifle the pre-1850 history of
California," event co-chair Mimi Lozano said. "The whole purpose is to
give a completed picture of what (California) was all about." Historians have tended to ignore much of California's pre-statehood Mexican,
Spanish and indigenous history and culture, Lozano said, "in the same way that the museum has been invisible, the early Mexican
presence in California has been invisible," Lozano said.
The 1849 constitution is significant not only for being the state's first,
but because it was bilingual The 1879 constitution was not. "The (day) reminds us that at one time the constitution was bilingual
and we've always been a part of the culture," said Francisco Barragan of
the United Mexican-American Veterans Association, which works to bring
acknowledgement of the role Mexican-American and Latino veterans have played in
defending their country.
Chief Ernie Perez Tautimes Salas of the Grabrielenos performs a Native
American blessing during the opening ceremony of the California Heritage Day, a
celebration of the adoption of the first California Constitution, at the
Heritage Museum of Orange County in Santa Ana on Sunday, November 14, 2010.
Colleen Mensel, executive director of the museum. "We're really missing -a piece of history
tere," Mensel said. The event was seen as a possible first step to expanding the museum's
offerings. The museum's 11-acre property has plenty of activities to teach young
students about the gold rush. The beautifully restored Kellogg house covers the
Victorian era, but the pre-1870 Rancho Period needs better representation, said The museum is also interested in turning the Maag house into a cultural
center to help round out the educational facility.
The Maag house was relocated to the museum grounds from Fairhaven Memorial
Park in 1982, and the museum has been waiting nearly three decades for the
funding to totally restore the iate 1800s country home. It would take about $2 million to restore the building and open a cultural
center there, Mensel said. The first step to raising those funds is raising the
visibility of the museum.
Although the museum turned 25 this year and roughly 20,000 school children
visit its grounds annually, many Orange Countv residents are unaware of the
institution's existence, event organizers said. "It's amazing that there's
still a place like this in the heart of Santa Ana," said Maria Marking of
Lake Forest, who has lived in the county for 15 years, but just recently heard
about the museum. 'There's a lot of history that Californians can learn from a
place like this."
Saturday, November 15th, 2014, the Heritage Museum of Orange
County completed its Smithsonian run of Journey Stories. A
six-week run of an exhibit that ended with a day of family history
presentations by SHHAR and other genealogical
organizations.
I had the fun of presenting on Fun Ways of Writing Family
Histories. The Heritage Museum of Orange County was the only
museum in California to host the Smithsonian exhibit. ~ Mimi
Guy Gabaldon Clay Bust Unveiled at the Opening of the Guy Gabaldon
Apartments
Guy Gabaldon Apartments for Veterans in Boyle Heights
The Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium
Los Angeles and the Anglos' "Indian Problem" of the Transitional
era, 1848-1870
Guy Gabaldon Clay Bust Unveiled at
the Opening of the Guy Gabaldon Apartments
There
are many veterans, Latino activists, and others that believe that even
though Guy's Commanding Officer recommended him for the Medal of Honor,
Guy did not receive because he was of Mexican heritage and a very vocal
Republican. He alienated himself from the Hispanic Caucus which is
predominately Democrats. However, those who know his story want it
to be told. His early colonial ancestors settled in New Mexico,
but Guy was born in Los Angeles. Guy was five feet, two or three
inches. The 1960 Hollywood movie from Hell to Eternity about his
deeds, portrayed Guy as a blue-eyed six foot Italian. Guy was
small, 5 feet and 2 or 3 inches.
Hollywood did not think the public was ready for a
Mexican heritage East L.A. Chicano Hero. I met Guy many years ago
in our mutual support of the Hispanic Medal of Honor Exhibit mounted by
Rick Leal at both LULAC and NCLR annual conferences. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053901/
We spent many hours on the phone. I was fascinated by his clearly
expressed motivation for venturing out night after night, by himself, to
talk the Japanese into giving themselves up. Bright Guy had learned
Japanese from his Japanese friends in East L.A. and had an affinity for
the Japanese. My uncle Albert Chapa, a Marine who fought in Guadalcanal
described vividly the cries in the night of the men being tortured for
hours, many to death.
I asked Guy, "Why would you do it?"
"I figured it would end the war sooner,
and less people would die on both sides. Plus, if I died they
would know that a Chicano died for this country." He begged
the mamasans not to throw their babies over the cliffs. I
promised them that we would not eat their babies. "The
parents of my Japanese friends were kind to me. I felt that they
were family."
Steve
Rubin, documentarian (EAST
L.A. MARINE: THE UNTOLD TRUE STORY OF GUY GABALDON) is hopeful
that the movie will be produced again, with someone that looks more like
Guy, so that all our Hispanic/Latino youth will have a real hero to look
to. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1265593/plotsummary
We have the stories of many Hispanic/Latino heroes, but to me Guy was
the hero of the century. He placed himself in danger every night,
knowing what kind of death he might experience. . . . an
amazing man. If you would like to assist in
anyway to promote Guy Gabaldon's legacy, please contact me. We would
like to have a statue of Guy placed in the Guy Gabaldon Apartments.
The Ignacio Gomez Story - Documentary Teaser
Our project is a documentary that revolves upon a humble yet extraordinary individual who exudes a tremendous amount of inspiration, hope and educational promise through his art. He stands in an exposed position among the ranks of highly and respected contemporary masters. This man is Ignacio Gomez, of, by and for the community. Because of his many important contributions to the community via his role as a concerned citizen, activist and artist and his worldwide recognition as an enormously talented individual, we felt utterly compelled to document his life and art through film.
http://vimeo.com/29073660
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ignacio-Gomez/130235533718397
To support the Guy Gabaldon Sculpture project, please contact
Steve Rubin, (818) 739-4074 fastcarrier1944@gmail.com
Guy Gabaldon Apartments for Veterans in Boyle Heights
32 veterans move into Eastside affordable housing complex
by Esmeralda Bermudez
November 10th: For the first time in 30 years, some veteran have a place to call home.
Once homeless, veterans find refuge in Eastside housing complex
Harry Jones' most-prized possession is a big brown sofa, with plenty of room for two. But it sits unused half the time because the 64-year-old veteran prefers to stand across the room, where he can better admire it.
"It's so nice," he said. "Now I just need to get a few more pieces so it's not so lonely."
For the first time in 30 years, Jones said, he has a place to sit - and a place to call home. On Monday, he and 31 other veterans celebrated the opening of the Guy Gabaldon Apartments, the first affordable housing development for homeless senior veterans on the Eastside.
This is a place where these veterans can return to their community and live with dignity in old age.- Maria
Cabildo, president of the East Los Angeles Community Corp.
The three-story gray-and-orange building features sleek, light-filled one-bedroom apartments, each with a bed, a dining room table and granite countertops in the kitchen. There are courtyards and a multipurpose room with a big-screen TV and a treadmill. Large planters soon will hold the tenants' vegetable garden.
The $13-million project, financed through a mix of state and local dollars, aims to help veterans in neighborhoods such as Boyle Heights and East L.A., where more than 800 are estimated to be homeless.
Across Los Angeles County, officials said, there are about 6,000 homeless veterans. But there is potential for those numbers to climb as discharged military personnel return from duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, only to struggle.
Mayor Eric Garcetti said public-private partnerships have plans to spend more than $300 million in L.A. County to make housing more available.
Part of that effort is the downtown Rosslyn Hotel, where a recent $32-million renovation has provided apartments for 75 former service members.
On Monday, November 10th, dozens gathered at the new Eastside complex to honor its residents - as well as the memory of Guy
Gabaldon, an 18-year-old Marine from Boyle Heights credited with capturing more than 1,500 Japanese soldiers during World War II.
Many of the tenants were just getting acquainted with their surroundings. Like college students, they were starting anew, with so much space to fill and so few belongings. Some had struggled on the streets for years, lost in drugs or alcohol, sleeping in shelters, alleys and beaches. Others had stable jobs that disappeared with the economic downturn.
Jones used to camp out in a tent on skid row.
Every night, he said, he had to watch his back and his possessions. Now his pots and pans were neatly stored in cupboards, his blanket draped over his bed. Four walls - clean and white - surrounded him.
"I don't ever plan to hang anything, because I don't want to mess them up," the Vietnam War veteran said.
Aside from housing, veterans at the complex will have access to services including financial planning, job search assistance and credit restoration. Residents will pay for the apartments with federal vouchers.
"This is a place where these veterans can return to their community and live with dignity in old age," said Maria
Cabildo, president of the East Los Angeles Community Corp., the nonprofit developer that led the project with help from New Directions for Veterans, a Brentwood-based group.
Inside every apartment Monday, there was a story.
Gabriel Vigil, 56, of Long Beach had been homeless for 11 years. After serving in the Army in the early 1980s, he divorced and ended up at his parents' home. After they died, he found himself living on the streets, addicted to drugs and alcohol.
Colon cancer forced him into the hospital last year; there he was put in touch with the veterans' aid group that led him to the Guy Gabaldon Apartments.
"I would be dead by now if I wasn't here," Vigil said, sitting at a dining room table neatly decorated with butterfly-adorned place mats that he bought at the 99 Cent store.
Jamal Haqq, 63, said he was doing just fine until 2012. The former Marine had a college degree and his own marketing business. But it shut down during the recession and, for the first time in his life, Haqq was homeless and unable to find work.
Not wanting to impose on relatives, Haqq said, he would sneak onto college campuses to find quiet, safe places to sleep or stay up all night at 24-hour fast food restaurants. He said he never touched drugs or alcohol.
You get to a point where you literally run out of options," the veteran said.
Sitting at his new dining room table by the window, he looked around his spacious living room. He now owns a bicycle, a clock and an analog television - a donation from a fellow veteran and neighbor.
For more photos, go to: East LA Community Corporation,
November 13
Guy Gabaldon Apartments: Housing for Senior Veterans Opening (205 photos)
Thank you all for attending the grand opening of the first permanent supportive housing for senior veterans on the Eastside of Los Angeles. Over one hundred and fifty guests joined East LA Community Corporation
(ELACC) and co-developer New Directions for Veterans (NDVets) in celebrating the grand opening dedication of the Guy Gabaldon Apartments: Housing for Senior Veterans, previously known as Beswick Senior Apartments, held on Monday, November 10, 2014.
We would like to acknowledge everyone that contributed and attended yesterday's event. We hope you enjoyed the music provided by the Air National Band of the West Coast. Thank you to New Directions for Veterans
(NDVets) for their partnership in providing permanent supportive housing and social services for U.S. veterans in Boyle Heights. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10152348114190666.1073741852.324921500665&type=1
Editor Mimi: Thank you to Tony Zapata for in his tireless effort
to make this happen. To lend your support to the New Directions
for Veterans (NDVets) please send an email to tzap793@aol.com
.
TheShrine
Auditoriumis
a landmark large event venue inLos
Angeles,California.
It is also the headquarters of the Al Malaikah Temple, a division of theShriners.
It was designated aLos
Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument(No.
139) in 1975. Opened in 1926, the current Shrine Auditorium replaced
an earlier 1906 Al Malaikah Temple which had been destroyed by a fire on January
11, 1920. In the 1930s, I remember as a child, the Shriners would hold a big Christmas
event for the children of Los Angeles, with entertainment, Santa Claus, plus
a Christmas sock filled with nuts, an orange, and some hard candies.
One Christmas stands out, it may have been 1940,
before WW II. It will always be a puzzlement. The auditorium seats
6,300. Out of the hundreds
of children that filled the auditorium, for some reason, my sister
and I were chosen to have a photo taken for the Los Angeles newspaper,
the only photo which covered the event that year. The clipping was long-lost, but
I often wonder, why were we selected? I used to think it was
because Mom made our clothes and usually dressed my sister Tania, a year
and a half older than me, and me with matching dresses; however, I found that was
a common practice in Spanish speaking families. . . . so
I just have to wonder. ~ Mimi
Los Angeles and the Anglos' "Indian Problem" of
the Transitional era, 1848-1870
How the newly arrived Anglos dealt
with the "Indian Problem" in Los Angeles, about 160 years ago,
inspired Helen Hunt Jackson, to write the book Ramona, which eventually
lead to the yearly on-going Ramona Pageant in Hemet, CA.
Los Angeles was incorporated as an American city on April 4, 1850. Five months later, California was admitted into the Union. Although the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo required the U.S. to grant citizenship to the Indians of former Mexican territories, the U.S. did not get around to doing that for another 80 years. The Constitution of California deprived Indians of any protection under the law, considering them as non-persons. As a result, it was impossible to bring an Anglo to trial for killing an Indian or forcing them off their property. Anglos concluded that the "quickest and best way to get rid of (their) troublesome presence was to kill them off, (and) this procedure was adopted as a standard for many years."[41]
Plight of the Indians at the hands of the Anglos: In 1836, the Indian village of Yaanga was relocated near the future corner of Commercial and Alameda Streets. In 1845, it was relocated again to present-day Boyle Heights.
With the coming of the Americans, disease took a great toll among Indians. Between 1848 and 1880, the total population of Los Angeles went from 75,050 to 12,500. Self-employed Indians were not allowed to sleep over in the city. They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force. Those who loitered or were drunk or unemployed were arrested and auctioned off as laborers to those who paid their fines. They were often paid for work with liquor, which only increased their problems.[40]
When New England author and Indian-rights activist Helen Hunt Jackson
toured the Indian villages of Southern California in 1883, she was appalled by the racism of the Anglos living there. She found they treated Indians worse than animals, hunted them for sport, robbed them of their farmlands, and brought them to the edge of extermination. While Indians were depicted by whites as lazy and shiftless, she found most of them to be hard-working craftsmen and farmers. Jackson's tour inspired her to write her 1884 novel, Ramona, which she hoped would give a human face to the atrocities and indignities suffered by the Indians in California. And it did. The novel was enormously successful, inspiring four movies and a yearly pageant in Hemet, California. Many of the Indian villages of Southern California survived because of her efforts, including Morongo,
Cahuilla, Soboba, Temecula, Pechanga, and Warner Hot Springs.[42]
Remarkably, the Gabrielino Indians, now called Tongva, also survived. in 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that there were 2,000 of them still living in Southern California. Some were organizing to protect burial and cultural sites. Others were trying to win federal recognition as a tribe to operate a casino.[43] The city's first newspaper, Star of Los Angeles, was a bilingual publication which began its run in 1851.[44]
The Conditions in Los Angeles before The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo signed In May, 1846, the Mexican American War broke out. Because of Mexico's inability to defend its northern territories, California was exposed to invasion. On August 13, 1846, Commodore Robert F. Stockton , accompanied by John C. Frémont, seized the town; Governor Pico had fled to Mexico. After three weeks of occupation, Stockton left, leaving Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie in charge. Subsequent maltreatment by Gillespie and his troops caused a local force of 300 locals to force the Americans to leave. , ending the first phase of the Battle of Los Angeles.[13] Further small skirmishes took place. Stockton regrouped in San Diego and marched north with six hundred troops. while Frémont marched south from Monterey with 400 troops. After a few skirmishes outside the city, the two forces entered Los Angeles, this time without bloodshed. Andrés Pico was in charge; he signed the so-called Treaty of Cahuenga (it was not a treaty) on 13 January 1847, ending the California phase of the Mexican–American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on 2 February 1848, ended the war and ceded California to the U.S.[13]
Transitional Era, 1848–1870
Drawing by William Rich Hutton depicting a section of Los Angeles, ca.1847-1949
According to historian Mary P. Ryan, "The U.S. army swept into California with the surveyor as well as the sword and quickly translated Spanish and Mexican practices into cartographic representations."[33] Under colonial law, land held by grantees was not disposable. It reverted to the government. It was determined that under U.S. property law, lands owned by the city were disposable. Also, the diseños (property sketches) held by residents did not secure title in an American court.
California's new military governor Bennett C. Riley ruled that land could not be sold that was not on a city map. In
1849, Lieutenant Edward Ord surveyed Los Angeles to confirm and extend the streets of the city. His survey put the city into the real-estate business, creating its first real-estate boom and filling its treasury.[34] Street names were changed from Spanish to English. Further surveys and street plans replaced the original plan for the pueblo with a new civic center south of the Plaza and a new use of space.
The fragmentation of Los Angeles real estate on the Anglo-Mexican axis had begun. Under the Spanish system, the residences of the power-elite clustered around the Plaza in the center of town. In the new American system, the power elite would reside in the outskirts. The emerging minorities, including the Chinese, Italians, French, and Russians, joined with the Mexicans near the Plaza.[8]
In 1848, the gold discovered in Coloma first brought thousands of miners from Sonora in northern Mexico on the way to the gold fields. So many of them settled in the area north of the Plaza that it came to be known as Sonoratown.
During the Gold Rush years in northern California, Los Angeles became known as the "Queen of the Cow Counties" for its role in supplying beef and other foodstuffs to hungry miners in the north. Among the cow counties, Los Angeles County had the largest herds in the state followed closely by Santa Barbara and Monterey Counties.[35]With the temporary absence of a legal system, the city was quickly submerged in lawlessness. Many of the New York regiment disbanded at the end of the war and charged with maintaining order were thugs and brawlers. They roamed the streets joined by gamblers, outlaws, and prostitutes driven out of San Francisco and mining towns of the north by Vigilance Committees or lynch mobs. Los Angeles came to be known as the "toughest and most lawless city west of Santa Fe."[36]
Some of the residents resisted the new Anglo powers by resorting to banditry against the gringos. In
1856, Juan Flores threatened Southern California with a full-scale revolt. He was hanged in Los Angeles in front of 3,000 spectators.
Tiburcio Vasquez, a legend in his own time among the Mexican-born population for his daring feats against the Anglos, was captured in present-day Santa Clarita, California on May 14, 1874. He was found guilty of two counts of murder by a San Jose jury in
1874, and was hanged there in 1875.
Los Angeles had several active Vigilance Committees during that era. Between 1850 and 1870, mobs carried out approximately
35 lynchings of Mexicans—more than four times the number that occurred in San Francisco. Los Angeles was described as "undoubtedly the toughest town of the entire nation."[37] The homicide rate between 1847 and 1870 averaged 158 per 100,000 (13 murders per year), which was
10 to 20 times the annual murder rates for New York City during the same period.[38]
The fear of Mexican violence and the racially motivated violence inflicted on them further marginalized the Mexicans, greatly reducing their economic and political opportunities.[39]
John Gately Downey, the seventh Governor of California was sworn into office on January 14, 1860, thereby becoming the first Governor from Southern California. Governor Downey was born and raised in Castlesampson, County Roscommon, Ireland, and came to Los Angeles in 1850. He was responsible for keeping California in the Union during the Civil War.
Maria Josefa Grijalva de Yorba 1766-1830
Josefa's Story
California's Day of the Teacher by Galal Kernahan
Who Owned Tia Juana by Galal Kernahan
A Long Scar by Galal Kernahan
Sand Diego State University Receives Feminist Gracia Molina de Pick Life's
Dear Mimi: I have written a fictional memoir based on the life of
Maria Josefa Grijalva de Yorba, wife of Jose Antonio Yorba I. It is
based on the facts that I have been able to discover about her fascinating
life from 1766 - 1830. She was grandmother, aunt, godmother or
related by marriage to most of the early California Spanish /Mexican
pioneers. I would like to share her story.
Maria Josefa is my great-great-great-great grandmother. I have many fond memories of the California rancho where her life ended and mine began.
When I began researching her life I read a quote by David McCollough: “I find a subject I want to read about. If the book doesn’t exist, I write it.” I followed his lead and here is my ongoing effort to write her story. Click on the “Por Mis
Hijos” page to read or download the manuscript.
You can read my manuscript of "Por Mis Hijos" and find a
collection of reference materials at: http://mariajosefagrijalva.wordpress.com/ Thank you for all the work that you have done to share our history.
I am including all of the research materials that I have found that illuminate Josefa’s story and life in California from 1776 – 1830. I am happy to share. Please click on Bibliography, Documents, and Letters to view. I encourage you to contribute additional materials and to question any findings of mine.
DEDICATION: This is for my mother Marilyn Jeanne Yorba and all the mothers
whose stories have been forgotten.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Thanks to Eddie Grijalva, whose account of the Grijalva
family origins in California inspired my quest.I am grateful to my family, friends, historians, and fellow writers who
have consistently offered encouragement and inspired me to continue my quest.
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Site of original Grijalva adobe c. 1801 at el Paraje Santiago. 3
Figure 2. Juan de Grijalva c. 1520 Unknown - 5
Figure 3. Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi Mission's church ruins 7
Figure 4. Fray Orci. Portrait of Juan Bautista de Anza. 1774 12
Figure 5. Cardero, José. Monterey Soldier 1791 13
Figure 6. Cleveland National Forest. 18
Figure 7. Mule train at Anza Borrego State Park. Anza Borrego Desert State park Magazine 19
Figure 8. Metate for grinding chocolate 20
Figure 9. Chocolatera 20
Figure 10. Batidor & molinillos 20
Figure 11. Looking toward Anza trail, Anza Borrego Desert State Park, February 2011. 27
Figure 12. Cleveland National Forest, CA. 29
Figure 13. The brutal death of Father Luís Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, November 4, 1775 (artist unknown). 31
Figure 14. A Catalonian Volunteer, Presidio de San Diego, 1769. 32
Figure 15. Bell Canyon, CA. 35
Figure 16. Von Perbandt, Carl. Pomo Indians Camped at Fort Ross. 1886., 38
Figure 17. Cardero, Jose. Ohlone ceremonial dance at Mission San José. 1816 39
Figure 18. El Polín Spring, Photo by A.S. Yorba 2013 41
Figure 19. Tilesius von Tilenau, Whilhelm. Spanish Establishment of San Francisco in New California 1806. 44
Figure 20. Rowe, Heironymous. Wattle and daub construction with thatch roof. 2005 46
Figure 21. Zureks. St. Fagans Celtic village palisade wall. 46
Figure 22. Choris,Louis. Vue du Presidio San Francisco. 1816. 48
Figure 23. Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, Construction of a tule shelter--Lake Pom. 51
Figure 24. Choris, Louis. Jeu des Habitans de Californie. San Francisco. 1822. 54
Figure 25. Vadinska, Alexandra. Sergeant's house in 1792. 56
Figure 26. Analyzing 18th Century Lifeways. A resident's comal. Pd. 254 57
Figure 27. Mexican mano and metate. Analyzing 18th Century Lifeways. Pd. 254 57
Figure 28. Photo Margaret Yorba wearing 200 year old shawl belonging to Josefa Yorba. 1927 60
Figure 29. Excerpt from Mission San Francisco de Asís (Dolores) California. 60
Figure 30. Don Pedro Fages 62
Figure 31. Consecration of the Mission San Cárlos Borromeo de Carmelo 66
Figure 32. Indian graveyard at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmel. 68
Figure 33. Cardero, José. Vista del Presidio de Monterey, 1791. 70
Figure 34. Cardero, José. Wife of a Monterey Soldier, 1791. Museo de América, Madrid. 71
Figure 35. Reception Room, Mission San Carlos Borromeo, 72
Figure 36. Cardero, José. Plaza del Presidio de Monterey c. 1791 74
Figure 37. Duché de Vancy, Gaspard. La Perouse at Mission Carmel 1786. 75
Figure 38. San Diego Presidio Hill. 1872 78
Figure 39. Tortillas sonorense 82
Figure 40. Grijalva Adobe site 85
Figure 41. California State Park Commission Historical Landmark #204. 93
Figure 42. Recreation of Tongva (Gabrieleño) Indian hut c. 1790. 94
Figure 43. Santa Ana Viejo 95
Figure 44. Bubbling tar at La Brea tarpits 96
Figure 45. Stone water filter 96
Figure 46. Kitchen at Mission San Carlos Borromeo. 97
Figure 47. Padre's room at Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmel. 99
Figure 48. Nebel, Carl. Man with Young Women. 1836 100
Figure 49. Nebel, Carl. Rancheros. 1834 101
Figure 50. Deppe, Ferdinand. Mission San Gabriel 1832. 102
Figure 51. Grave marker at Mission San Juan Capistrano. 105
Figure 52. Penelon, Henri. Bernardo Antonio Yorba (1801 - 1858) 107
TABLE OF MAPS
Map 1. The Pimería Alta region of Nueva España 6
Map 2. 1767 map of San Felipe de Gracia Real de Terrenate by José de Urrutia. NPS 10
Map 3. Map of the Anza Expedition trail. National Park Service. 16
Map 4. Peninsula of San Francisco, Map of Explorations. Bancroft v. I, 281. 37
Map 5. Creek and Watershed Map of San Francisco. 40
Map 6. Creek and Watershed Map of San Francisco. 42
Map 8. Moraga Plan 1776 45
Map 9. Vancouver, George. San Diego Bay 1798 77
Map 10. Vallejo, Mariano. 1820 80
Map 12. No. 346 S.D. Bernardo Yorba et al Clmt. "Santiago de Santa Ana" 84
Map 13. Gibson, Wayne Dell. Tomas Yorbas Santa Ana Viejo 1769 - 1847. 91
PROLOGUE
Maria Josefa Grijalva de Yorba, my great-great-great-great grandmother, first crossed the waters of the Río de Santa Ana in the year 1775. That river would define the bounds of my homeland, the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. The dusty pathways that I walked in childhood were the same that Josefa trod in the last 20 years of her life. Almost two hundred years later the last Yorba of my lineage closed the door of the family home and left for good. As a member of the seventh generation of her family to be nurtured by that soil, I came to feel that Josefa and I were bookends to a significant piece of California history.
I had always been told that our family descended from the great explorer José Antonio Yorba, who accompanied Gaspar de Portolá on the first Spanish explorations of Alta California. But no one ever mentioned Antonio's wife, Maria Josefa. I discovered her in my 60th year, 4 years younger than she was at the time of her death. It is a time of reflection.
My life in the 1950s was little changed from that of Maria Josefa's children except that we had electricity and cars and television. The men farmed and hunted, made wine and herded cattle. The women cooked and gossiped and kept us clean and in good favor with the Catholic Church. I spent almost every Sunday of my childhood on what was left of the Rancho Cañon de Santa Ana with a horde of cousins, aunts, and uncles. It was a clearly defined world.
In the 1960s that world broke apart. The family dispersed. There were stories in the family about people generations back who "went away and were never heard from again". I was almost one of those people. My children grew up far away from our homeland. They had no knowledge of the smells and sounds and textures of the world I knew. My grandchildren only heard the lullabies and stories from their Nani about faraway places and people that used to matter.
My desire to preserve memories of that life moved me to search out the beginnings. So many stories have disappeared with the loss of those who remembered them. I wanted to know Maria Josefa. I hope that this fictional memoir will keep her story alive for generations of the future.
I am not a history scholar. This work is written as a "creative" memoir. Josefa did not read or write so we will never know her actual words or thoughts. I have used the breadcrumbs of historical records to reconstruct her story as she might have told it. This is a fairly accurate recounting of real events, people and places. I have invented some relationships that might have occurred. In cases where the historical record is ambiguous I have I have made educated guesses about certain characters' participation in events. I hope this work encourages the reader's curiosity to learn about the people and events who made us what we are.
I have tried to inhabit the mind of Josefa's era. Cultural attitudes toward race and class were often offensive from our point of view. Native americans were usually referred to as "indios" in the spanish archives and so it is in this account. Please forgive any errors of fact. I welcome sharing information that others may have to contribute.
Figure
1.Site of original Grijalva adobe c. 1801 at el Paraje
Santiago.
Photo by A. S. Yorba 2013
Santa
Ana Viejo
25 Nov. 1829
Ma. Josefa Grijalva de Yorba
I
sit in the shade of the veranda of my home at Santa Ana Viejo and look out across the valley.I can see the snow-topped Santa Ana mountains to the north.The sun is reflecting off the ocean to the south like a
glittering knife blade. A
mist of fresh green is spreading across the hills.The hot dry santa ana winds that howl through the valley on the
anniversary of Antonio's death will arrive soon enough.
I
watch my children and grandchildren busying themselves around me.I have traveled far to find this place to rest.Now my sons' wives have taken over the work of running the
household and I have time for reflection.Con el favor del dios, I will die knowing that my granddaughters
will enjoy here the peace of home and family that I only dreamed of
through most of my life.
I
never learned the esteemed arts of reading and writing but I made sure
that my daughters did.I
have asked Ysabel to help me record my memories.She has returned home
after her husband José Joaquin Maitorena died in Mexico City while
serving in Congress.The
only thing I can thank her husband for is that her literacy and
accounting skills have improved to cover his inadequacies. I
hope that she stays with me for awhile.But she has an independent spirit.She is being ardently courted by several of the most prominent
gentlemen of Alta California, not only because of her beauty but also
because of the lands she inherited upon the death of her father José
Antonio Yorba.
She
might have been reduced to reliance upon others to take care
of her as poor widow had her inheritance been lost. I
vowed that I would never allow my daughters to rely solely on the
unpredictable generosity of a father or husband for their well-being and
that of their children.She
has asked me to tell my story before it is lost like the dust that is
forever being swept into the cracks from the adobe hearth.
My
birthplace in the wilderness fortress of Presidio Terrenate, Nueva
España is now an almost-forgotten dream.Sitting in the courtyard of my family home with my mother
embroidering altarpieces for the church, I could not have foreseen that
I would travel beyond the bounds of the known world to arrive at this
life in Alta California.
My
father, Juan Pablo Grijalva, a sergeant of the Spanish Royal Army, was
of the purest sangre español.His ancestor Juan De Grijalva had come to New Spain in the 1500s
to embark on the noble quest to bring the Holy Word of God to the
savages of the New World, to send riches back to Spain, and to enrich
themselves.If
he had faced a less ruthless rival than Hernan Cortes himself, I would
be sitting in a big house in the Capitol, dressed in silks and lace, and
waited on by softer and whiter hands than my own are now.
Historia de Cuéllar,
Balbino Velasco Bayón, Segovia, 1996, Sección Gráfica.
In
the 18th century King Carlos III of Spain ruled Nueva
España which occupied all of the lands west of the Mississipi River
as well as Florida, Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America.Terrenate Presidio was one of the fortresses established in the
Pimería Alta, the lands of the Pima Indian tribe.It was in the northern frontier of in the Sonora district on
lands securely governed by Spain after Spaniards had been expelled from
Santa Fe in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.Dominion over native tribes was still not secure by the
mid-1700s.
I
barely remember my Abuelo, Andrés
Grijalva [1721-1770].He was
a soldier of the Royal Presidio at Tubac guarding the Mission at Guevavi.He and my Abuelita, Luisa Maria Leiva [1720-1770] both grew up in
the wilderness of northern Sonora [now southern Arizona], Nueva España.They had six children including
Papá.He was born at La
Valle de San Luis, Sonora in 1742 and baptized February 2, 1744 at the
Mission San Gabriel de Guevavi.
Figure
3.Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi Mission's church ruins with San Cayetano
Mountain and the Santa Rita Mountains in the background. NPS Photo
Our
family never slept peacefully in the Pimería.We were constantly shrouded in fear of Indian attack.As a child Papá saw friends, neighbors, and family ruthlessly
slaughtered during the revolt of the Pima tribes and later the
relentless Apache raids.Following
the family tradition of military service, Papá left Guevavi as a young
man to join the army at the neighboring Terrenate Presidio.
My
young father, having no lands or inheritance, was fortunate to win the
hand of Maria Dolores Valencia.Born in San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, in 1744, she was one of
the fortunates who survived the smallpox epidemic of 1762.She still draws her rebozo across her face to hide the scars long
after they have faded from sight.She
was in danger of becoming a spinster when he asked for her hand in 1764.At 20 years of age perhaps she finally despaired of waiting for a
distinguished officer from Mexico City to carry her away to the Capital.
The
customary laws of primogeniture decreed that all of the land passed from
one generation to the next by way of the eldest son.Daughters would hope to marry an eldest son.Younger sons would hope to marry into a family without sons or
enter the military or the priesthood.
Although
Mother's home at San Miguel de Horcasitas was a beseiged outlier of
civilization, the Presidio Terrenate to which she went with her new
husband, was beyond the pale.She
cried for her mother when I was born to her at San Felipe de Gracia Real de Terrenate Presidio
on
January
4, 1766.She
was soothed by the local curandera,
who knew the leaves and roots to ease the pain and fear.Each time Papá was sent out on a campaign she feared for his
life - and for our lives should he fail to return.But as a daughter of a soldier, she knew that her days would be
spent supporting her husband in a perpetual struggle to hold back the
savage tribes that threatened to annihilate them. Papá
was wounded twice in
the 10 years he served at Terrenate during 20 campaigns against the
Yaqui, Apache, and Seri Indians.
While
Abuelo Grijalva was on duty at Tubac, Apaches attacked the Mission at
Guevavi in 1768 killing all but 2 soldiers.He eluded the Guevavi massacre only to be killed by Apaches two
years later at San Ignacio de Cabórica.
Mission
San Ignacio Caborica Entry:"On November 27, 1770, having declared some of his meager
goods, and having received the Holy Sacrament of Penance but not the
Viaticum or Extreme Unction because of his accelerated death, Don Andres
Grijalva, was buried in the church of this Mission of San Ignacio. He
was a Spaniard and resident of Terrenate. He was married to Hilaria
de Leiva. The enemy shot him with their arrows earlier this month. For
this truth, I, the undersigned minister for His Majesty, afixed my
signature on the above mentioned day, month, and year. - Fray Diego Martín
García"
My
Abuelita Luisa Maria was with us when the soldiers came to tell her that
Abuelo had been murdered.She
retreated to her room and refused all food and drink until she was able
to rejoin her husband in the next world.After the deaths of mis
abuelos Papá sent us back to San Miguel
de Horcasitas to stay with mother's parents, Grandfather and Nana
Valencia, until the danger should subside.My little sister Maria del Carmen was born there in 1772.
Because
they were not born in Spain, my parents and grandparents could not claim
the highest level of casta.That belonged to the peninsulares, those born in Spain.Through their 200 year residency in Mexico our family had
retained its sangre azul, the blue blood of Spain, and was proud to be
called español.While anyone with more than a few drops of Castillian blood
claimed themselves as "spanish", we knew that many of the
dark-eyed, olive skinned youth were actually coyotes or mestizos, the
children of Indian women who were more often than not taken as wives.The young men who came from Spain to seek their fortune as
soldiers far outnumbered the women (decent or not) who were willing to
venture so far.
Juan
Pablo Grijalva and Maria Dolores Valencia were both identified as 'español'
in census rolls.The
identification of class and race was an essential feature of Spanish
colonial culture.The term
"gente de razón"
(people of reason) referred to the class (casta) of colonial society who
were classified as having some percentage of spanish or european blood.Peninsulares (natives
of Spain) were perceived as fundamentally superior to criollos (spaniards born in the americas).The mixture of European, Native, Asian, and African blood
produced a multitude of categories of casta, depending on the mix and
percentage of each. Social status decreased with darkness of skin.Expedition members were described as español, mestizo, mulato (african
and español), indio, coyote (mestizo and indian), or pardo (español,
african, and indian).
Bloodlines
were carefully monitored, especially by those attempting to maintain
their position at the top of the power scale.In seeking a spouse for their children, families were acutely
aware that their choice could significantly raise or lower their casta
or social status.Likewise,
an individual of questionable background who gained land, wealth, or
status could also acquire “whiteness” in the eyes of society by an
advantageous marriage, especially in less closely monitored frontier
regions.By the time of the
second Anza expedition in 1776, most of the so-called españoles in the
northern frontier towns were criollos or meztisos.
A
Mexican criollo could apply for an official decree of legitimidady limpieza de sangre (legitimacy and purity of blood) for the
family name.The decree
certified that the family bloodline was untainted by Jewish, African, or
any other non-Christian blood.
The
people of Horcasitas maintained fervently the customs and manners of
Spain as they remembered or supposed them to be.Nana, my Mother's mother, was fiercely proud of her limpieza
de sangre.I remember
Grandfather Valencia, who was older than Nana, sitting in the sun to
warm his brittle old bones in the morning.The children dared not speak to Grandfather until spoken to.And no one would come or go from the house without first
receiving his blessing.How
I wish I could go back to receive my grandparent's blessing one more
time.
Nana
also knew the pain of being uprooted from her home.She had come to San Miguel de Horcasitas in 1749 with her husband
and 4 year old daughter (my mother) from the great city of Culiacán.They ventured north to colonize the new Presidio at San Miguel de
Horcasitas.Grandfather
fought as a defender of the King against the Comcáac uprising.
Spain's
policy in the 1700s was the extermination of the Comcáac tribes of the
northern frontiers of New Spain and seizure of their lands by soldiers
and colonists.Colonists
increasingly displaced indian communities with agricultural ventures.Wholesale seizure of Comcáac lands along with food shortages
finally spurred them to rebellion.
The
Presidio of San Miguel de Horcasitas was established to protect the
Catholic Missions to the Comcáac Indians and to secure control of the
territory from Apache incursions.Over
the years of warfare neighboring farmers, ranchers, and miners abandoned
their endeavors and retreated back to the safety of the Presidio. Many
more farming communities were wiped out by torrential floods of 1770.The result was a shortage of food for the colonists as well as
for trading with indians. Horcasitas was spilling over with settlers who
dared not stray far from the walls of the Presidio.
