JUNE  2003
Editor: Mimi Lozano, mimilozano@aol.com © 2000-3

          Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues
          Publication of the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research  
http://members.aol.com/shhar      714-894-8161

OLVERA STREET

Los Angeles' Cinco de Mayo Weekend
Included for the First Time
 
Hands-on Hispanic Family History Booth 
Provided by Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 
 

Photo by Sandra Torres

Photos provided by the LDS  Office of  Public Affairs California Area

SOMOS PRIMOS  
and the 
Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research 
applaud the 
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 
for not only maintaining the largest collection of family records in the world, 
but for making them available online at http://www.FamilySearch.org, 
and for also going out into the community with their expertise.
THANK YOU 

 
"It's true I am only one, but I am one. 
And the fact that I cannot do everything 
should not prevent me from doing what I can do."  
Edward Everett Hale  (paraphrased)
Source: Character Counts Network  http://www.charactercounts.org/knxtoc.htm

UNITED STATES

Dr. Clotilde P. Garcia, 

She is remembered as educator, benefactor, leader, as tough, witty and caring by friends
By Sara Lee Fernandez  Caller-Times Venessa Santos-Garza and Tim Eaton contributed to this report.  May 28, 2003  Sent by George Gause  ggause@panam.edu

       Dr. Clotilde P. "Dr. Cleo" Garcia, who delivered about 10,000 babies and was the sister of civil rights leaders Dr. Hector P. Garcia and Dr. Xicotencatl P. "Xico" Garcia, died Tuesday. She was 86. She was remembered Tuesday as a pioneering physician, humanitarian, historian, civic leader
and writer with a sharp wit, strong mind and kind heart. Her brother Xico died April 28, 2003. Hector P. Garcia, the founder of the American GI Forum, died Aug. 9, 1996.
        "She was a true public servant from the get-go," said Hugo Berlanga, a lobbyist and former state representative. "Not only as a professional and not only as a doctor . . . She was clearly a trailblazer in her time as a Hispanic and a woman."
        Berlanga said his own family was one of the many recipients of Garcia's care. "I remember my dad telling me that she used to provide free medical care because our family couldn't afford to pay her," he said, his voice cracking with emotion. "And I know our family wasn't the only recipient of health care in the area because that's just the way she was."
        Dr. Dalia P. Garcia, youngest of the Garcias, had spent the better part of the last two years caring for her oldest sister Cleo, who suffered a stroke in 1994 and has been dealing with numerous health problems since, according to family and friends. During an interview conducted at funeral services for brother Xico Garcia, Dalia Garcia described her relationship with her sister.  "She was like a mother to us," said Dalia Garcia.
        To help pass the time at Cleo Garcia's bedside, Dalia Garcia encouraged her sister to reminisce about their childhood in the Rio Grande Valley. Dalia said in her family's early years in Mercedes they didn't have radios or cars and their time outside of their studies was spent playing 17th century games from Spain and singing songs.  "I have been singing to her," she said. 
'She was a catalyst'
        Dr. Cleo, as she was affectionately called, was a teacher and principal before she graduated from the University of Texas School of Medicine in Galveston in 1954 and then began an internship at Memorial Medical Center in Corpus Christi in 1955. But her influence in the community stretched well beyond the field of medicine.
        From 1960 to 1982 she served on the Del Mar College Board of Regents, becoming the school's fist woman regent, and a science and health building on campus now bears her name.
In 1968 she founded the Carmelite Day Nursery Parents and Friends Club to help educate underprivileged children, and in 1987 she founded the Spanish American Genealogical Association with her sister, Dr. Dalia Garcia.
        Herb Canales, Director of Corpus Christi's Public Libraries, remembers Cleo Garcia as kind, enthusiastic, ambitious and extremely charming. "She was a catalyst," Canales said. "She had this way of making people feel involved and good about what they were doing." 'She gave us roots'
        Canales first met Dr. Cleo in the mid-1980s when organizing the new central library building. During a luncheon for the West Side Business Association, in which Cleo Garcia was very active, he talked about the growing interest in genealogy and the lack of Hispanic heritage information. He said she took the project under her wing, donating funds to purchase an 88-volume genealogy set published in Spain and convinced various parties to allow her to purchase church records. The records detailed births, marriages and deaths in Mexico; she arranged for them to be translated for
public use by volunteers.
        The collection is the envy of libraries and organizations across the country and many are trying to pattern their own collections after it, Canales said. "Without her leadership and heart we would not have that collection," Canales said. "People come from all over to use it. She gave many of us our history. She gave us roots, and that's no small task."
        Her love of history also led her to write several books and publications on South Texas history and the text of the plaques inside the seawall miradores on the city's bay front. "Her impact to the community was significant, tremendous," said Thomas H. Kreneck, special collections librarian/archivist at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi. "Words don't describe how important she had been for this community, both in terms of what she did and what she symbolized."
        In 1983 Del Mar College named the Science and Public Health building after her. Rosie Garcia, of the Registered Nurse Education Department at Del Mar, said Cleo Garcia was an unassuming presence, but larger than life and someone who was always working. "I think she'll be remembered as someone who was a member of a legendary family," Rosie Garcia said, "but also someone who personified education for health careers." 'A born educator first'
        Dr. Roberto Bosquez, past president of the Nueces County Medical Society, said he worked with her in the community for more than 40 years. "She was an active physician in the community. And she was active in the educational aspects of the community," Bosquez said. "One of the things that I would say is she was a born educator first and continued to be an excellent educator in our field of medicine."
        With all her heart and her wit she was a strong force to reckon with, Berlanga said. "She was tough when it came to civil rights issues and discrimination issues," he said. "You couldn't find a more caring, gentle and witty person. She was just an unbelievable woman. There just aren't enough words . . . she was comforting when you were down, she was playful when you needed some joy in your life."  Garcia is survived by her son, Tony Canales of Corpus Christi; three grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren. 

