Somos Primos™

April 2007
(c) Mimi Lozano 2000-2007  

Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues
Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research

Dr. Hector P. Garcia,1989 

"We are a lost people. 
We do not know who we are 
and where we are going. 
We do not have a history, 
and a people without a history 
have nothing."  

  Letters to the Editor : 

Felicia Escobar
Myra Y. Estepa
Rosiemarie Fernandez
Frank & Karla Galindo
Wanda Garcia
Andre Gladden Moreno
Chris Glavin
Carlos Ray Gonzalez
Sara Guerrero 
Lila Guzman, Ph.D.
Elsa Herbeck
Jocelyn Hernández Irizarry
Don Herndon
Michael Hogan
Win Holtzman
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
Maria Kreger
Melissa Lopez
Francisco Ernesto Martínez
Rudy Montez
Dorinda Moreno
Ronald A. Navarro, MD
Maria Angeles O.Olson
Rafael Ojeda
Jose M. Pena
Eliza Lujan Perez
Elvira Prieto
Ricardo Quintana, 
Joe A. Ramos
Angel Custodio Rebollo 
Barbara Renick
Bessy Reyna

UNITED STATES

Our Hispanic Roots: What History Failed to Tell 
Us by Carlos B. Vega 

 National Issues

PublishAmerica is proud to present their newest publication:

Our Hispanic Roots:
 What History Failed to Tell Us by Carlos B. Vega 

The Hispanic contribution to the making of the United States has been blatantly glossed over by most historians for the past three hundred years, despite the gallant effort of a handful of them who sought to do justice and set the record straight. This misrepresentation of the historical facts has rendered a whole nation to become oblivious to its true beginnings and formation, crippling its character and jeopardizing its future.

This book, based on established and undisputed historical records, is a new attempt to bring out the whole truth, to make us realize how this nation really came into being. The making of present-day United States did not begin in 1607, nor was it confined to thirteen unsettled colonies barely occupying a minute portion of a vast continent. We need to set the historical clock back and then forward, from 1513 on through well past 1776, and give due credit to Spain and other Hispanic countries, such as Mexico, for laying down many of the foundations that made us what we are today. We need also to be proud of our Hispanic heritage, and trumpet it with equal fervor and appreciation as we do it with other less deserving ones. It is only then that we would be able to define our character both as a nation and as a people.

Carlos B. Vega is an accomplished author of forty-six books to date. He has devoted his entire professional life to advancing the cause of Hispanism and fostering better relations and understanding between Hispanics and the United States. He has done this as a writer, speaker, and a college professor for over thirty years.

Frederick, MD, March 31, 2007 
http://www.pr.com/press-release/34509

UNDER-REPRESENTATION of the HISPANIC COMMUNITY 
is EVIDENT THROUGHOUT the GOVERNMENT

The public has become aware of the omission of Latinos in THE WAR, a government funded project.  It is a glaring omission.  In addition to the PBS exclusion of Latinos, let  me also share two other examples of government produced reports which demonstrate misinformation by omission. If a pattern surfaces, then surely  this is  racism by omission, and could and should  be identified as an infraction of civil rights, in other words,  institutional racism.  Two documents demonstrate the magnitude of the problem: 

ONE: DoD PERSONNEL & PROCUREMENT STATISTICS:
Personnel & Procurement Reports and Data Files: 
http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm

Even if you go down a column to Hispanic/Latino -One or More Races,  only 349 are listed. This is a glaring omission of information which is readily available.  

Below this government document is information published by the California based, Latino Advocates for Education, Inc.  Linda Aguirre identified 3,741 soldiers with Spanish surnames who died in the Vietnam conflict.

Considering the enormity of this misinformation, I would expect that the other figures concerning Latinos would also be inaccurate, such as one Latino serving in the Gulf War.  Clearly the staff compiling this information was not qualified for the task, or the omission  was intentional.

For example Anthony Quinn, Jim Plunkett, Joe Kapp. Therefore, the accurate number of Latino casualties during the Vietnam War was approximately 7% of the total deaths. At that time Latinos represented approximately 5% of the total population in the U.S. Furthermore, we found that Latino casualties were from every one of our 50 states.

We also consulted the National Archives and Records Administration. Their website is www.nara.gov/nara.electronic/cahrviet.html. According to those statistics, 5,572 soldiers from California died during the Vietnam War. Listed are their full names, home city, date of birth, date of death and if by hostile action. Of those 5,572 names, 823 are Spanish surnamed. Therefore 15% of the California casualties were Latino. At that time, Latinos represented approximately 7% of California's population.

From Texas, 23% of the casualties were Latino. Jose Maria Herrera, a doctoral candidate at Purdue University, wrote in his 1998 Master's Thesis in the History Department of the University of Texas at El Paso, that "of the 3,405 Texans killed in the Vietnam War, 784 were Latinos." Furthermore, in New Mexico, Herrera found that "while Hispanics made up 27 percent of that state's population, they accounted for 44 percent of the deaths."

On April 22, 2000, Elaine Woo wrote in a Los Angeles Times article: "Latinos answered the call to combat in Vietnam in unprecedented numbers and paid a heavy price: One in two Latinos who went to Vietnam served in a combat unit, 1 in 3 were wounded in action, 1 in 5 were killed in action."

Strength and Honor: Mexican American in the Vietnam War by Fredrick Aguirre, Linda Martinez Aguirre, and Rogelio C. Rodriguez published by published by Latino Advocates for Education, Inc, (c) 2006.

I questioned the accuracy based on the fact that information of federal employment levels (G-1 and so forth) were not identified.  For the full report go to: 

Below is an analysis by Gilbert Sandate, formerly Director, Office of Workforce at the  Library of Congress.  He is  asking for action to be taken to correct the practices denying Latinos opportunities in Federal employment. 

"This report demonstrates that neither OPM nor Federal agencies are effectively implementing Executive Order 13171 and the President’s Management Agenda to promote effective human capital practices in attracting and recruiting talented candidates, including Hispanics, to the Federal Government."

"The report’s findings should be a call to action by the Bush Administration and the Congress to fix, once and for all, the broken Federal Personnel Hiring System. At their current rate of hire, Hispanics will never reach parity with their numbers in the national civilian labor force."

"At 7.5%, Hispanics remain the only underrepresented ethnic group in the Federal workforce. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that in 2005, Hispanics represented 13.5% of the national civilian labor force. Thus, at 7.5% Hispanics are underrepresented in the Federal workforce by 6.0%. This equates to the loss of over 100,000 jobs and four billion dollars in annual salaries alone to the Hispanic community."

Gilbert Sandate, Chair, Coalition for Fairness for Hispanics in Government

Response to key findings in OPM’s report:

The percentage hiring increase cited is a decline from previous years.

♦ OPM extols the 0.1% increase in Hispanic representation in the Federal permanent workforce, from 7.4% on June 30, 2005 to 7.5% as of June 30, 2006, as a laudable accomplishment. In fact, the 0.1% annual increase is lower than the 0.15% average annual increase in Hispanic representation in the Federal permanent workforce over the past 40 years.

Actual Hispanic new hires decreased from the previous year.

♦ The actual number of Hispanic new hires decreased by 0.5%, or 624 positions, for the year ending June 30, 2006 compared to the previous year.

♦ The percentage of Hispanic new hires decreased in 16 of 27 major agencies for the period ending June 30, 2006 compared to the previous year. Not surprisingly, the agency with the highest percentage of Hispanic employees is the Department of Homeland Security. DHS’ largest sub-agency, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, leads the nation’s efforts to identify, arrest and expel undocumented immigrants.

Hispanics were hired into the lowest paying jobs.

♦ The report shows that Hispanics were hired into the lowest paying jobs. Nearly 26% (25.9%) of all Hispanic new hires for the year ending June 30, 2006 were in the GSR 1 through 8 and Blue Collar pay plans. Conversely, only 4.2% of all Hispanic new hires were in the Senior Pay category.

Flexible hiring programs were not utilized effectively.

♦ The report clearly shows that the hiring programs with the greatest potential for increasing Hispanic representation, the Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) and the Bilingual/Bicultural Program, were woefully underutilized. Only 4.4% (4,542) of all new hires (104,003) for the year ending June 30, 2006 were SCEP appointments. Of these appointments, only 7.6% went to Hispanics. And, most distressingly, only 25 (0.002%) of 104,003 new hires were appointments under the Bilingual/Bicultural Program, a court-mandated supplemental hiring program intended to remedy the present effects of past discrimination against Hispanics. Only six agencies utilized the Bilingual/Bicultural Program as a hiring tool for the year ending June 30, 2006.

Contact: Gilbert Sandate, Chair, Coalition For Fairness For Hispanics In Government www:gisand@sbcglobal.net (972) 838-0090

THREE:

UNDER-REPRESENTATION OF HISPANIC COMMUNITY IN THE MEDIA

Ken Burns THE WAR Magnifies the Extent of the Problem

It does not take a government study or report to very clearly identify the lack of Hispanics on commercial television programs.  Anyone can sit in front of a channel and log the number of stereotype Latinos that appear in a program or commercial on that channel. You can also compare those numbers to stereotype African-Americans and Asians. I've done it.  It is quite clear that our numbers are not represented in an equal share of the major networks air time.  

The delay in realizing reasonable diversity, reflective of the current US population,  resulted in powerful new Spanish language networks, welcomed by US advertisers looking to reach the Hispanic market. 

This gave US networks the excuse that now we Latinos have our own Spanish networks shows, therefore it is not necessary for major networks to be concerned about Latinos appearing in the programs mounted by major networks.BUT that is not the POINT. . .INCLUSION is the point.  

The Hispanic presence has been on the continent for over 500 years, and since most Latinos are mestizos (multi-ethnic, multi-racial), our presence in the Americas is since the beginning of time.  

To be recognized as separate to the main body of this nation is an ongoing problem perpetuated by the major networks, and now in the PBS government funded, THE WAR. If the visual message in THE WAR is aired, it will continue to reinforce separation and divisions in the U.S..  This should not be.  Now, PBS is leaning towards funding for documentaries to be produced by Latinos.  This sounds fair . . .  BUT airing THE WAR with a few quickly produced documentaries which will be aired during the scheduled THE WAR, still misses.  Latinos will remain the outsiders, the adjuncts, the also ran.   . . . oh yes . .  we forgot . .  they were also there.  

If anyone thinks that the nation will not be impacted by the airing of THE WAR, go to this website and observe the scheduled activities already in place to magnify this inaccurate, historical message. 
http://seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Entertainment/6-11-07-PBStoAirEpic.htm

Those scheduled plans will also explain why PBS is reluctant to admit any fault in funding Burns  or acquiesce to make any changes.  Attempts by PBS have already been made to find well-positioned Hispanics, as apologists to support PBS and Burns in their exclusion. 

Maybe they should start by explaining, even the use of the term documentary as associated to Burns work. It is an oxymoron to say his work is a documentary, and then talk about creative license in a historical work. It is absurd. A document is evidential, affording evidence, clearly proven. Burns work is not a documentary, it is a docufiction.. Standing alone, THE WAR would be a clear statement that Latinos were not in anyway association with WWII. 

Historical study is intended to give insight to the present. All the current major issues of  civil rights, bilingual education, immigration,  farm labor, green cards, etc. etc. had a foundation in the efforts of returning American Hispanics soldiers.  Dr. Hector P. Garcia gave voice to the disenfranchised minorities, and was later joined by other leaders, such as Martin Luther King,  who also refused to be treated as non-citizens. 

Burns' exclusion explains nothing about current societal issues. If ever there was a wasted opportunity for media to bring unity to this nation, this was it.  

PBS has a lot invested, but is in the untenable position of either . . . .PBS administration, staff, and Board are blatantly anti-Hispanic, or completely and totally ignorant of the Hispanic historical presence. 

Burns fully understands the importance of history to a people. On May 23, 2004, filmmaker Ken Burns delivered the commencement day address at Yale University.

He told the graduates: "Your future lies behind you. In your past, personal and collective. If you don't know where you have been, how can you possibly know where you are and where you are going?"

In his closing remarks at the Yale commencement, Burns told the graduates: "As you pursue your goals in life, that is to say your future, pursue your past. Let it be your guide. Insist on having a past and then you will have a future."

We should insist on having a past, a very public past, so that we too will have a future.  

We should insist that THE WAR be re-edited.  We must remember, 
THE WAR does not belong to Ken Burns.  It belongs to the people of the United States.  

THE WAR should be re-edited with Latinos as integral to the productions, for the good of the nation, not the comfort of Burns.  
Burns has already been well-paid.  Our men have not.

Dr. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez has mounted a word arsenal  to react to 
BURNS' WWII Docufiction, THE WAR. 

www.DEFENDTHEHONOR.ORG

This website will serve as a support headquarters for local anti-THE WAR activities.  Weekly updates will be posted, plus letters to and from PBS. 

Included on the site, are all the PBS Member stations which are targeted to receive the 14-hour Burns' Docufiction.  Sample letters are on the site.  Each one of us, individually or through our association with an organization or corporation can react.  

The Waco, Texas LULAC Council 273 has already sent a letter to  their PBS station, stating that they "without reservation express complete and total opposition to the Ken Burns’ 14-hour World War II documentary" and ask that the station "refrain from airing The War".

Weekly Update about Activities and Events Surrounding the Ken Burns PBS WWII Documentary March 31 -- Available via email or on the website:  Brief summary below.  Go to the site for the complete report.  www.defendthehonor.org  

WE NEED TO TELL OUR STORY . .   IT IS OUR HISTORY. . .

I suggest the current practices be identified as a civil rights issue, racism by omission.   If a Latino Museum in Washington, D.C. is not built in the near future and our historical presence remains unrecognized, the results may be as Gil Sandate estimates, Latinos will continue losing over 100,000 jobs in federal employment to an estimated loss of four billion dollars in annual salaries alone.

In a message dated 3/20/2007 4:11:06 PM Pacific Standard Time, Felicia_Escobar@salazar.senate.gov writes:

UPDATE: Latino Museum Bill Receives Senate Hearing -- PRESS RELEASE 
Date: 3/20/2007 4:11:06 PM Pacific Standard Time
From: Felicia_Escobar@salazar.senate.gov

Below is a press release on the Subcommittee on National Parks hearing on S.500/H.R.512, the Latino Museum Commission Act. Today’s hearing was very positive. Senator Menendez and Senator Martinez added their very supportive voices and shared their thoughts on the history of Latinos to this country. In addition, Moctesuma Esparza, spoke with great passion and eloquence about the need to enact S.500/H.R.512 as soon as possible. 

Senator Salazar has received several letters of support from many national, regional, and local organizations and leaders for the Latino Museum Commission Act (S.500/H.R.512). We welcome additional letters of support. To make these letters a part of the official record, please forward to me by MONDAY, MARCH 26, 2007. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 202-224-5852. 

Thanks, Felicia

Felicia Escobar
Office of Senator Ken Salazar
702 Senate Hart Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
202-228-5433


UPDATE: Latino Museum Bill Receives Senate Hearing

WASHINGTON, D.C. – A bipartisan effort to make the vision of a National Museum of the American Latino Community a reality took an important step forward today when it received a Senate hearing. The hearing was chaired by United States Senator Ken Salazar (D-CO), who, along with Senator Mel Martinez (R-FL) and Senator Bob Menendez (D-NJ), is leading the bipartisan fight in the Senate to establish this important cultural museum for the Nation.

Senator Salazar, along with Senators Martinez and Menendez, re-introduced the Latino Museum Commission Act (S.500) earlier this year. The bipartisan legislation was also backed by 19 other Senators, and would establish a Commission to study the potential creation of a National Museum of the American Latino Community in Washington, D.C. Senators Salazar and Martinez previously introduced the bill during the 109th Congress as a companion bill to legislation introduced by Congressman Xavier Becerra’s (D-CA) in March 2006. 

Senator Salazar noted the growing Congressional support momentum for the creation of the National Museum, saying in his opening remarks, “This bipartisan legislation has been introduced for the past several years and it was one of the first bills to pass out of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 110th Congress.”

“Regardless of nation of origin, Hispanics share common experiences and a common bond in the U.S. As the largest demographic minority population in the United States, it would be a fitting tribute to highlight the successes of this community through a national museum,” said Senator Martinez.

“The Latino community is vital to American life, art, culture and industry, and this bipartisan legislation would honor those contributions,” said Senator Menendez. “With this recognition, we are acknowledging that America’s success would not be possible without the contributions of Latino people. The National Museum of the American Latino Community will further acknowledge that Latino culture, dreams and advancements are not outside, but within the very fabric of American life.”