Once
the Comcáac were eventually subdued, the colonists were besieged by the
Apache, who had been stealing and breeding Spanish horses over the
years.The mobility and
skill of their horsemen extended their range far into settled
territories.The soldiers
were on a continual high level of alert to protect the citizens of the
pueblo.
When
little Carmen was old enough to travel we returned to our adobe house at
Presidio Terrenate.It was
small but cozy in the winter when the cold dry winds blew down from the
north.The surrounding land
was a thorny forest.During
the torrential downpours of summer the air was hot and thick with
moisture and the scent of green.In
the fall the leaves dropped, the air became clear and dry, and the
insects went back into their nests to await the summer rains.On cold winter days I would find a corner of the plaza to sit
with my friends and their mothers, embroidering, shelling beans, and
telling stories.The deep
verandas kept us dry during the summer downpours and sheltered us from
the winter winds.
Map 2.1767 map of San Felipe de Gracia Real de Terrenate by José de
Urrutia.NPS
Our
neighbors, while primarily employed as soldados,
also had skills as harness and saddle makers, carpenters and scribes.The community shared a communal oven supervised by Doña Chepa,
whose nose was tuned to the exact stage of doneness of our daily loaves
of sweet wheat bread.My
mother was the finest seamstress of the Presidio and was called upon by
the other women when extra skill was required.
When
I awoke at dawn the las muchachas
(the indian girls who served us) would have already started the kitchen
fire, and begun grinding the grain on a stone metate
with a hand-held mano.On arising we had a cup of atole
[hot drink made of
water, finely ground corn, brown sugar, cinnamon, vanilla and perhaps
chocolate] and
a few tortillas.Las
muchachas worked in the house; sweeping, washing clothes, carrying
water and firewood, and trotting around babies.They preferred to eat their own corn meal tortillas outside under
the ramada while we joined father and mother for la comida at mid-day at
the dining table.La
comida was most often a stew of beef with posole and wheat bread.In later years I often yearned for the comfort of the cup of hot
chocolate with a soft round bread roll that we ate before bed.
On
clear days we went to the river to wash our precious linens and bits of
lace. Las muchachas washed the
men's clothes, sheets, and towels.Soap
was a rare and precious commodity so we used the sap of yucca stalks to
wash our clothing.Washing
clothes and bathing in the river was a small but delicious pleasure on
days that the cool stream flowed around the sun warmed rocks under a
blue sky.Because of the
danger from Indian attack, soldiers were always on guard when we left
the walls of the presidio.Our
white undergarments hanging on the thorny bushes along the river bank
signaled the boys not to approach.
CALIFORNIA'S DAY OF THE TEACHER
A Paper Prepared by GALAL KERNAHAN
It was January 1982. I
was in the El Monte district office of state Senator Joseph B. Montoya.
"Why don't we have a 'Day of the Teacher' in California, Joe? They've had
one for years in Mexico. A beautiful custom. The Association of Mexican-American
Educators (amae) is already observing it here and there in the state. God knows
that many teachers can do with some appreciation and recognition. Besides
..."
"O.K., O.K.! So
draft a bill. I'll introduce it." The senator chopped me off when I was
just halfway to getting wound up. I hate that. I'm a sore winner. "Make
sure that it doesn't cost any money or it won't have a chance in this
session," he added.
No money. That meant an
observance on a regular school day. California has some of those on the books
— like Susan Anthony's and Luther Burbank's birthdays. Only they don't get
observed. Well, that was to worry about later. I polished the language, both
sentences. amae enthusiastically agreed to be the sponsoring organization.
The two-sentence draft
bloomed into a multi-paragraph bill (SB1546). This began in the Senate Education
Committee. Folks there noticed that my mid-May date (in accord with the day
observed in Mexico) coincided with the education code deadline for giving final
notice of non-reemployment to a tenured teacher.
Oooops. The solution by
amendment was classic. The California "Day of the Teacher" to be
celebrated in all public schools would be either/and/or the Tuesday of
"Public Schools Week" (traditionally set by school boards); the third
Tuesday of April; when the governor proclaimed it; some of the above.
Galal Kernahan of
Newport Beach is a member of the Credentials Committee of the state Commission
on Teacher Credentialing, U.S. correspondent for Mexico's Tiempo magazine and chair of the 1985 "Day of the Teacher" celebration.
No money. . . Well, nothing's
perfect.
The rest of the
wordiness seems to boil down to cross-my-heart-and-hope-to-die this legislation
won't cost the state any money and, if it does, punt. Anyway, Senator Montoya
took the bill under his wing and guided it through to enactment on September 10,
1982. Now there was a law — EDUCATION CODE 37227.6.
But, as we all know, it is one
thing to pass a law, and it may be quite another to get anyone to pay attention
to it.
In 1983 we set up a
public benefit corporation, magisterio — so nonprofit it had no funds at all.
We announced that California's First Annual "Day of the Teacher" would
be Tuesday, April 19, 1983. No one else ( had a better idea what the law
might mean, so we got away with it.
We elicited gracious
greetings to all teachers on the occasion from the governor. I wrote Washington
inviting a few kind words from President Reagan and received an elegant staff
phone call. The White House person gently pointed out that it was a state
observance and that protocol suggested our request be declined. "I fully
understand," I said. "Besides, we
have already received
presidential greetings." That dead pause was delicious. "Yes, we sent
a letter thanking Mexico for setting us a lovely example for this beautiful
custom, and President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado sent us his greetings on our
'Day of the Teacher.'" "It has been a
real pleasure talking with you." "Likewise."
Activities: AMAE worked hard to
promote the initial "Day." So did the California Teachers Association.
Westinghouse Beverage Group (7Up) popped for a poster. But many schools never
heard of the "Day" in time.
Last year, Governor
George Deuk-mejian proclaimed April 10th as the "Day." More schools
throughout the state participated in activities honoring teachers and the
teaching profes-sion. Governor Deukmejian, Superintendent of Public Instruction
Bill Honig and everyone else reached early agreement that Tuesday, April 16,
1985, would be California's Third Annual "Day of the Teacher." This
time, not only will almost all schools participate, but the occasion will be on
its way as a major public event in this state.
There will be a
gubernatorial proclamation and a host of "resolutions" from various
levels of government. amae has mounted a campaign to place "public-service
announcements" on radio and TV stations. Churches and temples are planning
to recognize teacher-members in their congregations. Schools are preparing
"home-comings" for their former, now-retired, teachers; some will
include former students, now in teacher preparation. The governor has already
drafted a letter "to parents," to be reproduced to go home from
schools with students later this spring.
And some year — some
legislative session — the "Day of the Teacher" law itself will be
subject to one of the California Legislature's most hallowed traditions: the
clean-up trailer bill. We will pin down the "Day" in statute, and hand
the perfected version to California classroom teachers as a tribute. They
deserve it. jft
MARCH 1985
Who Owned Tia Juana?
By Galal Kernahan
In 1829, Santiago Arguello received a 15,000 acre grant from Jose Maria
Echeandia, his predecessor as Governor. The spread was called "Rancho Tia
Juana." Sixty years later on July 11, 1889, the Sra. Augustin Olvera and
the Arguello heirs entered into a land development agreement that at first went
nowhere. Add another half century and. . .well. . .better to turn the story over
to John Murphy.
Jack London called Murphy "Foghorn" because he rode a horse around
San Francisco hollering up fans for baseball games. Now long dead, he was in
failing health in Camarillo, California, when he recounted his tale to me.
"I don't like a cry-baby. No one else does either. I don't mind being a
sucker, but I don't like being made a fool of. And they sure made a first-class
fool out of me."
A baseball deal pulled Murphy out of San Francisco. The plan was to move the
old Mission Club from the Golden Gate City to San Diego. When that finally came
to pass, it was another man— not Murphy who brought it off. Having gravitated
southward hoping to be a mover and shaker in baseball, he took another low fast
pitch in partnering with a sharp Tijuanense, owner of the border city's phone
company and investor in the Rosarito Beach Hotel.
Together they set up a 5 0,000-watt radio station twenty miles south of the
border. Murphy purchased the equipment and stored it near Los Angeles in
Southgate. An engineer began putting things together. The Tijuana phone company
was way behind in remitting long distance U.S. tolls to American phone
companies. To try to recover some of the debt, they slapped an attchment on the
equipment and posted a marshall to guard it. "My partner, he was a little
guy, came over one night to Southgate with a couple of girls and a couple
bottles of whiskey. He went back the next morning with the radio station in two
trucks. They had gotten the marshal drunk and taken my station and put it up
south of the border."
When Murphy went to make the numbers, his partner told him, "You cheap
Irish so-and-so! You yell about $50,000! You stole California, Texas and Arizona
from my people!" The partner was eventually collared north of the border.
He was jailed a few days for contempt of court. The station was typical of
frontier radio by then. It featured shouting miracle-working preachers and
self-styled U.S. of A country-savers like the other border broadcasters. With
his failed baseball team transfer scheme, the radio venture brought Mutphy's
count to "Strike Two!" That didn't keep him from swinging with all he
had at the next pitch. Wind from that mighty cut all but turned Tijuana upside
down.
He told me that "In L.A. One Friday afternoon, a man came to my door. He
says 'My skin is black. My name is White, and I got as much Irish in me as you
do. I'd like to talk to you. Give me a half hour of your time. I got something
very interesting." He told me about this woman who had power of attorney
for nine of them. "I'd like to have you meet her. Wherever she goes, They
say she's crazy." I says, "We all have a little insanity in us. So,
maybe, myself and her, both being nuts can get together,"
Murphy followed along
to a house in East Los Angeles. A woman by the front door made him understand
she didn't speak English. She waved him round to the back. He stooped and
entered a gloomy cellar hung with sheets. An old lady, doing her rosary by the
light of a candle, looked up from her prayers and said, "God send me an
angel!" It was Susana Lucero Regnier, flea-bitten and living in
destitution. She brought out papers. She showed Murphy her powers-of-attorney
for other Arguello heirs, claimants to Santiago Arguello's Tijuana Ranch.
"There was an
apple box with some sprouted potatos in it and bread so hard you couldn't put a
finger through it. Angel that I was I went out to buy her some groceries."
He paid the phone bill, signed a contract with the widow and moved her into the
Hotel Rosalyn in downtown L.A. "Some people you look in the face and you
see honesty. And others. . .you see grand larceny. . .She had the face of
honesty to me. . ."
As they drew up an agreement, Foghorn asked the Widow
"How much money do you need?" She totaled it. It came to $5,075.00.
They signed papers prepared by his lawyer. Murphy was in for 25% of the take for
twenty years. Others joined Murphy in funding the old lady's needs and roudning
up heirs. Other Arguellos were as poverty-stricken as the widow.
They signed papers prepared by his lawyers. Murphy was in for
twenty-five percent of the take for twenty-five years. Other joined Murphy in
funding the old ladies needs and rounding up the heirs. Many Arguellos were as
poverty stricken as the widow. Alberto and Sella Arguello Smith were charity
wards of San Diego County. "I bought clothes for them. I fed them and done
everything for them. I took them off relief."
The Widow Regnier went to Mexico City and, on March 18, 1938,
won her case! There had been a 1929 decree making the Tijuana Ranch
"patrimony of the Nation." The Court nullified all land transfers
based on it. That made the Arguello heirs rose in value. By 1943, suspect
maneuvers to try to "repossess" Tijuana enraged the whole community.
Widow Regnier died in the midst of the tumult.
By 1943, suspect maneuvers to try to "repossess"
Tijuana enraged the whole community. The Widow Regnier died in the midst of the
tumult. A generation later, Arguello claims, reincarnated as "ICSA" (Inmuebles
Californios Anonima, California Properties Incorporated) rocked the city.
James Croften, who Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas expelled
from Mexico as a sharp operator, worked his way into the action. According to
Murphy "Croften kidnapped those heirs off me!" Thus began long drawn
out litigation. Foghorn and his group formed the "Arguello Estate
Protective Association" and sued to try to protect their contract. Because
the heirs leased the Caliente Race Track, the litigation was against the Track
as well as the claimant descendants of Santiago Arguello. It sought an
accounting of hundreds of thousands of dollars.
A judgment was won in an American Court, but little was ever
collected. "You know. . .my mistake," said Foghorn, "I thought
there was a treaty between the United States and Mexico. "There is one for
criminal, but not for civil."
A major mid-twentieth century San Diego player in Tijuana
financial ventures was John Alessio. Murphy's most spectacular claim was for
Caliente Race Track money used to ransom Alessio's kidnapped brother. When both
the brother and the money were recovered, Murphy tried to unsuccessfully to
attach the money. "If I got a nickel coming, I got four million
American," Foghorn told me in that long ago interview. "We owned the
whole town of Tijuana. We gave it back to get clear title to the racetrack. I'm
the guy who financed the whole deal."
Like many Tijuana stories, this one is really too tidy when
told only from an American point of view.
A LONG SCAR
by Galal Kernahan
When is a line not just a line? When it is the scar on an old war wound.
After a mid-19th
century war, a binational survey party gathered at the edge of the Pacific. The
feelings of the Mexicans and Americans there in San Diego about what they were
about to do went far beyond establishing a boundary. They were about to confirm
a West-East line between peoples. It would reach from one ocean to where the Rio
Grande ran into the sea of another.
U.S. and Mexican military men attended an off-to-work get-acquainted
gathering before starting. There was a barrel of whiskey and plenty of food.
Because it was the Fourth of July, the American Commanding Officer rose and
intoned the U.S. Declaration of Independence. "We hold these truths to be
self-evident. . .that to secure these rights governments are instituted among
men deriving their Just powers from jhe consent of the governed,.." and on
to its end. .. ___
"fhere may have been only one person on the Mexican survey team who
could grasp those phrases. Then in his twenties, Felipe Andres Guadalupe de
Iturbide y Arregui had been born in Mexico City's Moncada Palace. He came into
the world November 30, 1832, late in his father's reign. By then Emporer
Augustin Iturbide had brought three centuries of Spanish overseas rule to an
end. He presided over the last of its New World sway.
When overthrown, he was allowed to go into exile on condition he never return
to Mexico. When he returned by crossing into Tamaulipas, he was stood up against
a wall in this northeastern corner of Mexico and shot. By then, his surveyor son
had died not far from him on the lower Rio Grande. He had been tracking the
downstream flow of that boundary river between Texas and Mexico.
At the San Diego survey teams get-together, Prince Felipe barely missed
igniting a riot. " Recitation of the North American Declaration of
Independence set him off. "I'll show you independence!" He announced
in English he could show all real independence and that he could whip any number
of Americans. Half the uniformed partygoers began rising.
The head of the Mexican delegation may not have understood exactly what
Iturbide had said, but he grasped immediately what was about to happen. He began
strangling the young Iturbide. As best he could, he was making it understood
Iturbide had spoken for no one.
Before the binational lining commenced almost nothing seemed to be happening
where it was about to start along the Pacific Coast. . Long ago scattered
exceptions were men, horses and some times cattle trampling a Camino Real (Royal
Trail) across what eventually would become the the border city, Tijuana.
Dear Friends,
San Diego State University has the distinction of adding a landmark gift to its Library. Internationally renowned feminist Gracia Molina de Pick has contributed the records of her life’s work to the university’s Special Collections.
A longtime San Diego resident, Molina de Pick is widely known and respected for a lifetime of involvement as an educator, activist, mentor and philanthropist who champions the rights of women, indigenous peoples, laborers and immigrants.
San Diego State is honored to be selected as the institution to preserve her extraordinary materials. Decades from now, the documents and other items in this collection will draw scholars to our library for research in a multitude of areas influenced by this remarkable woman.
Now, however, our charge is to inventory, catalog, digitize, and preserve this unique and important collection and to organize a reception celebrating Gracia Molina de Pick. I ask you to help us raise $10,000 to achieve these goals by making a donation to SDSU’s Chicana/o Archive. Your generous gift will allow us to finish processing these materials and to hold a reception in Gracia’s honor thanking her for her generous donation.
Your contribution of any amount will make a big difference. Please click the Make A Gift button below and follow her example of generosity by helping to give Gracia Molina de Pick’s exceptional collection the prominence it deserves.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely, Richard Griswold Del Castillo
Professor Emeritus, Chicana/o Studies SDSU and Chair of the Chicana/o Archive Advisory Committee http://rgriswol.wix.com/chicanoarchive
Joseph Mendez Parr & Family
of Arvada, Colorado
10th Annual Hispanic Film Festival
Joseph (Pepe) Mendez Parr from Arvada, Colorado sends a Christmas greeting.
and writes "Over the years, I have slowly learned that 'Girls Rule'! and proudly wished to show my daughters & granddaughter to family and friends. They are my joy!"
Daughters of Sara & Krista
& granddaughter, Elyse
Love your 'Somos Primos' website...just wish that we had information packaged together such as yours when I was growing up.
No personal computers back then. As a teenager back in the 1950's, I was a constant visitor to our library & would devour books, articles on Hispanic Heritage...by the way, our Denver Public Library's, Western History Dept.'s oldest documents are
several ancient Spanish Land Grants. These are still not completely translated due to the archaic Spanish that they are written in. A recent phone call to that particular Dept. revealed that these documents are being studied by several experts...but not totally
understood. The documents date back to the late 1600's...so you can see that we, the Hispanic people, have been around here in Colorado for a long, long time.
My wife Lisa's roots in the Southwest go back many generations. Her mother, Emma Ruiz,
maiden name Nuanes, was from Albuquerque, NM. The Nuanes family trace their roots there back to the city's early beginnings. There is an old Catholic Church still standing on
'Nuanes St.', where I-25 & Hwy.40 intersect (very near where the old Furr's Cafeteria used to stand) & the land that this church is built on was donated by the Nuanes family generations ago. There are many Nuanes family members there & here in Denver Metro to this day.
As far as Christmas memories...they were all good when our family could get together to enjoy ... I am sending our favorite video, 'Mary did you know..' to you. It portrays Christmas in the true sense & why we, as Christians, celebrate Jesus Christ's Birth here on earth.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfpK6cNPF7YA.
Many, many thanks again for your gift to us, 'Somos Primos' website.
With our love,
Joseph Mendez Parr & Family
10th Annual Hispanic Film Festival
Five outstanding foreign films were viewed from Oct. 22–Nov. 19
Estimada Mimi,
You may want to share this web site on Spanish Films and opportunities for participating in Hispanic Film Festivals
in your State/city. Our University of Puget Sound presented the five film listed below.
Gracias, Rafael Ojeda
Tacoma WA
TACOMA, Wash. – This fall the 10th Annual Hispanic Film Festival at University of Puget Sound will bring five cutting-edge Spanish and Latin American films to campus. For the first time, the college has partnered with the Spanish Film Club, an initiative of the Spanish government’s PRAGDA film distribution group, which aims to familiarize global audiences with Hispanic and Latino cultures.
The critically acclaimed films will be screened at 6:30 p.m. on consecutive Wednesdays, from October 22 to November 19, in Rausch Auditorium, Room 003, McIntyre Hall on campus. Admission is free and everyone is welcome. The films are in Spanish; Portuguese; and Guaraní, an indigenous language of Paraguay, with English subtitles. Below is a summary of the show details and a short description of the films. All of the films start at 6:30 p.m.
Oct. 22: Con la pata quebrada (Barefoot in the Kitchen)
Oct. 29: La Yuma
Nov. 5: 7 Cajas (Seven Boxes)
Nov. 12: A Busca (Father’s Chair)
Nov. 19: Chico & Rita
Con la Pata Quebrada won best documentary at both the Turia Awards and the Platino Awards for Ibero-American Cinema. The film, meshing fragments from 180 movies, chronicles how Spanish cinema has portrayed women from the 1930s to today.
In La Yuma an 18-year-old girl raised amidst the gangs and slums of Nicaragua, tries to seek a new life through her passion for boxing. As a famous boxing teacher takes an interest in her skills, she falls in love with a man with a very different lifestyle, forcing her to make choices that do not come easily.
7 Cajas takes the viewer along on a suspenseful journey as a teenager working in a Paraguayan marketplace tries to transport seven boxes across the market. His payment: the other half of a $100 bill. As night descends, the young DVD seller realizes he is an accomplice in a dangerous crime.
A Busca, a best film winner at the Los Angeles Brazilian Film Festival and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival, traces a father’s journey as he looks for his missing son. Facing the dual threats of a divorce and the loss of his son, the workaholic doctor travels through Brazil, discovering what matters most to him.
Chico & Rita is an animated film about two musicians—a singer and a pianist—who travel to New York and Las Vegas on a journey that is thrown into turmoil by jealousies and the whims of their careers. Over a lifetime of triumphs and crises, both shine and both fall, but their love remains unchanged.
The Hispanic Film Festival is sponsored by the Catharine Gould Chism Fund for the Humanities and the Arts and by the Department of Hispanic Studies.
For directions and a map of the University of Puget Sound campus:pugetsound.edu/directions.
For accessibility information please contact accessibility@pugetsound.edu or 253.879.3236, or visit pugetsound.edu/accessibility.
Press photos of two film posters can be downloaded from: pugetsound.edu/pressphotos. Others are available on request.
Tweet this: Hispanic #Film Festival @univpugetsound Oct. 22-Nov 19.
Thank you @pragda! #Tacoma http://is.gd/XrkdK3
My Days as a Colonist/ Soldier with Don Jun de Onate - Part
10 by
Louis F. Serna Youtube: episode in the history of Don Juan de Onate in New
Mexico.
Veteran's Memorial in Arizona
(Picture is from
the cover of the book, THE PUEBLO REVOLT by David Roberts)
My Days as a Colonist /
Soldier with Don Juan de Onate – Part 10
By
Louis F. Serna
December 2014
Dios mio.!I
hardly slept last night, as I’m sure no one else did! The sands of time are
slowly flowing into the hourglassfor this day and everyone’s fate is already
sealed! I finish my morning prayers and am preparing to start my work just as my
Capitan Villagra steps into my work area. “Luis,” he says, “Buenos dias te
de Dios!” “God grant you good day”. I respond likewise. He stands at the
entrance to the tent, looks up at the sky with his hands clasped behind him and
solemnly says, “You know the situation we are in now Luis.The General and I
have been talking about the situation and what lies ahead. We decided that you
must survive all the bloody fighting that we must take to the Acomas. Don Juan
wants to see you right away, but before you go, I have a few words for you as
well. I want you to know that you have been an excellent help to me since the
day you first came into my tent and in fact, I could not have done my job
without you, your experience and your willingness to learn. You now know as much
as I do regarding what has happened to our Expedition since we left Guadalupe
del paso and in fact, you probably know more. I will tell you once again that we
are soldiers and in my case, I don’t know if I will survive this day so I want
to give you this packet of my personal papers for you to save for me in case I
survive. In here, is also a letter of high recommendation that I have prepared
for you. You should keep it safe as it will open doors for you that others only
dream of… and a future that would otherwise not be available to you. God bless
you my son, and now you must report to the Adelantado right away.
I check my
appearance as I always do before appearing before him, and I announce myself at
his tent. “Come in Luis, I have been expecting you”. He is busy stacking
papers and collecting his maps. “As you can see, this business of planning
never ends for anybody, including me! I hope you had a restful night?” I
respond courteously and he says, “I am sorry that since that day you and I
spent a little time together, taking down my tent, I have not had the time to
visit with you. I enjoy talking to you as I have always thought of you as I
thought of my nephew, Juan. I have considered you to be a man of worth with a
good future ahead of you, with the heart of a good man, and not that of a
soldier forced to commit the sins of war. For that reason, I have tried to avoid
sending you on missions where I suspected that there might be bloodshed. I
wanted to “keep you clean”, like King Arthur’s Gallahad. But now, we are
in a situation where we are faced with the knowledge that no one is going to
escape the blade, either as a victor or a loser. Only God knows how this
business with the Acomas will end today and for that matter, whether we soldiers
and our loved ones here in the colony survive this day. With that in mind, I
must make sure that the records, maps and everything of worth that we have
gathered on this Expedition, survive for the eyes of our Viceroy and the King.
Just as we used Vasquez de Coronado’s records and maps to get here, so will
our countrymen who follow after us, need our information to re-conquer this
land, should we all die at the hands of these people whose lands we have
invaded. I feel no hate toward them, for they are just defending their homeland
just as we would if we were them. Yet, we must keep in mind that we Spaniards
need to not just survive, we must conquer and colonize or we will cease to be
the nation that we are, in the eyes of the world we live in. Spain must prevail!
We must prevail..!
I am
promoting you to Capitanas of now and charging you with the task of gathering
all these papers, maps and such and arranging them in an orderly manner as I
know you can do, and personally deliver them to the Viceroy for future use. I
need Capitan Villagra here with me otherwise it would be he going back to the
city. I am recommending to the Viceroy that you remain in charge of these papers
in the event that we survive this day and until Villagra can return to the city
to record our history here in el nuevo Mejico as the King commanded him to do.
By then, he will know what happens at Acoma this day and he can finish writing
our story.I am giving you just four
soldiers to assist and protect you and just one carreta for my papers, as you
return to our countrymen. I am also enclosing a letter of my highest
recommendation for you to have for your future endeavors and I hope it serves
you well. Lastly, I entrust this personal package for you to deliver to my
sister as it is my Last Will and Testament, roughly prepared in the little time
I have had to prepare it. Someday, I hope to be able to properly prepare it and
I have remembered you in my Will as well.
At Acoma,
we must storm the high fortress and we must defeat them. I do this knowing that
I must fully expect that when we have reached the top, we will be surrounded
from below by the other pueblo Indians who will take no prisoners. If that
happens, then the colony will have already been wiped out, men – women – and
children as they will want no witnesses to survive! That is the worst that can
happen so I need to protect the story of our experiences here and you are the
man to fulfill this task. I know you have many friends among our people and they
love and respect you too! Unfortunately, there is no time for farewells so load
your things now and lead this small band back to civilization. I hope someday to
see you again, so until then give me your abrazo and your blessing as I do for
you. Now go Luis, and may God be with you..!”
The men are
already loading my things and they have already prepared a horse for me as there
is no time to waste. As we ride away, I turn in my saddle to look back and I see
the innocent children waving goodbye to me, laughing and playing as always.
Their mothers also wave to me with their skirts blowing in the breeze and their
tapalos over their heads held tightly at their chins. I try to take in the full
sight of the little settlement one last time and soon all I see is the wisps of
smoke rising from the chimneys. I pray for their well – being and I turn my
face south, away from the amazing memories of el nuevo Mejico and I ask myself,
what brave men are these? Men like the 300 Spartans of old who held off the huge
army of Xerxes for so long. As Villagra once told me, “Remember who you are
and what you are..!” I have been trusted with the history of the Onate
Expedition and the colonization of this new kingdom. I smile as I ride away,
although my heart aches for those brave men and women I leave behind… I wonder
what my Dios has in mind for those Spanish colonists… and for me…
END
OF SERIES
EPILOGUE
I wrote the
10 part series above for Mimi Lozano’s SOMOS PRIMOS, from the standpoint of a
fictitious character I called Luis Martinez. The story was based on actual facts
of the Onate Expedition into what is now New Mexico in 1598, and the events that
led to the controversial battle atop the Indian Pueblo of Acoma, the impregnable
“sky city” on a high butte west of what is now Albuquerque, New Mexico. The
events that preceded the battle and the consequences that followed are still
controversial more than 400 years later. In this epilogue,I summarize the event as objectively as possible, knowing full well that
opinions and differing points of view are still questioned to this day, by the
Spanish and the Acoma Indians.
THE WORLD SCENARIO IN
THE 1500’S
The Spanish;
By 1598,
the European kingdom of Spain in Europe was a thriving, powerful nation among
its peers, mainly the British, the Portugese, the Dutch, the French and a few
others. Collectively, these powerful nations ruled the then western world in
Europe and they lived by their King’s and the Pope’s “codes” of ethics,
behavior, civility and the accepted practice of acquiring foreign lands by
force. They explored the then unclaimed lands that they could reach by way of
their sailing ships and any lands that they “discovered”, they claimed for
their kings and country. Once claimed, they let it be known to the Pope and all
nations that the newly discovered lands were theirs, including the people and
any “goods” derived thereof. Every nation respected the Pope’s and each
other’s“rights of discovery”.
At that time, the Christian Pope in Rome had great religious influence over all
of them, settling any disputes that arose that required the Pope’s
intervention. Generally, there was harmony among all the nations, although
disputes did arise and even wars were waged occasionally.
The Pope
and the nation’s leaders agreed and accepted the notion that any lands that
were discovered and conquered, required that the conquered people be treated
with civility and that they be converted and schooled in the Christian religion
by the emissaries of the Pope. Yet, the religious turned a blind eye to the
accepted practice of the conquerors, of using the conquered people as slave
laborers to do the work of the conquerors, usually to enrich themselves. The
conquerors also accepted the notion that most people encountered in the
wilderness were savages and barely human and they questioned whether they had
souls. To be on the safe side, the religious tutored them in the ways of their
religion and baptized them to “make them human”!
This was
the general mindset of the European powers in the 1500’s and during the time
of their conquests of the “uncivilized” world, including the New World.Each nation, including the Spanish, ruled their people by the force of
the laws of their kings and the threat of spiritual salvation as taught by the
Pope and his emissaries. A caste system existed where the poor remained poor and
through taxation, supported the ruling nobles and the royal families.
The Indians and the Conquered;
By the
1500’s, the people encountered by Europeans on their sailing trips of
exploration, were not at all educated in the ways of the Europeans or as
advanced in their lifestyles. They lived by their own simple rules of survival
in their respective areas, taking their sustenance from the land by way of
hunting, trading with others and through forceful raids on other tribes. In the
mild climates, they went naked or nearly naked and their weapons of war were
very crude but effective. Individual tribes or bands of people lived generally
by the laws of nature; “kill or be killed”. Through force, fear and respect
they followed the lead of one or more alpha men who we call “chiefs” and
they lived in a loose but effective tribal society. Among themselves, it was
enough to have food, shelter, a family and a society that banded together for
protection and survival. The Europeans considered this lifestyle primitive,
barbaric and godless.
This was
generally the situation in the New World when the Europeans came in their ships
seeking spices and trading opportunities with who they thought were the people
of the “far East”., the people from India. Instead, they encountered a large
society of natives who we now know as the Aztecs and others. The Spanish were in
awe of their gold jewelry and their vast armies of warriors. In time, they
conquered the Aztecs, more as a result of diseases they brought to the New World
as much as with their sophisticated weaponry and knowledge of warfare and they
plundered their gold and other riches which they sent back to their king in
Spain. In time, they explored the regions to the north into the land we now know
as New Mexico, and encountered more and different tribes of peoples and
especially those living along the great river that flowed through this land who
lived in multi-storied mud brick buildings they named “pueblos” after the
Spanish word for villages. They discovered that these people, although idol
worshipers,seemed far more advanced
than the nomadic tribes in their behavior, their societal practices, their foods
that they grew through agricultural techniques, and in many other ways. They
even described them to their King in Spain as people of reason and the King
thought them to be an advanced people, perhaps similar to their civilization in
Europe. With these reports in mind, the King commanded that they be treated
humanely and almost as equals and that they be tutored in the ways of the
Christian religion.Perhaps the King
thought more of them than the explorers would have liked as they soon learned
that the Pueblo people were constantly at war with other nomadic tribes and even
with their pueblo dwelling neighbors. The whole region seemed to be in a
constant state of apprehension and fear of attack from one neighbor or another.
These people also engaged in slave raids and often were victims of slavery
themselves. Where they seemed to be more advanced than some of their neighbors,
they could be quite savage and as deadly as other tribes the Spanish had
encountered. Eventually, the Spanish dominated the various tribes in New Mexico
and by the 1600’s a tenuous and cautious relationship existed between the
Spanish as conquerors and the Pueblo people as the conquered. Although
considerably outnumbered, the Spanish ruled over the Pueblo people with a firm
and sometimes cruel hand, all the while, preaching religion to them and
converting them to Christianity which created a fear in them of the Spanish
sword and/or the wrath of God!This
was generally the situation that existed among the Spanish, the Pueblo people
and other nomadic dangerous tribes of the area at the time of the battle at
Acoma..!
ACOMA – THE SKY CITY
Prior to
the coming of the Spanish, the people of Acoma had lived on a high rock butte
rising up some 300 feet from a flat landscape. There seemed to be no way of
traversing up or down from the summit. The people had lived in crude mud and
rock buildings atop the rock tower for ages, having carved hand-holes along
crevices on the sheer rock and it was by this route that they carried everything
they needed up the steep rock face. They skillfully climbed up and down to have
access to the top and it was this landscape that gave them the security from
invaders that they enjoyed and even gave them a sense of superiority over other
tribes..! They felt so secure, that they bragged that they could never be
defeated. They had learned to provide food for themselves by hunting and by some
agriculture and when the Spanish came they felt little threat from them and
actually looked upon them with some disdain, although they put up with their
demands.Their relationship with the
Spanish was one of waiting for the opportune moment to rid themselves of the
Spanish once and for all and the Spanish knew that sooner than later, they would
have to engage them in battle and defeat to avoid allowing other Pueblos to
think that they could not dominate the Acomas..!A battle was inevitable and the spark that set the fire burning was a
skirmish atop the sky city when the Acomas set upon a Spanish 19 man squad that
climbed up the rock face to demand food from the Acomas, for an expedition that
the Spanish were engaged in and killed several of them. The battle became the
breaking point of the two forces… one would survive and the other would suffer
the consequence of the conqueror and the conquered..!
THE BATTLE OF ACOMA
Over the
last 400 plus years since the Spanish faced the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico,
many accounts have been written about the many events that became the domination
of the Pueblo people by the Spanish. Accounts of cruelty on the part of both
peoples have been written by a host of authors, some with very distinguished
credentials and some by the descendants of those brave and fierce warriors of
Acoma. All accounts generally agree on the events that led up to the
confrontation that became the battle of Acoma and the battle itself., but there
is one area that seems to be a sticking point when descendants’ oral histories
and records kept by the Spanish are consulted.When the final battle of Acoma ended, between 600 to 800 warriors were
said to have died although this figure may have been greatly exaggerated for the
eyes of the officials in Mexico City. 70 to 80 warriors and 500 women and
children were said to have been captured. The prisoners were taken to the Santo
Domingo Pueblo for trial. At the trial, all Acomans were found guilty of
murdering the earlier squad of Spaniards and after much deliberation with his
officers and the religious, Don Juan de Onate himself passed judgment over the
prisoners.
THE CONTROVERSY
The area
of controversy is the sentence imposed on the Acoma warriors following
their defeat by the Spanish. After their battle on the summit, the Spanish
Governor, Don Juan de Onate decreed that, “every man over the age of
twenty-five was to have his right foot cut off and was sentenced to twenty years
of slavery. The women over the age of twelve and the younger men were also
assessed a twenty year sentence of slavery. Girls and boys under twelve were
taken from their families and assigned as “servants” in the households of
the Spaniards and at least sixty girls ended up in slavery in Mexico.”
Although seemingly harsh, the sentence was typical of sentences passed on other
natives throughout the realm of the conquering nations at that time. (This
sentence is from the book, Pueblo Revolt by David Roberts).Roberts also writes that thirty years after Onate’s sentence was
carried out, Acoma survivors were allowed to return to their pueblo to begin
rebuilding the pueblo for future habitation.
The controversy
lies in the fact that although there has been much research into the sentence
and whether it was carried out literally and there have been several books
written about the battle of Acoma, and Spanish records searched for accounts of
the sentence having been carried out, no
author has uncovered any evidence that any feet were actually cut off
and instead, logic seems to agree with the fact that it would serve no purpose
to cripple any prisoners and thereby handicap them to the point of being unable
to do any of the work that had to be done following the battle. Also, no Acoma
oral history has been uncovered with undeniable proof that feet were cut off.
The only thing that seems to remain in the oral histories is the hatred that
remained among the Acoma people for the Spanish, in many cases until today..!
And so the question and controversy remains… were
the Acoma men’s feet really cut off or not? In recent years the
subject came up once again in the local Albuquerque newspapers and Spanish
historians submitted the Spanish record of the sentencing that states literally
in Spanish that “las puntas de los pies”… the leading edge of the foot..,
as in the toes or some part thereof, would be cut off but even that statement
has never been clarified or proven to have been carried out.
So how did
the sentencing of the battle of Acoma end… some say that a few people were
sent to Mexico to be used as slave servants in certain people’s homes. Some
say that the religious immediately intervened in Onate’s sentence and returned
the men to Acoma to begin building the Acoma pueblo church of San Estevan del
Rey atop the pueblo, which became the most grandiose mission church in New
Mexico. Many, many men were needed to supply the labor to build that church and
one-footed men would have been of no use to anyone, so were the feet really cut
off? It is highly unlikely. There is so much to the story of Acoma and until
undeniable proof that the feet were cut off is discovered, the controversy will
continue…. It seems that it just didn’t happen.