Dr. Cleo's life: Some of the many important awards, organizations and projects of Dr. Clotilde P. "Dr. Cleo" Garcia's life:

Born Jan. 9, 1917 in Mercedes

1936 Associate of Arts degree from Pan American University, Edinburg

1938 Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas

1950 Master's in Education from the University of Texas

1954 Doctor of Medicine from the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

1955 Rotating internship at Memorial Medical Center, Corpus Christi

1960-82 Del Mar College Board of Regents

1966-67 National member of board of directors for Service, Employment, Redevelopment Jobs for Progress

1968 Founder of Carmelite Day Nursery Parents and Friends Club, organized to help underprivileged children.

1968 People to People, Sister City Committee in Corpus Christi

1969 Recipient of the Community Leader of America Award by the Education Board Commission of Latin America

1970-73 Board Director and member of Executive Committee of  Nueces County Anti-poverty Program

1970-73 Member of the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging

1974 Published book on South Texas History, "Siege of Camargo"

1975 Published book on South Texas History, "Cartas y Documentos"

1979 Published book on South Texas History, "Padre Jose Nicolas Balli"

1980 Presidential elector for _electoral college, Democrat

1982 Published book on South Texas History, "Captain Alonso Alvarez de Pineda"

1983 The Dr. Clotilde P. Garcia Science and Health Building at Del Mar College was named

1984 Named to the first Texas Women's Hall of Fame

1984 Published book on South Texas History, "Captain Blas De La Garza Falcon"

1987 Donated an 88-volume set of genealogical encyclopedias to the Corpus Christi Library

1987 Founded the Spanish American Genealogical Association

1989 Recipient of the Medal of Honor of the Order of Isabel from the King of Spain

Army Maj. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez has been nominated for appointment to the rank of lieutenant general with assignment as commanding general, V Corps, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany. Sanchez is currently serving as commanding general, 1st Armored Division, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany.

Guillermo Guevara Jacket   

The Tilma of Tepeyac Tour

Guadalupe relic to tour the U.S. through December

Thousands of the faithful are expected to turn out in cities around the U.S. as The Tilma of Tepeyac Tour brings a piece of St. Juan Diego's tilma—the cloth that holds the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe—to more than a dozen dioceses around the country.  

http://www.hispaniconline.com/pop/trends.html

Arturo Moreno, a native of Tucson, made his fortune in outdoor advertising and has a net worth estimated at $940 million by Forbes magazine. He become the first Hispanic owner of a major league on his purchase of the Anaheim Angels from the Walt Disney Co. for $185 million.