“Senators Salazar, Martinez and Menendez have done incredible work to bring this important legislation to the attention of their colleagues,” Rep. Xavier Becerra (CA-31) said. “Today’s hearing, coupled with last month’s unanimous passage of H.R. 512, is further proof that there exists the will and the interest to see this project come to fruition.”

Testifying on behalf of the Latino museum bill was Oscar-nominated and Emmy-award-winning filmmaker and entrepreneur Moctesuma Esparza, whose production credits include The Milagro Beanfield War, Selena, Gettysburg, Gods and Generals, and Introducing Dorothy Dandridge. His most recent film, Walkout, was produced for HBO and is based on actual events of 1968, during which Latino high school students in East L.A. walked out of class to protest unequal education.

In his testimony, Mr. Esparza noted, “I became involved in the film industry because I wanted to take on the roles of transforming the image of Hispanics in Hollywood, and by extension, the American public. Since producing my first documentary Requiem 29, I have strived to ensure that the history of the Latinos in this country is told and understood. Having movies, television shows, books, and other media to view is critical, as is having visible leaders, who have lived the American Latino experience. However, I believe having a National institution for Americans and the millions of tourists can visit is just as critical.”

Having received a hearing, the Latino Museum Commission Act now moves on to the next step: a review and approval by the full Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. This step, known as a “mark-up,” has not yet been scheduled. Earlier this year, the House passed H.R. 512, Congressman Becerra’s House companion to S.500.

Pioneers in the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement 

Photo by permission of: Dr. Hector P. Garcia Papers, Special Collections 
& Archives, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Bell Library.

Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Dr. George I. Sanchez, Gustavo Garcia
Physician                    Educator               Attorney

GIANTS
by 
Wanda Garcia

From time to time I look at a portrait taken forty years ago of my father, Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Dr. George I. Sanchez and Attorney Gustavo Garcia. These three men are among the pioneers of the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement.

Each man, leaders of this movement met challenges in the areas of health, education and law. During the 1950’s, they met at our house to discuss the critical issues of this era, lack of access to medical care, high infant mortality and infant diarrhea, barriers to education and discrimination.

In the 50s, the quality of life was dim for Hispanics. They were placed in segregated schools, rarely completed grammar school, could not hope to get a fair trial by jury, and could only aspire to hold menial jobs. The poll tax kept low-income Hispanics from voting. Even Hispanic students who spoke English were placed in segregated schools. The segregated schools were dilapidated with exposed heating pipes and drafty rooms in the winters. Educational materials were scarce. Teachers punished Hispanic students for speaking Spanish. A friend of mine, Edna Santos remembered her experiences in the public school system. She could only speak Spanish so she would "not talk" to avoid punishment. This presented a challenge when Edna had to go to the bathroom. Someone would call Edna’s sister who could speak English to tell the teacher what she needed.

I would listen to my father, Dr. George I. Sanchez and Attorney Gustavo Garcia plan strategies at our dining room table. I would listen to them discuss their personal challenges and frustrations with the system. Each man approached these challenges with their unique abilities and left us a historical legacy.

Dr. Hector had formidable organizational abilities. He succeeded in creating an organization that gave him influence with the political infrastructure. He targeted the low income Hispanics because the middle income Hispanics felt they had a lot to risk by bucking the system. Many middle income Hispanics were critical of Dr. Hector. The American G.I. Forum (AGIF) was a veteran’s family organization that included chapters for the women and youth. Dr. Hector always acknowledged the importance of the women to the success of the organization. So he gave women and the youth an equal vote. The local chapters elected officers and sent delegates to the national meetings. The dates of the AGIF national meetings corresponded with holidays so that it would be easy for families to attend. The format was meeting all day and in the evening a banquet followed by a dance and a queen contest.

In Corpus Christi, TX, the meetings were held at the Driskill hotel. The Galvan brothers’ band provided the music. Since the AGIF was a family organization, many members brought their children to the meetings. On one occasion when I was riding in the elevator with my Papa, the elevator attendant called "mezzanine." I said, "Papa is this the floor where you kissed the queen?" Of course all the adults in the elevator started laughing at my father’s discomfort.

Eventually, the nation and the community recognized Dr. Hector for his service. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan conferred the Presidential Medal of Freedom on my father for his service to the Nation and the Community. This is the highest civilian award conferred on a citizen in our Nation.

When Attorney Gustavo Garcia ("Gus" came in my life, he had a long and distinguished list of accomplishments in the work of desegregating schools in Texas and other states. In 1949 he represented the family of Pvt. Felix Longoria. From 1951 to 1952, he was the legal advisor for the AGIF. In 1952, Garcia was an attorney in the case of Hernandez v. State of Texas. The case eventually went before the Supreme Court. Gustavo argued that Hernandez was denied a fair trial because an all white jury decided the trial. Garcia presented such a brilliant case that Chief Justice Warren allowed him an extra 15 minutes to present his arguments.

Gus treated me as an adult during his interactions with me. He took interest in my schooling and encouraged me to use my intellect instead of the traditional means available to women of that era. He would tell me to get an education and not to enter beauty contests.

Gustavo Garcia' s life was a series of challenges. He struggled with alcohol and had several stays in the hospital because of this illness. By 1956, invitations declined to LULAC and the American G.I. Forum functions. Garcia experienced a series of emotional and financial difficulties and was eventually disbarred. Dr. Hector kept up with Gus and would periodically update us with bulletins. On June 3, 1964, Gustavo Garcia went to the Old Farmer’s Market and asked if he could sleep on a bench. During the night, Gus died of a seizure, alone and penniless.

One afternoon in 1964, my father received a phone call with the news about Gus. I will never forget the expression on my father’s face when he said softly that Gus had died. That was all he said. Gus was buried with full military honors at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery at San Antonio. In 1983 San Antonio, TX established the Gus Garcia Memorial Foundation to sponsor projects recognizing Gus’ contributions.

Gustavo Garcia died before his time. A brilliant career cut short because of personal demons. As I reflect on Gus’ life, I wonder whether his life might have ended differently if he had not dealt with issues degrading his people. His memory will always haunt me.

Dr. George I. Sanchez dedicated his life to improving the educational opportunities for Hispanics. He questioned school funding, the use of standardized tests, segregation based on non-proficiency in English and other discriminatory practices against Hispanic schoolchildren. While in New Mexico, Dr. Sanchez challenged the use of standardized tests with Spanish-speaking children and equalization of school funding in the school system. His success came at a personal price, though. The opposing side used their influence to withhold a tenured position at the University of New Mexico. So, one door closed and another door opened. In 1940, Sanchez accepted an invitation from the University of Texas at Austin to teach Latin American Studies where he remained until his death in 1972.

The George Sanchez I knew was a quiet gentle man, totally nonpartisan. Most of his interaction was with my father. I heard little news about Dr. Sanchez once their work was completed. Dr. Sanchez resurfaced in my life when I attended the University of Texas at Austin in the 1960s. I would hear news about Dr. Sanchez from my roommate Dr. Blandina Cardenas who studied under Dr. Sanchez. He achieved recognition as a researcher and author in his lifetime. He was recognized for his contributions in education and law affecting Mexican Americans.

My father taught me a great deal about the dynamics of discrimination. I learned discrimination undermines a culture or group through "under representation" or "exclusion." This disregards the accomplishments and contributions of a group or individual. These practices and attitudes infiltrate into mainstream American society. Consequently, most Americans are clueless how discrimination influences a group’s self-determination. * The lack of self-determination among Hispanics may be one reason that contemporary leaders have not emerged to continue the work of Hispanic Civil Rights.

My father believed in the importance of history to a group’s self-determination. On February 1, 1990, in an address to the University of Texas Hispanic Alumni my father said, "We are a lost people. We are lost to ourselves. We don’t know our origins. We do not know who we are and where we are going. We do not have a history and a people without a history have nothing."

I wish I could believe that the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement made much progress and the task left to us was to build on the successes and sacrifices of our predecessors. A recent controversy surrounding the Hispanic role in WWII** being ignored by the media is an indicator that discrimination is alive and well in our country.

For this reason it is important to understand our history and continue the work of the civil rights movement. It is important to document and validate the life experiences of our Hispanic leaders, our parents and grandparents; otherwise, this valuable history will pass with these generations. Unless our youth is made aware of the difficulties and challenges faced by their predecessors, they will not understand, who they are and where they are going. Then we have nothing.

I am privileged to have witnessed the birth of the Hispanic Civil Rights movement, though at the time I did not realize it. I thank Spirit for bringing these men into my life and praise each for their contributions and sacrifices. Amen.

*Self-determination refers to the process of being in charge of one's own life. Self-determination involves the capacity, the needed supports, and the opportunity provided for making choices and decisions.

**The Ken Burns WWII documentary and Tom Brokaw’s "Greatest Generation"

Documents by permission of: Dr. Hector P. Garcia Papers, Special Collections 
& Archives, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Bell Library.

Cesar Chavez was born Cesario (Cesar) Estrada Chavez on March 31, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. Cesar, the son of Librado Chavez and Juana Estrada-Chavez, immigrants from Chihuahua, Mexico, was named after his paternal grandfather. The family lived on a farm in an adobe house where Cesar was born and grew up. His father Librado agreed to clear acres of land and in exchange believed he would receive the deed of land that adjoined his home. The agreement was broken by dishonest landowners and sadly, the family lost their home. The mistreatment of his father caused young Cesar to learn of the many social injustices that exist. Cesar Chavez later would say "the love for justice that is in us, is not only the best part of our being, but it is also the most true to our nature."

Left, Cesar Chavez and one of his sisters

During the depression, when Cesar was eleven years old his parents and family moved to San Jose, California. The family worked on the fields, and in towns such as Delano, Salinas, and many others. When Cesar Chavez attended school he struggled with the English language as Spanish was his first language and the only one spoken at home. He was often physically punished with a ruler for speaking Spanish at school. Around this time Cesar’s father Librado was injured in a car accident and unable to work, so Cesar decided to quit school and work full time as a migrant worker to help his family. Cesar’s early education years were not the best, but he knew that education was very important. Years later the walls of his office were filled with books on philosophy, economics, unions, and biographies on Mohandas Gandhi and John F. Kennedy.

In 1943 sixteen-year-old Cesar in attempt to prove that each citizen shared in this country’s civil rights was arrested in a segregated movie theater for sitting in the "Whites Only" section in Delano, California.

In1944 at seventeen years of age Cesar joined the Navy and served two years as a deck hand in the Western Pacific. Discrimination was visible wherever he went. In 1946 Cesar was discharged from the U.S. Navy and returned to work in the farm fields of California.

n 1948 Cesar married Helen Fabela. They settled in Delano and started their family; Fernando, Sylvia, Linda and five other children. It is here where he met Father Donald McDonnell, a Catholic priest from San Francisco who was sent to educate the farm laborers and Braceros, on labor organizing and social justice. Cesar and Father McDonnel talked often about farm workers and strikes. During this time Chavez began reading about Gandhi and came to see him as a role model in how Gandhi helped his people survive the injustices of his county.

In the 1950’s a young Chavez would meet a community organizer, Fred Ross. While working in the apricot orchards outside San Jose, Ross recruited Chavez into the community. During this time Helen Fabela-Chavez worked side by side with her husband Cesar, to see his dreams of improved social conditions fulfilled. Together they began a teaching program to help Mexican farm workers become literate in order to be eligible for American citizenship exams. Helen also supported her husband’s efforts at organizing a union by working in the fields to earn extra money.

During this time the Community Service Organization (CSO) helped Latinos become citizens, registered voters, battled police brutality, and pressed for community improvements. Together, Chavez and Fred Ross organized 22 CSO chapters across California. In the 1950’s, under Chavez’s leadership the CSO became an effective civil rights group. After working nearly 10 years for the CSO, Chavez resigned and moved his family to Delano to begin organizing farm workers.

Chavez and the UFW co-founder Dolores Huerta worked under the slogan "Si se puede" and the paronage of the Virgin, "She is a symbol of faith, hope, and leadership," says Huerta

n 1962 Cesar Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association. He was joined by Dolores Huerta, who created the slogan "SI SE PUEDE" (It can be done). The same year Richard Chavez designed the UFW Eagle and Cesar chose the black and red colors. Cesar made reference to the flag by stating, "A symbol is an important thing. That is why we chose an Aztec eagle; it gives pride . . . when people see it they know it means dignity."

Mexican Independence Day September 16, 1965 the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), a union of comprised of 1,200 members, voted to strike against Delano area grape growers. After a 340 mile march from Delano to the steps of the State Capitol to bring awareness to the suffering of farm workers and after a four month boycott, Stanley vineyards negotiated and came to an agreement with NFWA – the first genuine union contract between a grower and a farm worker’s union in United States history.

While Cesar and his wife Helen worked in the fields, Cesar was determined to improve the living conditions of farm workers. During this time there were endless farm labor strikes. The farm workers and supporters carried banners with the black eagle imprinted with the words; HUELGA (strike) and VIVA LA CAUSA (Long live our cause). These labor strikes demanded higher wages, better living conditions, and fair hiring practices from the grape growers.

United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy conducted subcommittee hearings on agricultural labor. Kennedy had supported the National Farm Workers Assn., the grape strike, and boycott.

1973 Cesar Chavez began another grape strike when the UFW’s three year grape contracts came for up renewal. The contracts were presented to the farmworkers without any election or representation procedures. Thousands of strikers were arrested for violating and picketing injunctions, hundreds were beaten, dozens were shot and murdered.

Cesar Chavez, Rep. Don Edwards and Dolores Huerta  attend funeral for UFW member killed during 1973 grape strike.

In 1983 Republican George Deukmejian became California’s governor and began to shut down the enforcement of the state’s historic farm labor law. Thousands of farm workers lost their United Farm Worker contracts; many were fired or blacklisted, during that time Rene Lopez, a young nineteen year old dairy worker was shot to death by agents after voting in a 1983 union election. Cesar Chavez declared a another grape boycott in 1984

 

In 1986 Cesar Chavez campaign of "Wrath of Grapes" focused attention on the use of pesticides poisoning farmworkers and their children. He led a five-year nonviolent boycott against California grape growers, protesting poor working conditions and the use of pesticides.

In July and August 1988 when Cesar Chavez was 61 years old he conducted his longest (36 days) fast in Delano. The fast called attention to farm workers and their children stricken by pesticides. He never gave up helping his people after recovering from his fast, and continued to press the grape boycott and aid farm workers who hoped to organize. He worked with UFW First Vice President Arturo Rodriguez (who was also Cesar’s son-in-law) in leading walkouts in the Coachella and San Joaquin valleys, and helped grape workers gain their first pay hike in eight years. In the Salinas Valley, Cesar Chavez directed a march of more than 10,000 workers for better work conditions.

 

In 1991, Mexico awarded Chavez "The Aztec Eagle

"(Aguila Azteca), its highest civilian award to people

of Mexican heritage who have made major contributions

outside Mexico.

 

 

In the spring of 1993 Cesar Chavez, founder and president of the United Farm Workers of America, was in Yuma, Arizona. Cesar was helping United Farm Worker’s attorneys defend the union against a lawsuit by Bruce Church Inc; a Salinas, California based lettuce and vegetable producer. Mr. Church demanded that the farm workers pay millions of dollars in damages resulting from a UFW boycott of its lettuce during the 1980’s.

In San Luis (near Yuma), Arizona, on April 23, 1993, Cesar Chavez died peacefully in his sleep at the home of Mrs. Maria Hau, a former farm worker and friend. He was 66 years old. On April 29, more than 50,000 people attended Cesar's Funeral at Delano. California mourners marched behind Cesar’s plain pine casket during funeral services. Cardinal Roger Mahoney led the funeral mass, offering a personal condolence from Pope John Paul II.
                                                                                                                                                      Among the Honor Guard, were celebrities who had supported Chaves throughout his years of struggle. Farm workers, family members, friends and union staff took turns standing vigil over the plain pine coffin which held the body of Cesar Chavez It was the largest funeral of any labor leader in the history of the United States.

 

The body of Cesar Chavez was taken to Keene, California, the headquarters for the United Farm Workers. He was laid to rest near a bed of roses, in front of his office.

 

 

 

 

In August 8, 1994, at a White House ceremony, Helen Chavez, Cesar's widow, accepted the Medal of Freedom for her late husband from President Clinton.

In September 2, 1994, the Cesar Chavez Holiday bill was signed into law by California Governor Pete Wilson. It designated March 31 (or the appropriate Monday or Friday of the following or preceding that date) as Cesar Chavez Day. It is a California state holiday that promotes service to the communities of California in honor of Cesar's life and work throughout the United States there are many schools, parks, streets, libraries, public facilities, awards, and scholarships named in honor of Cesar E. Chavez. There is currently a petition in progress for President Bush to sign and establish Cesar Chavez’ birthday, March 31^st as a National Holiday.