This entire
story by Louis Serna is offered to the reader to once again remind us that
somewhere between records, lore, oral history and undeniable proof is the truth
about Acoma and Onate. Until then… let us resolve to let the history of the
past serve to help us to honor our ancestors in our own ways and move on to the
building of bright futures for our children and future descendants..!Nothing can be accomplished by periodically bringing up hatred between
people who today have become one blood related people with common sons,
daughters and family members.
It serves
no purpose for the media to periodically stir up the events that happened 400
years ago. It only serves to create anger, hatred and the pain in the
descendants of two proud and honorable races. Instead, the media should promote
the event as a turning point when the Spanish and the Indians clashed and then
learned to live in peace as in fact they have done!
There is
every reason for the Spanish and the Pueblo Indians to continue to live in peace
today.
At precisely 11:11 a.m. each Veterans Day (Nov. 11),
the sun's rays pass through the ellipses of the five Armed Services
pillars to form a perfect solar spotlight over a mosaic of The Great
Seal of the United States.
I've never seen this before...how precise the
planning and construction had to be...!Simply
amazing...!
The Anthem Veterans Memorial, located in Anthem, Arizona, is a monument
dedicated to honoring the service and sacrifice of the United States
armed forces. The pillar provides a place of honor and reflection for
veterans, their family and friends, and those who want to show their
respects to those service men and women who have and continue to
courageously serve the United States.
The memorial was designed by Anthem
resident Renee Palmer-Jones. The five marble pillars represent the five
branches of the United States military. They are staggered in size (from
17 ft to 6 ft) and ordered in accordance with the Department of Defense
prescribed precedence, ranging from the United States Army, the United
States Marine Corp, the United States Navy, the United States Air Force
and the United States Coast Guard.
Additionally, the brick pavers
within the Circle of Honor are inscribed with the names of over 750 U.S.
servicemen and women, symbolizing the 'support' for the Armed Forces.
The pavers are red, the pillars are white, and the sky is blue to
represent America's flag. The circle represents an unbreakable border.
Anthem resident and chief engineer, Jim Martin was responsible for
aligning the memorial accurately with the sun.
Awards
- Arizona Historic Landmark Designation 2012 – Arizona Historical
Society
– Arizona Public Works Project of the Year Award 2012
– Arizona Chapter of the American Public Works Association
– ACEC 2012 Grand Award – Best Engineering and Environmental
Consulting Project
Veterans Day is an official United
States holiday that honors people who have served in the U.S. Armed
Forces, also known as veterans. It is a federal holiday that is observed
on November 11. It coincides with other holidays such as Armistice Day
and Remembrance Day, which are celebrated in other parts of the world
and also mark the anniversary of the end of World War I (major
hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the
11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went
into effect).
The United States also originally
observed Armistice Day; it then evolved into the current Veterans Day
holiday in 1954. Veterans Day is not to be confused with Memorial Day;
Veterans Day celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans, while
Memorial Day is a day of remembering the men and women who died while
serving.--
"The very purpose of a Bill of
Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of
political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and
officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the
courts. One's right to life, liberty, and property, to free speech, a
free press, freedom of worship and assembly, and other fundamental
rights may not be submitted to vote; they depend on the outcome of no
elections." – Justice Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954)
Statue of Col. José de Escandón
The Box Bravo Family in Zapata County by
Gilberto Quezada
The View Through the Lens: Capturing cultural Shifts Within the Latino
Barrios of Dallas
López: Believer, learner, or skeptic? Which are you?
By José Antonio López Lopez: First Texas First Lady (Maria Josefa Uribe Gutiérrez de Lara)By José
Antonio López
Phil Collins Gives Vast Alamo Collection to Texas
University of Texas, El Paso Borderlands History Conference Nov 6-7, 2015
What is Storycorps?
Texas Day by Day website
Canary Islanders and Texas
Greetings !
The attached is me (on the left) with the artist Roberto Garcia,Jr. who did the art work, and statue of Col. José de Escandón who brought families , including my own the Longoria Chapa, to this area in 1749, and is the colonizer of South Texas. We will officially unveiled it tomorrow - November 18- 10:00 AM on campus of
UTPA, my dream of almost 36 comes true . This statue is a symbol and a presence of a heritage that set the foundation for the culture of Texas and South Texas--the 'Vaquero " culture with its horse, cattle, etc. It is a gift from Mr. John Cantú a descendant of Capt. Carlos Cantú who along with others settled
Reynosa, Tamps. in 1749
Best, Dr. Lino Garcia,Jr.
Professor Emeritus/UTRGV
November 17, 2014
The Box Bravo Family in Zapata County by
Gilberto Quezada
Hi Mimi,
I have been a student of history practically all my life, both as a profession and an avocation, and that experience has its intellectual rewards and benefits, but working on Jo Emma's family history, on the Box family side of her paternal ancestry over two decades ago, definitely made American history more meaningful, interesting, exciting, and closer to home. As a result of our investigation and research in archival records and other historical sources in several libraries to document her genealogical roots, Jo Emma has been a bona fide member of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), the Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT), and the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC).
And, it all started in the early 1990s, as part of my research on Zapata County Judge Manuel Box Bravo for my award-winning political biography, Border Boss: Manuel B. Bravo and Zapata County (published by Texas A&M University Press) that also commenced a genealogical search on the Box family roots.
Judge Manuel Box Bravo
The narrative that follows is a concise summary of the research we conducted. JoEmma's earliest known Box ancestor was
John Box who arrived in Virginia on a ship named the Truelove in 1622. Fourteen years later, he and his wife, Mary, owned 300 acres in Henrico County, Virginia.
Robert Box, a descendant of John and Mary, moved to South Carolina during the early part of the eighteenth century with his wife, Mary Allen. Life was harsh during this time, having to fight diseases, Indians, and trying to survive by searching for water, food, and shelter was always a priority. Their
oldest son, also named Robert Box, was born in 1734, and he married Mary Williams and they settled in South Carolina. Throughout the American Revolution, he provided much needed supplies for the American soldiers by way of horses and food commodities. And because of these contributions, Robert Box received a land grant and is listed as a "Patriot" in the annals of the American Revolution.
Following the American Revolution, Robert and Mary Williams Box decided to remain in South Carolina, however, two of their children: Stephen and Robert Box Jr. opted to travel eastward with their respective families by covered wagon, crossed the Sewanee Mountains into Tennessee and carefully descended the rugged mountains and came upon a valley with richer soil and numerous tributaries of the Elk River. Taking advantage of the productive valley soil, Stephen and Robert Jr., along with other settlers ventured into farming. An abundance of food, in terms of deer, elk, rabbit, fish, and fowl satisfied the early pioneers and the Indians who lived and hunted this area for years. The oldest son of Stephen and Keziah Helms was John Andrew Box, who was born on July 2, 1803.
By the early 1800s, while Robert Jr. stayed in Tennessee, Stephen, his family, and other settlers
traveled south to Alabama, where they settled in Blount County. While in Alabama, Stephen and his sons, and especially John Andrew, traveled many miles by horseback, spreading the Methodist religion. Even as far southeast as Talladega, Alabama, records have John Andrew listed "as an exhort," and described him as a ":devoted layman who labored the circuit." In addition to his ministerial duties, Stephen became a Justice of the Peace, and because of his involvement with legal matters, people often referred to him as "Judge Box." John Andrew Box, his wife Polly Bynum, and their four children, were attracted by the plentiful land in Texas, publicized by the many land empresarios who had been hired by the Mexican government to promote colonization.
In 1834, Stephen, his family, John Andrew and his family, decided to continue their trek westward and crossed the Mississippi River and migrated to East Texas. A totally different topography greeted the Box family. Heavily wooded with very high pine trees, rolling forests with the Trinity River to the west and the Neches River to the east. The rich soil, similar to what they had encountered in Tennessee, provided an opportunity for farming and raising livestock. The Box's active participation in the Methodist religion played a significant motivating factor in their decision to move to a larger geographical area. Another motivating factor that attracted Anglo-American settlers was the Colonization Laws of the Mexican Constitution of 1824. As part of the incentive, for the first ten years, colonists were exempt from paying any taxes or from making any financial contributions to the Mexican government. John Andrew, along with other Box family members, petitioned
the Mexican empresario José Vehlein for a land grant. All the Box family Stephen Box, father of John Andrew Box
members along with fifty-two men, women and children settled among the
piney woods and oak groves in what is now Crockett, Texas. Consequently, John Andrew Box accepted his headright on Walnut Bayou of one league (4,423.4 acres) for being head of the family, and a labor (177.1 acres) for coming to Texas before March 2, 1836.
John Andrew Box
John Andrew's zealous missionary work came to a complete halt with the outbreak of the Texas Revolution. Called upon to assist General Sam Houston to severe Texas from its ties with Mexico and without hesitation, John Andrew and his two brothers, Thomas Griffin and Nelson A. Box, joined a company organized in Nacogdoches, known as the Nacogdoches Volunteers. Later, this company changed its name to the First Company in Colonel Sidney Sherman's Second Regiment of Texas Volunteers. All three brothers are listed as privates in the muster rolls on march 7, 1836, under Captain Hayden Arnold's command, and fought in the Battle of San Jacinto. For his patriotic service to the Republic of Texas, John Andrew Box received a Donation Certificate No. 742 for 640 acres from the Secretary of War on January 11, 1839. In addition, he also received a Bounty Land Grand No. 1691, for 320 acres.
In the fall of 1861, with the election of Abraham Lincoln, the already divided United States Congress over the question of slavery as the barometer of economic stability for the Southern economy came to an unavoidable clash. Several Southern states (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi) began to slowly secede from the Union, and Texas soon followed. Plans for a secession convention got underway with delegates being selected to serve on this convention. District No.11, which consisted of Trinity, Houston, and Anderson Counties, selected John Andrew Box as their delegate. The Secession Convention records listed him as delegate No. 95 on the list of 177 delegates, he was 57 years old, a farmer with no slaves, owned 14,086 acres of land, had a personal worth of $11,000, and had 112 improved acres of land, 888 of unimproved acres, and 25 ginned 400 pounds each of cotton bales.
The Texas Secession Convention met on January 28, 1861, in Austin, and approved an ordinance of secession by an overwhelming vote of 177 to 8, with John Andrew Box casting his vote in favor of secession. Texas now belonged to the newly created Confederate States of America. John Andrew's youngest son by Polly Bynum, Lina Helen Box, did his patriotic duty by enlisting in the Army of the Confederate States on June 22, 1861. He served in Captain John R. Woodward Company G, First Regiment, Texas Infantry. After having been elevated to fifth sergeant, complication from kidney problems cut his military career short to just one year, three months, and fifteen days. On October 8, 1862, Lina received his medical discharge at Richmond, Virginia.
After General Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865, the Confederate States ceased to exist and the ensuing years known as the Reconstruction Period marked the beginning of an era filled with chaos, social disorder, and confusion. Federal soldiers confiscated many public properties and disheartened landowners fled their homes. Lina Helen Box left Crockett, Texas and established his residency in Hidalgo County. He either traveled by horseback, stagecoach, or by steamboat, since the railroads had not yet been established. When Lina arrived in Brownsville, he then journeyed by wagon across the mesquite and cacti covered landscape to Hidalgo, the county seat of Hidalgo County. On June 25, 1866, he was elected as Hidalgo County's District Clerk, a position he
held until 1869. Lina also studies law and on April 20, 1870, he was admitted into the Texas Bar Association in Brownsville, Texas. In 1872,
he was appointed as Deputy Collector and Inspector of Customs at Edinburg, Texas. By this time, Lina had acquired porción 72, also known as El Rancho
Sauz. It is notable that while in Hidalgo County, he brought the Methodist religion from East Texas, and played a significant role in spreading it throughout South Texas.
Lina Helen Box, son of John Andrew Box
O
On August 28, 1874, Lina Helen Box married Louisa Singleterry in Hidalgo County and they had four children: John L., Myona, Emma, and Lina (a girl). Emma Box, Lina and Louisa's third child, married David Bravo on May 5, 1900 at El Rancho Sauz. Their oldest son was Manuel Box Bravo, and after a short stint in politics in Hidalgo County, he ran for District Clerk in 1932, oddly enough, a position his grandfather, Lina Helen Box, occupied between 1866 and 1869. Manuel married Josefa Villarreal on October 24, 1919, and they had four children and the oldest son, James Edward Bravo, was Jo Emma's father. Manuel Box Bravo became Zapata County Judge in 1937 and served in this capacity for twenty years, from 1937 to 1957. He was Jo Emma's grandfather.
Emma Box, daughter of Lina Helen Box.
She married David Bravo on May 24, 1900 and
was the mother of Zapata County Judge Manuel
Box Bravo.
I send you my heartfelt greetings, keep up the great work you are doing, and may God bless you.
THE VIEW THROUGH THE LENS:
CAPTURING CULTURAL SHIFTS WITHIN THE LATINO BARRIOS OF DALLAS
November 14, 2014 - January 3, 2015
Opening Reception: Friday,
November 14, 2014, 6-9 pm
The Latino Cultural Center
Dallas-based Latino photographers Sheryl Anaya, Sal Barron, Dean Dominguez and Angelita Rodriguez will document everyday life in Latino-centric neighborhoods. As the ethnic demographics continue to change in the city coupled with the growing population of Latinos in Dallas and the gentrification of neighborhoods, this exhibition will capture a dynamic city constantly changing in the early 21st Century. The exhibition and reception are free and open to the public.
The Latino Cultural Center is a division of the City of Dallas Office of Cultural Affairs. Our mission is to serve as a regional catalyst for the preservation, development, and promotion of Latino and Hispanic arts and culture. The Center's 27,000 sq. ft. facility was designed by renowned Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta and features a 300-seat theater, two visual arts galleries, and an outdoor plaza. Its signature purple tower serves as a beacon to guide visitors to our East Dallas / Deep Ellum location. Located immediately east of downtown Dallas, the Center is one-half mile from the Dallas Arts District and conveniently located two blocks north of the DART Green Line Deep Ellum Station. Onsite free parking available. For additional information, call 214.671.0045 or visit
www.dallasculture.org/latinocc.
VISIT THE LCC Tuesday through Saturday , 10 am to 5 pm and evenings for performing arts events
2600 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, 214.671.0045
López: Believer, learner, or skeptic? Which are you?
By José Antonio López jlopez8182@satx.rr.com
SAN ANTONIO, November 16 - During the spirited debate on the selection of the Vaquero as the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) mascot, two camps quickly emerged.
On one side are people of the Rio Grande Valley who respect their vaquero ancestors and are excited to get the recognition. On the other side are people who view the symbol of the vaquero in negative terms.
First, let me explain that my wife and I have travelled extensively within the Rio Grande Valley. So, through my early Texas history presentations to a variety of audiences throughout the region, I am able to form an idea as to how much or how little people tend to value the preservation of the vaquero tradition. As such, I offer the following thoughts. To begin the discussion, either Valley citizens support preserving the vaquero in Texas history or they don’t. Who is right?
To find out, we need to consider the three groups that in my opinion are engaged in the conversation: (l) Believers in the vaquero tradition; (2) Learners who are just now becoming aware of their lost history; and (3) Skeptics who refuse to recognize the honorable vaquero as the main root of all Texas icons.
Believers.
Included are folks who have been raised on oral history stories. Because most mainstream Texas history books still present history as if it begins in 1836, vaquero heritage believers are well equipped to defend their heritage. They have not forgotten the essential details they received as children. In fact, many of them have enhanced their knowledge. For example, they join Hispanic genealogy and history organizations that spread the word about the true foundation of Texas. Also, and most important, they tend to pass the information on to their children.
In turn, the children get a taste of their deserved ownership of Texas history. That makes them feel good about themselves. Several times during my visits to school campuses throughout South Texas, I have heard supportive comments from a few of the students, such as -- “My father suggested I tell you that we come from Las Villas del Norte…”. That indicates that the legacy thread is still there and is being passed on to future generations.
In short, Believers are not bashful in showing that it’s an honor to stand up for the dignity and respect of their ancestors. Equally important, they know that being proud of their Mexican roots doesn’t mean national allegiance to the present-day Republic of Mexico. For years, they have developed a strong character by having the courage to stand up to ridicule from others in steadfastly defending their Texas heritage. They are confident that one day soon, children of all backgrounds will be taught about the real founders of Texas in the classroom. Thus, the word that best describes this group is “optimism.”
Learners.
In this group are people who are totally awed at how much history is involved. They absorb the information like a sponge. Quite predictably, they are the most receptive. Most of them thirst for knowledge. Long deprived from learning of their roots in the classroom, they wish to learn more as adults.
They purchase early Texas history books at Hispanic genealogy and history conferences, simply because they want to gather as much information as possible. They meet primos and primas (cousins) they didn’t know they had. They exchange phone numbers; street and email addresses, and so forth. Primarily, they begin to build on their genealogy and family trees. (By the way, the most recent annual Texas State Hispanic Genealogy and History Conference was held September 25-28, 2014) in McAllen, Texas. If you wish to join other Learners, the next (36th) conference will be held in Laredo, Texas, October 8-11, 2015.) The word to describe this group is “enthusiasm.”
Skeptics.
Included in this group are Mexican-descent folks who question the value of their culture in Texas. They don’t accept the fact that they have ownership of Texas history; nor do they consider their early Texas history worthy of pride. Many don’t claim it at all and, feeling uncomfortable, would rather forget about it. In my view, they are not to blame. For generations, they’ve been told that pre-1836 Texas history is not important because of its connection to Mexico. In short, ridicule of someone’s heritage can be cruel and harsh.
Therefore, to avoid the humiliation altogether, some Mexican-descent parents in Texas stopped believing that their traditions on this side of the border were worth fighting for. Somewhat timid and unwilling to stand up to the scorn and fight the negative perceptions head-on, they gave in to the pressure a long time ago. Thus, to cope, they encourage their children not to display any form of their Spanish Mexican heritage, lest they be shunned by mainstream society.
Equally, in reading the clear cues from their elders, the children find themselves at a disadvantage. They think that by admitting to their Mexican heritage they will be considered as foreigners (recent immigrants) in a state that their ancestors established. For example, they are unaware that some of them have genealogy in Texas for 8 to 10 generations. (Note: Most Mexican-descent children in Texas have Native American roots that go back for thousands of years.) Oddly, some of them wonder why so much Spanish Mexican terminology is embedded throughout Texas, but are unable to explain it. Regardless, they believe that a way of life they’ve been taught to see as demeaning sets them apart from conventional society. In contrast to Believers, they don’t understand that pride in their Mexican heritage doesn’t mean allegiance to Mexico.
Sadly, change often brings resistance and that is what most likely happened when the vaquero was announced as the mascot. In short, old habits are hard to change. When skeptics see the evidence of the beauty of their vaquero heritage (Tejano Monument, for example), they don’t want to believe because they still see the symbols of their unique heritage (such as the vaquero) in disapproving terms. Thus, the word that best describes this group is “pessimism.”
In the final analysis, the current debate regarding whether the term “Vaquero” is an asset or a liability to the proud Mexican-descent citizens of the Rio Grande Valley will most probably continue. Resolution as to the final outcome is up to the influence of the three groups involved; believer, learner, or skeptic. I’m a believer. Which are you?
José “Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is a USAF Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of three books: “The Last Knight (Don Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara Uribe, A Texas Hero),” “Nights of Wailing, Days of Pain (Life in 1920s South Texas).” and, “The First Texas Independence, 1813.” Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano Learning Center, LLC, and www.tejanosunidos.org, a Web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S. history that are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.
Lopez: First Texas First Lady (Maria Josefa Uribe Gutiérrez de Lara)
By José
Antonio López
SAN ANTONIO, November 3
- On April 6, 1813, Maria Josefa Uribe Gutiérrez de Lara became First Lady
of Independent Texas. In
gaining that distinction, she actually scored a “double” first. Not only was
she the first to fill the position, but she was also the first Hispanic to serve
in that capacity.
Indeed,
hidden just beneath the sands of time, her narrative is unknown in mainstream
Texas history. Married to José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara, the first President
of Texas; Maria Josefa Uribe’s story is truly exceptional. Her right to the
honor is certain. Her husband was successful in organizing Mexico’s Army of
the North (First Texas Army).Then he defeated the Spanish Army in five battles.
He thus became the first President of the independent Texas province and has the
credentials to prove it – first Texas Declaration of Independence and first
Constitution.
However,
because it doesn’t fit the Sam Houston model, his triumph is disparaged in
mainstream Texas history as an “expedition,” rather than for the bona fide
revolution that it represents. Albeit, how did these things happen and most of
all, who was this courageous woman?
Maria
Josefa was born in 1774 to Magdalena Gutiérrez de Lara Uribe (1737-1802) and
Don José Luis Uribe (1735-?). They were from Revilla, now the Guerrero,
Tamaulipas and Zapata, Texas bi-national community. Revilla was part of the vast
close-knit family network known as the Villas del Norte of José de Escandón,
located alongside the Lower Rio Grande. To be sure, the Uribe family was among
the most influential in Nuevo Santander. For example, her aunt, Catalina Uribe,
was married to Tomás Sánchez, founder of Laredo.
As
with most early Texas pioneer women and men, few childhood details exist.
However, what is known is that on April 21, 1800, Maria Josefa and José
Bernardo were married in Revilla. Having inherited his father’s large estate,
José Bernardo and his bride started a family. A son and a daughter were born in
Revilla; the first two of what will eventually number six siblings.
As
mentioned above, little is written about Maria Josefa’s story. However, four
courageous points in her adult life should help to define her strong character
and status as a leader in the story of early Texas independence.
First,
Maria Josefa (affectionately called “Chepita” by her husband José Bernardo
and family members) actively nourished her husband’s rebel efforts against
unfair Spanish colonial policies. She supported his call for Texas as an
independent province of Mexico. When he rode off to Chihuahua to volunteer in
Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “Grito” revolt, Maria Josefa stayed home to lead
battles of her own against the irate Spanish Army regional commandant and his
soldiers.
In
1811, when Don Bernardo left for Washington, D.C., to seek help for the Mexican
revolution, the Spanish authorities attacked the Gutiérrez de Lara homestead.
They confiscated all property owned by Don Bernardo. Thus, Maria Josefa
experienced the brunt of harsh treatment from Spanish authorities. Don
Bernardo’s extended family and friends in Revilla were also specific targets.
The family had been allowed to stay in their home, but most everything of value
was stripped from them and worse, they had nothing to eat. Neighbors were
threatened by death should they help in any way. Those who helped had to use the
cover of night to do so. It was a bleak situation for everyone involved.
Courageously, Maria Josefa endured the humiliation and constant harassment for
many months.
This
brings us to the second ordeal that Maria Josefa experienced. Anticipating
victory, Don Bernardo had secretly contacted his close friend and compadre, Don
José de Jesús Villarreal, to bring Maria Josefa and their children from
Revilla to Béxar.
Don
José de Jesús and his brother Petronillo escorted Maria Josefa and the two
youngsters in secret to Béxar. They traveled mostly by night; staying in the
brush, following narrow Indian trails. Had they ventured onto the popular Camino
Real, they would have faced the threat of Spanish Army patrols. If stopped by a
patrol and forced to reveal their identities, the party would have surely been
killed on the spot. Maria Josefa was indeed lucky to have been guided by such
loyal friends. Soon enough, they reached the safety of San Antonio. Sadly, the
Spanish authorities eventually found out about the trip. When the Villarreal
brothers returned to their home in Revilla, they were arrested and executed for
their valiant act of courage.
Maria
Josefa’s third act of bravery occurred when she accompanied her husband into
exile in Natchitoches, Louisiana on August 4, 1813 for a period of 10 years. Don
Bernardo remained active, especially in pacifying unfriendly tribes in the
region. Expectedly, Maria Josefa continued to keep the family together. Also,
she was on her own during 1814-1815 when at the request of General Andrew
Jackson, Don Bernardo temporarily left Natchitoches because he and his exiled
Tejanos assisted the U.S. general in defeating the British at the Battle of New
Orleans.
Finally,
Maria Josefa’s fourth ordeal began in 1824 when the Gutiérrez de Lara family
returned to Mexico and welcomed as heroes. Shortly after, Don Bernardo was
forced for health reasons to resign his position as the first Governor of
Tamaulipas, Eastern Provinces Commander, and other positions. They eventually
returned to their devastated home. Their pension denied, they struggled to
survive for the last few years of their lives. Don Bernardo died on May 13, 1841
in Villa Santiago, Nuevo León, where although in very ill health, he had gone
to see their daughter, Maria Eugenia. Too ill to travel, Maria Josefa had stayed
home. Overcome with grief learning of her husband’s death, she died seven
months later (December 15, 1841). Their souls eternally linked, theirs was truly
a classic example of absolute love for each other.
In
closing, it is convenient for those of us committed to unearthing our early
Texas roots to feature mostly stories of brave men. However, for all the valiant
male leaders in early Texas history, there were equally heroic, resourceful
women whose courageous stories modern-day students must learn about in Texas
school classrooms. Maria Josefa is one such candidate.
Actively
contributing to her husband’s vision to set Texas free, Maria Josefa’s
footprints are set alongside her husband’s in the founding of this great place
we call Texas. In short, Maria Josefa personifies the many steadfast women who
gave their all in building what became Texas. It is time that Maria Josefa Uribe
Gutiérrez de Lara, the very First Lady of Independent Texas (1813) is honored
with the dignity she earned and deserves. Mainstream Texas history can’t
ignore her any longer. Justice delayed is justice denied.
José
Antonio “Joe” López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is a USAF
Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of three books:
“The Last Knight (Don Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara Uribe, A Texas Hero,”,
“Nights of Wailing, Days of Pain (Life in 1920s South Texas)”, and “The
First Texas Independence, 1813”. Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano
Learning Center, LLC, and www.tejanosunidos.org,
a web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S. history that
are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.
Phil Collins Gives Vast Alamo Collection to Texas
Collins has handed over his vast collection of artifacts related to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution to the state of Texas. Collins donated what's considered the world's largest private collection of Alamo artifacts. It includes a fringed leather pouch and a gun used by Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie's legendary knife.
Photo By Bob Owen/AP. Phil Collins smiles as he speaks to the media with Texas Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson, right, during a news conference on Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2014 in San Antonio.
SAN ANTONIO (AP) —
October 28, 2014: British pop star Phil Collins on Tuesday handed over his vast collection of artifacts related to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution to the state of Texas.
Collins was in San Antonio to donate what's considered the world's largest private collection of Alamo artifacts. It includes a fringed leather pouch and a gun used by Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie's legendary knife and letters from garrison commander William B. Travis.
"There's things in there that will make your mouth drop," Collins said.
The 1980s pop artist and Genesis singer-drummer has joked that he spent all the money he made from music on artifacts related to the 1836 battle in which 1,500 Mexican troops laid siege to 200 Texans.
The collection was given to Texas Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson, the state steward of the Alamo who is pushing for a new historical center that would house Collins' collection.
"Texans are deeply indebted to Phil Collins," Patterson said. "He is giving us back our heritage. Now these Texas treasures need a home where all can see them and study from them and learn about how Texans won our liberty."
Collins, who's a Grammy and Academy Award winner, donated a collection of more than 200 items for display. Five crates full of artifacts were unloaded from a cargo truck Tuesday.
"This completes the journey for me. I'm 64. When I was 5 or 6 years old, this thing began," Collins said of his fascination with the Alamo.
"My 9-year-old son was saying, 'Why are you going to give it all away, Dad? I thought I was going to have it,'" he said with a laugh.
Patterson said it will likely take at least five years to raise the millions of dollars needed to design and build a center to house and display the collection.
The location of the center will be decided in about two weeks, Patterson said, and will likely charge for admission. The 4.2-acre Alamo grounds are free to the public.
"This collection is coming home and it's going to be very interesting for people to come and see and learn," Collins said. "And this is what it's all about."
University of Texas, El Paso Borderlands History Conference
Nov 6-7, 2015
Keynote Speaker: Kelly Lytle Hernandez (UCLA),
author of Migra!: A History of the U.S. Border Patrol
The Department of History at the University of Texas at El Paso announces the conference, “The State in/of Borderlands History,” to be held November 6-7, 2015. Although the state has been a defining and an often ominous presence in the history of the Mexico-U.S. Borderlands, the systematic and explicit study of the state has been rare in Borderlands historiography. While historians of the U.S. have recently devoted increased attention to the state, already a well-established focus of Mexicanists, social and cultural history has largely shaped the field of Borderlands history. Current scholarship on transnationalism and the history of empire has also challenged the “natural” character of the nation-state.
Yet, beginning in the colonial period, and in fact before, a variety of state structures have shaped human existence in the region. Those living in and traveling through the borderlands have encountered and engaged with the state through forced labor in armies, mines and missions, the collection of taxes, and military action as well as immigration control, border policing, education and public health regimes. In these and other arenas, state structures--national, local, indigenous, and/or transnational--have made themselves present in borderlanders’ lives and, in turn, been challenged and shaped by them. Borderlands, geographical and conceptual, can serve as a critical location for a new approach to understanding state formation and state power.
We seek to bring together scholars from the U.S., Mexico, and beyond to engage the notion of the state, broadly conceived, and its many dimensions and scales in Borderlands history from the sixteenth century to the present. In the context of a conversation among specialists in the colonial, national and modern eras as well as among Mexicanists, Americanists, and others, papers would address understandings of the state, or its absence, through such topics as citizenship, public health, militarization, policing/ incarceration, immigration, mobility, education, land policy, environmental issues, border construction, sexuality, the family and the church. It is our hope that this conversation will, in turn, provide a means to gauge the state of the field.
We invite proposals for individual papers from scholars, including advanced graduate students, which should include a 250-word abstract and one-page CV. Papers may be submitted in Spanish or English. English-Spanish translation will be provided. Submissions should be emailed to historyconference@utep.edu. The deadline is February 2, 2015.
The conference is organized by the University of Texas at El Paso’s Department of History and the UTEP Borderlands History Ph.D. Program.
For more information, please contact:
Dr. Dennis Bixler-Márquez,
Director
Chicano Studies,
The University of Texas at El Paso
500 W. University Ave., Graham Hall # 104
El Paso, TX 79968
TEL: 915-747-5462 FAX: 915-747-6501
dbixlerm@utep.edu
WHAT IS STORYCORPS? Scheduled in Dallas from November 20 to December
20, 2014
Hola Dallas Comadres,
We are pleased to announce a partnership with StoryCorps to collect
stories about our lives and we hope you will participate.
------------------------------------------
WHAT IS STORYCORPS?
------------------------------------------
StoryCorps is an independent nonprofit whose mission is to provide
people of all backgrounds and beliefs with the opportunity to record,
share, and preserve the stories of our lives. Each conversation is
recorded on a free CD to share, and is archived at the Library of
Congress in the American Folklife Center.
StoryCorps will be recording the stories of the Dallas/Ft. Worth
community from November 20 to December 20, 2014. The StoryCorps
MobileBooth will be located at AT&T Performing Arts Center, 2403 Flora
Street, Dallas, TX 75201. There is no cost to participate.
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ABOUT THE INTERVIEWS
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Interviews are conducted with a partner that knows you well. You can
interview a relative or friend or someone who knows you or you can
interview them, or you can both tell stories and talk about someone
you want to remember such as a grandparent. Interviews can be in
English or Spanish - speaking English is not required. The interview
itself lasts forty minutes.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWS
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We have a list of sample questions that you can choose from when
interviewing. Categories include:
- Great questions for anyone
- Great questions for friends
- Great questions for grandparents
- Raising children
- Great questions for parents
- Growing up
- School
- Love and relationships
- Working
- Religion
- Serious Illness
- Family heritage
- War
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RESERVATIONS NOW OPEN FOR DALLAS
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Reservations are now open for Dallas and can be made on a first come
first served basis. Please call or email Raquel Guardado de Guzman
469-231-9149 delrio_1999@yahoo.com or Ariel Comstock 972-803-3371 ariel.comstock@gmail.com
to make your reservation or to answer any
questions.
We would love to fill up the reservation slots with as many Dallas
comadres as possible! Please tell your stories so they can be recorded
and placed in the Library of Congress in the American Folklife Center.
Like the comadres and compadres that have already participated, your
stories are important and should be heard.
Interview time slots are by appointment only. They last one hour each
and are available from 10:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., five days a week:
Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday from November 20th
through December 20th.
Please reserve your appointments by Wednesday, November 5, 2014. Choose more than one time slot in case your preference has been taken.
After November 5 the slots fill up very quickly and you may not get a
chance to tell your stories!
Raquel Guardado de Guzman, Las Comadres Dallas Coordinator
469-231-9149 delrio_1999@yahoo.com
The Texas State Historical Association is excited to
announce the release of the new Texas Day by Day website. Now you can
celebrate the history of Texas every day by signing up for your free
subscription. Each day’s email tells a little bit more of the story of Texas
and links to the more than 27,000 articles about Texas history, available
through the Texas State Historical Association’s Handbook of Texas Online.
This new website is one of the best ways to learn more about Texas history, in
less than 15 minutes each day. With your subscription you can explore Texas
history in bite-sized pieces conveniently delivered to your inbox, get in-depth
looks at some of the overlooked events and landmarks in Texas history, and
discover new places to explore in the Lone Star State.
Texas
Day by Day articles would make a great addition to any Texas history classroom.
Use them as warm ups or bell ringers by having students read the article
and write a short response. Most Day by Day emails will provide multiple
events occurring on that day, have students compare and contrast the different
events, review theHandbook
of Texas Onlinearticles,
and evaluate how Texas has changed over time. Share Texas history with
your students, by having them look at the events which occurred on the month and
day of their birth, and report back on the events that happened on that date in
the past.
HOW THE STATE OF TEXAS SUFFERS FROM HISTORICAL AMNESIA
History is Changed Forever
by Dan Arellano
Los Bexarenos Genealogical and Historical Society Newsletter, November 2014
Currently the Bob Bullock Texas History Museum in Austin has an exhibit of the French ship La Belle which sank in Matagorda Bay almost 300 hundred years ago and is being promoted as the “Ship That Changed History.” If you visit the exhibit keep in mind to ask how exactly was it that this failed attempt to colonize Texas changed history forever.
Texas History Professor from Victoria Texas, Dr Robert Shook says that Victoria Texas and the Bob Bullock History Museum are so enamored with La Belle that they have completely ignored the three hundred year history of Spanish Mexican influence in Texas. Dr Shook explains it thus, stretching his arms out says this is the three hundred years of Spanish Mexican influence in Texas, then with his index finger and his thumb says this is the 4 years of French influence in Texas. If you visit the Coastal Bend Museum you will see nothing of our history because it is all about the French. Even though Victoria is named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria the community of Victoria chooses to ignore it.
In 1685 Texas belonged to Spain in name only and they had never made an attempt to colonize the area only after discovering that the French were attempting to colonize Texas did they become serious. In 1689 General Alonzo de Leon and Fray Daniel Massanet discovered the bodies of the doomed La Salle colony, Fort St Louis. Later it would be discovered that La Salle had been murdered by his own men. The indigenous in the area had earlier tried to assist the colonists but they soon became demanding and they were left to their own fate. So how is it that this ship changed history forever?
What it did was to encourage the Spanish to colonize Texas. The Spanish under the leadership of Sgt Major Diego Ramon and his son Captain Domingo Ramon would found the permanent settlements of Spanish Texas. They would found Missions, Villas, Ranchos and Presidios. If anything this is how La Belle changed history forever and you would think the Bob Bullock History Museum would give credit where credit is due, but then again they suffer from historical amnesia; or as we say in Spanish “No Mas lo que les
conviene.”
Dan Arellano, President Battle of Medina Historical Society
To Protect, Preserve and Promote Tejano History
During the settlement of Texas in the early 1700’s,
the Spanish government recognized the need to both Christianize and
civilize the Indians of Texas. They also recognized the need to keep the
French from encroaching on Spanish territory. They therefore developed a
three-fold strategy. First, to establish a series of missions. Second,
the presidio and third the civil settlement of the territory. In the
year 1718 the presidio of San Antonio de Béjar was established on the
San Antonio River. During the same year, the mission of San Antonio de
Valero was moved from the Rio Grande to the vicinity of the presidio.
On
February 14, 1729, the Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo made a report to
the king of Spain, King Philip V, proposing that 400 families be
transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the
province of Texas. His plan was approved, and notice was given the
Canary Islanders to furnish 200 families, the Council of the Indies
suggested that 400 families should be sent from the Canaries to Texas by
way of Havana and Vera Cruz. In the port of Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, on
March 27 1730, an air of excitement prevailed as the ship theEspañaset
sail for the New Pillipins or Texas as the territory was known. By June
1730, twenty-five families had reached Cuba and ten families had been
sent on to Vera Cruz before orders from Spain to stop the movement
arrived. On September 9th, 1730 they were at Quantitlan, a
small village near Mexico City. They stayed there until November the 15thwhen
they began their difficult overland journey to the San Antonio River.
The route that was mapped out for them by the Spanish government lead
them through San Luis Potosí and Saltillo. They had a short stop at the
presidio of San Juan Bautista on the Rio Grande where they left their
worn-out horses. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group
marched overland to the presidio of San Antonio de Bexar, where they
arrived on March 9, 1731. The party had increased by marriages on the
way to fifteen families and four single men, a total of fiftysix
persons. They joined a military community that had been in existence
since 1718. The immigrants formed the nucleus of the villa of San
Fernando de Béxar, the first regularly organized civil government in
Texas.