Yvonne Wingett and Mel Meléndez, assisted by news assistant Robert Varela
The Arizona Republic, May. 5, 2003 

        Figures from the 2000 census show that of the 629,000 Hispanic adults in Arizona, 78 percent speak a language other than English at home. That figure drops to 64 percent among Latinos 5 to 17 years old.  Those figures, experts say, signal a generational divide between those who speak the language and those who can't.
        They attribute much of the problem to discrimination that older Spanish-speaking Latinos felt as children. Before the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, many Latinos felt pressured not to speak Spanish in order to fully assimilate. Latinos were chastised for speaking Spanish in school. As a result, they chose not to teach their children Spanish to protect them from the cultural bias they felt.
        "I used to come home crying to my mother because I would get in trouble for speaking Spanish (in school)," said Phoenix College student Clorinda Lozano, 52, of Peoria. "They made us feel embarrassed of our language."
        Today, Lozano's children are not fluent in Spanish because she didn't want them discriminated against. "I deeply regret that now because people see it as a rejection of your culture when you can't speak Spanish."
        "Language is always an issue in a community because it's one of the things that unites you as a people," said Amalia Villegas, a Phoenix College counselor and co-adviser to the Latino student organization A.L.E. (Associación Latina Estudiantil). "But identity isn't solely based on language. I think we do a real disservice to ourselves when we think that, because you can be fluent in a language and not be culturally aware."
        "I'm half Latino and all of my friends are Latino, so people expect you to speak it," Will McEntee said. "I wish I could, too, because people look at you like you're less Latino if you don't speak Spanish. It's crazy."
        "A lot of Latinos expect you to speak Spanish and if you don't it offends them," said Jesus Chaidez, a 21-year-old justice studies major at Arizona State University. "They look at you like you're a sellout because you can't communicate in your people's native tongue."  "Realistically, not speaking Spanish doesn't mean you're not Latino," said Chaidez, who is bilingual.  "We need to acknowledge that and be more understanding. It's what's in your heart that counts."

Dubbed crossover Latinos these second-and-third-generation Latinos prefer speaking English but retain their Latino identity, heritage and values says Ruano.

Minority-Owned Firms Grow Four Times Faster Than National Average
THURSDAY, JULY 12, 2001

    Minority-owned businesses grew more than four times as fast as U.S. firms overall between 1992 and 1997, increasing from 2.1 million to about 2.8 million firms, according to a report released today [pdf] by the Commerce Department's Census Bureau.

    The 30 percent growth rate exceeded the 7 percent increase for all U.S. firms, which jumped from 17.3 million in 1992 to 18.4 million in 1997.

    Receipts of all minority-owned firms (excluding C corporations) rose 60 percent to $335.3 billion in 1997, compared with a 40 percent increase for all U.S. firms over the same period.

       Overall, minority-owned firms made up 15 percent of the nation's businesses and generated 3 percent of all receipts.

    Minority-owned businesses are those owned by African Americans, Hispanics, Asians and Pacific Islanders, or American Indians and Alaska Natives.

    The vast majority of these firms, 82 percent or 2.5 million, were sole proprietorships (unincorporated businesses owned by individuals).

     Highlights from the report:

• California, Texas, New York and Florida, the nation's most populous states and home to nearly half of all minority residents, had the largest number of minority-owned businesses.  
  
• While Hispanics owned the largest share of firms owned by minorities, Asian- and Pacific Islander-owned firms reaped the largest share of minority-owned business revenues -- 52 percent.

• Men were owners of about 55 percent of the firms owned by each of the four minority groups. African Americans had the largest percentage of firms owned by women -- 38 percent.

• Thirty-nine percent of all minority-owned firms had 1997 receipts of under $10,000; about 3 percent had sales of $1 million or more.  
  
• Average receipts per firm were $194,600 compared with $410,600 for all U.S. firms, excluding publicly held corporations and firms (such as mutual companies) whose owners' race or ethnicity could not be determined.

• About 1 in 5 of all minority-owned firms had paid employees. More than 4,400 minority-owned firms had 100 or more employees.

• Fifty-nine percent of all minority-owned firms were in the services and retail trade industries, accounting for 43 percent of all receipts.

Source: Public Information CB01-115
301-457-3030/301-457-3670 (fax) 301-457-1037 (TDD)
e-mail: pio@census.gov
Eddie Salyers/Valerie Strang301-457-3316

       “The American mainstream is being Hispanicized,” said Gabriel Reyes, founder of Reyes Entertainment, a marketing and public relations firm aimed at the Latino market which counts HBO, ABC and CBS among its clients. “It’s not a matter of us finding them, it’s a matter of the mainstream finding Hispanics.” 
       The size and buying power of the Hispanic market is well-known. There are 32 million Latinos in the U.S., the country’s fastest growing population and the largest ethnic minority, according to the U.S. Census. They spent $800 billion on goods and services in the U.S. last year. 
       By 2020, there will be almost 56 million Hispanic Americans living in the United States and most will be U.S. born. A recent report by the magazine Hispanic Business found that the largest shift in the population is towards the English-speaking market. 
       At least $2 billion is spent annually on advertising to Hispanics, a figure that should grow as programs and products aimed at Latinos reach the general market.
       “The Hispanic market isn’t some separate country; it’s part of the overall marketplace,” said Luis Garcia, founder of Garcia 360, a San Antonio ad agency for the Hispanic market. 
       Now [marketers] realize we are using mainstream media,” said Reyes. “It means that English-language media at all levels is going to have to integrate Latino characters and stories in their ongoing plans.” 