In September 18, 2002 the United States Postal Service announced plans for a stamp commemorating Cesar Chavez. Illustrated by Robert Rodriguez, the unveiling of the proposed thirty seven cent stamp was unveiled in the U.S. Senate building in Washington D.C. On the occasion Benjamin Ocasio, Vice President, U.S. Postal Service, stated: "It is a proud moment for the Postal Service to pay tribute to this true American hero."

Years later the second multimillion dollar judgment for Church Inc. was later rejected by an appeal’s court and the company signed a UFW contract in May 1996.

In that Summer day in 1994 when Helen Fabela Chavez received the Medal of Freedom, it was President Clinton’s remarks that perhaps best summarized the life and impact of Cesar E. Chavez.

About the Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday Coalition

"Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday!" was established by volunteers in Los Angeles, California. They spearheaded a campaign which resulted in the first Cesar Chavez paid state holiday.  The Calif. holiday and it's day of service and learning is celebrated on Cesar's March 31st birthday.  This marks the first time in our nation that a labor leader or Latino has been honored with an official public holiday. 
     
A wave of initiatives followed the California holiday and established holidays in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and Wisconsin. Many cities have also adopted holidays.

"Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday!", is now forming national, state and local coalitions; organizing volunteer committees; and by providing education about the importance of honoring Cesar E. Chavez.

If you would like to join the Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday volunteer committee, help circulate petitions (download petition here) or participate in a coalition to win national recognition for Cesar E. Chavez, please contact Evelina Alarcon, Executive Director at: (323)333-7589, (213)387-1974x20 or EvnAlarcon@aol.com or write to them at: Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday! 3325 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1208  Los Angeles, CA 90010

Download a petition & circulate among your friends & family: Go to: http://www.ufw.org/pdf/chavezholidayrev.pdf
Please return signed petitions to: UFW, C/O Cesar Chavez Holiday Campaign, 
2550 N Hollywood Way, Su. 400, Burbank, CA, 91505

Ronald.A.Navarro@kp.org  

DEA Special Agent
Enrique "Kiki" Camarena
July 26, 1947 - February 7, 1985

Hello, my name is Maria Krueger and I wanted to share with you a new website that was created for the DEA Enrique Camarena US Postal Stamp Proposal. I hope that you will take a look at it, sign the guest book, and help by writing a letter of support to the Stamp Advisory Committee. There is a strong possibility that this will part of the 2009 series of stamps.  www.camarenastamp.com

Sent by Chris Glavin   chris.glavin@k12academics.com
http://www.k12academics.com/coyote_teaching.htm

Flat Stanley Educational Fun

Our Flat Stanley arrived in the mail to us on February 14^th from the daughter of Karla’s first cousin in Winnie , Texas .  The student is in the first grade at East Chambers Elementary School .  Her teacher reads the Flat Stanley books with her students and they then work on a Flat Stanley project.  According to the story, the cartoon character became flat because a bulletin board fell on him.  However, that was a good thing because he can now travel to all corners of the globe to visit, since he can be easily mailed in an envelope.  Each student sends his/her Flat Stanley to someone out of town for a visit.  The new host family (Karla and me) takes him to interesting places to visit and meet new people on his trip.  They also take photos and write a travel diary about his experiences.  After a designated time period, Flat Stanley is returned home, along with the photos and travel diary.  Each student then takes the travel diary and photos, prepares an oral presentation, and gives the presentation to the class.  You can check out his web site at www.flatstanleyproject.net  for additional information if you are interested.

Since our last communication, Flat Stanley has returned home to Winnie , Texas after almost three weeks with us.  We took 130 photos and prepared a multi-page travel diary of his activities in San Antonio .  

Frank & Karla Galindo
karfra1@netzero.net

There are three dates to be considered: April 14, 1947 (the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal "Mendez v. Westminster" Opinion) August 1, 1947 (the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal "Mendez v. Westminster" Correct Opinion, and September 19, 1947 (when Legislative Repeal of the last California school segregation statutes took effect). 

What happened: the first "Mendez" opinion found that - -  while there wee state laws (Education Code 8003, 8004) about segregated schooling for California children of Indian, Chinese, Japanese and Mongolian descent -- there were no state laws about segregated schooling for children of Mexican parentage

The Corrected "Mendez" Opinion reported the State Legislature had recently acted to repeal these the last of California' school segregation laws.  The repeal went into effect on September 19, 1947, 90 days after it had been signed into law.

Growing up in a Hispanic community in South Texas
by
Edna Santos 
epinasantos@sbcglobal.net

March 2, 2007
Subject: English language, prejudice, etc.

Hi, everybody, on this wonderful Texas Independence Day from Donald Herndon (St Joe’s 58) in Mesquite, Nevada. And an especially big "howdy" to Carlos Farias and Felipe Farias, whom I'm e-mailing for the first time. (Also trying old e-mail addresses of Buddy flores and Enrique Ramon...perhaps they will not be sent back, undeliverable.) 

I am motivated to talk about this controversial subject because of 2 reasons: First, many of you have been posting interesting discussions lately about the use of the English language vs the use of the Spanish language. Second, I was traveling across country (San Bernardino, Calif, to Baltimore and NYC and back Feb 18-March 1) with a business partner. The trip was to pick up a big inventory of valuable comic books, Big Little Books (remember them?), and related original artwork. Also to attend the NYC Comic Convention. Made good money on the trip. But I found out I don’t like my partner because of his bigotry and outspoken prejudice. He’s like Jackie Gleason/Ralph Kramden of The Honeymooners without Gleason’s charm and with the addition of 4-letter words. 

As you probably know from my past e-mails to people in our age group, I’m proud of my bicultural heritage: 25% Mexican and 25% Irish on my mom’s side, 6.25% (1/16) Cherokee and 43.75% who-knows-what (mostly British, I guess) on my dad’s side. I have proudly told the story of my great-grandfather, Mamerto Rosas, Brownsville’s sheriff, who was ambushed by banditos in 1880, etc. I enjoy speaking Spanish whenever I can, and I can do it more often these days because so many more Latinos live in the USA these days, including Mesquite, a rural town of 18,000 people between Las Vegas and St George, Utah. Not only is it fun for me, but it keeps me from forgetting a valuable skill. “Use it or lose it,” as the old saying goes. 

Why is speaking Spanish fun for me? It’s like seeing a Whataburger restaurant on the road—and I saw several of them on my recent road trip across the country—and eating there. I grew up eating them every 3 weekends when my folks and I visited mom’s relatives in Corpus Christi. They’re not the best hamburgers in the world, even though Pipe Perez Garcia probably still thinks they are. (Ask him why.) But when I eat them, all the nostalgic memories come through when I take a bite of them, remembering all the necking I used to do in my car at White’s Landing eating cheeseburgers that were almost as good as Whataburger. Same thing happens when I speak Spanish. Good memories of Laredo. And I get a kick out of Latinos looking so pleasantly surprised when this “puro gringo” looking guy starts speaking relatively fluent Spanish in a Mexican accent, or at least in a border accent. And when I’m negotiating against a team of Spanish-speaking people, I don’t let them know I know Spanish. I get a lot of valuable information that way and put them off balance. (By the way, this is tactic number 3 in the list of 302 tactics I use in my “How You Can Negotiate and Win” seminar. It’s called “The Power of Pretending 1: Pretend You Do Not Know the Local Language and Eavesdrop.”)

So I speak Spanish as often as I can when I’m in the company of Latinos. Including hotel executives, valets, and maids in Baltimore and NYC on my recent trip with my business partner. He’s a guy who looks like Comic Book Guy on The Simpsons. Same weight, but no pony tail. Half-Irish and half-Italian, 61 years old, originally from Buffalo, New York. “Why do you speak Spanish to them people? Speak English. We’re in America. All those bastards should speak English” I was offended and told him so. Then, he was flabbergasted when I told him I was part Mexican and equally proud of both my Mexican and Anglo heritages. I told him, “Quite often, I still think like a Mexican.” (At least I THINK I think like a Mexican. Not sure.) When I told him that, he really got upset, and we almost dissolved our lucrative partnership, right there on the road in his Cadillac Esplanade. 

The issues I’m trying to raise here are somewhat complicated, and I’d like your feedback on this. 

My maternal grandmother, Maria Rita Rosas of Brownsville, married an Irish immigrant from Corpus, Joe Gallahan. They moved to Laredo and started an outdoor advertising company (billboards, painted signs). Around the turn of the 20th century, the outdoor advertising industry in the USA was dominated by low-class Irish immigrants. Like show business, it was NOT a prestigious occupation. In fact, most of the first billboards were used to advertise stage shows, circuses, and, later on, movies. My first wife, a beautiful Irish lady from Boston, told me “horror” stories concerning Irish immigrants there. They were mostly lower-class. And they showed off their lace curtains in their living room windows. Long-time Bostonians looked down upon these “lace curtain Irish,” as they were called. The same thing probably happened around the turn of the 20th century with my grandmother, Maria Rita Rosas, and her sister, Carlota Rosas. Both were very light-skinned, and both married Irish immigrants who lived in Corpus Christi. My grandmother dropped the name “Maria” from her name, and Carlota changed her name to Charlotte Benson. Both sisters tried and succeeded in passing for Anglo, even though the Anglos they married were lower-class Irish immigrants. My grandmother always signed her checks “Mrs. J. W. Gallahan.” My mother, Jennie Mae Gallahan, never acknowledged her Mexican ancestry and even got angry at me when I watched a Spanish-language TV program after my parents moved to San Antonio. Strange stuff, huh? Or normal? 

I was different from my mother and grandmother. I was—and still am—proud of ALL my different heritages. And I still enjoy speaking Spanish for the 2 reasons I mentioned. 

When my first wife (Boston Irish) and I moved to Honolulu shortly after we were married in the middle 1960s, she hated the place. Why? Mainly because she faced racial discrimination for the first time in her life. Hawaii is 2/3 Asian, and “whites” there are known as haoles. There was (and probably still is) a LOT of racial discrimination in the state employment system against haoles. She had a hard time getting any job referrals from the Japanese who made up most of the work force in the state employment system. When she confronted them, they told her “Oh, we were saving this job for locals.” (Locals meant Asians.) There was even an annual “Kill Haole” day in grade schools and high schools in Honolulu. It was a day when the Asian kids would try to beat the hell out of haole kids. It was a different day every year. Asian kids would spring it upon the unsuspecting haole kids after they got to school that day. Why after? So the haole kids wouldn’t skip school that day. Boys and girls, both.

I told my Bostonian wife that being prejudiced against wasn’t that bad. I told her that I got used to being discriminated against because of the “color of my skin” when I was growing up. Many folks in Laredo didn’t know I was part Mexican. Maybe you didn’t know it yourself when we interacted in the 1940s and 1950s in Laredo. I especially remember getting into a 3-hour fight at the St Joe’s Carnival with a guy named “Cigarro” (Ramon Romo). I remember him telling me he hated all gringos. Don’t know if he still does or if he was just being an asshole when he was in grade school. Is he still alive? Anybody know? I think he went to Martin High. I have several other memories of similar fights. But it was part of growing up. It didn’t bother me.

Later on, after the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) started discriminating against white males… Uh-oh, I’m probably getting TOO controversial here. But I’ll go ahead with this important tangent and take the consequences: Anyway, after the EEOC guidelines led many employers (including universities where I spent 35 years teaching as a professor of marketing) to give preferences to minority groups, I started checking “Mexican-American” on employment applications. And I started putting “Mexican and American ancestry” on my resume. I’ve been doing this since the middle 1970s. I played the game. And it worked. Here’s one time it REALLY worked:

I was teaching in Malaysia in 1997-1999, and my 2-year contract was about over with. I wanted to go back home to the USA, so I started job-hunting from Kuala Lumpur, mailing out resumes with “Mexican-American ancestry” featured prominently at the beginning. I got a call from the dean of a black university in New Orleans, Dillard University. He was excited to hire me. He wanted to offer me the job over the phone, but said he couldn’t. I would have to have a personal interview, but it was a mere formality. So he flew me from Malaysia to New Orleans, at Dillard’s expense, for the job interview. He was VERY unpleasantly shocked when he picked me up at the airport. His first words after saying “hello” to me were: “You don’t look ethnic.” I replied, “Oye, vato, si quieres hablar en espanol, vamos hablar en espanol en vez de en ingles,” or something like that. He calmed down, but I knew he didn’t want to hire me. (I had piggy-packed several other job interviews on the same trip, so I wasn’t too concerned about that.) We went through the motions during the job interview. And then, at the very end, I impressed the hell out of the VP of Academic Affairs by telling him I listed to WWOZ in New Orleans all the time on internet radio—from halfway around the world. He was on the board of directors of WWOZ. Broad smile. He said, “You’re hired,” immediately after I told him that. So he hired me over the objections of the dean. I got a 2-year contract and began looking for a new job almost immediately, because I knew I wouldn’t get re-hired. Sure enough, at the end of my 2-year contract, my contract wasn’t renewed, and a black guy was hired to replace me. But I was the Nation Endowed Professor of Management and Marketing for big bucks for those 2 years. And I tried to speak Spanish a lot on campus during those 2 years. I invited some of the faculty over for home-cooked Mexican food several times when I lived there. I even hung a serape in my office, for gosh sakes.

I was thinking, “Gee, I’m doing IN REVERSE what my grandmother and mother did years ago. They tried to pass for Anglo, and succeeded.” But all I did was know how to use the EEOC to my advantage and then used it. A lot of Anglo male marketing profs were pissed off when the job market was bad in the first half of the 1990s because they were low-priority on the part of universities looking for professors. Highest priority: Female blacks. These guys were jealous of me. I said, “Hell, I’m even 1/16 Cherokee Indian. And I’m over 50 years old. So I’m a member of 3 minority groups, Mexican, Cherokee, and old farts. Why don’t you check into YOUR own ancestry? You’ll probably find you’re a member of SOME minority group.” (I’ve always wondered why females are considered a minority group by the EEOC even though they make up 51 percent of the human race. Anybody know? Anybody care?) 

So the system works both ways, I guess. I said at the beginning of this e-mail that I was going to raise complicated and controversial subjects. I have. I’m certainly anxious to hear what a lot of you Laredoans (and former Laredoans) in our age group have to say about this.

In closing, notice that I’ve used the name “Donald Herndon.” You know my REAL name. But I don’t want to be googled under my REAL name and have somebody, including my comic book partner, read what I have to say. What I have said here is among us, people in our age group who were raised (and perhaps born) in Laredo. One final thing: I’ve been married to 3 different women (not at the same time), and my second and third wives are Filipina. I spend a lot of time in the Asia-Pacific region doing seminars and consulting. I’ve lived in the middle east (phooey), Australia, Mexico, Canada, and Malaysia. I’ve done seminars/consulting in 35 nations on 6 continents. I REALLY and TRULY enjoy cross-cultural interaction. I’m so glad I was born and raised in a bi-cultural environment. I think being a Laredoan has enabled me to enjoy bi-cultural interaction over the years. I love eating foreign food and learning more about foreign cultures. I’ve had a very good life, and I’m so glad it all started in Laredo.

All the best to you on this special day celebrating Texas Independence from “Don Herndon” (St Joe’s 58)
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Study Finds Americans Cooked With Chili Peppers 6,000 Years Ago
by John Roach for National Geographic News, February 15, 2007
Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com

Domesticated chili peppers started to spice up dishes across the Americas at least 6,000 years ago, according to new research tracing the early spread of the crop.

Peppers quickly spread around the world after Christopher Columbus brought them back to Europe at the end of the 15th century, but their ancient history had been poorly known until now.  

The new research is based on the discovery that domestic chili peppers leave behind telltale starch grains.The findings shed light on the origins, domestication, and dispersal of the fiery fruits.

"We're excited to be able to finally trace this spice," said Linda Perry, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.  Perry and colleagues report the finding in today's issue of the journal Science.

Pepper Trail: The researchers were intrigued by starch grains they found on artifacts collected at seven sites ranging from the Bahamas to southern Peru.

The grains look like tiny jelly doughnuts squished in their middles and didn't match those from obvious starchy foods such as potatoes, cassava, and other roots.

"It was only by accident that I figured out their source," Perry said. She recalled hearing that peppers cause intestinal distress. But that was odd, because the condition usually results from undigested starches, and Perry didn't think peppers contained starches.

"Then the light bulb lit up—maybe they do have starches—and I decided to take a look," she said.

She found the match on her first try. The chili pepper starch grains found in domestic strains, the researchers note, are distinct from any other plant starches as well as from wild-pepper starches.

The ancient pepper grains were almost always found with corn and often associated with yams, potatoes, squash, beans, and fruits. This suggests that they belong to systems of "sophisticated agriculture and complex cuisine," Perry said.