Historians have generally marked the beginning of
civilian settlement in San Antonio with the arrival of fifty-six Canary
Islanders, however the Alarcón's expedition of 1718 was not a purely
military undertaking. In April 1718 Alarcón crossed the Rio Grande with
an entrada numbering ten families and seventytwo persons. On May 1,
1718, he assisted Father Antonio San Buenaventura y Olivares in the
founding of San Antonio de Valero Mission. Four days later Alarcón
founded San Antonio de Béxar Presidio. The families clustered around
the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béxar,
destined to become the most important town in Spanish Texas. The
presidio was to protect the missions in the area and serve as a way
station between the Rio Grande and the East Texas missions. San Antonio
was also to be the site of a Spanish villa (San Fernando de Béxar), and
to this end Alarcón had recruited frontiersmen from Coahuila and Nuevo
León. As Jesús F. de la Teja has demonstrated, "From its founding
in 1718 to 1731, forty-seven couples married and 107 children were
baptized at Mission Valero." Thus, a first generation of native
Bexareños was already living in San Antonio by 1731. The arrival of the
Canary Island settlers temporarily disrupted the racially harmonious
community, but the threat of Indian attacks and frontier isolation soon
eroded the Islanders' aloofness. Indian attacks by the Apaches began in
the 1720s and worsened in the 1760s with the appearance of the Comanches
at San Antonio. In the summer of 1768, Bexareños had to fight off a
twenty-two-day siege without outside assistance. Again, as De la Teja
has remarked, "Shared roles, kinship ties, and the frontier
experience tied much of Bexar's population into a dynamic
community." Oakah L. Jones, Jr., has similarly demonstrated that
outside of San Antonio there was little by way of class rivalry among
the Spanish population in Texas.
Like many of the old families of San Antonio, the
Gibson family can trace their descent from the Canary Island colonists.
María Rosa Padrón was the first baby born of Canary Islander descent
in San Antonio.,
CANARY ISLANDS. One of the few remaining
possessions of Spain, the Canary Islands lie in the Atlantic Ocean
about 60 miles (95 kilometers) from the northwest coast of Africa.
Their total area is 2,796 square miles (7,242 square kilometers).
The Canaries are divided into two provinces of SpainLas Palmas and
Santa Cruz de Tenerife. They comprise seven principal islandsTenerife,
Gran Canaria, La Palma, Hierro, Gomera, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventuraand
several smaller uninhabited ones. They were called Fortunatae
Insulae (Fortunate Islands, or Isles of the Blest) in ancient Roman
legends. One wonders to this day when and how the ancients learnt
about this little paradise which Herodotus called the Garden of
Hesperides, Homer the Elysian Fields and Pliny the Fortunate isles.
Christopher Columbus visited them in 1492. The name Canaries is
derived from canis, the Latin word for "dog." Early
explorers named them for the many dogs they found there. The isles
share an eternal spring climate but they differ dramatically amongst
each other. Exploring the Canaries you move from sub-tropical
vegetation to volcanic semi-deserts, from verdant cliffs and gorges
to sand dunes by the sea shore.
The original inhabitants of the Canaries were a
race known as the Guanches, a name derived from guan, meaning man or
people, and achinch, meaning white mountain in an obvious reference
to Tenerife's snow-capped Mount Teide. The natives lived a Stone Age
existence of shepherding and very rudimentary agriculture. They
buried their dead and, in the case of chieftains, mummified the,
much like the ancient Egyptians. In Tenerife, Bencome, the mencey or
leader of the tribe, fiercely resisted the conquistadors with his
flint exes and slings, while in Gran Canaria the ruling guanarteme.
Semidán, welcomed the European strangers and established truces.
Modern contact with the Canaries began to develop
in the Middle Ages as sailors from peninsular Spain arrived to
plunder the isles of their orchids, which were used to make dye, and
of their inhabitants, who were enslaved. Conquest in earnest only
began with the Norman explorer Jean de Bethencourt who, in 1402 ,
claimed Lanzarote on behalf of his feudal lord Henry III of Castile
and who later became king of the islands. In 1483, during the region
of the Catholic Monarchs, Pedro de Vera established a base in Gran
Canaria and in 1496 Alonso Fenández de Lugo won control of
Tenerife. From then on colonization started in earnest.
It is through Margarita Chaves that the Gibson
lineage descends from the Canary Islanders. When George Alberto Gibson
married Margarita Cháves little did he know that his descendants would
be born into the "first settlers of San Antonio". Margarita
great grandfather, Francisco Xavier Cháves married Maria Juana
Francisca Padrón, while Maria’s maternal grandparents are Martin
Lorenzo de Armas and María Robaina de Bethencourt both of the Canary
Islands. Maria Juana Francisca Padrón’s heritage extends to three of
the family listed as Canary Islander taken at Quautitlan, Mexico on
November 8th, 1730.
The following is a partial list of Canary Islanders
from which we descended, it was taken on November 8, 1730 at Quatitlan
Mexico just outside of Mexico City just before the group of islanders
continued their journey to San Antonio.
Fifth Family
22. - Joseph Padrón.Native
of Palma, about 22 years of age, good figure, long face, dark
complexion, black eyes, black hair & eyebrows, thin black beard.
23 - María Francisca Sanabria.Wife
of above, daughter of Luis Sanabria y Francisca Lagarda, native of
Lancerota, about 22 years old medium height, slender, thin face, thin
nose, light grey eyes, fair complexion, chestnut hair & eyebrows.
Fourteenth Family
42 - María Rodriquez-Provayna.daughter
of Manuel and Paula Umpienes, native of Lancerota, about 27 years old,
good figure, slender, long face, fair complexion, black hair and
eyebrows, thin nose.
43 - Pedro Rodriquez Granadillo.son
of Juan Rodriquez and the above Maria, about 13 years old, good
figure, fair complexion, broad shoulders, full face, light grey
eyes, thin nose, light chestnut hair & eyebrows, pitted with
small-pox.
44 - Manuel Francisco Rodriquez (Granadillo).son
of Juan Rodriquez and the above Maria, native of Lancerota, about 3
years old, fair complexion, reddish hair, blue eyes.
45 - Josefa Rodriquez Granadillo.daughter
of Juan Rodiguez and the above Maria, native of Lancerota, full
faced about 10 years old, reddish flat nose, chestnut hair.
46 - Paula Rodriquez Granadillo(also
called Pabla Rodriguez) daughter of Juan Rodriguez and the above
Maria, about 10 years old, native of Lancerota, fair complexion,
flat nose, round face, black eyes hair and eyebrows.
47 - Maria Rodriquez Granadillodaughter
of Juan Rodriquez and the above Maria, 5 years old, native of
Lancerota, round face, fair complexion, reddish hair & eyebrows,
grey eyes.
48 -
Juan de Acuña
(Rodriquez Granadillo)son
of Juan Rodriquez and the above Maria, native of Guautitlan, about 1
month old, round face, fair complexion, blue eyes, reddish hair and
eyebrows, flat nose.
Sixteenth Family
55 -Martin
Lorenzo de Armasson
of Roque and Teresa de Aviles, native of one of the Canary Islands about
20 years old, good height, broad shoulders, flat face, dark complexion,
flat nose, long eyebrows, grey eyes, black beard, eyebrows & hair,
three moles on the left cheek toward the nose.
María Robaina de Bethencourt,also
refered to as MaríaRodriquez,
MaríaRodriquez-Provayna,
Robaina de Bentacourt and MaríaGranado.
She was the daughter of Manuel de Bethencourt and Paula Umpienes (Umpierre).
Maríawas born
1703 in Lancerote, Canary Islands, and died January 26, 1779 in San
Antonio, Texas. She married (1) Juan Rodríguez Granado while living in
the Canary Islands. He died May 5, 1730 in Vera Cruz. She married (2)
Martin Lorenzo de Armas in San Antonio, Texas, son of Roque Lorenzo de
Armas and Teresa Aviles. Martin was born 1710 in San Sebastian, Gomera,
Canary Islands, and died July 9, 1769 in San Antonio, Texas. They had 4
children. Martin and his wife lived in her home on the plaza. They had a
ranch of one league of land called "San Antonio del Cibolo,"
and Martin himself, had rincon or suerte, granted to his as first
settler. His will is dated April 6, 1769. There is a deed of sale dated
Feb. 20, 1783, from Antonia Rosalia de Armas, widow, to Pedro Jose
Texada, for the portion 7 by 14 vera on the plaza. There is a will of
Gertrudis de Armas, dated Feb. 8, 1802.
San Fernando Church Records, Jul 9, 1769.
Armas, Martin Lorenzo de, Spanish, married to
Robaina de Bentacourt. He left a will, signed before the alcade
Francisco Flores. He and his wife, were the original settlers who
came here from the Canary Islands in 1731.
The following is a excerpt form Yanaguana’s
Successors, the Story of the Canary Islanders’ Immigration into Texas
in the eighteenth Century.
A few months after the death of his wife at
Guautitlan, the Canary Island settler observed that Juan Leal Goraz
began to show unusual interest in Maria Rodrigues, whose husband, Juan,
had died of the vomito at Vera Cruz. Maria, who was twenty-eight years
old when she arrived at San Antonio de Bexar, was vivacious and comely,
and sprang from good stock. She claimed to be a direct descendant of
Jean de Bethencourt, one of the conquistadores of the Canaries, and was
closely related to a well-to-do merchant at Las Palmas in Grand Canary.
Though uneducated, Maria possessed a natural grace
and charm not found in her female associates in the new settlement. She
was proud and haughty and took great pains in planning and constructing
her home at Villa de San Fernando. She boasted that she had obtained the
services of the political leader of the settlers, Juan Leal Goraz, in
building her home and had employed Ignacio de Armas to cultivate her
farm. Ignacio was twenty-four years old, and with his younger brother,
Martin, had sailed from Gomera on theDos
Amigosin the summer
of 1729 for Havana, where he joined the Texas-bound Canary Island
settlers a year later. He proved to be an able farmer and through his
efforts, Maria’s farm produced the best crop of all the settlers
during the first year.
With one exception, the women at Villa de San
Fernando admitted the superiority and social leadership of Maria.
Because of her capabilities and popularity, Goraz reasoned that if he
could persuade her to marry him, her would acquire and able young wife
as well as the privilege of living in the best home in the settlement, a
combination that should vouchsafe their prestige as leader of both sexes
in the colony.
In furtherance of his secret ambition, Goraz
overlooked no opportunity to show Maria with floods of gratuitous
advice, affection with worldly gifts. For a time Maria accepted such
advice from Goraz as seemed most beneficial to her, but beyond a
perfunctory expression of thanks for his aid, she manifested no other
interest in her suitor.
One woman in the colony, Mariana Delgado, widow of
Luis Delgado, refused to acknowledge the social and intellectual
supremacy of Maria Rodriguiz. Mariana was forty-four, homely and
unattractive, but possessed of a strong will. She showed her resentment
of Maria’s popularity by making amorous advances towards Ignacio de
Armas, the young bachelor employed by Maria to cultivate her farm. The
Delgado woman secretly hoped that she might induce Ignacio to marry her,
and if successful, she would embarrass Maria by depriving her of a
valued helper, and at the same time obtain for herself a young husband
who, without monetary consideration, would work on her farm and care for
her in her old age.
Acting on a centuries-old theory that the best
approach to a man’s heart is through his stomach, Mariana prepared a
sumptuous meal ofgofio,
Ignacio’s native food, and invited him to her home to eat it. When
Ignacio told the messenger he had other plans and could not accept
Mariana’s invitation, she carefully placed the food in a crock and
sent it to him. The fact that he neither acknowledged receipt of the
food nor returned the crock did not turn Mariana from per purpose.
Undismayed, Mariana wove a brightly colored manta
from wool purchased on credit at the garrison store, and waited
patiently for Iganacio to pass her door so she might present the gift to
him in person. When, after several days, he did not appear, she sent it
to his home by her young son, who reported that he had placed the manta
in Ignacio’s hands. As with the gofio, Ignacio did not acknowledge
receipt of the gift and continued to ignore the sender. After several
weeks, during which Mariana neither saw nor heard from Ignacio, she
attended a religious fiesta at the fort where to her dismay she observed
Ignacio, dressed in his best pantalones and with her manta draped across
his broad shoulders, conversing seriously with Maria, the sixteen year
old daughter of Juan Curbelo.
The day following his return from Mexico City, Juan
Leal Goraz visited Maria Rodriguez at her home, expecting to receive her
commendation upon his success in obtaining horses for herself and the
other colonists, particularly in view of the discomforts and hardships
she must have known he had suffered throughout the long journey.
Instead, Maria’s attitude was one of indifference approaching
contempt. She criticized him severely for taking sudden leave of the
colony without disclosing his destination and the purpose of his trip.
She declared that on several occasions during his absence she had needed
his advice on important matters requiring immediate decision, and as he
was not available, she had been compelled to seek assistance elsewhere.
She had profited so well by the advice of her new counselor, she had
concluded to refer all future problems to him, and therefore she would
have no further need of Goraz service. She told Goraz she did not wish
to seem disrespectful to an Hidalgo, but he would oblige her greatly if
he would leave her premises, and in future see that proper distance was
maintained between them. Astonished at Maria’a attitude, Goraz pleaded
unsuccessfully for an opportunity to present his case. Disappointed but
undismayed, he left Maria’s home, more firmly determined to win her as
his wife.
While in Mexico, Goraz received as a gift from one of
the viceroy’s attendants a small silver chain, to which was attached a
silver pendant bearing several deeply etched Aztec characters. Fully
expecting to present the souvenir to Maria as a token of his admiration,
he had the gift with him when he called at her home, but her
antagonistic attitude prompted him to defer the presentation until a
more favorable time. A fortnight after Goraz’ last visit to Maria’s
home, he sent the chain and pendant to her by Miguel Leal, one of his
young grandsons, who reported that Maria had accepted the gift without
comment.
After a week had elapsed, Maria sent Goraz a wicker
basket containing a live armadillo, which her children had captured on
the outskirts of the town. Around the animal’s neck, she had placed
the silver gain, leaving the pendant swinging between its ugly front
legs. She sent no message with the armadillo, but the implication was
unmistakably clear: Goraz would greatly oblige her if, like an
armadillo, he would burrow a hole in the ground, enter it, and take the
gift with him. The following day the priest at the chapel at the fort of
San Antonio de Bexar performed the ceremony that made Ignacio de Armas
and Maria Rodriguez man and wife.
Note: There is an error in the book. María Robaina
Rodriguez Granadillo de Bethencourt married Martin Lorenzo de Armas not
Ignacio.
Children of María Bethencourt and Juan Granado are:
i. Pedro Rodríguez3Granado,
b. 1717; d. April 11, 1784.
ii. Josefa Rodríguez Granado, b. 1720; d.
August 1796, San Antonio, Texas; m. Patricio Antonio Rodriguez.
iii. Paula Rodríguez Granado, b. 1722; m.
Joseph Antonio Péres; b. Abt. 1711.
iv. Maria Rodríguez Granado, b. 1725; d.
November 2, 1730, Quautitlan.
v. Manuel Francisco Rodríguez Granado, b.
1727.
vi. Juan De Acuña Rodríguez Granado, b.
September 15, 1730, Quautitlan, Mexico City, Mexico.
vii. Polonia Rodríguez Granado, b. Aft.
1731.
Children of María Bethencourt and Martin Lorenzo de
Armas are:
viii. Fermin Lorenzo de Armas, b. March 5,
1733/34, San Antonio, Texas; d. 1747.
ix. Joseph Lorenzo de Armas.
x. Jose Bacilio Lorenzo de Armas, m. María
Encarnación Del Rio.
This booklet (27 pages) has a listing of the most commonly found girls and boys given names from Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. These given names were gathered from my ever growing genealogy database that currently has over 332,000 records. I have been doing family history research for over twenty years.
I have created hundreds of ancestor books and other family history books from my genealogy database. It may not occur to my readers that when I used the given name Joaquin I may have gotten the name from a record where the name was written as Juachin. I am not making a statement as to the right or wrong way to spell names. The names Feliz, Felix and Felis are equally interchangeable. What I want to make clear is that the spelling found in old documents was not with the intent of uniquely identifying the child as having a name with a unique spelling. This is very important to understand. You need to know that your ancestor may be known as Ventura in one record and Buenaventura in another or Pio in one record and Pioquinto in another. That is why I have included a variation column.
I have ranked the names of the 500 most common female and 500 most common male given names. Here is a quick question for you. What do you think are the top ten most popular given names in the list? The top ten girls given names in descending order are Maria, Juana, Josefa, Francisca, Antonia, Gertrudis, Jesus, Guadalupe, Ana and Petra. The top ten boys given names in descending order are Jose, Juan, Antonio, Joseph, Francisco, Jesus, Maria, Pedro, Manuel and Ignacio. The names Maria and Jesus appear in both lists. Girls are named Maria Jesus and boys Jesus Maria.
With this project conclusion, I am starting research on a families of Galeana, Nuevo Leon series. I am starting with the 1718 marriage records found online at FamilySearch.org.
I hope to hear from anyone willing to help me read the records.
Wishing you Happy Holidays
Chicago Mexican Street Vendor of steamed corn, sends his
children to med and law school. Spanish roots in New Iberia give birth to El Festival
Espanol de Nueva Iberia La Asociacion Espanola de Nueva Iberia, Louisiana
Isidro Fabela Foundation, chapter Illinois
Los Islenos Heritage and Cultural Society, November 2014
Newsletter
Alabama Banned Sharia Law
This is a 10-minute video or short documentary on the experience of a Mexican migrant worker in Chicago, circa
1997-present.
Video: Street vendor sends kids to med, law schools selling ears of corn in the
United States. Tony immigrated alone to Chicago in 1997 to better his family, building a home and sending his kids to university back in Mexico while living frugally. He hasn’t seen his family in person for five years--until now. http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/sending-kids-to-college-with-ears-of-corn-346711107931
MSNBC originals 10/23/14
Spanish roots in New Iberia give birth to El Festival
Espanol de Nueva Iberia
Mayor
traveled to Spain for twinning
CHERÉ
COEN| SPECIAL TO THE ADVOCATE,
Nov. 05, 2014
NEW
IBERIA — Ebrar Reaux went searching for his roots in Nova Scotia,
thinking that a name like Reaux would definitely be Cajun.
But
the New Iberia native found nothing in the land that gave birth to the Acadian
people.
A
cousin insisted their family was of Spanish heritage, which Reaux instantly
denied.
“My
first language was French,” Reaux insisted.
Reaux
decided to visit Spain to see for himself. Sure enough, Reaux is a descendant of
a Spaniard named Don Francisco Ridao who came to New Orleans in 1783 and whose
name was “Francofied” when France owned Louisiana.
Reaux’s
story is not unique in New Iberia, which was originally a Spanish settlement
named Nueva Iberia, founded in 1779 by a group from Málaga, Spain, led by
Francisco Bouligny.
In
fact, several of the families who arrived were from a smaller Spanish town,
Alhaurin de la Torre, which is part of the present Málaga metropolitan area.
When
author and historian José Manuel deMolina was researching Alhaurin de la Torre
for a book, he discovered documentation of Spanish families heading to New
Iberia, Reaux said, and contacted New Iberia Mayor Hilda Curry about a possible
city twinning.
“While
he was doing research in Spain, he discovered that New Iberia was founded by 16
families from Málaga,” Reaux said, adding that “not all of them stayed.”
Those
hardy Spanish pioneers who remained have recognizable names today, names such as
Segura, Lopez and Romero. Some names have been altered.
The
current surname of Gary, for instance, was once Garrido, Reaux said, and Viator
was shortened from Villatoro.
Once
deMolina and Curry connected, members of Alhaurin de la Torre — including
deMolina — came to New Iberia for a twinning ceremony in 2009.
“They
came over and did their part,” Reaux said. “But in order for the twinning to
be complete, New Iberia had to go to their city.”
In
2011, the mayor, Reaux and other New Iberia residents visited Alhaurin de la
Torre, and the ceremony was complete.
But
no one wanted it to end there, Reaux said.
“The
reception we got was simply amazing,” he said. “People on the twinning
committee said, ‘We have to do something to keep this going.’ That’s
basically how the festival got started.”
In
2012, the inaugural El Festival Espanol de Nueva Iberia or Spanish Festival of
New Iberia took place downtown. Now in its third year, the annual event will be
Nov. 14-16 in Bouligny Plaza of New Iberia.
This
year’s theme is flamenco dancing with a complete flamenco costume, artifacts
and photos from the Málaga region of Spain on display at the city’s Bayou
Teche Museum.
The
exhibit will be officially unveiled at 7 p.m. Nov. 14, just before the gala for
El Festival Espanol de Nueva Iberia, a fundraiser for the festival at the Sliman
Theater next door. The gala also will include short performances by flamenco
dancers, including Entre Flamenco, of San Antonio.
“They
(flamenco dancers) are going to do about 20 minutes to whet appetites for their
Saturday performances,” Reaux said.
Saturday’s
events include a “Running of the Bulls” 5K and 1-mile walk (costumes
encouraged), opening ceremony and re-enactment of the Spanish arrival on Bayou
Teche, flamenco dancing, paella and tapas cook-off, children’s tent, genealogy
displays, arts and crafts, and live music by Kira Viator and Bayou Beat, and
Roddie Romero and the Hub City All-Stars.
The
festival concludes Nov. 16 with a Thanksgiving Mass at St. Peter’s Catholic
Church, 108 E. St. Peter St., New Iberia.
In
addition to the annual event, La Asociacion Espanola de Nueva Iberia organizes
student exchanges between Catholic High in New Iberia and IES Capellania, a high
school in Alhaurin de la Torre. The first year, four girls from each country
participated, Reaux said, and it was an immediate success.
“They
became instant friends and they (the Spanish students) came back a second
time,” he said. “They were talking about being in each other’s wedding. I
can’t think of anything better than that.”
For
more information on El Festival Espanol de Nueva Iberia or the association,
contact Reaux at (337) 349-7343.
Is a very active group, involved in the community
bringing all aspects of Spanish culture to public awareness, from Flamenco
dancing, to art, foods, bullfights, parades, exhibits, lectures and
concerts.
Sunday November 16, 2014 a Thanksgiving Mass was held
at St. Peter's Catholic Church in honor of New Iberia founding by Spanish Families.:
Gary, Lopez, Migues (z), Prados, Romero, Segura and Viator.
Executive Board Members (Ebrar Reaux- President, Tracey Migues-Vice
President, Dr. Catherine Segura-Treasurer) for promoting El Festival
Español de Nueva Iberia in downtown New Iberia yesterday during the
ArtWalk. Jane Braud, Secretary.
Isidro Fabela Foundation, chapter Illinois
FUNDACIÓN CULTURAL ISIDRO FABELA A.C.
Congratulations for Art Guevara, receiving the premio Gaviota Award!!
Art Guevara , Mexican Artist & Realtor at Artist & Realtor
Premios Gaviota, Gaviota Awards 2014
This award was presented to Artist Art Guevara for his Artistic contributions to the World. November 20 2014
The Isidro Fabela Foundation, chapter Illinois, is a non- profit organization, which purpose is preserves our Roots with Educational Art and Culture Programs in our Hispanic Community…
8/01/14, Dorinda Moreno wrote:
--------------------
Daniel Valdez is in Santa Maria, CA for the Premiere of this 1840s political drama that inspired the diverse theater audience from start to finish, applauding the engaging presentation on immigrant and native, Catholic and Protestant, historic drama that portrayed officer and enlisted, the U.S. and Mexico warring, that is told by the interweaving of personal stories submerged in a conflict where Manifest Destiny met Conscientious Objection. The theater goer learns that this conflict literally shaped the future of both nations, setting the stage for America's coming Civil War and that resonates in our world today.
PCPA presents a World Premiere of The San Patricios, a play of historical significance, that looks inside the Mexican-American War and reveals traitors, deserters, and heroic fighters – in this world premiere by José Cruz González with music by Daniel Valdez, plays in Santa Maria's PCPA July 31 – August 17, then at the Solvang Festival Theater August 28 through September 7.
It’s 1846. America’s plans to conquer the west under the call of Manifest Destiny helped provoke the largely unpopular Mexican-American war from which there was rampant desertion. One small group of deserters were to be made an example. Tracked down and court
martialed, 30 were found guilty as traitors and were publicly hanged. The San Patricios or Saint
Patricks, a group of Irish immigrants – had fled the famine in their homeland and were quickly enlisted when they set foot on American soil – soon discovering that they had left one bad situation for another. Considered second-class citizens, they suffered hostility, injustice, brutality, and hunger--questioning why they were fighting against the Mexicans, a people who shared similar religious beliefs. With offers of large land grants, high wages, and religious freedom, the 'fighting Irish' crossed the lines and took aim on the American Army as a highly skilled armory battalion.
This world premiere gives us a glimpse into America’s past largely overlooked by history books. Playwright José Cruz Gonzáles says what resonates for him are these immigrants who’ve come from a foreign country to a new country to make it their home and suddenly realize this isn’t their home. “They risked their lives to save this other nation and left a heroic legacy for those who appreciate the history of Mexico for its battles and victories, defeats and glory, and this unique passage in history when a few hundred Irish warriors made a decision that cost many their lives.
Director Mark Booher said, “The story of these people, the real people who were engaged in this significant era of our national and international history, has been really inspiring to me. It’s moral and political complexities – the stories of personal sacrifice, greed, valor, cruelty, desperation, faith, despotism – make it a really sobering and inspiring story to work on.”
The cast includes Erik Stein* as Ringmaster, Leo Cortez as Santa Anna, Megan C.C. Walker as Mary Casey, Paul Henry as Matthew, Anna Lamadrid as Ofelia, Kevin Rico Angulo as Juan, Elizabeth Stuart* as Don
Escutia/Caitlin, Jim Goza as Samuel, Mike Fiore as Joseph, Nik Johnson as Liam, Sean Peters as
Georgie, and Jeff Salsbury as John Riley.
The creative team, under the direction of Mr. Booher, includes Musical Director Matthew R.
Meckes, Scenic Designer Dave Nofsinger, costume designer Pamela Shaw, Lighting Designer Jennifer ‘Z’
Zornow, Sound Designer Chuck Hatcher, and Production Stage Manager Suzanne Tyler*
LOS ISLENOS HERITAGE AND CULTURAL SOCIETY
NOVEMBER 2014 NEWSLETTER
CHRISTMAS 2014 – Los Islenos Museum Complex
Los Islenos Christmas is scheduled for Sunday, December 7th, 2014. Local schools will perform during the Christmas event which will begin around 4:00 p.m. December 7th at Los Islenos Museum Complex. Katherine “Kathy” Serpas Ziegler will lead a committee which will decorate every building in the complex and the surrounding grounds. On Saturday, December 13th, 2014, the St. Bernard Volunteers for Family and Community (formerly the Homemakers) will feature Los Islenos Museum Complex in their annual Christmas tour of homes. Volunteer hosts and hostesses will be needed for this event. For additional information, please call Kathy Ziegler at 504.494.5848 or President Rhonda Hannan at 504.615.9322. More information will be forthcoming.
Hispanidad 2014 – Installation of Officers
Congratulations to Rhonda Rodriguez Hannan who was sworn in as president of Los Islenos Society Sunday, October 26th, 2014 by the Honorable Lena R. Torres during the successful Hispanidad 2014 luncheon. Other officers and directors sworn into office were Catherine Ybarzabal Serpas, sergeant-at-arms; Lloyd “Wimpy” Serigne, director-at-large (immediate past president); Dorothy L. Benge, director-at-large; Maria Ibieta Laborde, director-at-large; Glen Menesses, director-at-large; Paula Borden Mackles, treasurer; and Lena Torres Nunez, vice president. Delicious Spanish food including ropa vieja, paella, Torta de Santiago, Manchego and Mahon cheeses and a selection of wine from Spain were highlights of the event. We wish the 2014-2015 officers and directors all the best and thank them for their service to the Society and Museum Complex.
MUSEUM DAYS 2014
More than 950 students participated in Museum Days 2014, November 6th and 7th, 2014 held at Los Islenos Museum Complex. The program began in 1981 under the aegis of The St. Bernard Historical Society working with Los Islenos Society. The program continued each year through 2004. Museum Days was held in several St. Bernard Parish schools in 2007 and 2008 and organized again until 2011when it was able to return to the Museum Complex after its reconstruction and reopening to the public. Students from Gauthier Elementary, Arabi Elementary, Chalmette Elementary, Lacoste Elementary and the Lycee Francais in New Orleans were among the schools attending this year’s program. Donna Mumfrey-Martin organized the folk craft and folk art exhibitions which were student interactive. Houma Nation of Native Americans, our partners in developing the Museum Complex, had a large and important role in the interpretive program which the students enjoyed. Lena Torres Nunez solicited food donations, a volunteer committee and put together luncheons each day for famished volunteers supporting Museum Days. Thanks to everyone who worked so well to make Museum days a great success.
Death of District Attorney John F. “Jack” Rowley
Los Islenos Heritage and Cultural Society extends its’ condolences to the widow and family of Jack Rowley. Mr. Rowley was elected sheriff of St. Bernard Parish in 1962 and the first and only district attorney of the Thirty –fourth Judicial District from 1979 until his death November 5th. No other parish-wide elected official served St. Bernard as long or as faithfully as Mr. Rowley – fifty-two years occupying the top elected offices in the parish. Mr. Rowley was a proud Isleno descendant who faithfully supported the work of our Society. He was the consummate public servant and benevolent patriarch of St. Bernard Parish.
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
December 7th, 2014 – 4:00 p.m. Los Islenos Christmas
December 13th, 2014 – 11:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. St. Bernard Volunteers for Family and
Community Christmas Tour – Los Islenos Museum Complex
January 8th – 10th, 2015 – Battle of New Orleans Bicentennial Celebration
Event details will be announced as the planning process is completed. More information will be forthcoming shortly.
Los Islenos hold many major events throughout the year.
La Conferencia de los Islenos , November 4, 2014
https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=856695811027561 November 11th, 2014 General Membership Meeting
NATHAN HALL, interpretive ranger with the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, Chalmette Battlefield, will discuss the history of the Battle of New Orleans during the November 11th, 2014 General Membership Meeting scheduled for 7:00 p.m. in the Isleno Center. Mr. Hall is a native of Virginia and an alumnus of Louisiana State University where he holds the master-of-arts degree in history. Mr. Hall coordinates the youth living history volunteer program for the Chalmette Battlefield with fellow ranger Patricia Corral. We will also learn about activities planned by the National Park Service to commemorate the bicentennial of the Battle of New Orleans, January 8th – 10th, 2015. A reception will immediately follow Mr. Hall’s presentation.
Source, Rhonda Hannan Sent by Bill Carmena
Editor Mimi: I will always have a soft spot in my heart for
Los Islenos. In 2013, the NCLR conference was held in New
Orleans. Los Islenos gave Somos Primos beautiful support.
Dressing in period clothes they staffed the booth, and shared historic
photos and items. In addition, we were honored to be given a private and fascinating tour
of their outstanding museum by then president Lloyd “Wimpy” Serigne
and current president Rhonda Rodriguez Hannan. There Museum
site is located out of the city, on considerable acreage, with several
buildings reflecting different periods of times. My favorite was their
"trapper cabin" in which trappers would live for months
at a time. Tactile experiences always leave a lasting
impression.
ALABAMA BANNED SHARIA LAW
Editor Mimi: With so much public emphasis on separation of
religion and state, it is questionable why a need for a law such as this
is even necessary; however, there are many cases in the United States in
which Sharia law, has in fact, superceded our court system.
Last week’s midterm elections included a proposed amendment to the Alabama State Constitution, preemptively banning Sharia Law. When voters went to the polls, they passed the law, known as Alabama Statewide Amendment 1, by a wide margin. The amendment specifically bans the consideration of foreign codes of law, particularly Islamic Sharia Law. The provision on the ballot read:
Called “The American and Alabama Laws for Alabama Courts Amendment,” Amendment 1 relates to the application of foreign law during the legal process involving an Alabama citizen. Foreign law refers to the laws of other countries or cultures. Currently, judges or other legal authorities discern whether foreign law is applied. Amendment 1 would create constitutional protection that foreign law is not applied if it violates the guaranteed rights of Alabama citizens.”
Muslims and Liberals across Alabama, and even outside the state, are up in arms. The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) issued a statement on Facebook calling the amendment “virulently racist” and indicative of “outright hostility toward Muslims.”
Liberals argued the amendment was racist and Islamophobic. They also deemed it unnecessary, since Sharia law has not been proposed in Alabama. Supporters of the amendment, however, made the case it was important to establish a position on use of a foreign legal system before the issue arose.
In European countries where there are significant Muslim populations, Sharia law has become a hotly-debated issue. England, for example,
has permitted aspects of Sharia law, resulting in legal and cultural confusion. The difficulties posed are described in an article on RT UK:
Sharia principles are to become enshrined in the UK legal system for the first time, with The Law Society publishing guidelines for drawing up documents according to Islamic rules, which would exclude non-believers and encroach on women’s rights. The new guidelines were produced by The Law Society earlier this month. Under the guidance, High Street solicitors will be able to write Islamic wills which will have the power to exclude non-believers completely and deny women an equal share of an inheritance. “The male heirs in most cases receive double the amount inherited by a female heir of the same class. Non-Muslims may not inherit at all, and only Muslim marriages are recognized,” states the document. Any children who have been born outside of marriage and even kids who have been adopted will also not be recognized as legitimate heirs. It also advises lawyers to draft special exclusions from the Wills Act 1837, which would allow gifts or money to pass to the children of an heir who has died, as this practice isn’t recognized in Islamic law. Sharia law only recognizes Muslim weddings, so anyone who was married in a Christian church or in a civil ceremony would also be excluded from succession.
December 20,
2014: Navidad en el Viejo San Agustin/ Christmas in Old St.Augustine,
A Room of Her Own: My Mother's Altar, an installation by Sandra Cisneros
From Slum to Center by Joe Sanchez
The Adoration of the Three Kings
From the altarpiece of the Church of Santa Maria de Viladordis (Manresa)
End of 16th century; The County Museum of Manresa; Manresa, Spain
NAVIDAD EN EL VIEJO SAN AGUSTÍN / CHRISTMAS IN OLD ST. AUGUSTINE
Saturday, December 20, 2014
St. Augustine, Florida
Florida Living History, Inc. ( www.floridalivinghistory.org ), will launch its 2015 “St. Augustine’s 450th Anniversary” commemorations with the presentation of its fourth, annual Navidad en el Viejo San Agustín / Christmas in Old St. Augustine heritage Event! Navidad en el Viejo San Agustín will take place on Saturday, December 20th, from 6PM to 9PM, at Mission Nombre de Dios ( www.missionandshrine.org ), in St. Augustine, FL.
This holiday, heritage celebration will include:
living historians in period garb, representing the citizens of 16th-century San Agustín de la Florida;
Las Posadas – a colonial, Spanish Christmas procession;
colonial Spanish musical entertainment;
a 16th-century, Spanish Christmas play;
samples of colonial Spanish holiday treats;
a belén (a traditional Spanish Nativity scene);
all presented by torch and candlelight on the grounds of historic Mission of Nombre de Dios and Shrine of Our Lady of La
Leche.
Admission to this popular heritage Event is free of charge to the public. For further information on Navidad en el Viejo San Agustín, please see the attached press release or contact Florida Living History, Inc., at
info@floridalivinghistory.org or (toll-free) 1-877-FLA-HIST (1-877-352-4478).
www.floridalivinghistory.org
A Room of Her Own: My Mother's Altar,
an installation by Sandra Cisneros
Acclaimed author Sandra Cisneros has created an installation in the tradition of
"Dia de Muertos" to honor her mother, Elvira Cordero Cisneros. Commenting on this work, Cisneros writes, "My mother never had a room of her own until the last 10 years of her life. She relished her room and often locked the door when the grand kids came so they wouldn't touch and destroy her things. She was a gardener, and loved her flowers. So I have tried to incorporate a garden bedroom in my installation with items from my mother's room and books from her bedside. She had a knack for finding antiques, and putting odd things together."
Sponsor: Smithsonian Latino Center
Venue: American History Museum
Friday, October 31
Sent by Delia Gonzales Huffman delia_huffman@yahoo.com
From Slum to Center
Gee, I never considered where my family and I lived in Lincoln Square, the
slums. I have great photos of where we lived along with the Irish and other minority groups which shows a different view. There was an Irish family that
lived below our apartment. We were friends with two of their boys. One was
named Johnny. He was older than me, and made sure no bully picked on me.
Sure there was a block or two where poorer people lived, but that was it. My
mother always made sure we lived in a good neighborhood, even if it was
low-income.