       The movement is most noticeable in national TV programming. Fox TV is expected to add “The Ortegas,” an offbeat comedy about a Mexican-American family in Southern California when the network announces its primetime schedule on Thursday. ABC has renewed “George Lopez,” a comedy about a Los Angeles family with an all-Latino cast for a second season. 
       NBC isn’t adding any Hispanic-themed shows next fall, but the broadcast network recently brought professional boxing back for the first time in 11 years with a goal of reaching young Latino viewers.  “Hispanic audiences are sports fans and boxing is the No. 2 sport behind soccer,” said Mike McCarley, spokesman for NBC Sports. The boxing events, sponsored by Anheuser-Busch’s Budweiser, are shared with NBC’s Spanish-language network Telemundo. 
      
         Then there’s Nickelodeon’s bilingual animated show “Dora the Explorer,” the No. 1 program for preschoolers on TV, which has become hugely profitable for the cable network.
       The new wave of Latin marketing follows the exploding influence of Spanish-language media. For example, last year NBC paid $2.7 billion for Telemundo, the No. 2 Spanish network. While other magazines has suffered advertising declines, magazines such as People en Espanol and the women’s publication Latina have enjoyed steady increases. Spanish radio and TV stations are in every major market.
       Beyond the Spanish-language outlets, marketers and media companies have realized that the largest part of the audience is bilingual and bicultural. 
       The California think tank Tomas Rivera Policy Institute found that almost 70 percent of Latinos watch television in both English and Spanish. 
       In Hollywood films such as the 20th Century Fox movie “Chasing Papi” or “Real women have curves” are bringing more awareness of Latin culture to general audiences. 
       “The Hispanic culture and population has permeated America in such a way that it’s changing the kinds of shows and products that are being created, not just to appeal to Hispanic market but to the mainstream,” said Garcia.
       Or as Felipe Korzenny explains it: “These days being Hispanic is cool.”
       “Now that it’s popular to be Hispanic, having Hispanics on mainstream media is attractive to both audiences,” said Korzenny, principal at Cheskin, a Redwood Shores, Calif., multicultural-marketing consultancy.
      
      Food and beverage giants are not only bringing their Latin American products to the U.S., they’re developing and integrating new items for U.S. Hispanics throughout the general market. 
Kraft Foods introduced the Kool-Aid Aguas Frescas soft drink mix, a milk-based Jell-O called O Gelatina Para Leche and a lime-flavored mayonnaise last year. Nabisco is importing three Latin American cookie brand—Morelinas, Imperio and Surtido Rico—into the U.S. this year. 
The partnership between Frito-Lay and Pepsi will give a big marketing push to the Mexican snack line Sabritas later this year. 
Drinks tailored to Latin tastebuds have become a big trend with tropical-flavored beverages such as Pepsi’s Dole Aguas Frescas juice drinks in mango and tamarind flavors and Nestle’s Kerns Aguas Frescas, a line of fruit drinks.
       “A lot of U.S. and Latin American companies are working on Hispanic food lines for the U.S.,” said Phil Lempert, a food trends expert and publisher of The Lempert Report newsletter. “It means survival for the food industry. If they don’t get [the Hispanic market], they’ll be out of business.”      
       

Involvement of Diverse Interests in the Galvez Project was Demonstrated 
in the Press Conference. held May 23rd at the 
Renaissance Hotel in Long Beach

Seated left to right, front row are:

Orange County California Genealogical Society Visited by Spanish Dignitaries
On May 3rd Michael Perez arranged for a presentation to be made to the 
Orange County California Genealogical Society.  