In some sites this advanced cultivation and palate predated pottery, which contradicts the popular theory that pottery and sophisticated agriculture spread together, the researchers note.

Spicy Origins. The earliest chili pepper starch grains were found at two sites in southwestern Ecuador that are dated to about 6,100 years ago.

Perry and her colleagues point out that Ecuador is not considered a center of domestication for any of the five cultivated chili pepper species, suggesting they were brought to the region via migration or trade.

"The initial domestication must have occurred earlier than this," Perry said. Scientists believe chili peppers, which gain their distinct zest from the powerful irritant chemical capsaicin, arose in what is now Bolivia. (Related: "Tarantula Venom, Chili Peppers Have Same 'Bite,' Study Finds [November 8, 2006].)

But they were first cultivated and domesticated in Mexico, the southern Andes, and the Amazon lowlands, according to the theory (South America map).  "What's going to be interesting, I think, is to go back to older sites and see if we can document the transition from wild to domesticated chilies using these microfossils," Perry said.

Sandra Knapp is a botanist at the Natural History Museum in London. In a Science commentary, she writes that the new findings indicate more ancient cultivation and more widespread use of peppers than previously believed.

"It also opens up new avenues of research into how the peoples of the Americas transported and traded plants of cultural importance."

(Editor's note: Perry has received funding from the National Geographic Society for unrelated research. National Geographic News is part of the National Geographic Society.)

 
Romántico, a documentary views the life of undocumented Carmelo Muniz who washes cars during the day, but at night he performs norteño and ranchero music. Please go to the website for more on the subject of his life, trying to support a ailing mother and two daughters living in Mexico. 

Producer Mark Becker says The Romantico DVD can be ordered from the website. Official release is April 3rd. Becker says the DVD includes an interview with me, a couple of deleted scenes,  the theatrical trailer, and a Q&A from the IFC Center in New York. www.meteorfilms.org
 
Sent by Dorinda Moreno dorindamoreno@comcast.net

Sent by Ricardo Valverde RValverde@ochca.com

Anti-Spanish Legends

Anti-Spanish Legends
Bill to Replace Columbus Day by Indigenous Day in New Mexico 
Letters to the L.A. Times Editor
Missing in action: WWII documentary features no Latinos

Bill to Replace Columbus Day by Indigenous Day introduced in New Mexico 

To: New Mexico Legislators:
I write to urge you to defeat the bill numbered HB27 or HB 1200, introduced by Representative Irvin Harrison and now in the Judiciary and the Health & Government Affairs Committees, which proposes to eliminate Columbus Day and replace it with Indigenous Day. I ask you to consider how such a precipitous change would impact the people of our State of New Mexico. We would become the laughing stock of the nation. We have no objection for an Indigenous Day to be established, but not at the expense of Columbus Day, October 12.  Besides, enforcement of it would be most difficult. Are calendar companies to be contacted and asked to stop including it in their calendars? What about those states that continue to celebrate Columbus Day? Is someone to come to our homes and erase the date on our calendars. What if we prefer to celebrate the holiday in spite of this law? Will we be arrested? This is indeed a foolish law.

Why do the Native Americans want to name this Indigenous Day? What Indian sailed East across the Atlantic to discover Europe? What Native American discovered the prevailing winds to simplify the crossing of the Atlantic? What Indian introduced the world to a new continent or two? What Indigenous person caused the encounter of disparate civilizations? What Indian introduced new foods and concepts to the world? These were all accomplishments of Columbus the Great. He did not merely cross the Atlantic. He caused profound changes in the world, such that our world is no longer the same as existed before. 

Pablo Ricardo Quintana, 
Richard Quintana   arcu42@earthlink.net
  

Cristóbal Colón by Rubén Sálaz
Sent by Ruben Salaz saljustin@msn.com

Christopher Columbus, was one of the greatest and most influential personalities in world history. He changed the history of the world by discovering the Americas in 1492. In the Europe of his day the aristocracy controlled everything worth controlling. In America, personal initiative, not birth, would often decide success. Anyone could have opportunity to make his fortune, despite his rank at birth. This would never have been possible without Columbus and the discovery of the Americas. It should also be pointed out that while writers have promoted a "European Age of Discovery", most discoveries were made by Spaniards or other Europeans sailing for Spain. For example, Magellan (Magalhaes, 1480-1521) circumnavigated the globe in 1519-1522.The age was actually one of Spanish discovery. [See Stewart Udall's Majestic Journey.]

William Rodriguez, the last man out of the North Tower

Questions You Always Thought You Wanted to Ask About DMAT and NDMS

WHAT IS A DISASTER MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TEAM (DMAT)?
Rudy Montez, webmaster with a Team

The National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), fosters the development of Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs). A DMAT is a group of professional and paraprofessional medical personnel (supported by a cadre of logistical and administrative staff) designed to provide emergency medical care during a disaster or other event.

Each team has a sponsoring organization, such as a major medical center, public health or safety agency, non-profit, public or private organization that signs a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the PHS. The DMAT sponsor organizes the team and recruits members, arranges training, and coordinates the dispatch of the team.

In addition to the standard DMATs, there are highly specialized DMATs that deal with specific medical conditions such as crush injury, burn, and mental health emergencies. Other specialty teams include Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORTs) that provide mortuary services, Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMATs) that provide veterinary services, and National Medical Response Teams (NMRTs) that are equipped and trained to provide medical care for victims of weapons of mass destruction.

DMATs deploy to disaster sites with sufficient supplies and equipment to sustain themselves for a period of 72 hours while providing medical care at a fixed or temporary medical care site. In mass casualty incidents, their responsibilities include triaging patients, providing austere medical care, and preparing patients for evacuation. In other types of situations, DMATs may provide primary health care and/or may serve to augment overloaded local health care staffs. Under the rare circumstance that disaster victims are evacuated to a different locale to receive definitive medical care, DMATs may be activated to support patient reception and disposition of patients to hospitals. DMATs are designed to be a rapid-response element to supplement local medical care until other Federal or contract resources can be mobilized, or the situation is resolved.

DMAT members are required to maintain appropriate certifications and licensure within their discipline. When members are activated as Federal employees, licensure and certification is recognized by all States. Additionally, DMAT members are paid while serving as part-time federal employees and have the protection of the Federal Tort Claims Act in which the Federal Government becomes the defendant in the event of a malpractice claim.

DMATs are principally a community resource available to support local, regional, and State requirements. However, as a National resource they can be Federalized to provide interstate aid.

A Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) is composed of professional and paraprofessional medical personnel (supported by a cadre of logistical and administrative staff) designed to provide emergency medical care during a disaster or other event. In mass casualty incidents, their responsibilities include triaging patients, providing austere medical care, and preparing patients for evacuation. In other situations, DMATs may provide primary health care or augment overloaded health care staffs.

How do I join a DMAT?

We are looking for qualified, energetic individuals to join our team. You do not have to have a medical background. For more information, you can attend one of our meetings. If you don't live in our area you can call NDMS (800/872-6367) or look at our Links for a DMAT near you.

For information about becoming a member of a local DMAT go to:
http://www.ca1dmat.org/faq.html
Sent by Rudy Montez webmaster@ca1dmat.com

Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients

Part 3

This is the third part of the Hispanic Medal of Honor series which consists of the short biographies of World War II recipients Harold Gonsalves, David M. Gonzalez, Silvestre S. Herrera and Jose M. Lopez.

David Gonzales, Jr. and his wife attended a ceremony for war heroes, honoring his father David M. Gonzales and other heroes celebrated in Santa Ana, California in 1999. When they saw the fliers sent out by the Army, they realized the image on the fliers which was supposed to represent their father was of somebody else's. The family tried to get the Army to correct the error, however the Army did nothing until Fred Flores, an aide to Congressman Howard Berman investigated the situation. Not only did Flores discover that another image was erroneously displayed in the Pentagon's Hall of Heroes, but that there were many other medals, including a Bronze Star Medal which Gonzales had earned. The situation was finally corrected, but get this, Congressman Howard Berman presented the family with the decorations in a public ceremony and received all of the credit when it was really his aide Fred Flores who did all of the work.

Medal of Honor recipient Silvestre S. Herrera was the first resident of Arizona to be awarded the medal. The thing that makes Herrera unique is the fact that he is the only living Medal of Honor recipient authorized to wear both the Medal of Honor and Mexico's Order of Military Merit (first class).

* N.B. An asterisk after the name indicates that the award was given posthumously.

  PFC Harold Gonsalves Medal of Honor

(Navy & Marine version)
Private First Class Harold Gonsalves (1926-1945) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life to save fellow Marines in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. For his heroism on this occasion, he was posthumously awarded the highest military honor of the United States - the Medal of Honor.

Early years
Harold Gonsalves was born in Alameda, California, on January 28, 1926. He attended school at Alameda and after two and one half years of high school, quit to take a job as a stock clerk with Montgomery Ward and Company in Oakland, California. In high school he had taken part in football, baseball, track, and swimming, and sang tenor in the school glee club.

Marine Corps service
Gonsalves enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on May 27, 1943 and was called to active duty on June 17, 1943. He went through recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California, and then, at his own request, was sent to the Raiders at Camp Pendleton, California. After three weeks with them, he was transferred to the artillery at the same camp. He was classified as a cannoneer on 75 and 105 millimeter guns before he joined the 30th Replacement Battalion in the fall of 1943. Pvt Gonsalves left the United States on November 8, 1943 and at the end of that month was assigned to the 2nd Pack Howitzer Battalion, which was then in Hawaii. He was promoted to private first class in March 1944 and with his battalion became part of the 22nd Marines two months later.

With the 22nd Marines, he participated in the assault, capture, and occupation of Engebi and Parry Islands, in the Marshall Islands. At Engebi, the Marines took the island in six hours, killing more than one thousand of the enemy. The regiment was cited by MajGen Thomas E. Watson, commanding general of Tactical Group I, for their part in the Marshalls' campaign. From Eniwetok, PFC Gonsalves accompanied the 22d Marines to Kwajalein, to Guadalcanal, back to Kwajelein and Eniwetok, then up to Guam in July where he took part in the liberation of that pre-war American island.

After Guam, the regiment went back to Guadalcanal, where in November they were detached from the 22nd Marines and joined the 15th Marines of the 6th Marine Division. It was with that outfit that PFC Gonsalves landed on Okinawa on April 1, 1945.

Two weeks later, on 15 April, the 19-year-old Marine was a member of an eight-man forward observer team which was engaged in directing artillery fire in support of an attack by the infantry on Japanese positions on Motobu Peninsula. When it finally became necessary for the team to advance to the actual front lines, the officer in charge took PFC Gonsalves and one other man with him. PFC Gonsalves was acting Scout Sergeant of the team. He and the other Marine were to lay telephone lines for communication with the artillery battalion.

As the team advanced to the front, they were brought under heavy enemy rifle, grenade and mortar fire. Just as the three had reached the front lines, a Japanese grenade landed among them. It was less than a foot from the two Marines with PFC Gonsalves. Without a moment's hesitation, he flung himself on the deadly missile, taking the full explosion into his own body. He gallantly gave his life for his fellow Marines and his country. The other two were not even touched by grenade fragments and they successfully completed their mission.

The Medal of Honor, with citation signed by President Harry S. Truman, was presented on June 19, 1946 to PFC Gonsalves' sister in the presence of his parents at ceremonies in the office of the commanding general of the Department of the Pacific, MajGen Henry L. Larsen, USMC in San Francisco, California.

Following the war, PFC Gonsalves' remains were returned to the United States for reinterment. He was buried with full military honors in the Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California, March 20, 1949.

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE

Citation: 
"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Acting Scout Sergeant of a Forward Observer Team, serving with Battery L, Fourth Battalion, Fifteenth Marines, Sixth Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces in Okinawa Shima in the Ryūkyū Chain, April 15, 1945. Undaunted by the powerfully organized opposition encountered on Motobu Peninsula during a fierce assault waged by a Marine infantry battalion against a Japanese strong-hold, Private First Class Gonsalves repeatedly braved the terrific hostile bombardment to aid his Forward Observation Team in directing well-placed artillery fire and, when his commanding officer determined to move into the front lines in order to register a more effective bombardment in the enemy's defensive position, unhesitatingly advanced uphill with the officer and another Marine despite a slashing barrage of enemy mortar and rifle fire. As they reached the front, a Japanese grenade fell close within the group. Instantly Private First Class Gonsalves dived on the deadly missile, absorbing the exploding charge in his own body and thereby protecting the others from serious and perhaps fatal wounds. Stouthearted and indomitable, Private First Class Gonsalves readily yielded his own chances of survival that his fellow Marines might carry on the relentless battle against the fanatic Japanese and his cool decision, prompt action and valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of certain death reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country."

References: William Kouts, was the soldier David M. Gonzales was digging out when he was shot and killed by sniper fire.

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps.

"Private First Class Harold Gonsalves, USMCR", Who's Who in Marine Corps History, History Division, United States Marine Corps.

Medal of Honor citation

(Army version)
Private First Class David M. Gonzales (June 9, 1923-April 25, 1945) was a United States Army soldier who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor - the United States' highest military decoration - for his heroic actions during World War II. On December 8, 1945, at age 22, PFC Gonzales was killed in action in the Philippines while, in the face of fierce enemy machine gun fire, digging out fellow soldiers who had been buried in a bomb explosion.

Early years
David Gonzales, born in Pacoima, California, was one of 14 children born to Mexican immigrants. He joined the U.S. Army at the recruiting station in his hometown at the outbreak of World War II. On December 1944, he was assigned to Company A, 127th Infantry, 32nd Infantry Division and sent to combat in the Philippines. He left behind his family, which included his mother Mrs. Rita Gonzales Duarte, his wife Steffanie and his newborn son David Jr.

World War II
On February 1, 1945, Gonzales, after only a few weeks with his division, was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge. On April 25, 1945, Gonzales' company found itself engaged in combat against Japanese forces at Villa Verde Trail on Luzon island in the Philippines. A 500-pound bomb smashed into the company's perimeter, burying alive five men. Gonzales and his commanding officer rushed to the buried men's rescue. His commanding officer was killed by enemy machine gun fire while Gonzales was digging out the men using a shovel and his bare hands. In an attempt to dig faster, Gonzales stood up, exposing himself to enemy fire. With his actions he was able to rescue three of the men before he was hit and mortally wounded.

On December 8, 1945, President Harry S. Truman, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor to Gonzales, presenting the medal to his surviving family.

On February 2, 1949, Gonzales' body arrived in a funeral train to San Fernando, California where he was laid to rest.

Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company A, 127th Infantry, 32d Infantry Division.
Place and date: Villa Verde Trail, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 25 April 1945.
Entered service at: Pacoima, California
Birth: Pacoima, California
G.O. No: 115, 8 December 1945.

Citation:
"He was pinned down with his company. As enemy fire swept the area, making any movement extremely hazardous, a 500-pound bomb smashed into the company's perimeter, burying 5 men with its explosion. Pfc. Gonzales, without hesitation, seized an entrenching tool and under a hail of fire crawled 15 yards to his entombed comrades, where his commanding officer, who had also rushed forward, was beginning to dig the men out. Nearing his goal, he saw the officer struck and instantly killed by machinegun fire. Undismayed, he set to work swiftly and surely with his hands and the entrenching tool while enemy sniper and machinegun bullets struck all about him. He succeeded in digging one of the men out of the pile of rock and sand. To dig faster he stood up regardless of the greater danger from so exposing himself. He extricated a second man, and then another. As he completed the liberation of the third, he was hit and mortally wounded, but the comrades for whom he so gallantly gave his life were safely evacuated. Pfc. Gonzales' valiant and intrepid conduct exemplifies the highest tradition of the military service."

This photo was erroneously displayed in the Pentagon's Hall of Heroes and was replaced with the photo shown at the top of the page.

In 1999, David Gonzales, Jr. and his wife Bea attended a ceremony for war heroes in Santa Ana, California. There they discovered that the picture the Army was sending out to military ceremonies was not of his father, but of someone else. Gonzales Jr. wrote to the Army in Washington, D.C. to tell them of their mistake, but did not receive a response. He then wrote to Congressman Howard Berman, who in turn referred the letter to his aide Fred Flores. Flores, who was also from Pacoima, California, immediately called Pentagon officials and had them correct the mistake. However, the controversy did not end there. Flores found out that the family had only been presented with a Medal of Honor and a duplicate Purple Heart Medal (The original one was stolen) and he realized that there were many other medals, including a Bronze Star Medal which Gonzales had earned.