She worked all her life as did my dad, and we were never on
Welfare. We moved to Lincoln Square in 1956 from the Lower East Side
Alphabet City }, 2nd Street between A & B and on Monroe Street, after
migrating from Puerto Rico in 1951. In 1958 we were forced along myriad of
other families to move out due to Eminent Domain and the construction of
Lincoln Center. Our tenement was on Amsterdam Avenue & 62nd Street, across
the Amsterdam City Housing Projects. Those were the days, my friend, we
thought they'd never end. I was 12-years-old.
Buffalo Soldiers
Negro? Prieto? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans by Randal C. Archibold
Confederate officer James Malbone's Civil War diary
Race Mixture in the History of Latin America
THE BUFFALO SOLDIERS
National Museum of African American History and Culture
On-line series will showcase individuals and events in the African
American experience, placing these stories in the context of a larger
story — our American story. http://go.si.edu/site/PageServer?pagename=mm_stories
In 1866, an Act of Congress created six all-black peacetime regiments, later consolidated into four –– the 9th and 10th Cavalry, and the 24th and 25th Infantry –– who became known as "The Buffalo Soldiers." There are differing theories regarding the origin of this nickname. One is that the Plains Indians who fought the Buffalo Soldiers thought that their dark, curly hair resembled the fur of the buffalo. Another is that their bravery and ferocity in battle reminded the Indians of the way buffalo fought. Whatever the reason, the soldiers considered the name high praise, as buffalo were deeply respected by the Native peoples of the Great Plains. And eventually, the image of a buffalo became part of the 10th Cavalry's regimental crest.
Initially, the Buffalo Soldier regiments were commanded by whites, and African-American troops often faced extreme racial prejudice from the Army establishment. Many officers, including George Armstrong Custer, refused to command black regiments, even though it cost them promotions in rank. In addition, African Americans could only serve west of the Mississippi River, because many whites didn't want to see armed black soldiers in or near their communities. And in areas where Buffalo Soldiers were stationed, they sometimes suffered deadly violence at the hands of civilians.
Sent by Dorinda Moreno
Adriana Zehbrauskas for The New York Times
JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS, Mexico — Hernán Reyes calls
himself “negro” — black — plain and simple.
Negro? Prieto? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans
By Randal C. Archibold
New York Times,
October 25, 2014
After some thought, Elda Mayren decides she is “Afromexicana,” or African-Mexican.
Candido Escuen, a 58-year-old papaya farmer, is not quite sure what word to use, but he knows he is not mestizo, or mixed white and native Indian, which is how most Mexicans describe themselves.
“Prieto,” or dark, “is what a lot of people call me,” he said.
This isolated village is named for an independence hero, thought to have had black ancestors, who helped abolish slavery in Mexico. It lies in the rugged hills of southwestern Mexico, among a smattering of towns and hamlets that have long embraced a heritage from African slaves who were brought here to work in mines and on sugar plantations in the 16th century.
Just how many people are willing to share that pride may soon be put to the test as Mexico moves to do something it has not attempted in decades and never on its modern census: ask people if they consider themselves black.
Or Afromexican. Or “moreno,” “mascogo,” “jarocho,” or “costeño” — some of the other terms sometimes used to describe black Mexicans.
What term or terms to use is not just a matter of personal and societal debate, but a longstanding dilemma that the government is hoping finally to resolve.
An official survey of around 4,500 households this month asked about African descent and preferred terms as part of plans to include the question on a national housing and population survey of 6.1 million households next year, a broad snapshot of the country in between the main censuses. It has not yet been decided if the question will be on the full census in 2020.
The sample next year would allow for a rare, official estimate of the total black population in Mexico — a number that until now has been the subject of educated guesses of tens of thousands.
“It is a big, important move,” said Sagrario Cruz-Carretero, an anthropologist at the University of Veracruz who studies Mexico’s African descendants and has participated in meetings with the census agency, known as Inegi for its initials in Spanish, to push for the move. “The black population has been invisible.”
That Mexico is even considering asking about black identity represents a leap in a country where race is rarely discussed publicly, and where bigotry and discrimination, both blatant and indirect, is commonplace.
It was only last November that Mexico’s largest bakery, Bimbo, undergoing an international expansion, abandoned the name of its popular chocolate cake bar, “Negrito,” or little black one. The cartoon boy with the big Afro remains on the package, though he has also evolved over the years from a dark-skinned, cannibal-like figure to a light-complexioned skater dude.
A casting call last year seeking models for a television commercial for Aeroméxico, the nation’s largest airline, asked for “nobody dark skinned,” conforming to the overwhelmingly white complexions portrayed across the media here. The airline and the advertising agency later apologized.
When it comes to official classifications of race and ethnicity, the census has typically asked only if an indigenous language is spoken at home and, if so, which one. That information has been used to evaluate the size of the Indian population (about 6 percent of the total of 112.3 million).
Although Mexico’s indigenous peoples persistently rank at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, the country takes pride in its indigenous heritage and carefully preserves the remnants of ancient civilizations.
But African-Mexicans say their role as Mexico’s “third root” is ignored in textbooks and by society as a whole. They are seeking the census count as a prelude to official recognition in the Constitution, which could mean deeper study and commemoration of their history and better services for their communities.
The coalition of scholars, community groups and activists that has been pushing for the census question has gained traction for a number of reasons: renewed attention to non-Spanish cultures after a 1994 indigenous uprising in the southern state of Chiapas; a civil society grown more vociferous since the first democratic handover of the presidency after the 2000 election; and a sense that Mexico was falling behind in international agreements it had signed over the years to confront racial discrimination. Mexico has increasingly looked out of step with other Latin American nations, including Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, that have included questions of race on their census forms.
“Gradually, we have been moving toward this step,” said Ricardo Bucio Mújica, president of the National Council to Prevent Discrimination, a government agency formed 11 years ago. As for Mexico’s black population, he added, “If it is not known how many there are, their conditions, there can’t be an agreement on the part of the government for their inclusion at large.”
Mexicans generally chafe at the racial politics of the United States and declare themselves far more easygoing, lacking a history of Jim Crow segregation or Ku Klux Klan-like animosity. They often point out that slavery was finally abolished here in 1829, as part of liberal, egalitarian ideals that helped push independence from Spain. That happened well ahead of abolition in the United States in 1865.
Many families call dark-skinned relatives “Negro” or “Negra” without a second thought. When Mexico put out a postage stamp in 2005 depicting a beloved comic-book character, Memín Pinguín, a black boy with wide eyes and exaggerated lips, government officials and commentators defended it against a torrent of criticism from the United States, including the White House, and from other countries. (The stamp sold out and was not reprinted.)
The few politicians with black ancestry who have been elected often play down or deny their family roots, and with intermarriage stretching back to the earliest days of slavery, many Mexicans may be unaware of their African heritage.
While traveling outside of their communities, black Mexicans say they are stopped routinely by the police and accused of being illegal immigrants from Cuba or Central America. They often endure long stares and even touching of their hair by curious fellow Mexicans.
That unfamiliarity comes in part because Mexico’s black populations, often to escape persecution and discrimination, historically never moved in large numbers to big cities and have kept largely to themselves in scattered communities in three southern states: Oaxaca, Guerrero and Veracruz.
In this village in Oaxaca, black ancestry is taken for granted, even among people who also have clear indigenous blood lines.
Israel Reyes Larrea, who named his daughter “Africa” and has devoted a room in his house to a collection of memorabilia from the black communities of Mexico, said he was “Afro-Indian” — with a great-grandmother of African descent. But since moving here a couple of decades ago and marrying a black woman, he describes himself as black.
“It is not just about blood,” he said, “but how you see yourself culturally and politically.”
His son, Hernán, 22, participates in a troupe that performs the “Danza de Diablos,” a traditional ceremony with devil masks and African-style drumming and dancing, one of a number of customs brought here by ancestors of African heritage and still practiced in this isolated region.
Herminio Rodríguez Alvarado, 83, is a “curandero,” a folk healer, in nearby Cuajinicuilapa, in Guerrero State. Steeped in what anthropologists say are African-rooted traditions, his techniques claim to be able to identify a person’s animal twin and decide if its poor health explains a given ailment.
Some adolescent girls and young women here say they go along with the local custom of “la huida,” thought also to have its roots in African traditions, whereby suitors take them hostage until a marriage is arranged. Community leaders and some of the girls have insisted it is benign, though in years past the authorities treated it as a form of kidnapping.
“It is something very typical in our community,” Mariana Palacio, who is 14, the youngest age at which women may legally marry in Mexico, said the other week, after being taken to her future husband’s house to live until their wedding day.
The isolation of the African-Mexican communities, whatever the reasons for it may be, has left many with decrepit schools, roads and services — a neglect and deep poverty that has bred resentment.
Mr. Escuen, the farmer, said he could barely make ends meet. He supports the census question as a way to bring attention to the community. “It doesn’t matter much here what we are called, they are all the same, as long as they give us some help,” he said.
Indeed, a number of people did not see the fuss behind being counted.
“If they ask me,” said Inocente Severo García, a fisherman here, “I will say, ‘I am Mexican.’ ”
A version of this article appears in print on October 26, 2014, on page A6 of the New York edition with the headline: Prieto? Negro? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans.
Confederate officer James Malbone's
Civil War diary
SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. (AP) — A century and a half after Confederate officer James Malbone wrote his Civil War diary partly in code, a couple of Yankees have figured out why he took the precaution: He liked to gossip.
Sprinkled amid entries on camp recipes and casualties are encrypted passages in which Malbone dishes on such juicy topics as a fellow soldier who got caught in bed with another man's wife.
Malbone also writes about meeting the wife of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and describes her looks in an apparent echo of rumors at the time that she may have been of mixed race.
"That's pretty shocking," said Kent D. Boklan, the Queens College computer science professor and former National Security Agency cryptographer who deciphered Malbone's code with little difficulty. "It's a military diary and you expect military information, but you don't expect the first lady of the Confederacy to make an appearance in this diary."
According to Boklan, Malbone's encrypted entry about Varina Howell Davis describes her as "dark complected" with "very very brown skin dark eyes" and "high cheek bones wide mouth."
Davis' wife was a well-educated woman for her time, and as a result, was the target of "all kind of gossipy innuendos from the ladies" in Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, according to Sam Craghead of the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond.
View gallery:
The diary of Confederate officer James M. Malbone is displayed at the New York State Military Museum …
Malbone, a lieutenant with the 6th Virginia Infantry Regiment, was severely wounded in the arm at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. Assigned to light duty behind the lines, he used a leather-bound pocket diary to jot down his thoughts and even a poem.
Many of the entries were in a code he devised himself, consisting of a variety of symbols, including punctuation marks and a dollar sign, that corresponded to letters of the alphabet.
Other entries — names of deserters, costs of supplies — were written in plain text because the diary would have been submitted to his superiors so they could copy the information for their official records, according to Jim Gandy, librarian at the New York State Military Museum.
Gandy said the journal probably came into the possession of a New York soldier at the end of the war and wound up in the state's vast collection. It is the only Confederate diary in the museum. There is no record there of Malbone's ultimate fate.
It wasn't until 2012 that a museum volunteer discovered the diary was written partly in code. The museum contacted Boklan, who had broken Union and Confederate codes used in other documents, and he completed the deciphering after working on it for a week in January.
Varina Banks Howell was born at Natchez, Mississippi, the daughter of William Burr Howell and Margaret Louisa Kempe. Her father was from a distinguished family in New Jersey: his father Richard Howell served several terms as Governor of New Jersey and died when William was a boy. William inherited little money and used family connections to become a clerk in the Bank of the United States.
William Howell relocated to Mississippi, the area for development of new cotton plantations. There he met and married Margaret Louisa Kempe (1806–1867), born in Prince William County, Virginia, of a wealthy planter family who moved to Mississippi before 1816.[1] Her parents were Colonel Joseph Kempe (sometimes spelled Kemp), a Scots-Irish immigrant from northern Ireland who became a planter and major landowner, and Margaret Graham, born in Prince William County. Margaret Graham was considered illegitimate, as her parents, George Graham, a Scots immigrant, and Susanna McAllister (1783–1816) of Virginia, never officially married.[2][3]
After the Kempe family moved to Mississippi, Joseph Kempe also bought land in Louisiana. For his daughter's marriage to Howell, he gave her a dowry of 60 slaves and 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land.[4] William Howell worked as a planter, merchant, politician, postmaster, cotton broker, banker, and military commissary manager, but never secured long-term financial success. He lost the majority of Margaret's sizable dowry and inheritance through bad investments and their expensive lifestyle. They suffered intermittent serious financial problems throughout their lives.
Varina was the second Howell child of eleven, seven of whom survived to adulthood. She was described as tall and thin, with an olive complexion attributed to Welsh ancestors.[5] (Later when she was living in Richmond as the unpopular First Lady of the Confederacy, critics described her less charitably as looking like a mulatto or Indian squaw.)[6]
When she was thirteen, her father declared bankruptcy, and the Howell family home, furnishings and slaves were seized by creditors to be sold at public auction.[7] Her mother's Kempe relatives intervened to redeem the family's property. It was one of several sharp changes in fortune that she would encounter in her life. Varina grew to adulthood in a house called The Briars, when Natchez was a thriving city, but she learned that her family was dependent on the wealthy Kempe relatives of her mother's family to avoid poverty.
Varina Howell was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for her education, where she studied at Madame Deborah Grelaud's French School, a prestigious academy for young ladies.[8] Grelaud, a Protestant Huguenot, was a refugee from the French Revolution and had founded her school in the 1790s.[8] One of her classmates was Sarah Anne Ellis, the daughter of extremely wealthy Mississippi planters. (After the Civil War, Sara Ellis Dorsey, at that time a wealthy widow, helped support the Davises financially.)
While at school in Philadelphia, Varina got to know many of her northern Howell relatives; she carried on a lifelong correspondence with some, and called herself a "half-breed" for her connections in both regions.[9] After a year, she returned to Natchez, where she was privately tutored by Judge George Winchester, a Harvard graduate and family friend. She was intelligent and better educated than many of her peers, which led to tensions with Southern expectations for women.[7] In her later years, Varina Howell Davis referred fondly to Madame Grelaud and Judge Winchester; she sacrificed to provide the highest quality of education for her two daughters in their turn.
In 1843, at age 17, Howell was invited to spend the Christmas season at Hurricane, the 5,000 acres (20 km2) cotton plantation of Joseph Davis, the family friend for whom Varina's parents had named their oldest child. Located at Davis Bend, Mississippi, Hurricane was a few miles south of Vicksburg and Davis was planning a gala housewarming with many guests and entertainers to inaugurate his lavish new mansion. (Varina described the house in detail in her memoirs.) During her stay, she met her host's much younger brother Jefferson Davis, a West Point graduate and former Army officer, who was then working as a planter managing his own cotton plantation.
Hi. I read the
article on Afro Mexicans and agreed with most of it. On a related note, while in Mexico in 1969 I obtained an elementary
school textbook. The book was printed on pulp paper and had a lot of excellent black and
white as well as color illustrations. One of the color illustrations augmented a
discussion about Mexico's racial admixture. Full coverage of the black-African
contributions was included. While in Mexico at that time I visited the national museum of
anthropology in Mexico city. In one part of the museum there is a color mural
reflecting the diversity of Mexico's genetic admixtures. The mural is a
tastefully executed panorama of nude females of all races to signify the mothers
of Mexico's genetic heritage. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran wrote a book on black people in Mexico and
while few would argue that there is a need for of more such publications there
have been efforts in the fields of anthropology, sociology and history to
document and even cherish Mexico's African roots.
Gil, thanks for your
shares.
In l973, I participated on
a six-week seminar from the U.C. Santa Barbara (Dr. Jesus Chavarria, Gracia
Molina de Pick), Museo de Anthropologia (Rina Lazo and Arturo Garcia Bustos,
Juan O'Gorman, Horcasitas Casas Poza, Guillermo Monroy) and Colegio del Tercer
Mundo, (Dr. Berta Zapata), for an historic exchange, and our professors,
Guillermo Monroy, Betty Catlett and Pancho Mora (a married couple of professors
and artists), were amongst our instructors, and gave excellent discourse
on this subject.
Especially important book
used in La Raza/Ethnic Studies, was the Magnus Morner book, Race Mixture in
Latin America, a rich book that all students today would find informative.
Sunset Hills, Missouri and its Prehistoric Past
U.S. Census Bureau: American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage
Month
Sunset Hills, Missouri and its Prehistoric Past
Mound Builder Indians were the first inhabitants of what is now partly Sunset Hills
By Dan Barger
In 1976, the Sunset Hills Bicentennial Committee published a booklet outlining the history of Sunset Hills. One of the chapters in the booklet concerned the earliest settlers in the area - the Mound Builder Indians.
Information for the booklet was obtained through many personal interviews who shared their memories and initially began as a 3rd Grade project - and Eagle Scout project - by Scott Bessinger.The entire history is published on the City of Sunset Hills website and can be accessed here.
The following is the chapter on Indian History, as it appears on the city's website:
Anthropologists and Archaeologists have stated that the entire Meramec River Valley is a vast dig. Artifacts have been found from its beginning to its mouth but a great concentration of finding shows us that the land around Fenton and Sunset Hills was especially popular with both Mound Builders, prehistoric, and Historic Indians.
One of the reasons for this is the two big salt springs on either side of the River. Gabriel Cerre ran a salt spring or springs in Sunset Hills. Two different sites are identified as Cerre Springs; one location at Rott and I-270 and the other location on West Watson and Weber Hill Road along the creek on Bilmeier Property. The salt spring or mineral spring by Weber Hill was still in operation in the early 1900's run by Mr. Maag. Jacques Clamorgan bought the land in Fenton containing the other big spring in 1891. This had first been owned by a Hildebrand family in 1777. Since these salt springs were the only source of salt in the area, it is logical to assume that both Mound Builders and Historic Indians would settle in the vicinity of the springs.
The main source of information has been an article written by Edwin W. Mills for the Missouri Archaeologist in 1949. His article was entitled "Some Prehistoric Sites Along the Meramec River As They Appeared Fifty Years Ago". He writes of having been interested in Indian artifacts and was quite a collector even as a young boy, interested enough to have walked and explored the area from down river by Butler Lake to west as far as the town of Pacific. This pamphlet is on file at the Tesson Ferry Branch of the County Library for you to read.
Mr. Mills tells of the Fenton Site #1. He states that the town of Fenton rests upon the remains of a prehistoric settlement of some importance. Early St. Louis history books have pictures of the two big burial mounds that were larger than the mound in the City of St. Louis at Mound Street. He describes the Indian village and workshop as extending from the high banks of the river west to Smizer Creek. Finds included teeth, fragments of bones, potsherds tempered with mussel shells, a few polished stone implements, small worked pieces of hematite, shell beads and flint artifacts. He also described a 500 pound piece of light green granite.
Crossing the river into Sunset Hills, he next describes the Sale Site #2. Judge Joseph Sale farm land now owned by Vogt and Sieveking. Here was a small burial mound. Even though the Sale family had worked the farm all through the 1800's, there was still a small elevation visible. He tells of finding teeth, bones, potsherds, flint artifacts and a large celt of the some light green granite as the one across the river.
Moving northward along West Watson Road he identifies Cerre Spring as the Schultz Site #3. In 1890 the sulfur spring emitted a brackish rivulet which cut through a bottom field and emptied into the Meramec. The flow of the spring had almost been stifled. A large prehistoric salt factory had been located at this place. Fragments of huge bowls or basins of clay tempered with mussel shell littered a field of some eight or ten acres. The potsherds were fairly uniform in thickness (about three-fourths of an inch). On the outside of the pottery fragments were impressions of woven material. When I first visited this field I could have filled a wagon box with these rough potsherds. A few had a crystalline deposit on what had been the bottom of a bowl. Evaporation hastened by boiling may have been accomplished by dropping heated stones into the saline water. Sharf noted that the Mound Builders used and manufactured salt by boiling as evidenced by the masses of large potsherds about he salt springs of Gallatin, Illinois, and near St. Genevieve, Missouri. He further commented that the later Indians knew nothing of the antiseptic and preservative qualities of salt. There was also evidence of a village site and burial ground near the salt spring. Mr. Schultz, the owner told me of plowing into graves, and the soil was charcoal-stained in places. Fragments of small pottery vessels, flint implements and an unfinished feldspar bead were found. I also found the only notched flint hoe I have ever seen form the Meramec Valley on this site. The edge of the hoe showed high soil-polish. The people that lived on the Schultz site like those of the Fenton site, used some polished stone implements and were apparently of the same culture.
This was the Schultz property now owned by Elsworth Breihan. The pasture behind the old Schultz home still yields pre-Columbian potsherds. Felicia Breihan is becoming quite a collector. Just north of this farm on Hoffman property there was a spear-manufacturing plant. The Lenz garage boasts of having an Indian buried under it. It seems that the skeleton was discovered when they were digging to lay a new concrete floor in the garage. Not wanting to disturb him further, they replace the dirt around him. It will be a surprise to someone someday when they unearth this Indian and find flashbulbs in his eye sockets.
The next site Mr. Mills describes is called The Griesedieck Site #5. About a half-mile north of the salt works on a high bench and along the east bank of the river was another cemetery consisting of two rows of limestone slab graves paralleling the stream. The Griesedieck Estate later acquired this land and the graves had not been disturbed. I know of no similar graves farther up the river. This site seems to have marked the most northern boundary of the "stone grave people's domain."
The Francis Lucas farm now owned by George Krumm and his son, Richard Krumm, sit just east of the Griesedieck property. John Krumm, George's father, came to the area in 1891 as a young man to work for Brown Orchid Farms. He brought with him an enormous interest in Indians. He walked and knew the immediate area of Sunset Hills even more thoroughly than Mr. Mills. One of his finds was a set of graves facing east toward the sunrise on the hill called "Indian Hill" or "Griesedieck Hill". In 1925 Mr. Krumm had archaeologists from Washington University examine these graves. An article in the St.Louis Post-dispatch in 1925 described the dig and carried pictures of the event. Unfortunately, there is no record of what happened to the artifacts that were removed from the ten graves and we still do not know the age of the people. There are five graves remaining, in various degrees of deterioration. They are approximately five feet long, eighteen inches deep, and two feet high, One big rock slab covered the top of the grave, the bottom and sides were lined with thin flagstones of limestone. It was a ritual for Boy Scouts of Troop 40 to spend one night on Indian Hill; you can imagine the tales that have grown up around this very special place.
Mr. Mills speculates on whether the settlement had been large or small, of brief or long duration and sums up his article this way:
"Regardless of the mysterious fate of the Indian peoples, these salt springs, probably with a much stronger flow in pre-Columbian times, were located one above and one below Fenton, which seemed to be the center of the settlements. Nearby bottomlands of fertile soil make it an ideal location. The elevation of the Fenton Site, above ordinary floodwaters and its shelter by timbered hills to the west and north, were also valuable features. Furthermore, the clear gravelly creek skirting the rear of the village furnished a never-falling supply of clear water, even when the Meramec River was high and turbid. These prehistoric people were of prodigious energy and vast industry. Their mounds, their potteries and workshops, their salt factories where tons of saline water must have evaporated and their burial grounds to which large slabs of limestone had to be dragged long distances, attest it. They must have crossed the river continually, suggesting that they used canoes or rafts of logs extensively".
The last civilizations of Indians to live here were the Historic Indians. These people did have villages and farmed but were much less industrious and much less intelligent than the great civilization of the Mound Builders. They were hard to control and quite naturally resented the intrusion of white man. While the Spaniards ruled the area they had courts for settling Indian disputes ruled over by a Syndic. Daniel Boone was a Syndic for the area north of the Missouri River. There was a Syndic of Meramec, unidentified, but early records state that five Mascoux raiders were executed for killing a man. In Clamorgan's diary he wrote that the Greater Osage and the Lesser Osage warriors were causing so much trouble it was hard to get settlers to stay in the 1790's.
The census of 1800 shows 450 members of the Missouri Tribe, in and around Fenton. Other tribes mentioned by early history books as being in the area were Delaware, Shawnee, Fox (or Renard), Sauk (Saukee or Sac), Miami, Chickasaw, Pottowatomie, Winnebago, Onondaga, Illinois, Peoria, Pawnee, Kickapoo, Koonce, Cherokee, Dakotah, Padukah and Ohio. It is believed that Pyesa, father of Black Hawk (leader of the Sauk Tribe that worked with the English), was killed at the bend of the Meramec when the Saukees raided a Cherokee camp at the foot of Meramec Highlands.
The name for the river comes from either the Indian word MAHR-AH-MEC meaning "Water of the Bitter Spring" or the Indian word MAH-AH-MAC meaning "Waters of Death". Either name would fit the river. The sulphur springs were certainly bitter and the river was well known for its dangerous whirlpools that claimed the lives of many swimmers.
http://patch.com/missouri/sunsethills-crestwood/sunset-hills-and-its-prehistoric-past
Sent by Dorinda Moreno blosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com
Profile American Facts for Features: American Indian
& Alaska Native Heritage Month, Nov 2014
Source: U.S. Census Bureau News, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20233
The first American Indian Day was celebrated in May 1916 in New York. Red Fox James, a Blackfeet Indian, rode horseback from state to state, getting endorsements from 24 state governments, to have a day to honor American Indians. In 1990, President George H.W. Bush signed a joint congressional resolution designating November 1990 as
“National American Indian Heritage Month.” Similar proclamations have been issued every year since 1994. This Facts for Features presents statistics for American Indians and Alaska Natives, as this is one of the six major Office of Management and Budget race categories.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, the statistics in the “Population” section refer to the population who reported a race alone or in combination with one or more other races.
Note:
Unless otherwise specified, the
statistics in the “Population”
section refer to the population
who reported a race alone or in
combination with one or more other
races.
Population
5.2
million: The
nation’s population of American
Indians and Alaska Natives,
including those of more than one
race. They made up about 2 percent
of the total population in 2013.
Of this total, about 49 percent
were American Indian and Alaska
Native only, and about 51 percent
were American Indian and Alaska
Native in combination with one or
more other races. Source:
2011-2013 American Community
Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_S0201&prodType=table>
14:
Number
of states with more than 100,000
American Indian and Alaska Native
residents, alone or in
combination, in 2013. These states
were California, Oklahoma,
Arizona, Texas, New Mexico,
Washington, New York, North
Carolina, Florida, Alaska,
Michigan, Oregon, Colorado and
Minnesota. Source: 2013 American
Community Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/0100000US.04000/popgroup~009>
14.3%
: The
proportion of Alaska’s
population identified as American
Indian and Alaska Native, alone or
in combination, in 2013, the
highest share for this race group
of any state. Alaska was followed
by Oklahoma (7.5 percent), New
Mexico (9.1), South Dakota (8.5
percent) and Montana (6.8
percent). Source: 2013 American
Community Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/page/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table>
Reservations:
325
Number of federally recognized
American Indian reservations in
2012. All in all, excluding
Hawaiian Home Lands, there are 630
American Indian and Alaska Native
legal and statistical areas for
which the Census Bureau provides
statistics. Source: Census Bureau
Geography Division <https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_aiannha.html>
Families;
1,698,815
The number of American Indian and
Alaska Native family households in
2013 (households with a
householder who was American
Indian and Alaska Native alone or
in combination with another race).
Of these, 38.5 percent were
married-couple families, including
those with children. Source:
2011-2013 American Community
Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_S0201&prodType=table>
Education
82.2%: The
percentage of American Indians and
Alaska Natives 25 and older who
had at least a high school
diploma, GED certificate or
alternative credential. In
addition, 17.6 percent obtained a
bachelor’s degree or higher. In
comparison, 86.3 percent of the
overall population had a high
school diploma or higher and 29.1
percent had a bachelor’s degree
or higher. Source: 2011-2013,
American Community Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_S0201&prodType=table>
Jobs
25.9%: The
percentage of civilian-employed
single-race American Indian and
Alaska Native people 16 and older
who worked in management,
business, science and arts
occupations in 2013. In addition,
25.2 percent worked in service
occupations and 22.7 percent in
sales and office occupations.
Source: 2011-2013 American
Community Survey <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_S0201&prodType=table>
Questions
or comments should be directed to
the Census Bureau’s Public
Information Office: telephone:
301-763-3030; or e-mail: <PIO@census.gov>.
The preceding data were collected
from a variety of sources and may
be subject to sampling variability
and other sources of error. Facts
for Features are customarily
released about two months before
an observance in order to
accommodate magazine production
timelines.
The
de Riberas by Michael Perez, Chapter 1
Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed The Sephardic History: The Jewish Theological Seminary, Part I
Fire and Song: The story of Luis de Carvajal and the Mexican Inquisition
Consolidated Jewish Surname Index
The Conquistadores and Crypto-Jews of Monterrey
Sephardim.Com
Witchcraft & Judaism
by Rabbi Ahron Lopiansk
Introduction to "The
de Riberas" by Michael S. Perez
The de Riberas ladies and gentlemen of the Bank
I finally gave in during the winter of 1999 and began my family history research. Knowing nothing about genealogy, I sought out help from various individuals and organizations. Mimi Lozano and other researchers recommended that I select those family lines that I knew the most about. As a result, I selected my mother's family line, Rivera (de Ribera). This decision was made despite knowing almost nothing about the family line.
This book “The de Riberas” is a celebration of the sacrifices made by my progenitors, a way to pay homage to the part they played in the Old World, particularly Spain, and the founding of New Spain. It is also an appreciation of their contributions to this great nation, the United States of America.
I have only just come to understand how little I know about my forbearers. Even the length of four hundred years of history tells little about a family or a man’s background. What follows is but the shadow of a rich and complex tapestry of the times and places, and those men and women who once lived them.
The book contains the history of my family's Spanish/Sephardic Jewish, Germanic, Celtic, Irish, and French roots. My mother, Angela Rivera's family tree includes the de Riberas, Ceballes (Ceballos), Varelas, (Barela) Quintanas, Lucero de Godoys (Godoi), and many others.
To give proper consideration to eleven generations of all my progenitors in one book would be impossible. Therefore, I will endeavor to discuss the de Riberas at some length and explain the historical conditions and life circumstances that swirled about them in The Old World, New World, and Santa Fe, New Mexico under the governments of Spain, Mexico, and finally the United States. I have attempted to include as many of the intertwined family lines and their surnames, however, information on these lines will be limited.
The de Riberas had their beginning in Galicia (Gallaecia or Callaecia) also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania, approximately present-day Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Leon and the later Suebic Kingdom of Gallaecia. The Roman cities included the port Cale (Porto), the governing centers Bracara Augusta (Braga), Lucus Augusti (Lugo) and Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and their administrative areas Conventus lucensis and Conventus
asturicensis, bracarensis.
The Bishop of Orense, D. Pedro Seguino, in the years 1150, added to the writings of his predecessor Bishop D. Servando. According to him, the Lord of the solar house of Rivera in Galicia, "Peerage", proceeded from the family of the marine, a descendant of the Roman Cayo Mario or Gaius Marius (ca. 157-86 B.C.), Governor of Galicia. Gaius Marius (ca. 157-86 B.C.) was a Roman general and popular politician. Born near Arpinum in central Italy, Marius was of country stock. However, his family was well enough situated that Marius could enter a public career in Rome. He saw his first military service in 134-133 B.C. with Scipio Aemilianus (Scipio Africanus Minor) at Numantia, where Marius was decorated for bravery. Ten years later, as military tribune, he may have served under Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus against the Balearic pirates. In 122 Marius returned to Rome to be elected to the quaestorship and may have accompanied Q. Fabius Maximus, son of Scipio Aemilianus, to Gaul.
Mauro D. de Castilla Ferrer, in his history of St. James the Apostle, Patron of Spain, writes that he was founder D. Rudisendo, Lord of the solar house of Rivera Galicia, "Peerage"; He states that the Riveras, descend through the straight male of the Count Sancho Belloso, natural son of King of León D. Ramiro III and Lord of the House of Cabrera and Rivera.
Juan Bautista Labana, in his notes on the Peerage of the Count Don Pedro, manifested that they were called Rivera, as Lords of the Torre de Rivera in Galicia. This tower, other authors say rising in the so-called "land of Rivera", by strapping on the banks of the river Limia.
Molina, in his "Antiquities of Galicia", writes: "Here the sailors took Riveras, whose solar in Galicia has been". It says that D. Juan Tamayo in his martyrology (A martyrology is a catalogue or list of martyrs and other saints and beati arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts. Local martyrologies record exclusively the custom of a particular Church. Local lists were enriched by names borrowed from neighboring churches. Consolidation occurred, by the combination of several local martyrologies, with or without borrowings from literary sources.), as the Bishop of Orense previously cited, supports the Roman origin of the marine and shore, using inscriptions preserved in rocks.
These views have, however, very weak fundamentals, as they only say that the primitive site of this lineage, settled in Galicia, is positively certain and proven. Later a branch created Manor House in Asturias, another went to Andalusia, founding new solar in Seville.
The de Riberas were also Sephardic Jewish. This begs the question, where did the Spanish Jew originate? There are three much discussed Jewish migrations from the Holy Land and introduction of Jews into Iberia. Each has its reasons for being correct and each has its drawbacks. The first, according to the oldest Jewish traditions suggests that the first Jews arrived in Spain in one of King Solomon's fleets with Hiram's Phoenicians. Their mission was to conduct business with Tarsus. These appear to be the same boats of Tarsus that the biblical prophet Jonah boarded and which must have arrived at the Tartessos of the Guadalquivir. A second tradition suggests they arrived as refugees after the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BCE, joining their compatriots. These had come earlier during the Phoenician trading era. Though all this is possible, there is no documentation to prove it. The third and more logical explanation is to assume that the first Jewish settlements in the Iberian Peninsula took place after Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. The war against Rome and the complete destruction of the Temple opened up the great Jewish Diaspora (dispersion) throughout the Mediterranean. The Diaspora could have easily reached Roman Hispania (Spain) in the first century.
I invite you to enjoy my family history as much as I had fun compiling it!
Chapter
One
España
This
book “The de Riberas” is a celebration of the sacrifices
made by my progenitors, a way to pay homage to the part they
played in the founding of the northern areas New Spain. It is
also an appreciation of their contributions to this great
nation, the United States of America. To be sure, this is not a
historical book. I leave that to the real historians. Much of
this information is gleaned from the internet and used to
explain one family’s descendents in various historical
timelines using the history at each stage as a backdrop.
The American Sephardi Federation is delighted to introduce
their newest publication project, Sephardi Ideas Monthly, a continuing series of essays from the rich, multi-dimensional world of Sephardi thought that will go out on the second Monday of every month.
http://sephardichorizons.org/
For our inaugural issue we present Professor Daniel J. Elazar’s seminal, 1992 essay, “Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?”
Professor Elazar (1934–1999) was the first president of the American Sephardi Federation (1973-1975). He was also a renowned professor of political theory, a prolific author, and the founder of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. In the course of his career, Professor Elazar wrote a number of important works on Sephardim and the Sephardi world, including The Other Jews: The Sephardim Today.
Professor Elazar begins our featured essay by arguing that “the iron grip” of Ashkenazi forms of Judaism serve “to weaken the relationship of Jews with the rest of the world.” In response, he calls for the revival of “Classic Sephardic Judaism,” a tradition “not given to excess, seriously Jewish, yet worldly and cosmopolitan.”
A realist unimpressed by conventional pieties, Professor Elazar traces the decline of Sephardi communities and the historic, demographic and institutional factors that have led to what he calls the “Ashkenazification of the Sephardim.” These difficulties do not deter him, however, from concluding that Jewish life needs a “revival of a living organic Judaism…through the Sephardic way.”
Today, a little over
twenty years after Professor Elazar’s essay appeared, does “the need
of the hour” in Jewish life remain the same? Is the Jewish world more
open now than it was in 1992 to “the Sephardic way”? And what
would an alternative built along the lines of “Classic Sephardic
Judaism” look like in our time?
These are a few of the
questions that we invite you to consider as you read, “Can Sephardic
Judaism be Reconstructed?”
Editor Mimi: Oh my . . . If you want to learn more about Sephardic
history, this site has many interesting videos, plus an excellent series presented by
Rabbi and Jewish
historians, about 160 minutes on the history of Sephardics .
Consolidated Jewish Surname Index - Avotaynu
www.avotaynu.com/csi/csi-home.htm
The Consolidated Jewish Surname Index is your gateway to information about some 370,000 Jewish surnames that appear in 31 different databases.
THE CONQUISTADORES AND CRYPTO-JEWS OF MONTERREY
Monterrey, among the cities of Mexico, has a mystique all its own, marked by an enduring and controversial “Jewish question” regarding its founding in 1596. Vito Alessio Robles, the eminent Saltillo scholar early on stated that “all the citizens of Monterrey descend from Jews.” After a public outcry Alessio Robles had to retract his statement. This book reviews the claim that many of the first settlers of Monterrey were indeed of Jewish descent. The author focuses primarily on the Garza family and establishes beyond a doubt that they were conversos, New Christians from original Jewish families, sometimes labeled Crypto-Jews if they lapsed back to practicing their Jewish faith in secret, the persons pursued by the Inquisition.
He claims through new archival research that ancestors of the Garza’s were burned at the stake in the 1526 Auto de fé held in the Canary Islands. In this work, the saga of the principal figures in the Monterrey region during the formative era-Luis de Carvajal, Alberto del Canto, Baltasar Castaño de Sosa, Diego de Montemayor, Francisco Báez de Benavides and Captain Joseph Martínez family of Marin-are presented against the backdrop of the ongoing settlement efforts and battles with the
Indians.