Text of the address given by Honorary Consul Maria Angeles *O'Donnell* Olson
to the Orange County California Genealogical Society

        In his address to the joint meeting of the House and the Senate held at the House of Representatives on June 2, 1976, Juan Carlos I, King of Spain declared: In this year of the Bicentennial, it is with pleasure that I recall the role that Spaniards, and Spain, with her diplomatic, political, financial, naval and military resources, played in the global struggle whose victory received the recognition of the independence of the United States."
        Although it is true that Spain remained officially neutral at the beginning of the American Revolution, it is not less certain that Spain became in 1779 a great ally of the American colonies, second only to France.
        On June 27, 1776, when the independence of the United States had not yet been declared, the Spanish Secretary of State, the Marquis of Grimaldi, notified the Ambassador of Spain in Paris that his Majesty, Carlos III, had granted the American Revolution four million reales de Vellón.  
       In 1777 Benjamin Franklin, head of the Delegation of the Continental Congress decided to send Arthur Lee to Spain.  Upon returning to Paris, Lee received from the Spanish Goverment a bank draft for 50,000 pesos of gold.  In April he received another draft for 81,000 Livres Tournois.  And in June the Spanish the Spanish Government handed over to him new drafts totaling more than 100,000 pounds.
        The aid that Spain provided to the cause of the American Revolution in its initial states was not limited to the financial contributions; it was not limited either to just allowing the Americans privateers to find sanctuary at the Spanish ports.  The United States received help on American soil itself through the Spanish Governors of Louisiana.        
        In May 1776 (before the Declaration of Independence had taken place),   General Charles Lee wrote to the Governor of Louisiana, Luis de Unzaga, explaining that he was the second-in-command under General Washington and that in this capacity he requested help from the Spanish Governor in order to continue the war.  General Lee's letter reached the hands of Governor Unzaga through Captain George Gibson, who arrived in New Orleans at night along with Lieutenant William Lee.  When the Governor realized how difficult the situation was in which he found himself, he cleverly plotted the following scheme to maintain his neutrality and to help at the same time the cause of the revolution:  Captain Gibson was supposedly imprisoned, to quiet the suspicions of the British Consul, but Lieutenant Lee was allowed to leave New Orleans.  One month later Governor Unzaga set Gibson free, who chartered a boat and went up the Mississippi with 1,000 pounds of gun power from the Spanish arsenals.
        When Ungaza was appointed Captain General of Caracas, a young Colonel,  31 Years old, named Bernardo de Gálvez, became the Governor of Louisiana by Royal Degree of February 1, 1777.  The new governor quickly gave signs of wholehearted sympathy for the American Revolution by not allowing the British Navy to operate the Mississippi waters or in the mouth of the river, by opening the Port of New Orleans to the trade with the rebel colonists. 
        Gálvez when even further, and in the spring of 1777, he seized 11 British ships on smuggling missions, and ordered the British subjects to leave Louisiana with fifteen days. Galveston in the state of Texas is named after Governor Bernardo de Gálvez.
        On June 21, 1779, Spain declared war on Great Britain.  The war against Great Britain allowed the Spanish governor of Louisiana and the Captain General of Cuba to increase the shipment of military supplies.  While the Spanish Army and Navy played an important role in the struggle for the independence of the United States from its bases in Louisiana and Cuba, Fray Junipero Serra, the father and founder of California sent a dispatch dated June 15, 1780, to the Spanish missions in California asking the Friars to pray for the victory of Spain and her allies over the British, and later on by his initiative the missions made a collection asking the Spaniards to contribute with two pesos each, and every Indian with one.  The amount collected was delivered to the Viceroy of Mexico, who, in turn, sent it to the General Rochambeau who participated with his French troops at the Virginia Campaign, 1781, along with Washington, LaFayette, and Wayne.  it is said that the Cathedral of Málaga lost one of its towers, and became a "victim" of the American Revolution, because the money assigned for it was ceded to a public subscription for Governor Gálvez expeditions against the British in their struggle with the American Rebels.  Finally, it should be remembered that the Spanish treasury backed and guaranteed the first issue of American currency, 
authorized by the Continental Congress in a Resolution dated May 9, 1776, which was to take its name dollar from the Spanish milled dollars, i.e. doblas.  The dollar sign - from the pieces of eight of the Spanish Government - evolved from the two upright posts on all coins and a winding inscription reading plus ultra which for years appeared on the United States coinage.
        There is much more to say about the contributions of Spain and Spaniards to the independence of the United States, but I believe I have taken already enough time.  Thank you.

Prejudice and Ignorance among American Historians
by Granville Hough, Ph.D. 
gwhough@earthlink.net

 the Inter American University of Puerto Rico.  This particular article was republished in 1985 by the Embassy of Spain, USA. 