During a November 7, 2002 ceremony at Los Angeles Mission College, Congressman Berman presented David Gonzales, Jr. the following medals earned by his father: the Bronze Star Medal, the Purple Heart Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two Bronze Service Stars, the Philippine Liberation Medal, the World War II Honorable Service Lapel Button, the Combat Infantryman Badge, the Expert Rifle Badge, and the Gold Star Lapel Button that identifies the next of kin of members of the military who lost their lives while engaged in action.

The photo of a soldier who was not Gonzales, but identified as that of the medal winner and that was erroneously displayed in the Pentagon's Hall of Heroes was removed and replaced with a correct one of Gonzales after the renovations of the Pentagon - made necessary by the 9/11 attack - were completed on March 31, 2003.

In memory 
In honor of David M. Gonzales, Pacoima Park in Los Angeles County, California was renamed David M. Gonzales/Pacoima Recreational Center. The local Army recruiting station there also carries his name, as does a county Probation Department camp in Malibu.


Awards and recognitions
Among Pvt. David M. Gonzales' decorations and medals were the following:
Medal of Honor
Bronze Star Medal
Purple Heart Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two Bronze Service Stars
Philippine Liberation Medal
World War II Victory Medal

Special Note: William Kouts, was the soldier David M. Gonzales was digging out when he was shot and killed by sniper fire. His daughter, Maribeth wrote to me with the following request: "My Dad is 85 and in ill health and we want to get into contact with the Gonzales family before Dad's passing so that Dad can tell David Jr. of his father's heroics firsthand." If any of our readers know how we can get in touch with Gonzales' family and make this request a reality, please get in touch with me via e-mail "NMB 2418@aol.com or with Kouts daughter, Maribeta at mbkouts@bellsouth.net. Thank you.

References:
^ "Funeral of Pfc. David M. Gonzales", Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1949.
^ David M. Gonzales Medal of Honor citation. HomeofHeroes.com.
^ a b Dennis McCarthy. "Medal of Honor Winner's Son Finally Gets dad's Due", Daily News, November 7, 2002.
^ Family of Hometown Hero Presented with War Medals. Los Angeles Mission College (November 7, 2002).

PFC Silvestre S. Herrera Medal of Honor

(Army version)

PFC Silvestre S. Herrera (born July 17, 1917) was a member of the United States Army of Hispanic heritage who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during World War II in Mertzwiller, France. His one-man charge on an enemy stronghold resulted in his single-handed capture of eight enemy soldiers. He is the only living person authorized to wear both the Medal of Honor and Mexico's Order of Military Merit (first class).

Early years
Herrera was born in the Mexican city of Camargo, Chihuahua, and not, as he once believed, in El Paso, Texas. His parents died when he was only a year old, and the man he had always thought was his father was really an uncle who had brought the 18-month old Herrera to El Paso to provide him with a better way of life in the United States. This fact was unknown to him until he was 17 years old. Herrera worked as a farm hand in El Paso. He soon moved to Phoenix, Arizona with his wife Ramona and three children, Mary, Elva, Silvestre, Jr. and the uncle he believed to be his father. Herrera was a member of the Texas National Guard, 36th Division. When the United States entered World War II, his unit was to be one of the first to land in Europe. When he broke the news to his family, he was told the truth about his parents' death and his place of birth.

World War II
On March 15, 1945 Herrera's unit found itself engaged in combat in a forest in the vicinity of Mertzwiller, France. His platoon came under heavy enemy fire from the woods, forcing most of the men to seek cover. Herrera charged the enemy stronghold and ended the threat, resulting in his single-handed capture of eight enemy soldiers.

Later that same day, his platoon came under fire and was attacked by a second enemy stronghold. The platoon found itself pinned down and the situation was difficult because there was a mine field between the platoon and the enemy. Herrera entered the mine field with the intention of attacking the enemy stronghold while drawing enemy gunfire away from his comrades. A mine exploded and shattered his leg. Then another mine exploded, severing his good leg below the knee. Herrera continued to fire upon the enemy with his own rifle, an act which allowed the members of his platoon to skirt the mine field and capture the enemy position.

As Herrera lay in the Army hospital recovering from his wounds, President Truman was not sure that Herrera would be well enough for a formal presentation of the Medal of Honor. However, on August 23, 1945, Silvestre wheeled his wheel chair across the White House lawn so that the President could present him with his award.

            Medal of Honor citation: President Truman with Silvestre S. Herrera

Rank and organization:
Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company E, 142d Infantry, 36th Infantry Division.
Place and date:Near Mertzwiller, France, 15 March 1945.
Entered service at:Phoenix, Arizona
G.O. No.: 75, 5 September 1945.

Citation:
"He advanced with a platoon along a wooded road until stopped by heavy enemy machinegun fire. As the rest of the unit took cover, he made a 1-man frontal assault on a strongpoint and captured 8 enemy soldiers. When the platoon resumed its advance and was subjected to fire from a second emplacement beyond an extensive minefield, Pvt. Herrera again moved forward, disregarding the danger of exploding mines, to attack the position. He stepped on a mine and had both feet severed but, despite intense pain and unchecked loss of blood, he pinned down the enemy with accurate rifle fire while a friendly squad captured the enemy gun by skirting the minefield and rushing in from the flank. The magnificent courage, extraordinary heroism, and willing self-sacrifice displayed by Pvt. Herrera resulted in the capture of 2 enemy strongpoints and the taking of 8 prisoners."

Currently
A year after he was presented with the Medal of Honor, the Mexican Government presented Herrera with its Order of Military Merit, first class. He is the only living person authorized to wear both the U.S. Medal of Honor and the Mexican Order of Military Merit.

Herrera became the first resident from Arizona to receive the Medal of Honor during World War II. Arizona Governor Sidney P. Osborn declared August 14, 1945 to be "Herrera Day" and welcomed home Pfc. Silvestre S. Herrera with a hero's parade. A drive to bestow upon him citizenship of the only country he knew was started and as a result he was granted U.S. Citizenship. The citizens of Arizona raised $14,000 to provide him and his growing family with a new home.

Valle Del Sol, Inc. recognized him with a Special Recognition Award in 1994, and with a Hall of Fame award in 1999. On March 13, 1996, Herrera was honored by the United States House of Representatives upon recommendation of Congressman Ed Pastor. An elementary school in Phoenix, Arizona - the Silvestre S Herrera School - bears his name.

On October 24, 1998, the United States Army Reserve Center in Phoenix, which houses the 164th Corps Support Group was dedicated in honor of Silvestre S. Herrera.

Awards and Recognitions: 
Among Silvestre S. Herrera's decorations and medals were the following:

Medal of Honor
Purple Heart Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Order of Military Merit-(Mexico)

References:
^ Discharged in March 1946 at the rank of Sergeant. See Medal of Honor.com profile.
^ of Honor citation
^ The Order of Military Merit is Mexico's highest award for valor. The Medal was awarded to Herrera, who was a Mexican citizen by birth. See MedalOfHonor.com profile.
^ Pastor, Ed (March 13, 1996). Honoring Silvestre S. Herrera - Hon. Ed Pastor; Extension of Remarks in the House of Representatives. Library of Congress. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.
^ Silvestre S Herrera School. Phoenix Elementary School District #1, Phoenix, Arizona. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.
^ 164th CorpsSupport Group - History. U.S. Army Reserve Command. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.

By: ERcheck

Jose Mendoza Lopez (1910-2005) was a U.S. Army soldier who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat - the Medal of Honor - for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge, in which he single-handedly repulsed an German infantry attack, killing at least 100 enemy troops.

Rank and organization:Sergeant, U.S. Army, 23d Infantry, 2d Infantry Division
Place and date:Near Krinkelt, Belgium, December 17, 1944
Entered service at:Brownsville, Texas
Born:Mission, Texas
G.O. No.: 47, June 18, 1945

Citation: 
"On his own initiative, he carried his heavy machinegun from Company K's right flank to its left, in order to protect that flank which was in danger of being overrun by advancing enemy infantry supported by tanks. Occupying a shallow hole offering no protection above his waist, he cut down a group of 10 Germans. Ignoring enemy fire from an advancing tank, he held his position and cut down 25 more enemy infantry attempting to turn his flank. Glancing to his right, he saw a large number of infantry swarming in from the front. Although dazed and shaken from enemy artillery fire which had crashed into the ground only a few yards away, he realized that his position soon would be outflanked. Again, alone, he carried his machinegun to a position to the right rear of the sector; enemy tanks and infantry were forcing a withdrawal. Blown over backward by the concussion of enemy fire, he immediately reset his gun and continued his fire. Single-handed he held off the German horde until he was satisfied his company had effected its retirement. Again he loaded his gun on his back and in a hail of small arms fire he ran to a point where a few of his comrades were attempting to set up another defense against the onrushing enemy. He fired from this position until his ammunition was exhausted. Still carrying his gun, he fell back with his small group to Krinkelt. Sgt. Lopez's gallantry and intrepidity, on seemingly suicidal missions in which he killed at least 100 of the enemy, were almost solely responsible for allowing Company K to avoid being enveloped, to withdraw successfully and to give other forces coming up in support time to build a line which repelled the enemy drive."

Namesakes:
The city of Mission, Texas, Lopez' hometown, has recognized Sgt Lopez by naming a street and a city park - Jose M. Lopez Park - in his honor.

Among Jose M. Lopez's decorations and medals were the following:
Medal of Honor
Purple Heart Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal

*World War II Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient U.S. Army Sgt. Jose M. Lopez. HomeofHeroes.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.

*Adam Bernstein. "Medal of Honor Winner Jose M. Lopez Dies at 94", Obituary, Washington Post, May 18, 2005. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.

*Ernie Garrido. LaGuardia at the dock: When Jose M. Lopez returned from Europe, he was a hero, the toast of N.Y. and then Mexico City. That’s how it is for a Medal of Honor recipient. Latinos & WWII. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.

^ Sergeant Jose M. Lopez, U.S. Army, 23rd Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division (1912-2005). Famous People. City of Mission, Texas. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.

^ Lopez' birth place in most references, including his Medal of Honor citation, is listed as Mission, Texas. However, other sources (Washington Post obituary) indicate that he was born in Mexico.

DFAS Retired Pay Newsletter: Learn More About Your Retired Pay
Sent by Rafael Ojeada rsnojeda@aol.com
Source: SmartDocs@dfas.mil

The newsletter has changed!  Due to recent security changes by several DoD sites, we have reformatted the newsletter to a text version so that it is compatible for all users.  Many customers are unable to view the previous version of our newsletter because these new security restrictions do not allow it to be displayed correctly in some mailboxes.  We still host the articles on our servers where, via the links below, you will still enjoy the appearance you are accustomed to in your internet browser.  This step adds a measure of protection against various threats to your email inbox.  We apologize for the short notice for this change and we thank you in advance for your patience. 

Director's Corner
Welcome to the first issue of the DFAS Retired Pay Newsletter in 2007. 
Included in this issue you will find a number of helpful articles, including an update on the VA Retro program and how TRICARE is making it easy for retirees to pay their TRICARE Prime enrollment fees by establishing a monthly allotment from their retirement pay.  You'll also uncover some additional information on TRICARE, along with pertinent Web sites, to help in your health care efforts.  Please read more from Director Karl Bernhardt by using the following link:
http://www.dod.mil/dfas/dfasnewsletters/retpay/february07/Directors.htm


VA Retro Update
The Disabled Military Retiree Retroactive Pay program, commonly called VA Retro, is well underway.  Eligible retirees are those receiving either Combat- Related Special Compensation (CRSC) or Concurrent Retirement Disability Payments (CRDP) and have been awarded a retroactive disability rating increase by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) since their date of initial entitlement.  For more information about the VA Retro program, please follow the link below: 
http://www.dod.mil/dfas/dfasnewsletters/retpay/february07/VA.htm


TRICARE Prime reminds retirees of a convenient payment option
TRICARE makes it easy for retirees to pay their TRICARE Prime enrollment fees by establishing a monthly allotment from their service retirement pay. 
The Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS), the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Public Health Service deducts the retirement pay allotment. 
More information about TRICARE can be found here:
http://www.dod.mil/dfas/dfasnewsletters/retpay/february07/TRICARE.htm


Concurrent Retirement Disability Payments Increase
Concurrent Retirement Disability Pay (CRDP) is a phased-in restoration of the retired pay deducted from military retirees' accounts due to their receipt of Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) compensation (reflected on Retiree Account Statements as the "VA waiver").  Additional CRDP information can be found here:
http://www.dod.mil/dfas/dfasnewsletters/retpay/february07/CRDP.html


Tax Season Survival Guide
With tax deadlines approaching, retirees should have their 2006 information and forms ready to go.  Retired Pay Account Statements (RAS) and 1099Rs are posted to myPay (https://mypay.dfas.mil/mypay.aspx) for quick and easy access. For retirees who do not have a myPay account or have requested hardcopy documents, these forms were mailed on schedule in December. 
For retirees who have not received their end-of-year statements and tax forms, several options exist to request DFAS reissue them.  Please read more about important tax information at the following link:
http://www.dod.mil/dfas/dfasnewsletters/retpay/february07/Tax.html

Cuentos

Family Traditions by Wanda Garcia
Inspiration by Wanda Garcia
California: My First Lifetime Ended in El Valle by Elvira Prieto
That Time in the Snow by Melissa Lopez
From My Doll to Midol by Ben Romero

Garcia family, out of 7 siblings who survived to adulthood, 6 were physicians. 
[Editor: I was privileged to meet both Dr. Cleo and Dr. Dahlia.]

Photo by permission of: Dr. Hector P. Garcia Papers, Special Collections 
& Archives, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Bell Library.

Every Christmas and Easter, members of the Garcia family would converge at Dr. Cleo’s house to celebrate the holidays. During the holiday season, the house was filled with lots of relatives and friends, food and laughter. Relatives would come from far and near just to attend.

Aunt Mila’s Family would come from Mexico. Relatives would make the journey from Mercedes, TX as well. Abel Garcia, Amador Garcia’s father, contemporary to my grandfather and Dr. Cleo and Dr. Hector’s uncle came from Mercedes, TX. Dr. J.A. and Wyonna and his family, Tony, Roxanne, Tita and Jules. Dr. Xico’s and Yolanda’s children Yolette and Bobby would fly in from Dallas, TX and Fort Worth, TX. Dr. Dahlia’s son David Mallison would attend so would C.P. Garcia and his wife Elizabeth from San Antonio, TX. Dr. Cleo’s son, Tony and Yolanda Canales’ children Barbara, Patricia, Hector, Omar Berlanga, Representative Hugo and Laura Berlanga’s son, the Eppy Gonzales family and Rudy and Nora Garza and their children joined in the frolicking.

I always looked forward to the family gatherings at Dr. Cleo’s house because interacting with family gave me a sense of identity and belonging. There were a lot of expectations placed on all the members of the family to act like a "Garcia". This was defined as being a highly successful professional such as a physician or lawyer who was involved in giving service to the community, the Democratic political process, hard working and having the Catholic faith. So, I had plenty of role models and examples to choose from those attending the family gatherings and it was a great opportunity to learn about the family history from the "old timers" too.

Dr. Cleo had a beautiful home that overlooked the Corpus Christi Bay. The holiday spread had the traditional Mexican holiday dishes like fideo, tamales as well as the eggnog, turkey and ham. After Easter lunch or Christmas supper, the adults would gather in the living room while the kids played outside.

The Garcia family valued humor and what better opportunity to tell jokes then before a captive audience who would understand the all too familiar family legends. The Garcia men viewed attractiveness to the opposite gender as highly important, so many of the family jokes revolved around this topic.

Dr. Hector and Dr. Cleo would sit on the couch and begin with the family favorite the "Garcia Curse." According to Drs. Hector and Cleo, the Garcia family had a curse; intelligence, money and good looks- Dr. Cleo had the intelligence, Dr. J.A. the money and Dr. Hector the looks. This family legend sometimes caused friction between spouses because of its implications. On one occasion, a cousin spoke proudly about having the Garcia curse which set off his wife who made angry comments about the "Garcia curse".

Another favorite well-worn joke was about the Mexican tamales. According to the Dr. Cleo and Dr. Hector, there were 3 types of tamales that conferred varying degrees of stamina if eaten before going to bed.

• Tamales #1 ranked low and conferred minimal performance stamina of 4 hours
• Tamales #2 kept individuals active all night
• Tamales #3 promoted 24-hour stamina.

Dr. Hector liked to recount the tale about Mr. G. one of his patients. According to the story, Mr. G was dying and could not be roused. So Dr. Hector gathered some of the best looking nurses at Memorial Medical Center and asked them to talk to Mr. G. After the "treatment" Mr. G revived miraculously because he thought he was in heaven speaking to angels.

Dr. Cleo liked to recount the story when she was in University of Galveston Medical School, about this fellow student who told her that she should be home and in the kitchen. Dr. Cleo asked him if he was proposing marriage to her. After her response, Dr. Cleo said that every time that particular student saw her he would go to extremes to avoid her.