Editor Mimi: Since most Tejanos, with early
colonizing ancestery will find a Garza surname among their roots, it surely
suggests that most of those Tejanos have Jewish roots. Hum m m m m .
. . .
Sent by John Inclan
A Research Tool for
Sephardic Genealogy / Jewish Genealogy
by Harry Stein
Una Herramienta de Busqueda de Genealogia Sefardita/Judia.
Informacoes e genealogia Judaica.
We changed the face of Sephardic genealogy research.
COPYRIGHT @ 1999-2011 SEPHARDIM.COM - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
This site is a research tool for Sephardic and Jewish genealogy. We attempt to cover many facets of Sephardic culture and attempt to add new information daily. If you have any suggestions, comments, or corrections, wish to link or report a broken link, please send your comments to:
Editor Mimi: This point of view had never occurred to me,
and I just
had to share it.
Witchcraft & Judaism by Rabbi Ahron Lopiansk
Most children are thrilled by stories of witches and devils, Harry Potter and Lord
Voldemort. In an otherwise dry and rational world, those mysterious forces add an element of fun and excitement and stir the imagination. They allow a youngster to feel that there is a way to beat a merciless and insensitive system.
Born poor through no fault of your own? No problem ? a wonderful fairy will come to your doorstep and give you the fortune you so longed for. A bully is tormenting you mercilessly? A spell will be cast and he will become a squirrel for the rest of his life.
The Blair Witch Project films give teenagers a momentary shot of excitement and dread, and an ominous whiff that maybe there really is something lurking out there.
Three General Approaches When a person matures, three general approaches towards the occult and other outside forces begin to emerge.
There are the serious, rational mindsets who laugh it all off. For them the world is rational, quantifiable and anything else is utter rubbish.
The world has a spiritual dimension with mysteries we cannot comprehend.
There is a second group of people, who tend to be spiritual, artistic, poetic, etc. They sense the world has a spiritual dimension to it, and that there are all sorts of forces and mysteries that reason can't comprehend. Theirs is a world of tea-leaf readings, tarot cards, crystal balls and psychic predictions.
Then there are those very deeply religious people, whose worldview is that of a great battle between the two forces in the world ? good and evil. The captain of the good team is God, assisted by a host of angels, saints, martyrs, etc. The captain of the bad team is the devil, assisted by demons, evil spirits and politicians. Their world is particularly threatened by the likes of Harry Potter books, due to a large degree to the severity with which witchcraft is dealt with in the Bible.
Not Jewish None of these three general approaches are in keeping with Judaism. What is the Torah perspective regarding witchcraft?
The Torah takes a very negative attitude towards witchcraft in its various formats, such as:
"A sorcerer shall not be allowed to live." (Exodus 22:17)
"For you are coming into a land that God is granting to you; do not learn the ways of the abominations of the native people. There shall not be found amongst you ... a sorcerer, soothsayer or engager of witchcraft ... or one who calls up the dead. For it is an abomination before God, and it is on account of these abominations that God is giving you their land." (Deut. 18:9-12)
But why? What is the problem with it? The so-called "devil vs. God" approach is an anathema to Judaism because of the whiff of dualism inherent in it. God is One, and only One. He acts in many different ways, but there are no "two" armies in the full sense of the word.
Judaism does speak of the "Satan/devil," but it sees Satan as an agent of God, testing the sincerity of man's deeds, the strength of his convictions, and the stamina of his moral fiber. Although this so-called devil seems to entice man to do wrong, he is not inherently an evil being. Rather, he is conducting a "sting" operation; overtly enticing to bad, but in reality working for God. A cursory reading of the beginning of Job conveys that message: God sends out Satan to test Job's righteousness.
Just as a dentist or doctor tests the firmness of a bone or flesh by probing it, just as the army tests the integrity and trustworthiness of its intelligence agents by tempting them, so too does God test man. A test reveals the inner worthiness of a person's deeds, demonstrating what they are really made of.
So, if magic and occult do exist, why are they so evil? Good Magic, Bad Magic
We also find mention of many types of "good magic" in the Talmudic sources, such as blessings, amulets etc. How do we distinguish between the two types of spiritual forces?
The perspective most widely used is that of the Nachmanides, the great 12th century thinker. We will try to adapt and explain his perspective.
Although God was the sole creator of the universe, He created an autonomous system of "nature" that serves as an intermediate layer between God and man.
The system of nature is self-contained and has its laws and its causes and effects. Being that one can use this system without immediate recourse to God, it allows for a sort of atheism. It is easy to think that the system runs on its own, independent from God. Gravity, inertia, electro-magnetism etc. all work whether the person is a sinner or a saint. A person who buys into the phenomena of nature, without bothering to ask himself about their cause, nor being sensitive to God's manipulation of natural events, is misled by the system into disbelief in God.
The world of the quasi-spiritual can bend the rules of nature through miracles and magic.
Between God and this world of nature lies another bridge, which we shall call the "occult" or the quasi-spiritual. It has the ability to change and bend the rules of nature, through miracles, magic, etc. But this quasi-spiritual world, although it is more elevated than nature per se, is still not the Divine. It has its rules and laws of operation, and is perhaps more powerful than the physical world, but certainly not omnipotent.
Are we to make use of this world in the way which we are bidden to make use of the physical world?
Nachmanides says that generally speaking God does not desire that we make use of this world. God had intended for us to come to awareness of Him within the natural world, and through its phenomena. Someone who subverts the system of nature, by constantly using the supernatural world, is going against the will of God.
In those instances where holy people have used forces above nature, they've always emphasized the fact that the miracles thus generated only demonstrated God's omnipotence to override natural phenomena. This is similar to (though certainly not the same as) the miracles that God performed for Israel in Egypt with the aim of establishing certain Divine truths. When a righteous person occasionally uses Divine intervention, it bolsters those great truths.
Danger Of Wrong-Doing It is at this point that the danger of real wrongdoing exists. A person who has realized that the laws of nature unto themselves are insufficient to explain the world, has tapped into this more spiritual world and come upon a melange of all sorts of "spiritual beings." If he understands they are agents of God, this becomes a true spiritual experience. But if he mistakenly understands them to be independent of God, then he engages in idol-worship! These forces then become a source for evil when they are viewed as an alternative power to God.
Perhaps the best illustration for this dual approach is inherent in the story of the "copper snake":
And the people spoke ill of God and Moses ... and God sent against them the burning serpents and they bit the people, and many people died ... and God told Moses: "Shape a snake [out of copper] and place it on a stick, and whoever was bitten will look at it and live." Moses then made a snake of copper and put it on a stick, and if a person was bitten by a snake, he would look at the copper snake and live. (Numbers 21:4-9)
The Mishna (Rosh Hashana 29a) puts this into perspective: Did the serpent heal or kill? Rather, when Israel looked up heavenward, and dedicated their hearts to their Heavenly Father [they would be healed], and when not, they would waste away.
Here we have both facets of the supernatural: At first, the miraculous nature of the snake caused people to realize that the plague was God's doing, and they worked on bettering themselves. In this vein it was a positive spiritual experience.
But later things disintegrated and instead of the snake being a means to recognizing God, it became a focal point in itself, i.e. the wonderful healing snake ? separate from God's power. That is idolatry. For this reason, many hundreds of years later, King Hezekiah had this copper snake destroyed because people turned it into an idol!
Understanding Idol Worship Idol worship is the perception that there are many forces with various powers over mankind and perhaps even over God. The idolater thinks that he can use these "powers" against God if he only knew how to wrest them away from God.
It's as if God's power were vested in a gun He holds in His hand. The idolater thinks that if could only wrest the gun from God, then he'd wield that power. He equates the spells of witchcraft with the ability to overpower God.
The prime example of this thinking is the evil prophet Bilaam, who is called a sorcerer by the Torah. He was a person very knowledgeable in this area of the universe. He kept scheming to use the world of magic against God. He thought he understood the mind of God and that with enough powerful manipulation, he would be able to outfox Him!
In a sense, this is the worst form of idolatry possible. On the one hand, the person is onto something "real." It is not a weird looking rock that a primitive mind has fantasized into a god. Rather, it is a power that works. Yet, it is utterly false, because nothing is independent of God.
The litmus test of "spirituality" is morality. Without morality any "spirituality" is bogus or evil.
For us, the litmus test of "spirituality" is morality. Any form of "spirituality" that makes no moral demands on a human being, that does not seek to bring him closer to God, or bring out the Divine potential of man, is bogus or evil spirituality.
If a person practices "occult rites" and the content thereof is a mumble of strange words, bizarre costumes, or strange rites, it is either bogus or evil. It usually is bogus, but in those cases that he has tapped into these powers, it is evil for he has divorced it from God.
The great rabbis who performed supernatural acts, were using them to bring home a message about God. They enjoined people to recognize the Creator, develop their character, be kind to others, be honest and faithful, reign in their drives, etc. Understood in the larger context of God, Torah and morality, these unusual miracles were indeed Divine revelations.
Mexico archaeologists explore Teotihuacan tunnel
by E. Eduardo Castillo
2,200-year-old altar found on Italo-Greek shipwreck
What do you think? Aztecas helped by Space Travelers
Sobre Natural y Asi
Mexico archaeologists explore Teotihuacan tunnel
by E. Eduardo Castillo
MEXICO CITY (AP) — A yearlong exploration of a tunnel sealed almost 2,000 years ago at the ancient city of Teotihuacan yielded thousands of relics and the discovery of three chambers that could hold more important finds, Mexican archaeologists said Wednesday.
Project leader Sergio Gomez said researchers recently reached the end of the 340-foot (103-meter) tunnel after meticulously working their way down its length, collecting relics from seeds to pottery to animal bones.
A large offering found near the entrance to the chambers, some 59 feet (18 meters) below the Temple of the Plumed Serpent, suggests they could be the tombs of the city's elite.
"Because this is one of the most sacred places in all Teotihuacan, we believe that it could have been used for the rulers to ... acquire divine endowment allowing them to rule on the surface," Gomez said.
Unlike at other pre-Columbian ruins in Mexico, archaeologists have never found any remains believed to belong to Teotihuacan's rulers. Such a discovery could help shine light on the leadership structure of the city, including whether rule was hereditary.
"We have not lost hope of finding that, and if they are there, they must be from someone very, very important," Gomez said.
So far Gomez's team has excavated only about 2 feet (60 centimeters) into the chambers. A full exploration will take at least another year.
Initial studies by the National Institute of Anthropology and History show the tunnel functioned until around A.D. 250, when it was closed off.
Teotihuacan long dominated central Mexico and had its apex between 100 B.C. and A.D. 750. It is believed to have been home to more than 100,000 people, but was abandoned before the rise of the Aztecs in the 14th century.
Today it is an important archaeological site on the outskirts of Mexico City and a major tourist draw known for its broad avenues and massive pyramids.
Divers have recovered an altar that was used for on-board sacrifices from a 2,200-year-old shipwreck off the Aeolian Island of Panarea just north of Sicily. Such altars have been found before on land and one was discovered in the shallow Adriatic waters around the Croatian island of Hvar, but this is the first one to be found on a shipwreck.
The wreck was discovered in 2010 by researchers from Sicily’s Superintendent of the Sea Office using sonar and a remote operated submersible. The 50-foot ship, dubbed the Panarea III, and its cargo of amphorae were at a depth of 426 feet (130 meters), deep enough to keep it out reach of treasure hunters and naval traffic.
The submersibles weren’t able to dive deeply enough to retrieve any objects from the wreck, so this year the Superintendent enlisted technical divers from the non-profit Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) to explore the site and recover a few artifacts. They also had the aid of two high tech submersibles with gripper arms.
They found a well-preserved wooden portion of the ship’s keel and recovered 16 artifacts — amphorae, pottery vessels, fishing plates and the altar — from the wreck, all of them in excellent condition. Divers didn’t realize what the altar was when they first saw it on the edge of the amphora field. It looked like a little pillar initially. When they blew away some of the
accumulated silt, they found the bottom of it was mostly buried. About a foot in diameter at the widest point and three inches high, that was actually the top of the altar, a basin used to burn incense in ritual offerings. The base of the pedestal was found next to it. There are metal supports embedded in the base, probably the remains of fasteners to keep it from going overboard at the first swell. It’s engraved with three Greek letters (ETH) and there’s a decorative wave relief around the edge of the basin.
Archaeologists dated the objects to between 218 and 210 B.C. Because the cargo was mostly Greco-Italic jars but with Punic amphorae in the bow of the ship, archaeologists believe it was a Greek trading vessel that traveled between Rome and Carthage, possibly supplying the fleet of Roman consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus who was commander of Sicily from 214 to 211 B.C. These were dangerous times to be a merchant in the Mediterranean. The crew of the Panarea III had eminently good reason to bolt an altar to the ship’s deck and make copious sacrifices to the gods.
The Second Punic War started in 218 B.C. and while the most famous military encounters between Carthage and the Roman Republic involved elephants, alps, the Fabian strategy and pitched battles with body counts so disastrously high to this day they are ranked as among the most costly battles in human history, Carthage and Rome threw fleets of ships at each other too. Rome was rather more successful on water than they were on land in the first eight years, winning major naval encounters around Sicily and Sardinia.
Marcellus was successful on land as well, particularly when given command of Sicily. He besieged the city of Syracuse, then allied to Carthage and a powerful potential foothold for Hannibal in his struggle to conquer Italy, for two years (214 B.C. – 212 B.C.) by sea and by land. It took so long to take the city because it was ably defended by high walls and the ingenious inventions of Archimedes. After the Romans finally found a weak point in the wall and broke through, a soldier came upon Archimedes in his study and killed him despite Marcellus’ order that the great mathematician not be harmed.
The artifacts recovered from the shipwreck will be conserved and eventually put on display at the Aeolian Archaeological Museum of Lipari.
Sure Mimi, here goes. . . The program primarily is about the UFO phenomena but we also talk about
spirits, urban legends. We have celebrities and common folks who share with us cases of abductions,fotos,videos and stories where the have personally witnessed alien
spacecraft,lights, orbs, aliens or actual abductions.
My co-host is Diana Perla Chapa she is very well known throughout the UFOlogist worldwide as an investigator and a contributor to the world of UFOs. She is one of the few special invited guest in the annual UFO conference in Roswell, New Mexico . She is also the mother of the International
children's star entertainer known as Tatiana I have known Diana now for almost 10 yrs. It was at one of her monthly meetings of the OVNI CLUB OF NUEVO LEON which she founded over 20 yrs ago .
The program is shown on Monday afternoon from 5 to 6pm every week and you can see re-runs throughout the week as well .
Un abrazo fuerte, Welester Alvarado
Luna sobre Ayotzinapa/Moon Over Ayotzinapa by Rafael Jesús González
Mexico Missing Case: Students March in Solidarity
Guerra de Intervención Norteamericana 1846-1848
Mexico: Esporter of Its Population
Familias descendientes de Don Carlos Gomez Villarreal y de
Don Guillermo García Welsh, de Montemorelos, N.L.
2000 Tesis en Formato Digital
Ceremonia del XX Aniversario de la Sociedad de Genealogía de
Nuevo León
El bautismo de Don José María Roa y Bárcena,
Político, Historiador, Novelista, Periodista,Defunción del General de División Francisco Murguía López de
Lara
Información Matrimonial de Don Angel García
Peña y de Doña Guadalupe Armendariz García
Luna sobre Ayotzinapa
La luna llena convierte las sombras
en águilas y en jaguares,
en colibríes y en culebras
que se cuelan por las aulas
y sofocan los pasillos
de la escuela normal.
Su luz mera se torna en los ecos
de los gemidos de La Llorona
buscando sus hijos desaparecidos.
Una mezcla de dolor y de rabia
inunda los patios y calles;
hay lágrimas y sangre en el viento
aullando por la justicia.
En sus repisas aletean los libros
como mariposas nocturnas
y se mancha de sangre la bandera.
The full moon turns the shadows
into eagles & jaguars,
into humming-birds & snakes
that infiltrate the classrooms
& choke the hall-ways
of the teachers' school.
Her very light turns into the echoes
of the moans of La Llorona
looking for her disappeared sons.
A mixture of pain & of rage
floods the patios & streets;
there are tears & blood in the wind
howling for justice.
In their shelves the books flutter
like night moths
& the flag is stained with blood.
Thousands of Mexicans have been marching through the streets of Mexico City to protest against the pace of investigations on the whereabouts of 43 missing student teachers.
They disappeared after clashing with police in the south-western state of Guerrero more than five weeks ago.
University students have begun a 72-hour strike in support of the teachers.
The mayor of Iguala, suspected of involvement in their disappearance, was arrested on Tuesday after a manhunt.
Jose Luis Abarca and his wife were detained without a shot being fired in a house in a working-class neighbourhood of Mexico City.
A woman who had rented the house to the couple was also arrested on suspicion of aiding a fugitive.
The nationwide strike is the latest in a series of protests aimed at putting pressure on the authorities to step up the search for the missing students from a teacher-training college in the town of
Ayotzinapa.
Relatives of the 43 trainee teachers have demanded a faster pace to the investigations.
The disappearance of the 43 trainee teachers has shocked Mexican society
Relatives of the missing welcomed Tuesday's arrests.
Prosecutors have accused the mayor of telling the municipal police in Iguala to intercept the students to prevent them from interrupting a speech his wife was giving.
Police opened fire on the students, who were in buses travelling back from Iguala to their college, killing three of them and three more people in nearby vehicles.
One busload of students tried to flee, only to be chased down by the municipal officers, who took them to the local police station.
Some of the officers, who have since been arrested, told investigators they then handed the students over to a local drugs gang called Guerreros Unidos (United Warriors).
Timeline: Iguala disappearance
26 Sept: Students from a teacher training college in Ayotzinapa travel to Iguala to protest and raise funds
Night of 26 Sept: Police stop the students, 6 people are shot dead, 43 students disappear
30 Sept: Iguala mayor Jose Luis Abarca asks for leave from his post, which is granted
4 Oct: Mass graves are found near Iguala containing 28 bodies
19 Oct: Federal police are deployed to Iguala and replace the municipal force
22 Oct: Mexico's prosecutor general says an arrest warrant has been issued for Mr
Abarca, his wife and the town's police chief
23 Oct: Guerrero state governor Angel Aguirre resigns
29 Oct: President Enrique Pena Nieto meets the relatives of the missing students and promises a "renewed search plan"
4 Nov: Mr Abarca and his wife are arrested in Mexico City
Police raided the house where the Iguala mayor was detained in the early hours of Tuesday morning.
The leader of the gang, who has also been detained, said that he had been told by one of his men that the 43 were members of a rival gang.
He then reportedly ordered that they be "made to disappear".
A search of the surrounding area has uncovered a number of mass graves containing a total of 38 bodies.
Forensic tests carried out on 28 of the bodies suggested they were not those of the students.
However, Mexico's Attorney General has since said that the initial tests may have been flawed. More tests are currently going on.
The relatives of the missing said they hoped the arrest of Mr Abarca and his wife would yield new clues.
"This was the missing piece. This arrest will help us find our kids," Felipe de la Cruz, told Milenio television.
Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. Roberto.Calderon@unt.edu
Guerra de Intervención Norteamericana 1846-1848.
En el libro defunciones de la Villa de Parras, Coah. correspondiente a los años de 1846-1847, localicé los registros de dos Soldados del Ejercito Norteamericano que fallecieron en dicha
población.
Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Días.
Márgen izq. Adulto José Santiago Extrangero. Limosna.
En el Campo Santo de San Antonio de Parras á los veinte y cuatro dias del mes de Diciembre del año de mil ochocientos cuarenta y seis: Yo el el Cura Parroco Pro. José Francisco Aragón, dí sepultura Ecca. con Cruz Alta y Misa plena, en el quarto tramo al cuerpo del Extrangero, José Santiago Solt°. de 38 años originario de la Ciudad de N. adulto----- y uno de los enfermos que dejaron abandonados en esta poblacion las Tropas de los Estados Unidos, á su salida precipitada para el Saltillo. era Catolico Apostolico Romano; pidió con instancia los Santos Sacramentos; dió señales claras y sensible de verdadero arrepentimiento: lo confesó el Pbro. Dn. Ygnacio Villa= ---- Teniente de Cura de esta Parroquia por medio del interprete Dn. Lorenzo Yarlo; y en seguida yo mismo le puse los santos oleos y le asistí a su cabecera, murió de agudisimo dolor de costado, tan violentamente que no hubo oportunidad de administrarle la Sagrada Eucaristia, y para constancia lo firmé. J. Franc°. Aragón.
Márgen izq. Hombres. Adulto. Guillermo Wilcocks. Extrangero de 22 años. de
Limosna. En el Campo Santo de San Antonio de Parras á los cuatro dias del mes de Enero del año del Señor de mil ochocientos
cuarenta y siete años. Yo el Cura encargado Pbro. José Franc°. Aragón dí sepultura Ecca en el 4°. tramo con cruz vaja al cadaver de José Guillermo Wilcocks, extrangero adulto de veinte y dos años de edad, á quien se administró el Santo Bautismo in Articulo mortis, por haber pedido con bastante instancia este Sacramento, segun los interpretes de su idioma Dn. Juan Veggs, y Dn Pablo Miers: fueron testigos ademas Dn. Francisco Hernandez, Dn Onofre Fragas y D. Sebastian Andrade, se le confirió este Sacramento Sub Conditione, se le puso el santo oleo, á pocos momentos espiró a resultas de la fiebre fuertisima, se que quedó enfermo en esta Villa al tiempo de la salida de las Tropas de los Estados Unidos: y para constancia lo firmo. J. Franc°. Aragón.
Investigó, localizó y paleografió estos registros.
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero.
Miembro de Genealogía de México y de la Sociedad de Genealogía de Nuevo León.
Sociedad Mexicana Recreativa Mutualista,
Orange County, California, circa early 20th Century.
Source: Somos Primos, September 2008
According to a
document from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (CEPAL), our country has become the major supplier of
immigrants in Latin America: 11.8 million Mexican nationals reside in a
foreign country, the majority in the United States, where Mexicans are 4
out of every 10 Latin Americans [who have emigrated to the U.S.] (28.5
million in total). México also leads in the number of persons who
return to their country of origin, even though, the international body
warned, this position is probably explained by the deportation of
foreigners from its neighbor country.
These statements lead to a reflection in two directions: first, it is
clear that for many years the country has not been doing what is
necessary to satisfy the needs and expectations of a significant part of
its population: creation of jobs, dignified salaries and labor
conditions, staffing of education and health services, construction of
public housing, and strengthening of transportation, culture, sport and
recreation services. At the same time, there exists a clear challenge in
the restoration of public security and rule of law in the vast areas of
the territory where such services are precarious or simply nonexistent.
In this scenario the responsibility of the Mexican State is undeniable
for the persistence of the fluid migration and, as such, in the creation
of the terrible conditions during their travel and stay that the large
majority of the Mexican nationals suffer who venture to our neighbor
country in search of better terms of employment and life: crossing
through inhospitable and dangerous places, abuses of all kinds by U.S.
immigration agents, discrimination, working conditions close to slavery,
constant persecution, loss of basic rights and forced separations
between deported parents and small children who remain in U.S.
territory.
Such considerations inevitably weaken the position of the government and
the country in general when it tries to demand less inhumane treatment
for Mexican citizens in the United States, repeal of legal regulations
that criminalize immigrants for no other reason than being such and
formulation of immigration laws and regulations minimally attached to
the observance of human rights.
Secondly, the CEPAL document makes evident, in an indirect manner,
Mexican backwardness with respect to the Latin American countries that
have opted to modify or cast aside the neoliberal economic model that
brings along with it generalized impoverishment of the majority, the
annulment or restriction of their rights, the indiscriminate opening of
internal markets, the abandonment of farmers, and the shrinkage of the
public sector and social policies.
The nations that have proposed to overcome this paradigm have managed to
abandon their capacity as suppliers of manpower – the case of Ecuador
is the most representative – including changing the landscape of
immigration. Ours, however, follows
a model that anchors it to the deplorable and exasperating condition of
exporting our own inhabitants.
Según
un documento de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe
(Cepal), nuestro país se ha convertido en el principal emisor de
migrantes en América Latina: 11.8 millones de connacionales residen en
el extranjero, la mayoría en Estados Unidos, donde son mexicanos cuatro
de cada 10 latinoamericanos (28.5 millones en total). México encabeza
también la cifra de personas que retornan a su país de origen aunque,
advirtió el organismo internacional, esa posición probablemente se
explica por las expulsiones de extranjeros que realiza el país vecino.
Los datos
consignados llevan a una reflexión en dos sentidos: por una parte, es
claro que desde hace muchos años el país no está haciendo lo
necesario para satisfacer las necesidades y las expectativas de una
parte significativa de su población: creación de empleos, dignificación
de los salarios y las condiciones laborales, dotación de servicios de
educación y salud, construcción de vivienda de interés social,
fortalecimiento de los servicios de transporte, cultura, deporte y
recreación. Al mismo tiempo, existe una clara asignatura pendiente en
la restauración de la seguridad pública y el Estado de derecho en las
vastas extensiones del territorio en las que tales premisas son
precarias o llanamente inexistentes.
En este
escenario resulta innegable la responsabilidad del Estado mexicano en la
persistencia del flujo migratorio y, por tanto, en la gestación de las
terribles condiciones de viaje y estadía que sufre la gran mayoría de
los connacionales que se aventuran al país vecino en busca de mejores términos
de trabajo y de vida: travesías por parajes inhóspitos y peligrosos,
abusos de toda suerte por los agentes migratorios estadunidenses,
discriminación, condiciones laborales cercanas a la esclavitud,
persecución constante, pérdida de derechos básicos y separaciones
forzadas entre padres deportados e hijos menores que permanecen en
territorio estadunidense.
Tal consideración
debilita de modo inevitable la posición del gobierno y del país en
general cuando se trata de demandar un trato menos inhumano para los
ciudadanos mexicanos en Estados Unidos, derogación de disposiciones
legales que criminalizan a los migrantes por el solo hecho de serlo y
formulación de leyes y reglamentos migratorios mínimamente apegados a
la observancia de los derechos humanos.
Por otra parte,
el documento de la Cepal pone en evidencia, de manera indirecta, el
atraso mexicano con respecto a los países latinoamericanos que han
optado por modificar o desechar el modelo económico neoliberal que
conlleva el empobrecimiento generalizado de las mayorías, la anulación
o restricción de sus derechos, la apertura indiscriminada de los
mercados internos, el abandono de los campesinos y el achicamiento del
sector público y de las políticas sociales.
Las naciones
que se han propuesto superar ese paradigma han logrado abandonar su
condición de expulsores de mano de obra –el caso de Ecuador es el más
representativo– e incluso de convertirse en tierra de inmigración. La
nuestra, en cambio, sigue un modelo que la ancla a la deplorable y
exasperante condición de exportadora de sus propios habitantes.
John
C. Fremont Elementary School, Santa Ana, California, circa 1930s.
Source: Somos Primos, September 2008.
Familias descendientes de Don Carlos Gomez Villarreal
y de Don Guillermo García Welsh, de
Montemorelos, N.L.
Margen izq. 19. Juan Guillermo. casó y veló con Consuelo Jimenez .28 de Abril de 1924.
" En la Parroquia de Montemorelos, á doce de Enero de mil ochocientos noventa y
ocho; Yo el Presbitero Francisco B. Peña, Cura interino de la misma, exorcizé, puse oleo, sagrado crisma y bautizé
solemnemente, á un niño que nació el veinte y cuatro de Noviembre del año próximo pasado en esta Ciudad, púsele por nombre Juan Guillermo, hijo legítimo de Don Valeriano García y Doña Elena Welsh, sus abuelos paternos Don Juan García y Doña Gertrudis Galvan, los maternos Don Roberto Welsh y Doña Genoveva García. los Padrinos
Lic. Don Ramón Hinojosa y Doña Ynés Ballesteros a quienes advertí su obligación y parentesco
espiritual. Para constancia lo firmé ". Francisco B. Peña.
Márgen izq. 443. Cárlos
" En la Parroquia de Montemorelos, á treinta de Octubre de mil ochocientos noventa y
siete; Yo el Presbitero Francisco B. Peña. Cura interino de la misma, exorcizé, puse oleo, sagrado crisma y bautizé
solemnemente, á un niño que nació el diez y siete de Agosto de este año en el
Ranchito, púsele por nombre Cárlos, hijo legítimo de Carlos Gomez y Almira Villarreal, sus abuelos paternos Eduardo Gomez y Cármen Gonzalez, los maternos Ysidro Villarreal y Margarita Villarreal. Padrinos Bardomiano Cantú y Trinidad Gomez á quienes advertí su obligación y parentesco
espiritual. Para constancia lo firmé." Francisco B. Peña.
Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Días.
Investigó.: te. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero.
Miembro de Genealogía de México y de la Sociedad de Genealogía de Nuevo León.
2000 tesis en formato digital
Estimados Colegas:
Les informo que la Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas ha puesto a disposición de la comunidad
académica, las tesis presentadas en los Programas de Estudio de El Colegio de
México, de 1989 a la fecha. La base de datos incluye 2000 tesis en formato digital y está disponible en acceso abierto en:
http://tesis.colmex.mx
Saludos,
Micaela Chávez Villa,
Directora,
Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas
El Colegio de México
http://biblioteca.colmex.mx
Ceremonia del XX Aniversario de
la Sociedad de Genealogía de
Nuevo León
Founding members left to right Alfredo Cardenas
Villareal, Don Israel Cavazos Garza, Welester G. Alvarado Carrillo,
Maria Concepcion Hinojosa Velasco and our Master of Ceramonies Juan Alanis Tamez .
Estimados amigos Genealogistas e Historiadores.
El viernes 24 de Octubre del año en curso, la Sociedad de Genealogía de
Nuevo León efectuó en la Plaza Fátima de San Pedro Garza García, N.L.
la Ceremonia del XX Aniversario de su fundación.
Entre los invitados de Honor asistió el Sr. Profesor Don Israel Cavazos
Garza, Cronista de la Cd. de Monterrey, N.L. Adjunto la invitación,
programa, fotografías y Reconocimientos entregados a los Fundadores y a los
que hemos sido Presidentes de la Sociedad. Quiero expresar mi
agradecimiento y felicitación para el actual Presidente Sr. Welester G.
Alvarado Carrillo y Maria Concepcion Hinojosa Velasco así como a las personas integrantes de
la
Sociedad que hicieron posible que disfrutáramos de una reunión inolvidable.
~ Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero.
Ricardo Palmerin receives his medallion for
past service as president.
Maria Concepcion "Conchita"
Hinojosa receiving her medallion.
As the new president,
I gave crystal medallions to the remaining founders with the word FUNDADORES at the bottom of the coat of arms and a crystal medallion to all the ex-presidents and all of the people including founding members special invited guest and wives and husbands received a coffee cup with the coat of arms sandblasted on it as a gift .
Overall there were 14 founding members of which 7 are still with us .
There are 15 presidents including myself some held office more than once .
~ Welester G. Alvarado Carrillo
Left to right ; Miguel Angel Munoz Borrego, Jorge Delgado,Monica Montemayor,Ma.de los Angeles Trevino
El bautismo de Don José María Roa y
Bárcena, Político, Historiador, Novelista
Envío a Uds. la imagen y paleografía del registro del bautismo de Don José María Roa y
Bárcena, Político, Historiador, Novelista, Periodista, Miembro de la Academia Mexicana de la
Lengua. Fué miembro del Partido Conservador e integró la Junta de Notables que se dirigieron a Miramar a ofrecer la Corona de México a Fernando Maximiliano José María de
Habsburgo; después abrazó la causa del Partido Liberal.
Fuentes del Registro. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos
Días.
LIBRO DE BAUTISMOS DE LA PARROQUIA DE JALAPA, VER.
Márgen izq. José Ma. se dió certifn. en 13 de Julio de 1844. otra en 1° de Oct. de 1876. R.
" En esta Parroquia de Jalapa, en tres de Septiembre de mil ochocientos veintisiete
años, Dn. Gabriel Palacio, Teniente de Cura bautisé solemnemente puse oleo y crisma á José Ma. Francisco de Paula
Aristeo, del mismo día de nacido. hijo lexmo. de Dn. José Ma. Rodriguez
Roa, Diputado al H. Congreso y de Da. Ma. Concepción Barcena: fueron sus padrinos Dn. Juan Antonio
Barcena, y Da. Josefa Dominguez, á quienes advertí su obligacion y parentesco
espiritual, y lo firmé " Gabriel Palacio.
Investigó y paleografió.
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero. duardos43@hotmail.com
Miembro de Genealogía de México, del Noreste y de la Soc. de Genealogía de Nuevo
León.
Defunción del General de División Francisco Murguía López de
Lara
Estimados amigos Historiadores y Genealogistas.
Envío a Uds. el registro eclesiástico de la defunción del General de División Francisco Murguía López de Lara, originario de la Hacienda de Mahoma del Municipio de
Mazapil, Zac., de oficio fotografo, se inició en la revolución Maderista el año de 1910, formó parte del Cuerpo de Carabineros de
Coahuila, secundó el Plan de Guadalupe perteneciendo a las fuerzas del Gral. Pablo
González, al triunfo del Constitucionalismo fué nombrado Gobernador y Comandante Militar de la Plaza de
México, durante la Revolución participó en muchos hechos de armas, cito entre
ellas: la Toma de Guadalajara, Batallas de Celaya, Trinidad, León, Santa Ana del
Conde, etc. combatió contra las fuerzas Villistas. Leal a Don Venustiano Carranza se le nombró Jefe de las Fuerzas que salieron de la
Cd. de México en Mayo de 1920, después del asesinato de Carranza, se fué para los Estados Unidos regresando a México el año de 1922 para combatir contra el gobierno de Alvaro
Obregón, fué hecho prisionero y fusilado en Tepehuanes, Dgo., se le conocía con el apodo de Pancho Reatas y el Héroe de
León.
Márgen izq. General Francisco Murguía. Tepehuanes.
El día 31 de Octubre de mil novecientos veintidos, 1922, perseguido por las fuerzas del
Gobierno, por rebelde, llegó a esta Yglesia el Gen. Francisco Murguía. Pidió asilo al
Párroco, sin haber mediado ningun anterior conocimiento entre los dos, y habiendo
sido, en el apogeo de su gloria militar gran enemigo de la Yglesia. Permaneció oculto en esta iglesia durante dies
dias; en esos dias se hicieron las diligencias necesarias, para obtener el perdón del Gobierno al cual quedó sometido por carta pública que firmó de su puño y letra dicho General, a
consejos, ilustraciones e instancias del párroco, negociaciones que no dieron el resultado
apetecido, habiendo sido descubierto y aprendido por los generales Carmona, Laveaga y López y una tropa
numerosa, la que sitió el templo y la casa, cuando todo el pueblo resaba el Sto. Rosario. Fué aprendido el 31 de Octubre en la
noche, a las 8.p.m. Despues de sumario brevísimo, fué fusilado el día primero de Noviembre del mismo
año. Para recibir la muerte se dispuso cristianamente, recibió un pleno conocimiento y con toda su voluntad la absolucion sacramental y se le aplicó lo
mismo, sabiendolo el muy bien, la Yndulgencia Plenaria y murió enteramente
tranquilo, lleno de valor, y resignado plenamente a la Divina Voluntad. Fué fusilado en la
Estación. El Párroco fué llevado preso a Durango donde despues de día y medio fué plenamente absuelto por los Tribunales militares y civiles y despues de cuatro
días, asistió al sepelio del General en Durango el domingo 6 y, bendecido su sepulcro y hechos sus funerales en el Panteon de aquella ciudad, volvió el lunes el Párroco a su
lugar, habiéndole dado el Gobierno su pasaje libre, en primera clase, en el
tren. En fe de lo cual, lo firmé, Yo el Párroco. R.Y.P. Justo B. Cásares.
Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos
Días.
Investigó, localizó y paleografió el registro citado.
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero.
Miembro de Genealogía de México, del Noreste y de la Soc. de Genealogía de Nuevo
León.
Envío las imágenes de la Información Matrimonial de Don Angel García
Peña y de Doña Guadalupe Armendariz García Conde, recibida en la Parroquia
del Sagrario de la Santa Yglesia Metropolitana de México, el día 11 de
Octubre de 1884 por el Sr. Cura Dn. Joaquín Arcadio Pagaza.
" Don Angel García Peña, soltero, de 27 años de edad, natural de la
Ciudad de Chihuahua y vecino de esta Ciudad hace 14 años, hijo legítimo de
Don Rodrigo García, difunto, y de Doña Guadalupe Peña; de profesión
Yngeniero que vive en el Hotel de Yturbide desde el año de 1877 y antes en
Tacubaya por tres meses, en la Escuela Preparatoria ".