SECCIÓN DE ENSAYOS HISTÓRICOS
http://www.whenu.com/ss_auto.html?src=wccs0015

Sent by Steven Hernandez Pacorro73@aol.com 

 III

Don Bernardo de Gálvez:
Educación militar y primera intervención
en la frontera méxiconorteamericana

En el último breve ensayo aparecido en Culturadoor habíamos presentado a la familia de los Gálvez, en particular a su padre Matías y a sus tres tíos, Antonio, José y Miguel. El propósito fue colocar en su contexto apropiado la prominente figura del joven hijo/sobrino Bernardo, personalidad central que nos ocupará en las siguientes semblanzas que irán apareciendo en esta publicación.

[[Great article in Spanish about Bernardo de Galvez. You also will enjoy a musical selection while you brouse.]]

Historians galvanize for Galvez
Revolutionary War: L.B. will host festival honoring Spanish general who helped fledgling U.S.
By Kristopher Hanson, Staff writer for the Long Beach Press-Telegram
May 23, 2003

SURNAME 

O’DONNELL  

Sus armas son:

ESCUDO JIRONADO DE ORO Y GULES, Y BROCHANTE, UNA CRUZ DE GULES SOSTENIDA POR UN BRAZO ARMADO.

Soportes un león y un toro, Lema: “Inhoc signo vinces”.

La noble familia de O’Donnell, es originaria de Irlanda, y como casi todas las importantes de aquel país, se precia de descender de los famosos Reyes Milesianos, siendo ellos mismos Príncipes Soberanos de Tyrconnell, y más tarde Condes de Tyrconnell y Barones de Donnagel por Cédula de Jacobo I, fechada en Tottenham el 4 de septiembre de 1603, año primero de su reinado en Inglaterra e Irlanda, don Rodrigo, titulado Príncipe don Hugo O’Donnell Conde de Tyrconnell, abandono su patria “por la defensa y conservación de la fe”, según dice su epitafio en la iglesia de San Pedro de Roma, donde falleció el 30 de julio de 1608 a los 33 años de edad, antes, su hermano primogénito el Príncipe don Hugo O’Donnell se había refugiado en España, después de las reñidas luchas contra el poder inglés en Irlanda, siendo objeto de la más cariñosa acogida por parte del Rey Felipe III que le dispensó toda clase de honores.

La casa española de este linaje desciende de Magnus O’Donnell, Conde de Tyrconnell y Barón de Donnegal, y de Lady María Campuble, su mujer, de la gran familia escocesa de los Duques de Argyle. Su hijo Carlos O’Donnell fue esposo de doña Eleonora Mac-Swing, hija del Barón de Fanned y de doña Ana María D’Dagharty, Hugo O’Donnell, también Conde de Tyrconell e hijo de los anteriores, fue nombrado Maestre de Campo General de las tropas irlandesas en las guerras de Alemania y vivió casado con doña Margarita O’Nealle, hija del Conde de Tyrone.

De los anteriores esposos, nació Carlos O’Donnell, que casó con su prima doña María O’Donnell, hija del Coronel irlandés Magnus O’Donnell, teniendo por hijos a José O’Donnell, que formó la rama de España, y a Enrique O’Donnell, Coronel de los Ejércitos del Emperador de Austria, que tuvo sucesión en aquel país con importantes personajes, entre los que figuran Feld-Mariscales y Tenientes Generales de aquel ejército, Caballeros del Toisón de Oro, de la Orden de María Luisa, etc,etc.

Don José O’Donnell de Anethan, nacido en Guadalajara, España, en 1768, tuvo el grado de Teniente General de los Reales Ejércitos Españoles: don Carlos O’Donnell de Anethan, ingresó en la Orden de Carlos III el año 1824, llegó al mismo grado que su hermano, y de su matrimonio con doña María Josefa Joris y Casaviella, tuvo como tesorero de sus hijos al I Duque de Tetuán; don Francisco O’Donnell de Anethan, Capitán de Infantería don Alejandro O’Donnell, Coronel del Regimiento Imperial, Alejandro, fallecido en La Coruña el año 1837; don Enrique O’Donnell de Anethan, Teniente General y General en Jefe del Ejército de Cataluña, Regente del Reino durante el cautiverio del Rey Fernando VII, creado Conde de La Bisbal el 25 de octubre de 1810, y doña Beatriz O’Donnell de Anethan, esposa de don Manuel de Pombo y Ante.

La sucesión de discurrió en España, dejó interminable relación de miembros de esta familia que tuvieron los máximos honores a importantes cargos civiles y militares, destacando entre todos ellos don Leopoldo O’Donnell Joris de Anethan, nacido en Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canarias, el 12 de enero de 1809, Capitán General de los Ejércitos tres veces Presidente del Consejo de Ministros, condecorado con la Orden de Carlos III y otras grandes cruces, héroe de la guerra con Marruecos, que obtuvo en 1846 el título de Conde de Lucena, y en 1860 el de Duque de Tetuán, ambas dignidades otorgadas por la Reina Isabel II por sus altos merecimientos como militar.