Family was a very important value to the Garcias and they took great pride in the family history. Dr. Cleo was the official family historian and traveled far and wide in Mexico and Spain to gather information about the Garcia ancestry. Dr. Cleo valued the importance of history and ancestry in knowing who we are and where we are going. Dr. Cleo was a strong and successful woman during an era when women were expected to stay at home. She was a role model and had a great influence on my life. During the 1970’s I was fortunate that I had the opportunity to meet Uncle Abel who would tell the history of the early days of the Garcia family in Mercedes, TX, about my grandfather Jose Antonio and the Garcia mercantile store.

After a time, this family tradition of celebrating the holidays fell to Tony and Yolanda Canales, Dr. Cleo’s son. Now Barbara Canales, Dr. Cleo’s granddaughter, is carrying on the family tradition. With the passing of Dr. Cleo and Dr. Hector’s generation, the best tribute we can pay them is by remembering the lessons they taught us and observing the family holidays. As long as we remember them, they will never die.

From: California: My First Lifetime Ended in El Valle
En El Fil
By Elvira Prieto

I am dressed from head to toe in men's clothing. Layers cover every possible inch of skin in 115-degree weather. Sweat drips from each pore and muscle cells expand and contract with the ritual bending of my knees and back. I follow him down the row of grapevines. I am my father's shadow in his old work shirt and pants. The vines are bursting with Johnson grapes and we toil under the same sun that will dehydrate every bunch into raisins within a few days time. We are a team. He picks. I dump. I dance with my father down the row of grape vines, our movements choreographed in synch as we maximize time and motion. He moves down the row on his knees. We are both taller than the vines and he must get under the blanket of foliage in order to reach each bunch of fruit. The dark green of the leaves is muted by a thin film of dust and chemical pesticides that attaches itself to our clothes, patches of exposed skin, inhaled with every breath. I am hunched over in a perpetual squat, my spine curves and hips swivel as I balance the tubs of fruit, one at a time. We exchange tubs of rusted metal, empty for full and full for empty. He fills a tub and puts it on the ground next to him. I give him my empty tub and lift the full one off the ground. I shift around in half a turn and dump the fruit over the sheets of paper on the ground in front of me. This forward motion requires a delicate balance as I bend forward. The farmer who hired us brought his tractor through each row before we started picking. He smoothed the earth with a flat metal disc so that the grapes will dry on an even surface. I have to dump the fruit and spread it out on the paper without stepping forward. The paper needs to lie flat, so I must not step into the row and create uneven spots in the earth. "Si el patrón mira pisadas, se va a enojar," my father reminds me every day. "Necesitamos el trabajo." The sheet of paper is the color of a brown grocery bag and about three by four feet wide. Each paper is called a tabla because they used to be made out of wood. On a good day we get paid twelve cents per tabla, make two hundred tablas per row, and complete two rows. "Mi hija trabaja como un hombre," my father boasts. "Que lastima que naciste mujer." I am 12 years old.

I was ten the year we had one of the biggest snowstorms in Truchas history. All night and day it snowed, drifts piling on top of each other in the front patio, making my mountain village town sparkle with a white glare. It was just a few days after Christmas. We’d stuffed ourselves with biscochitos, and empanaditas; all the stuff my grandma made like no one else could. She continued praying over her dough, a tradition her mother, Juanita, practiced before her, and the result was heavenly.

Oh, but the snow! My brother and I just couldn’t contain ourselves.

"Mama, when can we go play? Please!" We lamented at my mother’s lack of compassion. Her only concern was staving off an onslaught of runny noses and floors flooded with melted snow. I have to say in retrospect, that she wasn’t all that wrong to hold us off as long as she could. Having to drink more than a few cups of home brewed remedio tea from my grandma, made from ocha, or manzanilla, was reason enough to try and stay well—but we were little kids! All the regalitos (gifts) from Christmas were no match for what we could do outside. A day in the snow was like paradise!

Finally, she relented. "Okay, okay, go," she sighed, bundling us up under piles of clothes, none of them waterproof or insulated, like they have now. Special clothes for the snow? Orale (Get real)! No no, back then, you acted as though you could defy the snow by virtue of quantity, not quality. Nothing was snow proof. You wore three shirts and two pants, a jacket and gloves, and maybe Your dad’s flannel shirt for good measure. You couldn’t move, but you sure weren’t gonna get cold anytime soon.

"What should we do first?" I asked my brother, who was four years my junior and the instigator of most of our adventures. We smiled at each other, both molachos (gap-toothed), and stepped out into the pile of nieve (snow) at our doorstep. It was so deep—and cold! Sable, our black Lab, came over and jumped all over us, pushing us down and breathing in our faces.

My brother reached into his pocket and pulled out a handful of candy -- the old-fashioned ribbon kind that my grandma always had this time of year.

"Let’s go to the acequia (irrigation ditch), to see if it’s frozen," he suggested. We trudged out of the yard, towards my grandma’s house, pushing the snow with our feet. Sable walked alongside of us, a black swath against the white.

My grampa was outside, preparing to get on the tractor, and move the snow. "Hey muchachos (kids)!" He called out to us, "what are you doing?"

"Hi Grampa," we giggled, on our way to the back of the house, past the abandoned gallinero (hen house), beyond the "pool" that my mom and her brothers and sister thought they could dig in the backyard when they were kids. When we got to the ditch, it was white with ice, although you could see little bubbles of water underneath. We just looked at it, afraid to step closer. Everything was silent around us. Then my brother picked up a handful of snow and threw it in my face – PAS!

"You’re gonna get it!" I yelled, as he tried to run, and fell just a few yards away. I picked up a huge ball of snow and dumped it right on top of his cabeza (head).

We rolled in the snow, making angelitos (snow angels) until my brother saw the big snow shovel my grampa used earlier. "Hey," he said, "let’s see if Sable will pull us!"

"Pull us? Okay!" Sable was always doing amazing things. My dad could pick up a rock, let the dog smell it and then throw it as far as he could down the cañon across from our house, and Sable would take off, and bring back the exact same rock hours later. We could throw a rock on top of the roof of the garage, and he would climb the ladder, get the rock and then jump off the roof. So of course he could pull two mocositos (snot-nosed kids) on the back of a snow shovel!

We went to my grampa’s garage and got some rope and the shovel and tied one end to the dog. We sat on the shovel and Sable pulled us all over the place! We held on and laughed the whole time, tipping over and getting back on, pretending he was a racehorse.

My grandma came outside. "Mija," she called, "you guys come in. I have cookies." My brother and I hopped off, and went inside for a biscochito, warm and sweet, savoring the anise, and the cinnamon on top. Her Christmas tree twinkled in the corner, filled with ornaments that were old, but beautiful. The angel on top had a macaroni head that someone, maybe my mom, made years ago when she was a kid.

When we finished our cookies, she told us "Vayanse, go home and get cleaned up. We’re going to Española, and we’re taking your gramita with us." My great grandma, Juanita, was then in her 90’s and a trip to Española, for whatever reason, was a big deal. We trudged home and got cleaned up (runny noses and all) and piled into the red Datsun. Mom was at the wheel, ready to navigate the roads that curved like a snake covered in ice.

I sat next to my great grandma. I still remember her soothing smell, and the way she held my hand in hers. We made our way down the road, slowly, and just at the big curve that they call "el alto Juachin", it happened. We slid on the ice, in a wide arc straight into a snow-covered hill. I don’t remember if anyone screamed, but I do remember my gramita, with her rosary in one hand, holding onto me with the other, praying in a whisper. The Santa Maria, Madre de Dios, reverberated in my ears as she steadfastly held onto her faith and me in the same breath.

When we finally got free of the snow, with the help of someone who knew my dad, or my tio, or my grampo, someone, we decided to call it a day and just head back

home, abandoning our trip to town.

My brother and I looked at each other, smiling gap-toothed grins and sucking on pieces of candy we just couldn’t resist, and both asked in unison, "Can we go play outside again? Please!"


Melissa Lopez is a native of Truchas, a small town in Northern New Mexico. A descendant of settlers from the 1700's, Melissa has been writing poetry for ten-plus years and is now branching out into short story fiction. Her two daughters, Analise, ten and Adriana, eight, are both artists. Analise is also a dancer and Adriana a poet. Melissa enjoys writing about her culture and wrote her first poem in second grade.

FROM MY DOLL TO MIDOL

By Ben Romero 

She was beautiful from the start, but I can’t take the credit. My daughter’s stunning looks were inherited from her mother.

“She looks like a little doll,” people would say, when I carried her in my arms, pushed her on her stroller, or took her for rides on her pony. 

Her smile was so big, that even after all her teeth came in, we could clearly see her gums. She seldom spoke, preferring to point and laugh. But when she was unhappy, her irritating cry was enough to cause her siblings and relatives to cover their ears.

Then she mastered speech, although much later than most children. It was constant chatter, first in English, then in Spanish. First words, then songs. And through it all, she remained Daddy’s little doll.

“I’m cute, aren’t I Dad? Admit it.”

How could I deny it? She’d dress herself up like a cowgirl, then I’d go outside to work in the yard and come back in to find her dressed like a gypsy or a Mexican dancer. An hour later she’d be dressed like an Indian girl, long braids and all, and later like a rock star. It was amusing and kept me guessing.

Sometimes I’d leave her inside taking a nap while I worked in the garden and come back inside to find the furniture re-arranged. I don’t know where she found the strength in her tiny body to move the large dressers, but she’d do it, and laugh about it.

LITERATURE

A TALE FROM THE CONQUEST: XICOTENCATL 

By Vicente Riva Palacio 

SURNAME

Originally begun in 1919, its publishing history continued until 1963 when the last volume encompassing the letter "u" was published as a tribute to her late husband by Margarita Prendes Carraffa. In 1952, a reprinting of the earlier volumes began. The alphabet covered by the work goes from "a" through "u".

The structure of the work provides an index in each volume. As the work progressed, supplemental names were added, breaking the alphabetical continuum. Without perusing all the volumes one could never be sure that an article may have been missed. This present automated index, compiles all the names mentioned in the respective indices and allows a comprehensive search of all volumes at one time. One need only enter -- without accents -- the respective surname (whether it be a compound surname or not) and press "Submit."

Editor:  This is a treasure. . .  DO .. . DO . . .DO . . .  GO TO THE SITE!!

Patriots of the American Revolution

Members of the Granaderos and Damas of San Antonio met with the 
Texas Connection to the Revolution agreeing to seek
Honorary United States Citizenship for General Bernardo de Galvez

Photo by Rosemarie Fernandez, Randolph Air Force Base, February 18, 2007

Reaching Out to the Community

Lila Guzman, Ph.D. has been enjoying sharing the fun of history directly with young people.
LOS FRESNOS ISD: Los Cuates Middle School and Resaca Middle School
MISSION CISD: Mims Elementary
McALLEN: Jefferson Elementary and North San Juan Elem.

In the presentations (about 45 mins. long) the students and I discuss the American Revolution and Spanish involvement in it (supplies, cattle drives, battles fought by Bernardo de Galvez). We trace the route of supplies from Spanish New Orleans to General Washington. I also act out a mock small pox inoculation with two students.

The Lorenzo series is ideal for students studying American history. There are 3 books in the series at present. LORENZO AND THE PIRATE is due out in 2008. LORENZO AND THE TURNCOAT (2006) won the Arizona Authors Literary Award.  The publisher offers a special discount for classroom sets. Hard covers are available from Sagebrush and other book binders.

[[Editor: I thoroughly enjoyed the Lorezno series, adventures of a youthful hero who displays high values and great ability.  He is a mestizo with mulato lines, great model.]]

For information on the series, please email Lila Guzman , Lorenzo1776@yahoo.com

ORANGE COUNTY, CA

ORANGE COUNTY 23rd Annual FAMILY HISTORY FAIR 
SATURDAY, April 28, 2007
8:00 A.M. TO 5:00 P.M

April 13: 9th Annual Latina Conference
April 14-15th The “Mexican” OC, 2-act Play
Orange county United Mexican American Veterans Association
Did SHHAR hold a quarterly meeting in San Antonio, or not?
Save the date: May 26 SHHAR Quarterly

No charge for classes

Class Syllabus is available for $10.00, Box Lunch $7.25
For more information, please go to http://www.zroots.com

LOS ANGELES, CA

Bert Colima 1926  won a 10 round decision

Bert Colima was my maternal grandfather, Ben Gutierrez' s (Romero blood line) nephew.   Lorraine Frain

To: lorrilocks@earthlink.net
Cc: bertcolima@netzero.net
Sent: 3/1/2007 12:55:04 PM

Subject: Writing Book

Dear Lorraine,  I thought I would let you know that Servando in Mexico is in the process of writing an autobiography on my dad, Bert Colima. (Epifanio Romero) I hope the photo comes out with this E- mail.. The bout took place in 1926, and Bert Colima won a 10 round decision.

Servando mentioned that he is trying to get as much data as he can in addition to the scrap book clippings that I have already showed him..

Hope you and your family are all well.

Sincerely, Bert

May 2, 2007 ~ 2 PM – 4 PM
University of Southern California

Celebrate the release of Feminists Who Changed America 1963 ~ 1975** with many of the people honored in this new, elegant & historical book. Books will be on sale or bring your own copy to have signed at this once in a lifetime gathering.

Our illustrious panel members will be sharing stories about who inspired them and lit their torch that lasted a lifetime and changed the lives of all Americans. Passing on the light, panelists will be sharing their legacy with an inspired young person of their choosing. You are also encouraged to bring someone you want to build a generational bridge with; an apprentice, a relative, a student, a friend ~ share the torch that lights your life.

• Barbara Love  

Author, a founder of PFLAG, once board member of NGLTF, White House-appointed delegate to Houston, and Founder of the Pioneer Directory which became Feminists Who Changed America 1963 – 1975.

• Dorinda Moreno

Founder of Concilio Mujeres, activist, author, director, founder of Hitec Aztec Communications Elders of 4 Colors 4 Directions, "We Are The Ones That We Have Been Waiting For," Global campaign.

• Gloria Orenstein

Ecofeminist and professor, author, great guardian of the arts, student of shamanism and teacher. First hire in the Program for the study of Women & Men in Society at USC.

• Judith Stiehm

Founder & Chair of the first women’s studies program, USC. A founder of The National Women’s Studies Association, author and peace activist.

• Mitsuye Yamada

Poet, feminist, teacher, humanitarian. A founder of the Asian Pacific Women’s Network and her local chapter of Amnesty International. Delegate to the National Women’s Conference, Houston.

• Riane Eisler

Co-founder of Los Angeles Women’s Center & the LA Women’s Center Legal Program. Teacher, author, speaker and President of Center for Partnership Studies & founder of the Spiritual Alliance to Stop Intimate Violence.

Hosted by Zoe Nicholson, Sponsored by USC Bookstore
Doheny Memorial Library Room 240, Second Floor
3550 Trousdale Parkway University Park Campus
Los Angeles CA 90089-0185

**Feminists Who Changed America ~ 1963 – 1975 (University of Illinois Press) edited by Barbara J. Love of the Pioneer Feminists Project in partnership with Veteran Feminists of America, a tax-exempt organization created to document feminist history, inspire younger generations, and rekindle the spirit of the feminist revolution.

Rich and elegant history of American feminists, September 27, 2006

Buyer Beware! You are about to fall in love with a feminist. Turn the page and another will become irresistible. Feminists Who Changed America, 1963 - 1975 will change YOU. This is a dazzling compendium of over 2,000 biographies; elegant, short, profound and inspiring. Unlike the lost legacies of many First Wave feminists, the stories of these Second Wave feminists will be preserved forever in this collated, verified and beautifully presented book. In addition, each feminist's archive site is indicated.

The three year creative process began with identifying and locating feminists who were active 1963 ~ 1975. They (or their heirs) were sent questionnaires and their responses were transformed into short bios. You can be certain of the veracity of the information here but don't think for a moment that it is dry or exclusively academic. With each biography you will fall in love with a feminist who was a first; first lawmaker, first professor, first publisher, first judge, first member in a legislature, first to march, first to open women's health clinic. In this reading you will read and feel how these brief years paved every road for women in America and, thus, women in the world. It is rich as cheesecake, a bite everyday is delectable.

CALIFORNIA

Ken Burns will be in Sacramento on April 24
Information: www.DEFENDTHEHONOR.ORG
Gus Chavez,   guschavez2000@yahoo.com

Mexican Genealogy Group, Northern California



March meeting in Elk Grove (near Sacramento), California.