" En la Cd. de México a once de Octubre de 1884, ante mi el Ynfrasrcito
Cura del Sagrario de la Santa Yglesia Metropolitana, compareció la Sra. Doña
Concepción Humana Viuda de García Conde, expresando ser Madre grande de la
Srita. Guadalupe Armendariz, dijo que tiene la autoridad que en este caso le
corresponde, dijo y ratificaba su consentimiento para que la expresada su
Nieta pueda contraher el matrimonio que pretende con el Sr. D. Angel García
Peña y lo firmó conmigo, lo que doy fe ".
" La Srita. Guadalupe Armendariz García Conde, Doncella de 18 años de
edad, natural de la Ciudad de Chihuahua y vecina de esta Ciudad desde la edad
de dos años, hija legítima de Don Manuel Armendariz y de Doña Manuela García
Conde difuntos, que vive en la Calle de las Rejas de la Concepción No. 5 hace
siete años ".
Doña Guadalupe Armendariz García Conde era bisnieta del General Don Alejo
García Conde, quien fuera Gobernador Político y Militar de Sonora,
originario al igual que su hermano Don Diego, de Barcelona, quienes desde muy
corta edad ingresaron el Ejército como Cadetes en el Regimiento de Guardias
Españolas, concurriendo al Sitio de Gibraltar el año de 1780 y al llegar
a la Nueva España sirvieron en el Ejército Virreinal: eran hijos del Coronel
Don Alejo García y de Doña María Teresa Conde.
El General Don Angel García Peña, estudió en el Colegio Militar, participó
en las Campañas contra los Yaquis, fué Director de la Comisión Geográfica
Exploradora y Jefe de la Comisión Científica de Sonora, el año de 1912 fué
designado Secretario de Guerra y Marina por el Presidente de la República Don
Francisco Y. Madero.
Fuentes de los Registros. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos
de los últimos Días.
Historia del Hco. Col. Mil. de México. 1823-1973. S.D.N.
Facts stranger than fiction: the story of Don Blas de Lezo
The repairing of the Christ the Redeemer Statue in Rio (Video)
Recreating the San Salvador: A Fighting Top Goes Up and Cannon Gets Fired
Go to a recent article in which
"El Rey Don Juan Carlos preside el homenaje a Blas de Lezo"
which accompanies the photo, recently unveiled in the Plaza de Colon in
Spain.
I followed up and found the story written by freelance writer Glen David
Short.
Facts stranger than fiction: the story of Don Blas de Lezo
If one was trying to envisage the perfect military hero, Don Blas de Lezo would be a prime candidate. Indeed, if he was from the English speaking world, numerous movies and books would have already immortalized him: a gallant man who although incapacitated by leg and arm amputations, and the loss of one eye, saved a city against overwhelming odds. Locals today joke about him, waving their fists whenever his name is mentioned and cursing: "because of him, we don't speak English!"
Cartagena was the focus of trade between South America and the rest of the world thanks to its position on the Caribbean and deep-water harbour; gold and silver plundered from the Incas were transported back to Spain from here, in annual convoys. Other European nations knew this, and pirates and buccaneers from France and England had sacked and looted Cartagena on previous occasions: Robert Baal in 1544, Martin Cote in 1569, and Sir Francis Drake in 1586. In each instance, buildings were destroyed in addition to huge ransoms being extracted, so the resident Governor, using local merchants' money, started building a fort in the 17th century. The most imposing structure in Cartagena became the trapezoid-shaped Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas. It has no vertical walls, and was designed to deflect cannon balls much like the Stealth Bomber deflects radar. The Fort was completed in 1654, and though continually improved and strengthened in ensuing years, Cartagena was taken again by the French pirates de Pointis and Ducasse in 1697. This was the most devastating attack in Cartagena's history.
In the 1700's, friction between Spain and England grew after the English captain of The Rebecca, Robert Jenkins, had his ear severed by the Spanish customs officer Juan Leon Fandiño, as punishment for smuggling transgressions in Florida. Jenkins was told a similar fate was in store for the English King should he visit. When news of this reached England, Sir Edward Vernon, Member of Parliament, was enraged and persuaded Parliament to declare war on Spain in 1739. He was made an Admiral and given mandate to attack Spanish dominions (at the same time, Commodore George Anson was sent to plunder the Pacific shores of Chile and Peru). After conquering Portobelo, a smaller fortress-town in what is now Panama, with only six warships, Vernon boasted that he could take Cartagena and all its riches for England's Exchequer.
Vernon was able to secure funding to assemble a massive fleet for his venture: 180 ships, over 2000 canon and more than 28,000 men (this dwarfs the "invincible" Spanish Armada that Phillip II used to try to conquer England: it only totalled 126 vessels). Earlier sackings of Cartagena had been successful with as few as 1000 men. Some 2700 of the men were recruited in the North American Colonies, under the command of an officer named Lawrence Washington, a half-brother of George Washington. Vernon also enlisted 2000 Jamaican macheteros. Cartagena's defences were miniscule in comparison: 3000 soldiers, some native Indian archers, black slaves and six ships and their crew. But Vernon's gathering of such a large force proved impossible to keep secret, and Cartagena was well prepared for attack when Vernon's fleet arrived at 9am on 13 March 1741.The fort was riddled with tunnels and storage areas, in which the Spanish stockpiled enough arms and food to sustain the populace during a prolonged attack. The Viceroy Sebastian de Eslava and Don Blas de Lezo were in charge of defence, but they were seriously outnumbered. Cartagena's population was only 20,000, with fewer than 6000 men under arms.
Vernon landed men on Isla Tierrabomba and after firing thousands of rounds of shells on the smaller Castillo de San Luis. The entry to the bay was guarded by escolleras, or shallow, man-made underwater breakwaters, and a heavy chain that could be drawn across the entrance between the two forts. But the English were able to breach them and launched a prolonged attack by firing for 16 days and nights, at an average of 62 rounds an hour - too much for Don Blas and his Colonel De Naux to sustain for long. In a vain attempt to prevent Vernon's entry, the Spaniards sank their last remaining ships at the harbour entrance. Don Blas was at the front line of action, and was wounded in his thigh and only arm, and was forced to retreat to the walled city. Vernon entered the harbour, sent Washington and the North Americans to take the Convento de La Popa on the hill overlooking San Felipe, and launched a barrage of artillery that street by street was slowly crumbling Cartagena. Confident that victory was his, he sent a message to England that Cartagena was about to fall. The English authorities, on receiving this advice, minted commemorative victory coins.
Yet Don Blas' men refused to surrender. Held up in the fort, they repulsed attack after attack. The Bay of Cartagena was filled with bodies of the enemy: injuries, malaria, cholera, dysentry and scurvy were beginning to fell the English (the historian Enrique Román Bazurto noted that the English brought these diseases with them).Don Blas was a veteran himself of city-seige tactics: he had been sent to Genoa earlier in his career to obtain payment for the Spanish Crown, and was able to get it simply by surrounding the city with Armada canon and threatening to raze the entire town. Vernon ordered an all-out night-time assault by his marines on the fort on the 20 April. The Jamaican machete wielding slaves led the assault, followed by the English artillery, both of whom were easy targets for the Spanish from their lofty positions. The attack was repelled, and Don Blas seized an opportunity, ordering his remaining 600 men into a do-or-die bayonet-charge counter attack, that left 800 English dead, 1000 taken prisoner, and Vernon's ships full of sick and wounded. It was Cartagena's finest hour.
Other assaults up till the 25th proved fruitless. Vernon started to argue with General Woort about tactics, while desertions and deaths to tropical diseases mounted. On the 28th April Vernon started to withdraw, and on the 20th May he set sail for Jamaica, his dreams of plunder and riches as decimated as his men: he had lost 18,000 men, about half due to disease, the rest to Spanish military superiority. The English only managed to capture 200 prisoners. Five ships of the English fleet were burnt at sea for lack of sailors to sail them home; another sank on the way to Jamaica. Vernon was welcomed home a hero, and is buried in Westminster Abbey, though King George II never allowed the details of this embarrassing defeat be published. Vernon's efforts are also remembered in the USA - Lawrence Washington named his family estate Mount Vernon in his honour. Eslava was rewarded for his efforts by being made Viceroy of Peru, though he chose to continue to live in Cartagena. His house can still be seen at Plaza del Tejadillo, a short walk from Plaza Santo Domingo. Don Blas, wounded in the great Siege of Cartagena, died of his injuries in September of the same year. He has no known grave, though local legend has it that his body was interned in the Iglesia de de la Orden Tercera, next to cartagena's Convention Center, but there is no tomb to see; perhaps he was buried at sea, perhaps he was pickled and sent to Spain only to be lost, or perhaps his tomb was not completed in the rush to re-build Cartagena. This rush was temporarily suspended in 1742 when Vernon, hearing of Don Blas's death, returned with another naval squadron, but ultimately never launched an attack.
Today, Cartagena's population is approaching one million, and welcomes foreign naval vessels for the tourist dollars they bring. Spain is no longer the colonial master, and no gold is shipped in convoys. The fort is featured on phone cards and attracts great crowds of visitors everyday. Just last week an amateur scuba-diving friend of mine discovered some rusting cannons and brought up some cannon balls, which are commonly used as doorstops in
Cartagena.
At the foot of the fort, is a statue of a man. The plinth on which it stands has large reproductions of the victory coins that the English had prematurely minted, showing Don Blas kneeling before Vernon with the motto "The Spanish Pride pull'd down by Admiral Vernon" and "True British Heroes Took Cartagena April 1741". The man is brandishing a sword in his left arm, because he lost his right arm in the Battle of Barcelona; minus one leg lost in the Battle of Gibraltar; and wearing an eye patch covering his left eye lost in the Battle of Toulon. This same man lost his life in the Battle for Cartagena, the last of his 23 campaigns. This man is Don Blas de
Lezo.
- written by Glen David Short, a freelance writer based in Cartagena. His adventure travelogue, `An Odd Odyssey: California to Colombia by bus and boat' has just been published by Trafford Publishing. http://www.cartagenainfo.net/glenndavid/blasdelezo.html
Recreating the San Salvador: A Fighting Top Goes Up and Cannon Gets Fired
by Judi Curry on October 29, 2014 ·
Part Two: An Update on the Progress in Building a Historically Accurate Replica of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo’s Flagship
Installing the Fighting Top
When I arrived at the San Salvador to see the progress being made in the building of the ship, I was a few minutes late and the fighting top was already being placed on the ship.
As I stood on the ground and looked up to the sky, one of the volunteers – Bob Wilson– began explaining to me what was happening. I asked him if it was the crows nest they were installing, but he said no. In the days of the San Salvador, what was being placed there was called a fighting top.
Bob Popp with the cannon cradle he helped design
He went on to explain that a fighting top was an enlarged top with small guns, designed to fire down at the deck of enemy ships. They could also be manned by snipers armed with muskets or rifles. The fighting top of yesterday is now referred to as the crows nest but with a slightly different role.
Eric, the volunteer coordinator, arranged for me to go on board the ship to see the installation being done, and turned me over to Bob Popp, a retired physics teacher who was saddled with me most of the morning. He was the one that designed the cradle for the cannon and it is truly a work of art.
7 ounces of gunpower packed in foil
Judi and Bob Popp
Almost set
I asked him how a physics teacher could design such an stunning and beautiful piece of work. He told me that he had been doing things like this for years. It was truly a labor of love. As I watched him and Jeff Loman get ready to launch the cannon I could see and feel Bob’s pride and satisfaction.
Jeff Loman, who spent a great deal of time showing me how the cannon would be shot off and what went into making it was a truck driver for the Navy after he retired. He said he started volunteering for
the Maritime Museum many years ago. He said that he has been to all the “cannon firings” –
probably 19 – over the years.
I asked Jeff and Bob if they could estimate how much the cannon weighed. Their guess was about 700 pounds.
To shoot it off they took approximately 7 ounces of gun powder and rolled it into a ball using aluminum foil. Then they tamped it down into the cannon. Jeff used a “linstock” – a large pole with a lit match attached to light the gunpowder. He used a piece of rope approximately 6-8 inches long that, when lit, slowly moves to the end inserted into the
linstock. This was similar to lighting a cigarette and having the fire slowly drift down to the edge.
The slow movement gives the person firing the cannon a chance to get out of the way before the cannon fires.
The cannon was shot off two times – there was a filming crew there from the “Discovery Channel” and they wanted to make sure they got good footage during the firing. And although my camera was trained on the cannon when it was shot off, it happened so suddenly that I did not get a picture of the smoke coming from it. Suffice it to say that I had trouble hearing for two hours!
The entire time was one of excitement and interest. I want to thank the volunteer coordinator, Eric
Gerhardt, for letting me know what was taking place so that I could be a part of the activity.
I can’t stress enough the fantastic experience you will have if you go visit the ship. And take your children with you. They will love it too.
The ARMY Magazine is the professional journal of the Association of the US Association
(AUSA), one of the veterans organizations which endorsed the Borinqueneers CGM initiative.
En Solidaridad, Frank Medina
National Chair, Borinqueneers Congressional Gold Medal Alliance
239-530-8075
Archivo: Archivo General de Indias
Signatura: PATRONATO,62,R.4Fecha: 29 Julio 1559
1) Información de los méritos y servicios de Antonio de Carvajal,
conquistador de la isla de Cuba, a la que pasó con el almirante don
Diego Colón en 1509 y después fue a Nueva España con Cortés. México,
29 de julio de 1559. 2) Información de los méritos y servicios del
comendador Leonel de Cervantes, conquistador que fue de Nueva España. México,
18 de septiembre de 1581. 3) Información de los méritos y servicios de
Gonzalo Gómez de Cervantes, poblador de los pueblos de indios
chochimecos. Hijo de Juan de Cervantes y doña Luisa de Lara, hija de
Leonel de Cervantes y yerno de Antonio de Carvajal. México, 13 de mayo
de 1591. 4) Información de los méritos y servicios de Juan de
Cervantes Casaus. Se halló en el alzamiento y pacificación de los
indios cimarrones. Constan los méritos de Gonzalo Gómez de Cervantes,
presbítero, y de don Jerónimo de Cervantes Carvajal, hijos legítimos
de Gonzalo Gómez de Cervantes y doña Catalina de Tapia Carvajal. Juan
de Cervantes fue de los primeros pobladores de Nueva España, casó con
doña Luisa de Lara, hija de Leonel de Cervantes y de doña Leonor de
Andrada. México, 1 de marzo de 1610. 5) Información de los méritos y
servicios de Juan de Cervantes, uno de los que redujeron al servicio de
Dios y del Rey varias provincias de indios. México, 30 de abril de
1618. 6) Testimonio sobre la muerte que acaeció en Sevilla, en 1518, al
doctor don Gonzalo Gómez de Cervantes, que iba a Tlaxcala de canónigo
de aquella catedral, cuya merced se le había hecho en 1614. Madrid, 8
de julio de 1637. Nota: Toda la familia de los Cervantes era natural de
Sevilla y de Alcalá de Guadaira, hidalgos según ejecutoria litigada y
ganada en la Chancillería de Granada por Diego de Cervantes en 1550.
You know, time has a way of moving quickly and catching you unaware of the passing years. It seems just yesterday that I was young, joined the Navy, just married and embarking on my new life with my mate. Yet in a way, it seems like eons ago, and I wonder where all the years went. I know that I lived them all. I have glimpses of how it was back then and of all my hopes and
dreams.
But, here it is... the autumn of my life and it catches me by surprise...How did I get here so fast? Where did the years go and where did my youth go? I remember well seeing older people through the years and thinking that those older people were years away from me and that autumn was so far off that I could not fathom it or imagine fully what it would be like.
Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument
But, here it is...my friends I’m retired and getting grey... move slower and I see an older person now. Some are in better and some worse shape than me...but, I see the great change...Not like the ones that I remember who were young and vibrant...but, like me, their age is beginning to show and we are now those older folks that we used to see and never thought we'd be. Each day now, I find that just getting a shower is a real target for the day! And taking a nap is not a treat anymore... it's mandatory! Cause if I don't on my own free will... I just fall asleep where I sit!
Jefferson Memorial
And so...now I enter into this new season of my life unprepared for all the aches and pains and the loss of strength and ability to go and do things that I wish I had done but never did!! But, at least I know, that though the autumn has come, and I'm not sure how long it will last...I warned Kalas Funeral Home; though, not to expect me yet, because despite my aging, at the back of my head my brain is dictating, you still have 120 years left and if Kalas wait for you he will run out of business. I’m aware, however, that when life is over on this earth...its over. And new adventures begin!
World War II Memorial
Yes, I have regrets. There are things I wish I hadn't done...things I should have done, but indeed, there are many things I'm happy to have done. It's all in a lifetime.
So, if you're not in your autumn yet...let me remind you, that it will be here faster than you think. So, whatever you would like to accomplish in your life do it quickly! Don't put things off too long!! Life goes by quickly. So, do what you can today, as you can never be sure whether this is your autumn or not! You have no promise that you will see all the seasons of your life...so, live for today and say all the things that you want your loved ones to remember...and hope that they appreciate and love you for all the things that you have done for them in all the years past!!
"Life" is a gift. The way you live your life is your gift to those who come after. Make it a fantastic one.
Me was the only remaining daughter of President Manuel L Quezon, Nini Quezon Avaceña when she visited me.
LIVE IT WELL!
ENJOY IT TODAY!
DO SOMETHING RIGHT FOR FUN!
BE HAPPY!
HAVE A GREAT DAY
Remember "It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver.
"
LIVE HAPPY BECAUSE YOU MAY NOT WITNESS 2015.
LASTLY, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: TODAY IS THE OLDEST YOU'VE EVER BEEN,
YET THE YOUNGEST YOU'LL EVER BE SO - ENJOY THIS DAY WHILE IT LASTS.
~Your kids are becoming you......but your grandchildren are perfect!
~Going out is good.. Coming home is better!
~You forget names.... But it's OK because other people forgot they even knew you!!!
~You realize you're never going to be really good at anything.... but smile.
~The things you used to care to do, you no longer care to do, but you really do
care that you don't care to do them anymore.
~You sleep better on a lounge chair with the TV blaring than in bed. It's called "pre-sleep".
~You miss the days when everything worked with just an "ON" and "OFF" switch..
~You tend to use more 4 letter words ... "what?"..."when?"... ???
~You have 3 sizes of clothes in your closet.... 2 of which you will never wear.
~But Old is good in some things: Old Songs, Old movies, and best of all, OLD FRIENDS!!
Stay well, "MY FRIEND!" Send this on to other "Old Friends!" and let them laugh in AGREEMENT!!!
It's Not What You Gather, But What You Scatter That Tells What Kind of Life You Have Lived.
Sociedad
de Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos de Canarias
UNESCO sinks claim Haiti wreck was Columbus's ship Remains
of French ship being reassembled in Texas Boletín de Genealogías Colombianas
Sociedad
de Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos de Canarias
New organization in Spain, new possible source for
info on our Canary Islands' ancestors . https://www.facebook.com/segeheca
UNESCO
sinks claim Haiti wreck was Christopher Columbus's ship
US
marine archaeologist Barry Clifford claimed that Christopher Columbus'
flagship struck a reef and foundered on Christmas Day in 1492 (AFP
Photo/Don Emmert)
Paris
(AFP) - UNESCO on Monday scuttled claims that a wreck found off Haiti
was Christopher Columbus's flagship from his first voyage to the
Americas after experts determined it was that of a ship from a later
period.
Marine
archaeologist Barry Clifford stirred up global excitement in May when he
announced he believed he had identified the wreck of the Santa Maria,
one of three ships Columbus led on his first crossing of the Atlantic
that sank in 1492 off the northern coast of Haiti.
The
UN cultural body subsequently dispatched a team of experts to the wreck,
located off the town of Cap-Haitien, to examine the remains found in the
area where Columbus said the ship ran aground. "There is now
indisputable proof that the wreck is that of a ship from a much later
period," UNESCO concluded in a report.
-
Late 17th or 18th century - "Although
the site is located in the general area where one would expect to find
the Santa Maria based on contemporary accounts of Columbus's first
voyage, it is further away from shore than one should expect,"
experts said in a final report. "Furthermore, and even more
conclusively, the fasteners found on the site indicate a technique of
ship construction that dates the ship to the late 17th or 18th century
rather than the 15th or 16th century."
They
added that an artefact recovered on site could be the remains of
protective copper sheathing, and if it was, then "the ship could
even not be dated to a time before the late 18th century".
Columbus
stopped in Cuba, and then the island of Hispaniola -- home to modern-day
Haiti and the Dominican Republic -- before his Santa Maria hit a reef
and went down on December 25, 1492.
The
Spaniards built a fort near where the ship went down and then Columbus
headed back to Spain to report to Queen Isabella on his trip. By
the time he returned the next year, the fort had been burned down, and
the crew he had left had died or disappeared.
The
UNESCO team was headed up by Xavier Nieto, a Spanish underwater
archaeologist with specialist knowledge of Iberian shipwrecks, and the
dives took place in September. In
its final report, UNESCO said it was possible that, due to heavy
sedimentation along the coast brought about by various rivers, the wreck
had been buried over the past centuries.
"The
ship may also, however, have been slowly worn down by the waves,
potentially leaving remains on a reef or sandbank in the bay," it
said, adding that Clifford had likely announced his discovery based on
this second theory.
The
UN cultural body called for more exploration in the area, which was
subject to heavy shipping traffic for centuries, in order to find the
Santa Maria and draw up an inventory of other major wrecks there.
It also called on Haiti -- one of the poorest countries in the world --
to enhance protection of its underwater heritage, which has been hit by
looting.
Clifford
is perhaps best known as the discoverer and excavator of the world's
first fully verified pirate shipwreck, the Whydah, in 1984. He and
his team first investigated the wreck off Haiti in 2003 and brought up a
cannon from the depths. Clifford told CNN that archaeologists
"misdiagnosed" the cannon at the time.
So
this year, he returned to the wreck with a team of experts in tow and
took careful measurements and photographs of the ship, before announcing
he believed he had found the Santa Maria.
Remains
of French ship being reassembled in Texas by
Michael Gracyko, October 24, 2014
AUSTIN, Texas
(AP) — A frigate carrying French colonists to the New World that sank
in a storm off the Texas coast more than 300 years ago is being
reassembled into a display that archeologists hope will let people walk
over the hull and feel like they are on the ship's deck.
The 1686
wreck of the 54-foot oak frigate La Belle — in an expedition led by
famed Mississippi River explorer Rene-Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle
— is blamed for dooming France's further exploration of what would
become Texas and the American Southwest.
But La
Salle's short-lived Fort St. Louis near the shipwreck site in Matagorda
Bay, about 100 miles southwest of present-day Houston, also convinced
Spain to boost its presence in the region to ward off a feared French
territorial expansion.
"In a
very real way, it's responsible for our Hispanic heritage we have
today," said Jim Bruseth, curator of the La Belle project at the
Bullock Texas State History Museum. "They had nobody here, and it
started the process of settling Texas.
"History
oftentimes turns on seemingly small events," Bruseth said. "We
have that actual ship, the remains of it here, that's the icon of that
event."
Beginning
Saturday, visitors to the Austin museum will be able to watch Bruseth
and other archaeologists put the wrecked ship back together and talk
with them as they work. The reassembly is expected to be complete by
spring.
In this Oct.
22, 2014 photo guest walk past a replica on the 54-foot oak French
frigate La Belle.
"It's
going to be a lot of fun. It's like a dinosaur, big and dynamic and
magnetic," said Peter Fix, one of the assembly team members and
chief conservator for Texas A&M University's Center for Maritime Archaeology and
Conservation. "Once we get the framing up it's going to look like a
big beached whale, a bone carcass. And that's dynamic and hopefully it
will pique curiosity."
The keel and
other large structural pieces of La Belle — resembling old railroad
ties — were discovered in 1995 by Texas Historical Commission
archaeologists. Researchers built a dam around the site, pumped it dry,
then retrieved the nearly intact hull that had been preserved in up to 6
feet of mud.
In 2012, the
600 waterlogged pieces were taken to Texas A&M, where the timber was
stored at 60 degrees below zero in the world's largest archaeological
freeze-dryer to remove more than three centuries of moisture.
Once the
assembly is finished, the hull will be encased in a glass cabin-like
structure so people can have the sensation of being on the ship's deck,
peering into the hull and its cargo holds "and understand that
they're not looking at just a bunch of dirty old boards," Fix said.
La Salle was
the first European to travel the Mississippi River south to the Gulf,
claiming all the land along the river and its tributaries for France in
1682. Three years later, he sailed from France with more than 300
colonists aboard four ships including La Belle to establish a settlement
at the mouth of the Mississippi — a destination he missed by 400
miles.
By then, one
ship had been lost to pirates. Another ran aground and sank. A third
eventually headed back to France, leaving La Belle as his only lifeline.
That was severed with its sinking. Then the colony at Fort St. Louis was
ravaged by disease, rattlesnakes, water shortages and Indians. Its
inhabitants died or were killed while La Salle led a handful of men
inland, where he wound up killed by some of them.
The museum
exhibition also includes cannons and rifles, ammunition, cooking
utensils, tools, building materials, trinkets like beads, bells and
mirrors and even some of the 1,603 Jesuit rings recovered.
"We
couldn't be any luckier in that sense," Bruseth said. "Rather
than the ship being empty when it wrecked, everything he had left that
you need for a colony was in the Belle."
Boletín de Genealogías Colombianas Nro. 134 - Octubre de 2014.
BOLETÍN DE GENEALOGÍAS COLOMBIANAS
Editor: Luis Álvaro Gallo Martínez
luis.a.gallo@gmail.com
DÍA DEL GENEALOGISTA
El Primero de Noviembre está declarado como el “Día del Genealogista”, instituido en la XIII Reunión Americana de Genealogía,
reunida en la ciudad de Antigua, Guatemala, en 2005. Este es un buen motivo para felicitar a todos los que nos gusta esta labor
haciendo algo a favor de las genealogías.
Para todos, nuestras más sinceras felicitaciones acompañada de los mejores deseos para que avancen en sus investigaciones y cada día
aportemos conocimientos acompañados de la seriedad y profundidad de los
mismos.
PUBLICACIONES REVISTA “ANCESTROS”
La Academia Colombiana de Genealogía, entregará en este mes de noviembre el número 1 de su publicación periódica titulada
“Ancestros”, que espera inicialmente sea bianual.
El ejemplar que circulará presenta los trabajos que salieron escogidos dentro del concurso que la Academia realizó hace algunos años atrás
sobre la historia familiar. Y la intensión con esta publicación es darle la
oportunidad a muchas investigadores de poder hacer conocer sus trabajos.
Los artículos que se presentan en esta edición son: Linajes de los apellidos
Domínguez, Garcés, Payán y Salgar. Genealogía de los Sánchez Celis.
Genealogía de la familia Duque Salazar. Historia de Nuestras Familias: Los
Mejía Arango y Arango Mejía.
1
¡HÁGASE LA LUZ¡ - Pastor Restrepo Maya, 1839-1921
La Universidad EAFIT, de Medellín, ha presentado una exposición sobre la vida y obra de Pastor Restrepo Maya, quien con su hermano Vicente,
trajo la fotografía a Medellín por el año de 1858; y por la constancia de Juan
Camilo Escobar Villegas, logró reunir cerca de 400 fotografías, casi todas
ella comprendidas entre 1858 y 1900. Unas colecciones en muy buen estado,
que para los amantes de las genealogías, pueden aportar muchos datos e
informaciones de gran valor.
Toda esta gama ha sido recopilada en el libro “¡HÁGASE LA LUZ¡”, Pastor
Restrepo Maya, fotógrafo, 1839-1921. ISBN 9789587202335, en un formato de
23.5x32 centímetros, en papel satinado y 330 páginas. Publicado por el fondo
Editorial de la Universidad EAFIT. Su costo es de $ 120.000,00.
La gran mayoría de fotografías están identificadas, dándole el crédito a las
familias y entidades que han sabido guardar estos tesoros. Además del índice de
contenido, tiene la relación de fuente y libros, y la enumeración de las fotografías
presentadas, como también los nombres de las personas que facilitaron sus archivos para la exposición, que estará
abierta al público hasta el mes de febrero de 2015.
Biografías de personajes cartageneros a través de la historia. Genealogías de las Familia
Cartageneras.
Por María Victoria García Azuero.
2
Editorial Seleer, 2014. Impreso en España. ISBN 978-84-942591-6-6
En formato de 14.5 x 21.00 cms. (media carta) 700 páginas.
Con 10 capítulos, por familias así: Aycardi (Martínez Aycardi, Brum).
Calvo. Cavero (Nieto-Gil, Martínez-Guerra, Mogollón, Trucco, Watts).De-Andrés-Torres
(Lemaitre, Hoyos-Rubín-de-Celis, Lecompte, Cecareo). De la Vega. Lavalle
(Palacio, Segovia, Martínez-Guizado). Franco (De-Osse, Carracedo,
De-León-Sotomayor). Grau (Laza, Durier). Jiménez (O ´Byrne, Delgado,
Gerlein, Cavelier, Patrón). Martínez.
Acompañado de numerosas fotografías, debidamente identificadas. Cuenta notas y citas de
fuentes. Y una enumeración de los libros consultados.
Bolívar, empresario, Por Antonio Herrera-Vaillant.Presentó su último libro en Caracas y que deseamos ver pronto en Colombia.
Para su investigación se apoya en documentos históricos para demostrar que
Bolívar tuvo visión estratégica para diseñar y promover los negocios
familiares.
Antonio Herrera-Vaillant es egresado de Georgetown University (Washington,
D.C.) en Asuntos Económicos Internacionales, investigador de historia
hispanoamericana, presidente del Instituto Venezolano de Genealogía. Su libro anterior
fue: El nudo deshecho: Compendio genealógico de El Libertador Simón Bolívar.
XIX REUNIÓN AMERICANA DE GENEALOGÍA IX CONGRESO IBEROAMERICANO DE LAS CIENCIAS
GENEALOGÍA Y HERÁLDICA XIX Reunión Americana de Genealogía IX Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias Genealogía y Heráldica
(CICGH)
Santiago de Chile, 5 al 10 de octubre del 2015.
3
Para mayor información sobre todos los detalles, se puede contactar: e-mail:
reunionamericana@genealogia.cl
Esperamos que Colombia tenga una buena participación en este evento, máxime
que nuestro país esta escogido para que realice la XX Reunión Americana,
CONGRESO EN GINEBRA, Valle.
Gencauca, continúa preparando este evento, labor meritoria, que vienen realizando
anualmente, y que este año tendrá lugar en la población de Ginebra, Valle del
Cauca, durante los días 29 y 30 de noviembre del presenta año.
Anexo: Con el presente Boletín, estamos entregando como Anexo, el trabajo
preparado por Reinaldo Ágredo Tobar, titulado: “Ancestros de Diego Álvarez de Castrillón”?
Luis Alvaro Gallo
www.genealogiascolombianas.blogspot.com
Seasons' Greetings to Everybody by Eddie
AAA Calderón, Ph.D.
Human Kindness in 4 minutes flat
List of Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Pope Francis Declares Evolution and Big Bang Theory Are Right by
Adam Withnall
A German's View on Islam
Sharia controlled zone' in Germany: Group of young Muslims patrolling city streets
The United Arab Emirates & Saudi War on the Muslim Brotherhood Could Be Trouble for the U.S.
Restore your Faith in Humanity in 4 minutes
flat
Seasons' Greetings to Everybody
by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.
Time has really moved very fast and indeed it has, especially to
those in the autumn of life like yours truly. I can't again believe
that I have been in the USA for 50 years and celebrating my
half a century of Christmas here --2 years in California and 48
years in Minnesota. (Refer to http://somosprimos.com/sp2014/spsep14/spsep14.htm#THE_PHILIPPINES --
Half a Century of Being in the USA. A
year ago in December, I wrote a article an Christmas article in the
Somos Primos Magazine, entitled Is There a Santa Claus?
Refer to http://somosprimos.com/sp2013/spdec13/spdec13.htm#UNITED
STATES --
This time I want to focus my attention on Christmas songs from my
country, then Latin America, France, Germany, Russia, and the
USA. I am mentioning specificallly these countries as I
understand the languages spoken there and for Russia, my
wife speaks the language of Tsar Nikolai as she comes from Kyrgyzstan
which was one of the former republics of the defunct Soviet
Union.
The celebration of Christmas varies from country to country. In
the Philippines its early observation or anticipation to be exact
commences two months before Christmas, and in early
December people on various groups start singing Christmas carols
at night in front of the windows of the homes of the neighbours and
they get monetary reward from the owners of the homes. I
used to do Christmas carolings with my neighbourhood friends in the
Philippines when I was a pre-teenager. In the Philippines where
serenading is also a tradition, so too is Christmas caroling. I
do not see .this tradition of caroling in the USA and other countries,
more so if caroling starts very early
Before I deal with this subject, let me write down the holiday
greetings in the languages of the above countries.
Tagalog (The Philippines) -- Maligayang
Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon
Spanish (Latin America) -- Feliz
Navidad y un Prospero Año Nuevo
French --
Joyeux Noël et une Heureuse Nouvelle Année
German --
Frohe Weihnachten und Glückliches Neues Jahr
Russian -- S Rozhsdestvom i Novym Godom
English (USA) --
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year
e) American: Oh I like Elvis Presley's rendition of
Christmas songs. So the Utube renditions here are mostly from Elvis
Presley. Elvis Presley was so popular in my country that he became an instant
idol especially among the youth which included me
starting when he
had his first 1956 movie in black and white entitled: Love
me Tender.
List of Governors of the Duchy of Milan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Governor of Milan ruled the Duchy of Milan as a representative of the King of Spain (1535–1706) and the Archduke of Austria (1706–1796) and (1799–1800).
The first governor was appointed after the death of the last duke of the House of
Sforza, Francesco II.
Antonio de Leyva, Prince of Ascoli 1535–1536, died in office
Cardinal Marino Caracciolo 1536–1538, civil, died in office
Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquis of Vasto 1538–1546, military
Ferdinando Gonzaga, Prince of Molfetta, Duke of Ariano 1546–1555
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 1555–1556
Cristoforo Madruzzo 1556–1557
Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba (1520-1578) 1558–1560, first term
Francesco Ferdinando II d'Ávalos 5th Marquis of Pescara 1560–1563
Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba (1520-1578) 1563–1564, second term
Gabriel de la Cueva, 5th Duke of Alburquerque 1564–1571, died in office
Álvaro de Sande 1571–1572
Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens 1572–1573
Antonio de Zúñiga y Sotomaior, 3rd Marquis of Ayamonte
1573–1580, died in office[1]
Sancho de Guevara y Padilla 1580–1583
Carlo d'Aragona Tagliavia 1583–1592
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1592–1595, first term
Don Pedro de Padilla 1595–1595
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1595–1600, second term
Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes 1600–1610, died in office
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1610–1612, third term
Juan de Mendoza, Marquis de la Hinojosa 1612–1616
Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca 1616–1618
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria 1618–1625, first term
Gonzalo Fernandez de Córdoba 1625–1629
Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases 1629–1630, died in office
Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz 1630–1631
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria 1631–1633, second term
Ferdinand, the Cardinal–Infant 1633–1634
Cardinal Gil de Albornoz 1634–1635
Diego Felipez de Guzmán, Marquis of Leganés 1635–1636, first term
Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules 1636, died in
office
Diego Felipez de Guzmán, Marquis of Leganés 1636–1641, second term
Juan de Velasco, Count of Siruela 1641–1643
Antonio Sancho Davila, Marquis of Velada 1643–1646
Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 6th Duke of Frías 1646–1648
Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena 1648–1656
Cardinal Teodoro Trivulzio 1656–1656
Alfonso Pérez de Vivero, Count of Fuensaldaña 1656–1660
Francesco Caetani, 8th Duke of Sermoneta 1660–1662
Luis de Guzmán Ponce de Leon 1662–1668, died in office
Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases 1668–1668, first term
Francisco de Orozco, Marquis of Olias 1668–1668
Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases 1669–1670, second term
Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna 1670–1674
Claude Lamoral, Prince of Ligne 1674–1678
Juan Henríquez de Cabrera, Count of Melgar 1678–1686
Antonio López de Ayala Velasco y Cardeñas, Count of Fuensalida 1686–1691
Diego Dávila Mesía y Guzmán, 3rd Marquis of Leganés 1691–1698
Prince Charles Henry de Lorraine-Vaudemont 1698–1706
Milan fell to the Austrian army on September 26, 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The Austrian rule was confirmed by the Treaty of
Rastatt.
Sent by John Inclan
fromgalveston@yahoo.com
Pope Francis Declares Evolution and Big Bang Theory Are Right by
Adam Withnall
The Independent, Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty, October 28, 2014
Pope Francis broke with Catholic tradition Monday by declaring that the theories of evolution and the Big Bang are real, and remarking that God is not “a magician with a magic wand.”
“When we read about Creation in Genesis, we run the risk of imagining God was a magician, with a magic wand able to do everything. But that is not so,” the pope said at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, during a plenary meeting dedicated to evolving concepts of nature.
The theories of evolution and the Big Bang are real and God is not “a magician with a magic wand”, Pope Francis has declared.
Speaking at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Pope made comments which experts said put an end to the “pseudo theories” of creationism and intelligent design that some argue were encouraged by his predecessor, Benedict XVI.