Extract from BLASONES Y APELLIDOS, 828-page book by Fernando Muñoz Altea
In its second edition, the book can be ordered from blasones@mail.com
or at P.O. Box 11232, El Paso, Texas   79995  
or by contacting Armando Montes   AMontes@Mail.com

Esta web es una amplia BASE DE GENEALOGÍA que partiendo del estudio de linajes levantinos españoles se extiende en el tiempo desde el presente al más remoto pasado del que constan noticias de los ancestros y en el espacio por toda la geografía europea y americana recorriendo todos los estamentos sociales desde familias populares a la nobleza y realeza. Incluye mas de 2.500 apellidos y de 25.000 individuos, así como todo tipo de imágenes: escudos, retratos, documentos, edificios, etc. Y enlaces a otros sitios del mismo tema y complementarios. Continuación y esquema

ORANGE COUNTY, CA

Toastmasters Invites Líderes Latinos to the Bilingual Toastmasters Club.

Talk.  Still the most effective means of communication!

 Toastmasters is the right choice for improving your speaking skills.  We give you hands-on, face-to-face suggestions-for-improvement style communications in a friendly and safe environment. You’ll learn to relax, plan and present a terrific speech, whether you have ten days or just ten seconds to prepare.

What to do next?

Attend a club meeting and apply for membership. We meet every Wednesday, 8 – 9:30 a.m. at Olive Crest Homes and Services for Abused Children; Training Room #3, Second Floor; 2130 E. 4^th St. Santa Ana,

Contact us, e-mail: Lideres@sbcglobal.net  phone: 949/786-1010

This club is sponsored by Hispanic Business Women Association, A Reason to Excel in Business

Source:  Nellie Kaniski Pass Em Along Reminder http://home.earthlink.net/~nkaniski

Bob Nymoen, who is doing research for a PBS documentary history on Orange County. He is looking especially for family movies.  If you have film/Video please give him a call or email. He is interested in any visual materials of early Orange County, report cards, library cards, newspapers articles, etc. but is especially interested in family movies. phone 310-899-4452   bobnymoen@aol.com

Sent by Ellen Calominis

Sent by Anthony Garcia, agarcia@wahoo.sjsu.edu 
Source: LOPEZ1212@aol.com

        My friend and Artist Felix Perez will be displaying his first set of controversial works he calls "Urban Apocalypse" starting now and going through May 30th at the House of Brews, 231 N. Maclay, San Fernando. The next set will go up June 1st and run through the end of the month. A reception will be held on Sat. June 7th from 6pm to 11pm at the House of Brews.
        If you have ever seen the first set of paintings the second set are even more controversial.......I guarantee you'll not walk away without an opinion....If you get a chance go over to the house of brews and see the work and plan on going to House of Brew to chat with Felix. You won't walk away without an opinion..........Serg  PS Jim Velarde has been working on a documentary about Felix and these works...the video will be out soon.......  
Sergio Hernandez

June 14, 2003 at 12-4 p.m. with Guest Speraker, Daniel M. Bartosz (Seneca)
American Indian Genealogist/Research Instructor
Location:  American Indian Resource Center
Huntington Park Library
6518 Miles Ave.
Huntington Park, CA, 90255  
For Reservations call: 323-583-2794 
County of Los Angeles Public Library, http://www.colapublib.org

Rooted to the words of Zapata (English)
Any women who wants to defend her land should have the right to fight for it.

Las Portela de una vieja Habana (Spanish) Abandona La Habana durante el éxodo del Mariel puede llegar a ser una proposición bastante comprometida, muy complicada e inesperadamente cómica.

El Curevo (Spanish)  
El Cuervo es una obra de misterio que combina lo fantástico con preocupaciones metafisicas acerca del tiempo y la relatividad.

Penas del buen vivir (Spanish)
Es una comedia sin restricciones, dos hombres muy distintos revelan cuánto anhelan una vida diferente.

Aurora's Motive (English)
A true story of Aurora Rodriguez and her prodigy daughter Hildegart in the early part of the twentieth century in Spain.