For information, contact Jaime Cader 
jmcader@yahoo.com

Calacamig@s- On behalf of the Red CalacArts Collective we would like to thank all who performed, contributed, and attended our 3rd annual Chicano Park Day Fundraiser this past Saturday March 24.  Especially Los Romanticos, Acteal, and Chunky and Ricardo Sanchez for the beautiful music. Antonieta Manríquez for the wonderful menudo. All who donated items for the raffle, including but not limited to: Guillermo Aranda, Sal Barajas, Chicano Park Steering Committee, Carmen Kalo, Annie Ross, Mario Torero, Jim Moreno, Adrian Hernandez, Loca, Ricardo Islas, Pepe Villarino, and Endy Bernal. The event would not have been a success without the help of these fine people. 

After expenses over $1200 was raised to help organize this year's 37th anniversary of Chicano Park. Since we started the fundraiser three year's ago the Redz have raised over $3000 for the Chicano Park Steering Committee. We look forward to many future Chicano Park fundraisers.  The Redz are planning another fundraiser on May 12. This time to help out Calaca artist Berenice Badillo who is recovering from hip replacement surgery. This silent art auction will feature many of San Diego's finest Chican@ artists. Save the date! More info to come.

Los Romanticos kicked off the fundraiser. 

Diego, Betty, Octaviano and his wife enjoyed the menudo and the show. 

Without a drummer or bass player
 Acteal still rocked it. 

Hope to see you all on 
April 21 for Chicano Park Day. 
Desde Calacalandia, 
Brent E. Beltrán and Consuelo Manríquez de Beltrán 

Artist Teresa Yolanda Lopez and los hermanos Baza came out to support. 

Las Redz (Mariajulia, Annie and Marisa) relax for a minute to take a  pic. 

Chunky and Ricardo of Los Alacranes closed out the show. 

The change of flags in 1822 was as follows. . .(in San Diego). . .

The infantry, cavalry, and a few artillerymen were ordered to line up in formation in the presidio plaza. . .A corporal or a soldier held the Spanish flag in one hand and the Mexican flag in the other. Both flags were attached to little sticks. In the presence of Officer Don Jose Maria Estudillo, Commander Ruiz gave the cry "Long live the Mexican Empire!" Then the Spanish flag was lowered and the Mexican flag was raised amidst salvos of artillery and fusillade. After this, the soldiers received nothing.

The next day, the soldiers were ordered to cut off their braids. This produced a very unfavorable reaction in everyone--men and women alike. The men were used to wearing their hair long and braided. At the tip of the braid there would be a ribbon or a silk knot. On many men, the braid went past their waist. . .

The order was carried out. I remember when my father arrived home with his braid in his hand. He gave it to my mother. His face showed such sorrow. My mother's face was not any better. She would look at the braid and cry. . .

Galal Kernahan  galal@comline.com
" A delightful book.  It brings history alive. "

Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848 
Translated with introduction/commentary by Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz
512 pages (6 x 9), with b&w photos, maps, glossary, and index
Cloth, ISBN: 1-59714-032-5, $27.50  Trade Paper, ISBN: 1-59714-033-3, $18.95
Published in collaboration with the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley

"Testimonios is a pioneering work of scholarship and critical interpretation by two of the finest Hispanicists active in early California studies. It is also a deeply moving act of liberation in which thirteen women are called forth from the tomb of neglected history so that they might at long last speak to us of their lives and times and the California they helped bring into being."—Kevin Starr, Professor of History, University of Southern California.

From the editors of the highly influential Lands of Promise and Despair, here are thirteen women’s firsthand accounts from the time California was part of Spain and Mexico.

When in the early 1870s historian Hubert Howe Bancroft sent interviewers out to gather oral histories from the pre-statehood gentry of California, he didn’t count on one thing: the women. When the men weren’t available, the interviewers collected the stories of the women of the household—almost as an afterthought. These were eventually archived at the University of California, although many were all but forgotten.

Having lived through the gold rush and seen their country change so drastically, these women understood the need to tell the full story of the people and the places that were their California. Some of their words are translated here into English for the first time.

Advance Praise: "Testimonios is a pioneering work of scholarship and critical interpretation by two of the finest Hispanicists active in early California studies. It is also a deeply moving act of liberation in which thirteen women are called forth from the tomb of neglected history so that they might at long last speak to us of their lives and times and the California they helped bring into being."—Kevin Starr, Professor of History, University of Southern California

http://www.heydaybooks.com/public/books/tst

 "Amigos de El Salvador" gives out scholarships to Contra Costa Co. students
Please see their website: http://www.amigosdeelsalvador.org/    
Sent by Jaime Cader
jmcader@yahoo.com

SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Los Veteranos of World War II:

Documentary Reveals History of Phoenix through Eyes of Mexican-American Veterans
Written/Produced
Dr. Pet Dimas

Post 41 played a critical role in eliminating local discrimination.

Reflections of an avid Genealogist

As with any persistent genealogist, it’s anticipation, and ultimate rewards that keep me going.  Every lead, every document I chase has the potential of revealing the unexpected. Oft times I stumble across intriguing tales –oral history that merits retelling.   

I dialed the number of a Mary Lujan found among my jumbled notes. The woman at the other end of the line was somewhat annoyed.

“Where did you get my unlisted number?” she asked. I briefly explained that I was researching my Lujan lineage, “It was my deceased husband Manuel who was a Lujan,” she replied curtly.

Undaunted I persisted.  “Did he hail from Chihuahua , and more specifically the border town of Ojinaga ?” I asked.

“Yes he did” a surprised Mary replied. Plied by the unexpected link, Mary Lujan dropped her guard and shared more details.  Her husband’s father-- Manuel Lujan Sr. had installed Ojinaga’s initial source of electricity, and as far as she knew his parents had been Jesus Lujan and Sara Houston. 

“ Houston ?!”  I blurted out.

“Yes” came the matter-of –fact reply.  “Sara was a niece of Sam Houston of The Battle of San Jacinto fame”.

Genealogy and history going hand- in-hand, I found myself pondering over the Houston connection for days.  The intriguing issue moved me to write to the author of a National Geographic article on Sam Houston.  The courteous gentleman wrote back immediately saying he knew nothing of a Sam Houston brother.  The nagging question compelled me to go back to the source, and I called Mary again.  What developed was an unfolding of both friendship and story.

Pearl was a widow of twelve years when she met the dashing Manuel Lujan Jr.  The love-smitten young man courted Pearl who was always accompanied by two younger sisters. When Manuel proposed marriage, Pearl ’s response was that when he learned a hidden truth about her, he would not want to marry her.  She confessed that girls she had introduced as her sisters were in reality her daughters!  Pearl ’s explanation of the deception was that she believed she would not receive the same “respect” as a widow as that of a “Senorita”.  Hearing this, Manuel expressed admiration of her “qualidades de mujer Decente’.  Marriage preparations were on.

At their local parish, the priest putting the necessary paperwork together inquired of Manuel if his father was Manuel Lujan Sr. of Ojinaga , Chihuahua .  Manuel’s answer in the affirmative elicited another amazing story.

“I owe my life to your father,” Father Ramirez told Manuel.  During the Mexican Revolution, he and Manuel Sr. were forced to flee Ojinaga rather than face the vengeance of Pancho Villa who hated both priests, and moneyed Lujans. “Your father got me out and onto US soil disguised as a woman!” Ranirez said.

Mary “Pearl” Alvarez was born in Dona Anna County, New Mexico. Nearby neighbors included the family of Pat Garrett –the man who killed Billy the Kid. In fact her widowed grandmother had worked in the Garrett household.    As a refined and decent young lady, she caught the eye of Edward Fountain who was grandson of Albert Jennings Fountain, an extraordinary figure in Dona Anna County .  Despite differences in social and monetary back ground the couple married with full Fountain approval.  Edward and Pearl enjoyed a happy marriage until his early death.

Pearl strongly suggested I go visit the old Fountain Homestead which is now the Gadsden Museum in La Mesilla, New Mexico .  The following year I did just that.  Mary Veitch Alexander gave me a detailed tour of this amazing tribute to her Grandfather.  She spoke proudly of the man who became a legend in his own time.  Colonel Albert Jennings Fountain was at times, Political figure, Indian Fighter, newspaper publisher, Texas Ranger, and in 1881, defense attorney for Billy the Kid.   I delved into personal objects, authentic Indian artifacts, paintings of Native Americans –done on Deerskin by Albert Fountain Jr. And –in the back yard, the jail-bunk that held Billy the Kid!

Before I left I went back for one more look at a painting of Zara Houston, and a silk- embroidered vest worn by Sam Houston—both donations from Pearl’s husband, Manuel Lujan Jr.  Thanks to Mary Alexander the mystery of Sam Houston’s brother was solved. He was a diplomat living In Chihuahua, City when he met and married Francisca Estavillo.  Their daughter Zara married Manuel Lujan Senior.  Their son Manuel Lujan Junior was Pearl’s second husband.

Sometime in 1994 Pearl failed to answer my calls.  (Unbeknownst to me her area-code had been changed) Assuming she had moved or worse yet had passed on; I was left with fond memories and cherished photographs of her and Manuel. Twelve years later, I’ve come full circle and called the Gadsden Museum for verification of pertinent facts related to this paper.  I spoke to Mary Alexander’s daughter.  She told me her mother had passed away in 2006.  I immediately thought of Pearl who was 94 when I last spoke to her, and assuming she also was gone, I asked for details of her demise.  Once again, my passion for genealogy has dealt me another great surprise.  Mary”Pearl” Lujan just celebrated her106th birthday! 

Elisa Lujan Perez 2007

African-American

by George G. Morgan

One of the most impressive collections of online African American genealogical materials can be found at the Afro-Louisiana History and genealogy website. The database, created by Dr. Gwendolyn Hall, a professor emeritus of history at Rutgers University, consists of a vast collection of materials discovered in 1984 in a courthouse in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. Included are documents delineating the background of approximately 100,000 slaves brought to Louisiana during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The database is searchable by name, gender, racial designation, and plantation or origin, and will be invaluable to many African-ancestored researchers. You can find this site at www.ibiblio.org/laslave.

Juliana Smith, Editor
juliana@ancestry.com
The Generations Network, Inc. 05 March 2007

http://www.ctnow.com/news/opinion/columnists/hc-reyna0215.
artfeb15.column?coll=hc%2Dcolumnists%2Dopinion

What is perhaps most amazing about this story is how it has been overlooked so consistently, not just by filmmakers and popular audiences but by almost every
historian of slavery. Now a nonprofessional historian-- J.B. Bird, an administrator at the University of Texas--has written and produced an engrossing multimedia Web documentary, Rebellion: John Horse and the Black Seminoles, the First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery. (To see it for yourself, go to johnhorse.com.) In the process, Bird has illustrated not just an important part of the American past but
also one of the ways cyberspace is changing how history is studied and taught.

Bird's narrative begins in Spanish Florida in the early 18th century, when two groups fled from the colonial South: Seminoles migrating from Alabama and Georgia to escape white encroachment and blacks fleeing the bonds of slavery. Both were welcome in Spanish Florida. The escaped slaves, in fact, were offered their freedom if they would defend the Spanish crown. Both the Catholic Church and Spanish law treated slavery as an unnatural condition, and both recognized blacks and American Indians as human beings (if not equals). More practically, offering sanctuary to English slaves created a human buffer zone and a free fighting force against the British colonists.

The mixed society that emerged in Florida produced "maroons" or "Indian negroes"--today known as Black Seminoles, people of Seminole cultural traditions and full or partial African descent. Mose, north of St. Augustine, was soon established as "the first legally sanctioned free black town in North America."

By the start of the American Revolution, Great Britain controlled Florida. The Seminoles and blacks living there overwhelmingly sided with the British during the
conflict, as they had no love for the colonists who had dispossessed and enslaved them. At the end of the war, the Treaty of Versailles returned Florida to Spanish
rule in 1783.

The Southern states did not rest easily with free and armed blacks living nearby and welcoming runaway slaves--especially since those communities were allied
with thousands of equally free and armed Indians. From George Washington onward, presidents tried to deal with the "problem." In 1818, during the Monroe
administration, Gen. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, ostensibly to pursue justice against those who had attacked Fort Scott in Georgia. In the process he seized the peninsula for the United States, executing those who opposed him and "cleaning out" many Seminole and Black Seminole villages to make Florida more
suitable for annexation. The United States formally purchased the peninsula from Spain the following year.

When Jackson became president, he decided to drive the remaining communities out of Florida by force. The result was the Second Seminole War (1835-1842), the
largest and most costly of the Indian Wars.

By this time, 45 percent of Florida's population was enslaved. Not surprisingly, given the close links between the territory's black and Indian populations, the Seminole struggle spawned a slave revolt. As Bird explains, "Maroon warriors and plantation slaves played integral roles in the uprising. By April of 1836, the Black Seminoles and their Indian allies had sparked the largest slave rebellion in U.S. history, as more than 385 plantation slaves fled their masters and joined in the wholesale destruction of Florida's sugar mills--at the time some of the most valuable plantations in all of North America." One Seminole leader at this time was
the legendary chief Osceola, who drew much of his support from the Black Seminoles and was reputed to have a black wife. During the war, another leader
emerged: the former slave John Horse, half black and half Indian, who was destined to lead the Black Seminoles on a long, complex exodus in pursuit of freedom.

In 1838 the Black Seminoles agreed to cease fighting and move to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in exchange for legal recognition of their freedom. Once relocated, though, Horse and his people were threatened repeatedly with re-enslavement--by Indians as well as whites--with little or no protection from the law. In 1848 U.S. Attorney General John Y. Mason announced that the United States never had the power to free the Black Seminoles, and that they therefore were still legally slaves.

With no security in the Indian Territory, Horse and his Seminole ally Coacoochee promptly led their people to Mexico, where slavery had been outlawed for two
decades. There Horse became a famed colonel in the Mexican army. When slavecatchers from the Republic of Texas attempted to capture the Black Seminoles in Mexico, they met resistance from Mexicans as well as Black Seminoles. In the 1850s, Horse and his people finally gained a legally recognized Mexican homeland in Nacimiento.

Although Bird is careful not to assign too much nobility or heroism to Horse or any other actors in the story--he acknowledges, for example, Horse's duties as
"professional Indian killer" while guarding the border of Mexico--he is not above celebrating the tale he has recovered and preserved. "As a nation," he writes, "we
have dimly remembered the failed black militants of prior centuries but have completely forgotten our most successful black freedom fighters. We celebrate the
founding fathers for taking up arms against the oppressor, yet nowhere in American history books will students find an example of a community of armed black rebels who successfully fought the tyranny of slavery."

Bird argues that several factors combined to "bury" the tale of John Horse and his people. One is the inherent difficulty in separating the intertwined threads of the
Native American conflict, "maroon war," and slave rebellion that made up the Second Seminole War. Many scholars simply did not attempt to extricate one story
from another. But Bird believes there is also an ideological reason most schoolchildren do not know the name John Horse.

Citing the Marxist historian Eugene Genovese's work as an example, Bird notes how the distinguished scholar concluded "broadly, that after Nat Turner's uprising in
1831, southern Americans effectively co-opted their slave-proletariat by improving living conditions and offering them the feeble hope of emancipation through peaceful means, a naive dream that was easier for slaves to accept than the brutal consequences of leading a failed rebellion." Such an interpretation is hard to maintain when the largest slave uprising took place after Nat Turner's rebellion--and was at least partly successful. But when the giants in the field hold such positions, Bird suggests, it poisons the well, since many others tend to draw on these giants' work. (More recently, Genovese and his scholarship have turned from Marxism toward conservatism. But Bird's point still stands.) By bringing together the lesser-known insights of revisionists and adding his own significant original research, Bird seeks to repair oversights such as Genovese's.

With its cross-referenced sources and attention to detail, Rebellion offers a compelling case for Web documentaries as a significant new medium for the writing, dissemination, and revision of history. Bird originally conceived of his project as a film, and he still is pursuing that goal, but the Rebellion site is an impressive accomplishment in itself. The site's interactive structure and varied contents are useful to scholars and educators as well as interested laypeople. From the interactive map of John Horse's life, for example, visitors may click on any location for images of and additional information about that place. Or they can leap directly to the specific page among the 370 multimedia panels that explores the relevance of that place to the website's larger narrative.

Bird also sets a good example by clearly distinguishing his verifiable facts from his personal musings: It would be difficult, for instance, to confuse the "Why does any of this matter?" section of his Frequently Asked Questions (where he notes that "America never was the lily white nation of Pat Buchanan's dreams") with the heavily documented academic journal articles located in the "Essays and Articles" page. He also takes special care to document his research, while presenting information in a variety of formats appropriate for different skill sets and interests,
from the introductory to the scholarly, the brief to the in-depth, all labeled in a clear, user-friendly manner.