Francis explained that both scientific theories were not incompatible with the existence of a creator – arguing instead that they “require it”.
“When we read about Creation in Genesis, we run the risk of imagining God was a magician, with a magic wand able to do everything. But that is not so,” Francis said.
He added: “He created human beings and let them develop according to the internal laws that he gave to each one so they would reach their
fulfillment.
“The Big Bang, which today we hold to be the origin of the world, does not contradict the intervention of the divine creator but, rather, requires it.
“Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation, because evolution requires the creation of beings that evolve.”
The Catholic Church has long had a reputation for being anti-science – most famously when Galileo faced the inquisition and was forced to retract his “heretic” theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun.
But Pope Francis’s comments were more in keeping with the progressive work of Pope Pius XII, who opened the door to the idea of evolution and actively welcomed the Big Bang theory. In 1996, John Paul II went further and suggested evolution was “more than a hypothesis” and “effectively proven fact”.
Yet more recently, Benedict XVI and his close advisors have apparently endorsed the idea that intelligent design underpins evolution – the idea that natural selection on its own is insufficient to explain the complexity of the world. In 2005, his close associate Cardinal Schoenborn wrote an article saying “evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense – an unguided, unplanned process – is not”.
Giovanni Bignami, a professor and president of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, told the Italian news agency
Adnkronos: “The pope’s statement is significant. We are the direct descendents from the Big Bang that created the universe. Evolution came from creation.”
Despite the huge gulf in theological stance between his tenure and that of his predecessor, Francis praised Benedict XVI as he unveiled a bronze bust of him at the academy's headquarters in the Vatican Gardens.
“No one could ever say of him that study and science made him and his love for God and his neighbour wither,” Francis said, according to a translation by the Catholic News Service.
“On the contrary, knowledge, wisdom and prayer enlarged his heart and his spirit. Let us thank God for the gift that he gave the church and the world with the existence and the pontificate of Pope Benedict.”
China on course to become 'world's most Christian nation' within 15 years
The number of Christians in Communist China is growing so steadily that it by 2030 it could have more churchgoers than America
Christian congregations in particular have skyrocketed since churches began reopening when Chairman Mao's death in 1976 Photo: ALAMY
By Tom Phillips, Liushi, Zhejiang province
Apr 2014
It is said to be China's biggest church and on Easter Sunday thousands of worshipers will flock to this Asian mega-temple to pledge their allegiance – not to the Communist Party, but to the Cross. The 5,000-capacity Liushi church, which boasts more than twice as many seats as Westminster Abbey and a 206 ft crucifix that can be seen for miles around, opened last year with one theologian declaring it a "miracle that such a small town was able to build such a grand church".
The £8 million building is also one of the most visible symbols of Communist China's breakneck conversion as it evolves into one of the largest Christian congregations on earth. "It is a wonderful thing to be a follower of Jesus Christ. It gives us great confidence," beamed Jin Hong
xin, a 40-year-old visitor who was admiring the golden cross above Liushi's altar in the lead up to Holy Week.
"If everyone in China believed in Jesus then we would have no more need for police stations. There would be no more bad people and therefore no more crime," she added.
Officially, the People's Republic of China is an atheist country but that is changing fast as many of its 1.3 billion citizens seek meaning and spiritual comfort that neither communism nor capitalism seem to have supplied.
Christian congregations in particular have skyrocketed since churches began reopening when Chairman Mao's death in 1976 signaled the end of the Cultural Revolution. Less than four decades later, some believe China is now poised to become not just the world's number one economy but also its most numerous Christian nation. "By my calculations China is destined to become the largest Christian country in the world very soon," said Feng gang Yang, a professor of sociology at Purdue University and author of Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule.
"It is going to be less than a generation. Not many people are prepared for this dramatic change."
China's Protestant community, which had just one million members in 1949, has already overtaken those of countries more commonly associated with an evangelical boom. In 2010 there were more than 58 million Protestants in China compared to 40 million in Brazil and 36 million in South Africa, according to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life.
Prof Yang, a leading expert on religion in China, believes that number will swell to around 160 million by 2025. That would likely put China ahead even of the United States, which had around 159 million Protestants in 2010 but whose congregations are in decline.
By 2030, China's total Christian population, including Catholics, would exceed 247 million, placing it above Mexico, Brazil and the United States as the largest Christian congregation in the world, he predicted.
"Mao thought he could eliminate religion. He thought he had accomplished this," Prof Yang said. "It's ironic – they didn't. They actually failed completely."
Like many Chinese churches, the church in the town of Liu shi, 200 miles south of Shanghai in Zhe jiang province, has had a turbulent history.
It was founded in 1886 after William Edward Soothill, a Yorkshire-born missionary and future Oxford University professor, began evangelizing local communities.
But by the late 1950s, as the region was engulfed by Mao's violent anti-Christian campaigns, it was forced to close.
Liu shi remained shut throughout the decade of the Cultural Revolution that began in 1966, as places of worship were destroyed across the country.
Since it reopened in 1978 its congregation has gone from strength to strength as part of China's officially sanctioned Christian church – along with thousands of others that have accepted Communist Party oversight in return for being allowed to worship.
Today it has 2,600 regular churchgoers and holds up to 70 baptisms each year, according to Shi
Xiaoli, its 27-year-old preacher. The parish's revival reached a crescendo last year with the opening of its new 1,500ft mega-church, reputedly the biggest in mainland China.
"Our old church was small and hard to find," said Ms. Shi. "There wasn't room in the old building for all the followers, especially at Christmas and at Easter. The new one is big and eye-catching."
The Liushi church is not alone. From Yunnan province in China's balmy southwest to Liaoning in its industrial northeast, congregations are booming and more Chinese are thought to attend Sunday services each week than do Christians across the whole of Europe.
A recent study found that online searches for the words "Christian Congregation" and "Jesus" far outnumbered those for "The Communist Party" and
"Xi Jinping", China's president.
Among China's Protestants are also many millions who worship at illegal underground "house churches", which hold unsupervised services – often in people's homes – in an attempt to evade the prying eyes of the Communist Party.
Such churches are mostly behind China's embryonic missionary movement – a reversal of roles after the country was for centuries the target of foreign missionaries. Now it is starting to send its own missionaries abroad, notably into North Korea, in search of souls.
"We want to help and it is easier for us than for British, South Korean or American missionaries," said one underground church leader in north China who asked not to be named.
The new spread of Christianity has the Communist Party scratching its head.
"The child suddenly grew up and the parents don't know how to deal with the adult," the preacher, who is from China's illegal house-church movement, said.
Some officials argue that religious groups can provide social services the government cannot, while simultaneously helping reverse a growing moral crisis in a land where cash, not Communism, has now become king.
They appear to agree with David Cameron, the British prime minister, who said last week that Christianity could help boost Britain's "spiritual, physical and moral" state. Ms Shi, Liushi's preacher, who is careful to describe her church as "patriotic", said: "We have two motivations: one is our gospel mission and the other is serving society. Christianity can also play a role in maintaining peace and stability in society. Without God, people can do as they please."
Yet others within China's leadership worry about how the religious landscape might shape its political future, and its possible impact on the Communist Party's grip on power, despite the clause in the country's 1982 constitution that guarantees citizens the right to engage in "normal religious activities".
As a result, a close watch is still kept on churchgoers, and preachers are routinely monitored to ensure their sermons do not diverge from what the Party considers acceptable. In Liushi church a closed circuit television camera hangs from the ceiling, directly in front of the lectern.
"They want the pastor to preach in a Communist way. They want to train people to practice in a Communist way," said the house-church preacher, who said state churches often shunned potentially subversive sections of the Bible. The Old Testament book in which the exiled Daniel refuses to obey orders to worship the king rather than his own god is seen as "very dangerous", the preacher added.
Such fears may not be entirely unwarranted. Christians' growing power was on show earlier this month when thousands flocked to defend a church in
Wenzhou, a city known as the "Jerusalem of the East", after government threats to demolish it. Faced with the congregation's very public show of resistance, officials appear to have backed away from their plans, negotiating a compromise with church leaders.
"They do not trust the church, but they have to tolerate or accept it because the growth is there," said the church leader. "The number of Christians is growing – they cannot fight it. They do not want the 70 million Christians to be their enemy."
The underground leader church leader said many government officials viewed religion as "a sickness" that needed curing, and Prof Yang agreed there was a potential threat.
The Communist Party was "still not sure if Christianity would become an opposition political force" and feared it could be used by "Western forces to overthrow the Communist political system", he said.
Churches were likely to face an increasingly "intense" struggle over coming decade as the Communist Party sought to stifle Christianity's rise, he predicted.
"There are people in the government who are trying to control the church. I think they are making the last attempt to do that."
A German's View on Islam - worth reading because this is by far the best explanation of the Muslim terrorist situation I have ever read. His references to past history are accurate and clear. The author of this email is Dr. Emanuel Tanya, a well-known and well-respected psychiatrist--a man, whose family was German aristocracy prior t...o World War II, and owned a number of large industries and estates. When asked how many German people were true Nazis, the answer he gave can guide our attitude toward fanaticism.
'Very few people were true Nazis,' he said, 'but many enjoyed the return of German pride, and many more were too busy to care. I was one of those who just thought the Nazis were a bunch of fools. So, the majority just sat back and let it all happen. Then, before we knew it, they owned us, and we had lost control, and the end of our world had come.
My family lost everything. I ended up in a concentration camp and the Allies destroyed my factories.'
We are told again and again by 'experts' and 'talking heads' that Islam is the religion of peace and that the vast majority of Muslims just want to live in peace. Although this unqualified assertion may be true, it is entirely irrelevant. It is meaningless fluff, meant to make us feel better, and meant to somehow diminish the specter of fanatics rampaging across the globe in the name of Islam.
The fact is that the fanatics rule Islam at this moment in history. It is the fanatics who march. It is the fanatics who wage any one of 50 shooting wars worldwide. It is the fanatics who systematically slaughter Christian or tribal groups throughout Africa and are gradually taking over the entire continent in an Islamic wave. It is the fanatics who bomb, behead, murder, or honor-kill. It is the fanatics who take over mosque after mosque. It is the fanatics who zealously spread the stoning and hanging of rape victims and homosexuals. It is the fanatics who teach their young to kill and to become suicide bombers.
The hard, quantifiable fact is that the peaceful majority, the 'silent majority,' is cowed and extraneous. Communist Russia was comprised of Russians who just wanted to live in peace, yet the Russian Communists were responsible for the murder of about 20 million people. The peaceful majority were irrelevant.
China's huge population was peaceful as well, but Chinese Communists managed to kill a staggering 70 million people.
The average Japanese individual, prior to World War II, was not a warmongering sadist. Yet, Japan murdered and slaughtered its way across South East Asia in an orgy of killing that included the systematic murder of 12 million Chinese civilians, most killed by sword, shovel, and bayonet.
And who can forget Rwanda, which collapsed into butchery. Could it not be said that the majority of Rwandans were 'peace loving'?
History lessons are often incredibly simple and blunt. Yet for all our powers of reason, we often miss the most basic and uncomplicated of points: peace-loving Muslims have been made irrelevant by their silence. Peace-loving Muslims will become our enemy if they don't speak up, because like my friend from Germany, they will awaken one day and find that the fanatics own them, and the end of their world will have begun.
Peace-loving Germans, Japanese, Chinese, Russians, Rwandans, Serbs, Afghans, Iraqis, Palestinians, Somalis, Nigerians, Algerians, and many others have died because the peaceful majority did not speak up until it was too late.
Islamic prayers have now been introduced into Toronto and other public schools in Ontario, and, yes, in Ottawa too while the Lord's Prayer was removed (due to being so offensive?! To whom? Not to the vast majority of Canadians!).
The Islamic way is only peaceful until the fanatics move in.
In Australia, and indeed in many countries around the world, many of the most commonly consumed food items have the halal emblem on them. Just look at the back of some of the most popular chocolate bars, and at other food products in your local supermarket. Foods on aircraft have the halal emblem, just to appease the privileged minority who are now rapidly expanding throughout the world.
In the U.K, the Muslim communities refuse to integrate and there are now dozens of ?no-go? zones within major cities across the country that the police force dare not intrude upon. Sharia law prevails there, because the Muslim community in those areas refuses to acknowledge British law.
As for we who watch it all unfold, we must pay attention to the only group that counts -- the fanatics who threaten our way of life.
Anyone who doubts the seriousness of this issue and just deletes this email without sending it on, is contributing to the passiveness that allows the problems to expand.
So, I beg you, extend yourself a bit and send this on and on and on in the hope that thousands, world-wide, read this, think about it, and send it on - before it's too late . . .. because we remained silent
Sharia controlled zone' in Germany: Group of young Muslims patrolling city streets
Published time: September 06, 2014
Police in the German city of Wuppertal are investigating a case of several young men who announced themselves to be
'Sharia police'. The group was 'patrolling' the streets, urging people to refrain from various sorts of activities and entertainment.
The young men wearing orange safety vests with the words "Shariah police" written on the back caught both residents' and police attention in Wuppertal in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany earlier this week.
The young men are followers of Salafism, a puritanical form of Islam, one of the world's fastest-growing Islamic movements. The fundamentalists have been seen in the city's nightlife area, trying to urge people to refrain from alcohol, drugs, gambling, pornography and other activities. They also reportedly distributed leaflets with the same guidelines.
Police reportedly stopped 11 men aged between 19 and 33. An investigation with possible charges of illegal assembly has been launched.
The government is considering the Sharia initiative an act of provocation and says it won't tolerate any "parallel law".
"No Sharia laws will be tolerated on German soil. No one has the right to tarnish the good image of the German police," the country's Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere reportedly said in an interview to
Bild. Germany's Justice Minister Heiko Maas said that "no illegal 'parallel law' will be tolerated," as only the state is responsible for law compliance.
Wuppertal residents have also expressed concerns over the "Sharia police" appearance. A hotline has been set up by officials, allowing locals to report any information regarding activities of the self-proclaimed patrol, and a real police presence has been increased in the city.
Although the Sharia guidance to refrain from drinking alcohol or taking drugs might not be of any harm in itself, German authorities fear that the Salafists have also been recruiting young men to join the Islamic State and other militant groups, encouraging them to travel to Syria or Iraq in order to do so. Officials in North
Rhein-Westphalia say that approximately 1,800 people are part of the Salafist scene in the area, with ten percent of the members considered to be violent extremists. In 2012, the movement drew worldwide attention after announcing a long-term campaign to distribute 25 million free copies of translated Korans into German homes.
The UAE Cabinet approved a list of 83 designated terrorist organizations on Saturday, including al Qaeda and the Islamic State. Much more significant, though, was the inclusion of many Muslim organizations based in the West that are believed to be allied with the Muslim Brotherhood movement. Prominent among them are two American Muslim groups: the Council on American Islamic Relations and the Muslim American Society.
The decision to put two mainstream U.S. Muslim groups on its list of terrorist organizations is part of an initiative, together with the Saudis, to undermine the Islamist movement known as the Muslim Brotherhood. The move is unlikely to succeed, but it could cause problems between the U.S. government and the American Muslim community.
Ever since the Muslim Brotherhood's rise in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia have felt deeply threatened by the Islamist movement. Both countries supported the July 2013 coup that toppled the Brotherhood-led government of Mohammed Morsi in Egypt. They continue to use their financial might to prop up the government of former military chief President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In addition, they are trying to make sure that the Brotherhood in the region is generally weakened, or even decimated.
What is a Geopolitical Diary? George Friedman Explains.
From their perspective, the Islamism of the Muslim Brotherhood is a far greater threat to the monarchies than even the jihadism of al Qaeda and the Islamic State. Given the armed insurrectionist approach of the jihadists, the Saudis and Emiratis can crack down on them using coercive means more easily.
But for them, the Brotherhood is a much more insidious threat. Not only does it oppose violence as a means of achieving its political goals, but it also seeks democracy. Therefore, the Brotherhood is not just difficult to counter; it promotes a political system that is a threat to the monarchical systems of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
What is worse for the Gulf Arabs is that the Brotherhood is seen as a legitimate political force in the West. Earlier this year, the Saudis and Emiratis pressured the British government to crack down on British Muslim groups that were part of the global Brotherhood network. London launched an inquiry into the movement within its borders, resulting in an unpublished report that cleared the Brotherhood of links to terrorism.
Frustrated, the Gulf Arabs are pursuing a different tack. By declaring the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) and the Muslim American Society (MAS) as terrorist organizations, they are trying to exploit a fault line within the United States. There is a sizable lobby within the U.S. government that is interested in cracking down on those and other Muslim groups. The Emiratis and Saudis hope the lobby will use the United Arab Emirates' announcement to push in this direction.
While CAIR has for years operated as a nonprofit advocacy entity, in 2007 U.S. authorities named it an unindicted co-conspirator along with about 250 other groups and individuals in a case against the Holy Land Foundation charity. The charity was convicted of supporting Hamas, a designated terrorist organization in the United States, though no formal charges have been brought against CAIR. As a result, it will not take much for groups within the United States that are hostile to CAIR to use the UAE decision against the group.
The goal of the Emiratis and Saudis is to get U.S. authorities focused on CAIR and MAS so that they can use that to press Washington to take action against the Muslim Brotherhood. They are unlikely to get their wish given the lack of evidence that the Brotherhood is engaged in terrorism and given the U.S. focus on fighting jihadists — an effort that requires the Americans to work with moderate forces.
On the domestic front, however, CAIR and MAS could face legal issues. Large numbers of American Muslims support the groups, especially CAIR. Putting them under closer scrutiny could upset American Muslims — exactly the outcome that the Islamic State and al Qaeda want.
"The
UAE and Saudi War on the Muslim Brotherhood Could Be Trouble for the
U.S.is
republished with permission of Stratfor."
It is hard to believe that this December issue completes 15 years of
monthly Somos Primos issues online. It has been a challenge, an
education, and a joy. My historical understanding of U.S. history
and the Spanish global presence has grown bit by bit, primarily
through the varied submissions and family histories that readers have
sent.
The wide diversity of information reflects the countless range of
individual histories with a Latino connection. Every
individual's story is unique, each different, a piece to the puzzle of humanity.
I have taken a simple approach: if
you have a Spanish surname, you have a heritage connection to Spain,
where the surname originated, and that makes you happily, a possible
primo. . .
Since the heritage diversity among
the Spanish language speakers in the Americas is based on the 500-year
colonization period of the America, I am hopeful that as
we learn our history back to the colonization period, we will find
many primo connections.
I am hopeful too that as we find our historical and DNA
roots connections to other groups, such as the Indigenous,
African, European, Asian, and Jewish communities, it will increase
understanding and respect for the cultures of others.
As we embrace diversity in the
United States, we will be helping to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. His
message of love will be easier to emulate as we reinforce ourselves with
historic facts and apply them to our activities in the present.
May you, your family, friends, and
community rejoice, honor, and adore the Lord who brought the message
of love and peace for all mankind.
UNITED STATES
Congress tried to fix immigration back in 1986. Why did it fail?
by Brad Plumer
During 1986 Amnesty Implementation Process, Over-stayed VISA Holders Went
First by Mimi
Lozano
Information on the New 2014 Amnesty Laws
First Annual George Washington
Patriot Prayer Breakfast, November 29, 2014, in San Antonio, TX
An Idea for Your Christmas Tree
Youtubes to enhance Christmas: Mary Did You Know? and Our Father by
Andre Bochele
Hispanics in the American Revolution - 1775-1783
The Most Latino Congress Ever Is Coming in 2015 by Roque Planas, Huffington Post
The Land is Spanish by Pablo Ricardo Quintana
Spanish Heirs win access to Energy wealth in Texas Legislature
Were Native Americans Victims of Genocide? by David Olson
Epidemics in U.S
1657-1918 Compiled by Sandy Russell
This Is a New Story We Are Writing Together
By Guy Bailey
Vaquero Reflects Heritage of South Texas
By Dr. Lino García, Jr.
Vaquero – A Proud Tradition By José Antonio López
Maria Elena Durazo leaving top post at L.A. County Federation of Labor
Marta Lourdes Tellado as Consumer Reports New President & CEO
A Legacy of Smoke: a documentary film by Luis Argeo and James D. Fernández
U.S. History Trivia . . . And Did You Know . . .
HERITAGE PROJECTS
Latinos in Heritage Conservation: Launching a National Network
DNA Proves Horses Unlike Any Others on Earth
The Colonial Spanish Wilbur-Cruce Mission Horses
Honoring Col. Juan N. Seguin Burial Site, October 25, 2014
The Reenactment of the Battle of Medina
La Belle and the
Alamo
Connection by Dan Arellano Author/Historian
Fojas Perdidas Project
A Tour of Tijuana’s Maquiladoras
in Mexico by Barbara Zaragoza
The Importance of Promoting Hispanic History by Mimi Lozano
HISTORY TIDBITS
Remembering Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
The History Blog
Colorization of Civil War era and early 1900’s
photos
Book: When Mexicans Could Play Ball by
Ignacio M. Garcia
November 2nd, 1779 -- Spanish diplomat dies of head injury November
6th, 1528Castaways begin
amazing journey
November 8, 1852 - The Circus come to town!
HISPANIC LEADERS
Maestro Juan Estevan Arellano,
1947-2014
Ricard Duardo, LA Master printmaker and artist, - November 12, 2014 Lorenzo
Santos Luera, California State Past LULAC President
In Memoriam Tulio Halperín Dongi (1926-2014)
AMERICAN PATRIOTS
Video Mansions, Giving Thanks to those who Gave Their Lives for
our Freedom
Hero Street, book, video and documentary
Chicano POW Of Nazi Slave Camp Speaks Out
How to Trace Your U.S. Military Ancestors
Medal of honor Chaplains
2014 Las Estrellas de Tejas Reception
History of the Marine Corps by Kelsey Driscoll
EARLY LATINO PATRIOTS Bernardo de Galvez Plaque Natchez
Galvez Program on Tenerife TV
Video on Los Galvez de Macharaviaya
Galvez Projects of Edward F.
Butler, Sr.
Call to write your senators in support of Galvez
Example of letter written by
José Antonio López
Your State Senators
Granaderos y Damas de Galvez, San Antonio at the Founder's Day
Event
Dorothy Perez Honored by SAR
DNA Genetically, There's No Such Thing as a Mexican by Maggie Fox
Vast Genetic Diversity among Mexicans Found in Large-scale Study by Krista Conger
My suspicions have been confirmed by Refugio Fernandez
Genetic Evidence Says Easter Island Had Visitors 100s Of
Years Before Previously Thought
New Mexico DNA Project Database celebrates it's 10 year anniversary
Researching Your Family Health History with the application of genetic
information.
Ambitious Google drive to put human genome online gathers steam
FAMILY HISTORY
Dec. 3, 2014 Latino Education & Advocacy Days (LEAD)
Educational Advocate of the Year
FamilySearch introduces MyHeritage's institutional service at Family History Centers and Libraries
More Family Search Records Indexed Records and Images
What
every genealogist needs to know about digital content and preservation (100+
resources)
EDUCATION Gates Millennium Scholarship Program
Teacher expectations produce a Pygmalian effect that influences student achievement.
The Old Deluder Act passed in 1647
Missing Minority Ph.D.s by
Scott Jaschik
Stolen Education: Screen documentary on systematic discrimination in Texas schools
CULTURE Down Town Noche of Altares
José de la Isla’s latest book, Day Night Life Death online
Casa Navarro Dia de Los Muertos, October 28, 2014
The 7,000-Year Story of Maiz on Tortillas
Dear Readers Who Are Not Chicana/o
Before Television, there was the radio
BOOKS AND PRINT MEDIA Painless
Spanish by Carlos B. Vega breaks record selling
Vaqueros in Blue and Gray by Jerry D.ThompsonJuana Bordas commenced a
Wisdom Newsletter and invites readership.
Aztlan Libre Press How America’s Most
Dynamic Population Is Poised to Transform the Politics of the Nation The World War I Diary of José de la Luz Sáenz
by Emilio Zamora (Editor), J. Luz Sáenz, Ben Maya (Translator) John Phillip Santos' list of the greatest Texas books ever written.
ORANGE COUNTY, CA
SHHAR Sephardic Workshop, November 8, 2014, Opened doors of
Understanding
Westminster, CA Latinos in WWII and Korean War
Heritage Museum of Orange County, November 20th, 2010 and November 15th, 2014
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Guy Gabaldon Clay Bust Unveiled at the Opening of the Guy Gabaldon Apartments
Guy Gabaldon Apartments for Veterans in Boyle Heights
The Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium
Los Angeles and the Anglos' "Indian Problem" of the Transitional era,
1848-1870
CALIFORNIA
Maria Josefa Grijalva de Yorba 1766-1830
Josefa's Story
California's Day of the Teacher by Galal Kernahan
Who Owned Tia Juana by Galal Kernahan
A Long Scar by Galal Kernahan
Sand Diego State University Receives Feminist Gracia Molina de Pick Life's
NORTHWESTERN, US
Joseph Mendez Parr & Family of Arvada, Colorado
10th Annual Hispanic Film Festival
SOUTHWESTERN, US
My Days as a Colonist/ Soldier with Don Jun de Onate - Part
10 by
Louis F. Serna Youtube: episode in the history of Don Juan de Onate in New
Mexico
Veteran's Memorial in Arizona
TEXAS
Statue of Col. José de Escandón
The Box Bravo Family in Zapata County by
Gilberto Quezada
The View Through the Lens: Capturing cultural Shifts Within the Latino
Barrios of Dallas
López: Believer, learner, or skeptic? Which are you?
By José Antonio López Lopez: First Texas First Lady (Maria Josefa Uribe Gutiérrez de Lara)By José
Antonio López
Phil Collins Gives Vast Alamo Collection to Texas
University of Texas, El Paso Borderlands History Conference Nov 6-7, 2015
What is Storycorps?
Texas Day by Day website
Canary Islanders and Texas
Given Name Booklet Online by Crispen Rendon
MIDDLE AMERICA
Chicago Mexican Street Vendor of steamed corn, send his
children to med and law school. Spanish roots in New Iberia give birth to El Festival
Espanol de Nueva Iberia La Asociacion Espanola de Nueva Iberia, Louisiana
Isidro Fabela Foundation, chapter Illinois
Los Islenos Heritage and Cultural Society, November 2014
Newsletter
Alabama Banned Sharia Law
EAST COAST
December 20, 2014: Navidad en el Viejo San Agustin/ Christmas in
Old St.Augustine,
A Room of Her Own: My Mother's Altar, an installation by Sandra Cisneros
From Slum to Center by Joe Sanchez
AFRICAN-AMERICAN
Buffalo Soldiers
Negro? Prieto? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans by Randal C. Archibold
Confederate officer James Malbone's Civil War diary
Race Mixture in the History of Latin America
INDIGENOUS Sunset Hills, Missouri and its Prehistoric Past
U.S. Census Bureau: American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage
Month
SEPHARDIC The de Riberas by Michael Perez, Chapter 1
Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed? The Sephardic History: The Jewish Theological Seminary, Part I
Fire and Song: The story of Luis de Carvajal and the Mexican Inquisition
The Conquistadores and Crypto-Jews of Monterrey
Consolidated Jewish Surname Index
Sephardim.Com
Witchcraft & Judaism
by Rabbi Ahron Lopiansk
ARCHAEOLOGY
Mexico archaeologists explore Teotihuacan tunnel
by E. Eduardo Castillo
2,200-year-old altar found on Italo-Greek shipwreck
What do you think? Aztecs Helped by Space Travelers
Sobre Natural y Asi
MEXICO
Luna sobre Ayotzinapa/Moon Over Ayotzinapa by Rafael Jesús González
Mexico Missing Case: Students March in Solidarity
Guerra de Intervención Norteamericana 1846-1848
Mexico: Esporter of Its Population
Familias descendientes de Don Carlos Gomez Villarreal y de
Don Guillermo García Welsh, de Montemorelos, N.L.
2000 Tesis en Formato Digital
Ceremonia del XX Aniversario de la Sociedad de Genealogía de
Nuevo León
El bautismo de Don José María Roa y Bárcena,
Político, Historiador, Novelista, Periodista,
Defunción del General de División Francisco Murguía López de Lara
Información Matrimonial de Don Angel García
Peña y de Doña Guadalupe Armendariz García
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA
Facts stranger than fiction: the story of Don Blas de Lezo
The repairing of the Christ the Redeemer Statue in Rio (Video)
Recreating the San Salvador: A Fighting Top Goes Up and Cannon Gets Fired
CUBA, PUERTO RICO & CARIBBEAN
The ARMY Magazine endorsed the Borinqueneers CGM initiative.
Méritos y servicios:Antonio Carvajal de y otros
PHILIPPINES
Finally it is Autumn Again by Poppo Olag
SPAIN Sociedad
de Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos de Canarias UNESCO sinks claim Haiti wreck was Christopher
Columbus's ship Remains
of French ship being reassembled in Texas Boletín de Genealogías Colombianas
INTERNATIONAL
Seasons' Greetings to Everybody by Eddie AAA Calderón,
Ph.D.
Human Kindness in 4 minutes flat
List of Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Pope Francis Declares Evolution and Big Bang Theory Are Right by
Adam Withnall
A German's View on Islam
Sharia controlled zone' in Germany: Group of young Muslims patrolling city streets
The United Arab Emirates and Saudi War on the Muslim Brotherhood Could Be Trouble for the U.S.
©2012
PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.
Land-Grant
College Act of 1862, or Morrill
Act, Act of the U.S. Congress (1862) provided
grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges
specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.” Named for
its sponsor, Vermont Congressman Justin
Smith Morrill (1810–98),
it granted each state 30,000 acres (12,140 hectares) for
each of its congressional seats. Funds from the
sale of the land were used by some states to establish
new schools; other states turned the money over to existing
state or private colleges to create schools of agriculture and
mechanic arts (known as “A&M” colleges). The military
training required in the curriculum ...
(100 of 159 words). The first bill in 1862 was signed under Lincoln, which may explain
why out of the 106 universities listed,
21 are identified as black universities or colleges. The
predominance of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities are on the east
coast.
Thus the government
agents were derelict in two distinct areas of responsibility concerning
the Spanish land right of the early founding families. The government refused to acknowledge mineral
rights and did not follow the Land Grant
Universities Morrill Act.
In 1990, our ranch, Rancho Del Sueno, became the steward for a special herd of Colonial Spanish horses
from the Wilbur-Cruce ranch in southern Arizona. Dr. Ruben Wilbur, originally purchased the horses in
the late 1800’s from Father Kino’s Mission Dolores in Sonora, Mexico. Over a hundred and twenty years
later, the Nature Conservancy acquired a portion of this ranch from Dr. Wilbur’s granddaughter, Eva Antonia
Wilbur-Cruce, requiring relocation of the family’s historic mission horses. Rancho Del Sueno became their
new home.
But
the organization offers so much more. On July 19, 2014, I had the
pleasure of meeting Robin Lea Collins, President and Founder of Rancho
Del Sueño, at a Los
Angeles Convention Center event. She explained that the goals of the
center are to include other similar programs for Colonial Spanish
livestock such as sheep, cattle, etc. brought to the New World centuries
ago. While current tours of the Rancho Del Sueño
and a re-enactment program educate the public on the importance of the
preservation of the Colonial Spanish horse, Horses4Heroes and Wounded
Warriors support our veterans and military.
Enduring Acequias: Wisdom of the Land, Knowledge of the Water 
Dorothy Perez, and Robert Hancock
Bustamante, who directs the Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human
Genomics, shares senior authorship of the study with Esteban Burchard, MD, MPH, professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences and medicine at
UCSF. Moreno shares lead authorship with Christopher Gignoux, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar now at Stanford and previously at
UCSF, and Juan Carlos Fernandez Lopez, a researcher at the Mexican genomic institute.
There
are many veterans, Latino activists, and others that believe that even
though Guy's Commanding Officer recommended him for the Medal of Honor,
Guy did not receive because he was of Mexican heritage and a very vocal
Republican. He alienated himself from the Hispanic Caucus which is
predominately Democrats. However, those who know his story want it
to be told. His early colonial ancestors settled in New Mexico,
but Guy was born in Los Angeles. Guy was five feet, two or three
inches. The 1960 Hollywood movie from Hell to Eternity about his
deeds, portrayed Guy as a blue-eyed six foot Italian. Guy was
small, 5 feet and 2 or 3 inches.
Steve
Rubin, documentarian (EAST
L.A. MARINE: THE UNTOLD TRUE STORY OF GUY GABALDON) is hopeful
that the movie will be produced again, with someone that looks more like
Guy, so that all our Hispanic/Latino youth will have a real hero to look
to. 
Chico & Rita is an animated film about two musicians—a singer and a pianist—who travel to New York and Las Vegas on a journey that is thrown into turmoil by jealousies and the whims of their careers. Over a lifetime of triumphs and crises, both shine and both fall, but their love remains unchanged.
And, it all started in the early 1990s, as part of my research on Zapata County Judge Manuel Box Bravo for my award-winning political biography, Border Boss: Manuel B. Bravo and Zapata County (published by Texas A&M University Press) that also commenced a genealogical search on the Box family roots.
By the early 1800s, while Robert Jr. stayed in Tennessee, Stephen, his family, and other settlers
traveled south to Alabama, where they settled in Blount County. While in Alabama, Stephen and his sons, and especially John Andrew, traveled many miles by horseback, spreading the Methodist religion. Even as far southeast as Talladega, Alabama, records have John Andrew listed "as an exhort," and described him as a ":devoted layman who labored the circuit." In addition to his ministerial duties, Stephen became a Justice of the Peace, and because of his involvement with legal matters, people often referred to him as "Judge Box." John Andrew Box, his wife Polly Bynum, and their four children, were attracted by the plentiful land in Texas, publicized by the many land empresarios who had been hired by the Mexican government to promote colonization.
The Texas Secession Convention met on January 28, 1861, in Austin, and approved an ordinance of secession by an overwhelming vote of 177 to 8, with John Andrew Box casting his vote in favor of secession. Texas now belonged to the newly created Confederate States of America. John Andrew's youngest son by Polly Bynum, Lina Helen Box, did his patriotic duty by enlisting in the Army of the Confederate States on June 22, 1861. He served in Captain John R. Woodward Company G, First Regiment, Texas Infantry. After having been elevated to fifth sergeant, complication from kidney problems cut his military career short to just one year, three months, and fifteen days. On October 8, 1862, Lina received his medical discharge at Richmond, Virginia.
O
Indeed,
hidden just beneath the sands of time, her narrative is unknown in mainstream
Texas history. Married to José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara, the first President
of Texas; Maria Josefa Uribe’s story is truly exceptional. Her right to the
honor is certain. Her husband was successful in organizing Mexico’s Army of
the North (First Texas Army).Then he defeated the Spanish Army in five battles.
He thus became the first President of the independent Texas province and has the
credentials to prove it – first Texas Declaration of Independence and first
Constitution.
This
book “The de Riberas” is a celebration of the sacrifices
made by my progenitors, a way to pay homage to the part they
played in the founding of the northern areas New Spain. It is
also an appreciation of their contributions to this great
nation, the United States of America. To be sure, this is not a
historical book. I leave that to the real historians. Much of
this information is gleaned from the internet and used to
explain one family’s descendents in various historical
timelines using the history at each stage as a backdrop. 
Divers have recovered an altar that was used for on-board sacrifices from a 2,200-year-old shipwreck off the Aeolian Island of Panarea just north of Sicily. Such altars have been found before on land and one was discovered in the shallow Adriatic waters around the Croatian island of Hvar, but this is the first one to be found on a shipwreck.
The submersibles weren’t able to dive deeply enough to retrieve any objects from the wreck, so this year the Superintendent enlisted technical divers from the non-profit Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) to explore the site and recover a few artifacts. They also had the aid of two high tech submersibles with gripper arms.
accumulated silt, they found the bottom of it was mostly buried. About a foot in diameter at the widest point and three inches high, that was actually the top of the altar, a basin used to burn incense in ritual offerings. The base of the pedestal was found next to it. There are metal supports embedded in the base, probably the remains of fasteners to keep it from going overboard at the first swell. It’s engraved with three Greek letters (ETH) and there’s a decorative wave relief around the edge of the basin.
Archaeologists dated the objects to between 218 and 210 B.C. Because the cargo was mostly Greco-Italic jars but with Punic amphorae in the bow of the ship, archaeologists believe it was a Greek trading vessel that traveled between Rome and Carthage, possibly supplying the fleet of Roman consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus who was commander of Sicily from 214 to 211 B.C. These were dangerous times to be a merchant in the Mediterranean. The crew of the Panarea III had eminently good reason to bolt an altar to the ship’s deck and make copious sacrifices to the gods.
The Second Punic War started in 218 B.C. and while the most famous military encounters between Carthage and the Roman Republic involved elephants, alps, the Fabian strategy and pitched battles with body counts so disastrously high to this day they are ranked as among the most costly battles in human history, Carthage and Rome threw fleets of ships at each other too. Rome was rather more successful on water than they were on land in the first eight years, winning major naval encounters around Sicily and Sardinia.