Does it matter that Bird is not a professional, credentialed historian? Not really. He knows the difference between primary and secondary sources, and his citations open the door for additional research by interested parties of all backgrounds. In some ways, it may be a blessing that Bird is not a professional. His website manages to be both comprehensible and comprehensive, neither lost in the self-serving jargon of too many monographs nor myopic and overspecialized to the point of irrelevance. Bird communicates his message clearly and never loses sight of why it is important to the "bigger picture." In so doing he offers a welcome and edifying example to many in the field.

That said, his greatest accomplishment lies in what he has done, not how he did it. In Bird's own words, "Readers seeking a politically correct indictment of American history may be disappointed in Rebellion, but so will those who are uncomfortable learning the darker sides of the American tradition." He has told a thrilling and disturbing tale, forgotten for far too long, about people who were committed to seeking freedom and ultimately successful in finding it.

------------------------------
Amy H. Sturgis (amyhsturgis.com) teaches Native American studies at Belmont University and is a member of the Scholarly Board of the Tennessee Center for Policy Research. Her newest book is The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal (Greenwood Press).
_____________________________________________

Portside aims to provide material of interest to people on the left that will help them to interpret the world and to change it.  Submit via email: moderator@portside.org

THE ACRIMONIOUS relationship between Latinos and African Americans in Los Angeles is growing hard to ignore. Although last weekend's black-versus-Latino race riot at Chino state prison is unfortunately not an aberration, the Dec. 15 murder in the Harbor Gateway neighborhood of Cheryl Green, a 14-year-old African American, allegedly by members of a Latino gang, was shocking.

Yet there was nothing really new about it. Rather, the murder was a manifestation of an increasingly common trend: Latino ethnic cleansing of African Americans from multiracial neighborhoods. Just last August, federal prosecutors convicted four Latino gang members of engaging in a six-year conspiracy to assault and murder African Americans in Highland Park. During the trial, prosecutors demonstrated that African American residents (with no gang ties at all) were being terrorized in an effort to force them out of a neighborhood now perceived as Latino.

For example, one African American resident was murdered by Latino gang members as he looked for a parking space near his Highland Park home. In another case, a woman was knocked off her bicycle and her husband was threatened with a box cutter by one of the defendants, who said, "You niggers have been here long enough."

At first blush, it may be mystifying why such animosity exists between two ethnic groups that share so many of the same socioeconomic deprivations. Over the years, the hostility has been explained as a natural reaction to competition for blue-collar jobs in a tight labor market, or as the result of turf battles and cultural disputes in changing neighborhoods. Others have suggested that perhaps Latinos have simply been adept at learning the U.S. lesson of anti-black racism, or that perhaps black Americans are resentful at having the benefits of the civil rights movement extended to Latinos.

Although there may be a degree of truth to some or all of these explanations, they are insufficient to explain the extremity of the ethnic violence.

Over the years, there's also been a tendency on the part of observers to blame the conflict more on African Americans (who are often portrayed as the aggressors) than on Latinos. But although it's certainly true that there's plenty of blame to go around, it's important not to ignore the effect of Latino culture and history in fueling the rift.

The fact is that racism — and anti-black racism in particular — is a pervasive and historically entrenched reality of life in Latin America and the Caribbean. More than 90% of the approximately 10 million enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were taken to Latin America and the Caribbean (by the French, Spanish and British, primarily), whereas only 4.6% were brought to the United States. By 1793, colonial Mexico had a population of 370,000 Africans (and descendants of Africans) — the largest concentration in all of Spanish America.

The legacy of the slave period in Latin America and the Caribbean is similar to that in the United States: Having lighter skin and European features increases the chances of socioeconomic opportunity, while having darker skin and African features severely limits social mobility.

White supremacy is deeply ingrained in Latin America and continues into the present. In Mexico, for instance, citizens of African descent (who are estimated to make up 1% of the population) report that they regularly experience racial harassment at the hands of local and state police, according to recent studies by Antonieta Gimeno, then of Mount Holyoke College, and Sagrario Cruz-Carretero of the University of Veracruz.

Mexican public discourse reflects the hostility toward blackness; consider such common phrases as "getting black" to denote getting angry, and "a supper of blacks" to describe a riotous gathering of people. Similarly, the word "black" is often used to mean "ugly." It is not surprising that Mexicans who have been surveyed indicate a disinclination to marry darker-skinned partners, as reported in a 2001 study by Bobby Vaughn, an anthropology professor at Notre Dame de Namur University.

Anti-black sentiment also manifests itself in Mexican politics. During the 2001 elections, for instance, Lazaro Cardenas, a candidate for governor of the state of Michoacan, is believed to have lost substantial support among voters for having an Afro Cuban wife. Even though Cardenas had great name recognition (as the grandson of Mexico's most popular president), he only won by 5 percentage points — largely because of the anti-black platform of his opponent, Alfredo Anaya, who said that "there is a great feeling that we want to be governed by our own race, by our own people."

Given this, it should not be surprising that migrants from Mexico and other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean arrive in the U.S. carrying the baggage of racism. Nor that this facet of Latino culture is in turn transmitted, to some degree, to younger generations along with all other manifestations of the culture.

The sociological concept of "social distance" measures the unease one ethnic or racial group has for interacting with another. Social science studies of Latino racial attitudes often indicate a preference for maintaining social distance from African Americans. And although the social distance level is largest for recent immigrants, more established communities of Latinos in the United States also show a marked social distance from African Americans.

For instance, in University of Houston sociologist Tatcho Mindiola's 2002 survey of 600 Latinos in Houston (two-thirds of whom were Mexican, the remainder Salvadoran and Colombian) and 600 African Americans, the African Americans had substantially more positive views of Latinos than Latinos had of African Americans. Although a slim majority of the U.S.-born Latinos used positive identifiers when describing African Americans, only a minority of the foreign-born Latinos did so. One typical foreign-born Latino respondent stated: "I just don't trust them…. The men, especially, all use drugs, and they all carry guns."

This same study found that 46% of Latino immigrants who lived in residential neighborhoods with African Americans reported almost no interaction with them.

The social distance of Latinos from African Americans is consistently reflected in Latino responses to survey questions. In a 2000 study of residential segregation, Camille Zubrinsky Charles, a sociology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, found that Latinos were more likely to reject African Americans as neighbors than they were to reject members of other racial groups. In addition, in the 1999-2000 Lilly Survey of American Attitudes and Friendships, Latinos identified African Americans as their least desirable marriage partners, whereas African Americans proved to be more accepting of intermarriage with Latinos.

Ironically, African Americans, who are often depicted as being averse to coalition-building with Latinos, have repeatedly demonstrated in their survey responses that they feel less hostility toward Latinos than Latinos feel toward them.

Although some commentators have attributed the Latino hostility to African Americans to the stress of competition in the job market, a 1996 sociological study of racial group competition suggests otherwise. In a study of 477 Latinos from the 1992 Los Angeles County Social Survey, professors Lawrence Bobo, then of Harvard, and Vincent Hutchings of the University of Michigan found that underlying prejudices and existing animosities contribute to the perception that African Americans pose an economic threat — not the other way around.

It is certainly true that the acrimony between African Americans and Latinos cannot be resolved until both sides address their own unconscious biases about one another. But it would be a mistake to ignore the Latino side of the equation as some observers have done — particularly now, when the recent violence in Los Angeles has involved Latinos targeting peaceful African American citizens.

This conflict cannot be sloughed off as simply another generation of ethnic group competition in the United States (like the familiar rivalries between Irish, Italians and Jews in the early part of the last century). Rather, as the violence grows, the "diasporic" origins of the anti-black sentiment — the entrenched anti-black prejudice among Latinos that exists not just in the United States but across the Americas — will need to be directly confronted. 

Copyright 2007 Los Angeles Times
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Dear Alva Moore Stevenson

The Tanya K. Hernandez article provokes the question?

What is to be done about Latino prejudice against Blacks?

In 1992 I discovered in Mexico what I believed is an antidote for racial confrontation. On a rainy day in Xalapa, Veracruz, I sat in the public library on Calle Juarez and read in the Diccionario Porrua the Clause #12 of the Iguala Plan for the independence of Mexico from Spain. From that day to this one, I have retained a copy of the Iguala Plan in my brief case. Clause #12 reads:

"Todos los habitantes de la nueva Espana, sin distincion alguna de Europeos, Africanos, ni Indios son Ciudadanos de esta Monarquia con opcion a todo empleo segun su merito y virtudes." 

Thus in 1821, Mexico declared racial equality. The clause was rephrased and made part of Law #279 of the first Congress of free Mexico in 1822. The Mexican statement of equality should be pasted on the front wall of every public school classroom in Los Angeles - and elsewhere. 

Students in public schools need to know that Mexico was born in struggle for racial equality The most promissing solution to the Latino/African American conflicts in Los Angeles today is to highlight the common fight, common revolutionary impulses and common bravery to fight "the man."

Tanya Hernandez mentions the political campaign in Michoacan in which a conservative politician declared that left-candidate Lazaro Cardenas II was somehow not Mexican because of having a Cuban-African racial tie through his wife. This nonsense can be confronted by asking the question, who in Mexico has stood up for the people against the real powers, against the injustice of the tiny European looking elite?

It has been people who worked in multi-racial coalition.

For independence it was leadership by Hidalgo, Morelos, Guerrero, - a blanco and two with Indigenous and African heritage.

For the mighty mid-19th Century "Reform," President Alvarez started it when he gave future president Juarez a cabinet post, and Juarez then enlisted a cultural and intellectual awakening through such people as Guillermo Prieto, Vicente Riva Palacio and Ignacio Altamirano. - Alvarez is part black, Juarez pure Indigenous, Prieto of poor white roots, Riva Palacio has African and Indigenous in his mix, and Altamirano is an Indigenous villager made especially dark by an African ancestor.

For the 1910 revolution. Emiliano Zapata was an Indigenous with African and Espanol heritage. He declared identity with his Nativo roots, but he welcomed all to his struggle against the elite - and in one decree openly welcomed "homosexuals" if they wanted to join the fight. The Indigenous and Basque Francisco "Pancho" Villa also had features that had him labeled "the Negroid bandit," Diego Rivera claimed his roots included in addition to Indigenous, an African ancestor. Venustiano Carranza is shown in a recent study to probably have had Jewish ancestry. President Lazaro Cardenas, who had a "mulatto" grandfather, is revered for what he did for the peasantry. A ten foot bust of President Cardenas sits, not in a city square, but on a rural roadside in the lower Balsas River valley, looking out over fields he granted to the peasantry, which in this area was substantially African as well as Indigenous in colonial census counts. 

Since 1992 I have presented racial background information on the very many wonderful, brave, daring, and capable militants of Mexico. Their fight has consistently highlighted the need to liberate the exploited Indigenous of the nation. Today, for purposes of building coalitions, it needs to be acknowledged that a great many of these warriors had their Indigenous roots mixed with African. An explanation is in order: These mixed-race leaders basically came from villages, haciendas and small towns where there were very few Spaniards, and where an African minority married with Indigenous - unlike in the big cities where blacks and whites blended in the "model minority" phenomena. By 1810 and the war for Mexican Independence, Indigenous villagers with African heritage were often the ones in the village best positioned to lead a fight. Colonial rules had allowed those designated "African" to ride horses and run mules, and had encouraged these "pardos" to learn Spanish. So, Mexico had a situation somewhat analogous to present day Los Angeles, where English speaking African American activists have certain built in advantages. In Mexico the situation was realized. War against Spanish tyranny was waged, not just for independence, but for the goal of Clause #12 of Iguala - racial equalily. During the eleven year war there were certain tensions within independence ranks on racial grounds. It was not until eight years into the conflict that a pure-Indigenous became a General in the Independence army, he being Pedro Ascensio, who was selected by Commander in chief Vicente Guerrero, himself a "Black Indian" with ties ties to the Indigenous. 

Publicity for the historic Mexican tradition of fighting for equality is needed. Unfortunately, the prejudice Tanya Hernandez describes has kept many a Latino who hears the facts from accepting them in the spirit of comradery.

As a Latino member of the audience at a presentation I gave in Chicago said angrily, "If Zapata is black the moon is made of cream cheese." The listener had jumped from hearing that Zapata had African in his ancestry, to Zapata was a black. The listener had internalized our USA "one drop makes you black" mentality. Shame on him. He needs to go read the Iguala Clause #12. 

The prejudice is insidious in that those of us who work to publicize the African heritage in Mexico have found that we can receive acceptance if we dumb down our presentation and talk only about the African "presence," and avoid mention of the socio-political situation that creates militant Mexican heroes of black roots.

Talk of the African "presence" highlighths the majority of the descendants of the enslaved Africans brought to Mexico who, allegedly, quietly, without fuss or struggle, politely learned Spanish and assimilated into a "mainstream." That is, to talk of the Africans being a mere presence is to make them a Mexican "model minority" that doesn’t make waves. As we know in the US ,"model minorities" are used in propaganda that compares their achievement with that of other minorities which are said to have failed because of sloth or stupidity. In Mexico, the stereotyped polite Afro-Mexican who just married-up, is used against the Indigenous, who are accused of backwardness for retaining traditional languages, clothing and customs.

The answer to the "model minority" issue is to highlight the Mexican coalition that in some respects is analogous to the activist progressive block in today's US Congress, where we see a common struggle in which elder leaders such as Ted Kennedy are joined in great numbers by women and minorities - by Barbara Lee, Xavier Bercera, Luis Gutierrez, Jessie Jackson Jr. and more. 

The answer to prejudice by Mexicanos toward African Americans is promotion of pride in the Mexican tradition of inclusiveness. The promotion is already at work. Just look at who has a picture on the Mexican peso.
Over the past two decades, those on the peso bills, from the 10 to the 200, are three of mixed Indigenous, European and African ancestry, Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon, Lazaro Cardenas and Emiliano Zapata. There are two pure Indigenous, Benito Juarez, and the poet King of Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotlzin, and there is one person of basic European stock, and she is the feminist poet Nun, Sor. Juana Inez, said to have had a Jewish ancestor. Poets! Women! People of color! A heathen and a Jew! What a great country! What a great tradition of acceptance to uphold in your neighborhood, even in Highland Park.

Ted Vincent

Hi Ted . . In summary
Your 5 points are good for both the Latino & Black communities. 
1. Mexico has a history of promoting racial equality. 
2. Latinos/Blacks have a common fight, the struggle for racial equality.
3. Work in multi-racial coalition.
4. Acknowledge that "one drop of black blood" does not make the person black.
5. Promotion of pride in the Mexican tradition of inclusiveness.

Needed is a perspective on how Latinos perceive their standing in the U.S. verses how they view the Black community's standing in the U.S. Maybe you could explore that dimension ? ? ? 

Understanding is surely needed. . . God bless, Mimi

INDIGENOUS

Fuerza Mundo
Azteca America and Fundación Azteca America
Senate passes bill seeking Navajo code talkers stamp 
Cherokees Pull Memberships of Freed Slaves
Indigenous Baja 
Three Sisters' Defense of a Cemetery 
American Indian Dad-Daughter Study
Robert W. Young, 1912-2007 - Linguist helped create Navajo dictionary 

Fuerza Mundo
http://www.fuerzamundo.org/fuerza.html

FUERZA is a diversified group of artists led by community artist and activist Mario Torero. Based in San Diego, CA, Grupo FUERZA grew out of the Chicano Park Art Movement of the 70's, influencing the cultural landscape of the San Diego region. 

After 33 years of struggle, and considering the 500 years of Latin/Indian evolution, FUERZA is moving forward with the concept of re-joining the Aztec/Mayan Cultures of the North with the Inca Culture of South America, through the Concept of Aztlan. Aztlan is an Aztec/Mayan spiritual belief that the representation of our creator, Quetzalcoatl, would return to earth around this time as he has done every 500 years. 



       Mural in Chula Vista, California 

The legend conceives that the liberating spirit of Quetzalcoatl would arrive in the Promised Land of Aztlan, presently, the Southwestern United States. From there he would spread throughout the original anscestral lands, reuniting all indigeneous peoples of the Americas. 

FUERZA's contribution to this reunification is to rejoin the indigenous peoples through an arts and cultural exchangTe. 

Currently, FUERZA is working to develop the Quilca Arts District in Lima Peru. More on Quilca...

LOWRIDER LIFE, HIGHTIMES ART IN AMERICA

Mario Torero
858-774-1286 cell
619-299-2840 studio
http://www.fuerzamundo.org
"mario torero" <mariotorero@hotmail.com>
Sent by Dorinda Moreno                                                       Quetzalcoatl 
                                                                                                           by Mario Torero

  Indigenous Baja  

By John P. Schmal   

Published in HispanicVista, 
March 1, 2007