CALIFORNIA

UNIÃO PORTUGUESA 
do ESTADO da CALIFORNIA
A  Fraternal Insurance Society
 Serving Humanity since 1880

        The U.P.E.C. is comprised not only of members of Portuguese descent, but of every nationality - regardless of religious and political beliefs.
        Today The Portuguese Union of the State of California remains the oldest domestic fraternal insurance society organized in the State of California. The actions of our society throughout the years have brought about prestige to our members along with public recognition and respect.
        Even though times have changed drastically in the past 100 years, the objectives of U.P.E.C. are still the same: unity among its members, protection through up-to-date insurance plans, and charity with justice to those in need.
         Today our assets number well over twenty six million dollars, and our members can proudly state that they have fulfilled their obligations - not only to themselves, but also to this great nation, the United States of America, and to the people of another great country which has given wonderful sons to the entire world - Portugal.
        U.P.E.C. members have continued the heritage of the Portuguese through the written and spoken word, traditions and civic work.
        In the annals of U.P.E.C. written with the sacrifice of many of the members, we can find documents of historical value, humanitarian acts, and outstanding contributions to the welfare of our people - not only in this state and nation, but also beyond the borders of the United States.
        Through the past years more than 15 million dollars has been paid in charity and death benefits, not only to members but to charitable institutions and others.
        As an example of the civic work of U.P.E.C. stands the beautiful twenty-foot high statue of white marble, depicting in dramatic stone the Portuguese Immigrant. This work was sculptured in Portugal and given to the City of San Leandro where it stands in Root Park, a tribute to the early settlement of Portuguese in the State of California.
        It is in our very nature to honor those of the past who helped to build our community and our society. But we do not think only of yesterday; U.P.E.C. mantains always an active existence to maintain our goals of Unity, Charity and Protection.

For more information contact the U.P.E.C.
1120 E. 14th Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
Telephone: (510) 483-7676
Email: upec@upec.org

 Cut of  Benita Gray photo by Scott Linnett from article

        On its 150th anniversary, Rancho Guajome Adobe is a symbol of a colorful past.  Engineer and Army man Cave Couts moved into the first three rooms of the hacienda in 1853 with his wife and two kids.  Couts fathered eight more children and built 17 more rooms, including a school room for the children and a store for his neighbors.          
        In 1967, the U.S. government declared the Guajome Ranch House was one of the country's finest examples of a traditional Spanish-Mexican one-story adobe hacienda with an inner and outer courtyard.  It was designated a national historic landmark in 1970.  Trying to tell the restoration        from the original construction at the Rancho Guajome Adobe is like trying to separate the fact from the fiction about it.
        Since buying the house and 165 acres surrounding it for $1 million in 1973, the county has spent $4 million restoring it as a part of Rancho Guajome Regional Park.  Much of the work goes unseen, including a drainage system designed to help the fragile adobe home endure the elements and dangerous rains much longer.

Next the county plans to restore a replica of the 14 stations of the cross that once hung in the chapel.  The effort will be financed through the Fandango at Guajome, August 2, a buffet dinner featuring early California music and dance. OUtdoor dining will cost $50 and inside dining $100.  For information, call 760-724-4082.   

                        TOWN & COUNTRY RESORT & CONVENTION CENTER
                                        500 HOTEL CIRCLE NORTH, SAN DIEGO

By invitation, Board Member Diane Godinez will be representing the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research at the event.  Dr. Mildred Murry, a historian on the Galvez Project and Michael Perez, Galvez Project program manager will be sharing the development and goal of the Hispanic American Heroes Series, and the reason for the selection of Bernardo de Galvez. 

The descendants of the San Diego's descendants invite everyone to join them in celebrating the HISTORY of the SAN DIEGO FOUNDING FAMILIES. Historical Photo Collection, Family Exhibits and Genealogical Workbooks will be available to view throughout the day. Registration at 10:30 am with a Fajita Lunch and Social to follow till 4:00pm. 

If you have early California heritage, go meet your cousins and share your history.  If you do not, go and learn about California's early Hispanic roots. 

        Coming to California from her native Mexico, Oralia Bahena-Catalan has traversed more than miles. She has gone from living homeless under a Calistoga bridge to now attending UCLA with the fierce dream of becoming California's first governor of Latino descent in more than a century.
        Whether or not she's successful, such a leader can't be far off in a state that is one-third Latino, where the majority of children being born are Latino and where Census Bureau projections show Latinos will become California's largest ethnic group by 2014. (When Bahena-Catalan is in her 50s, California's Latino population alone is projected to be equivalent to the population of the entire state in the mid-1980s.)
        Already, Latinos hold more elective offices than ever before: among them, Lt. Gov. Cruz Bustamante and 27 state legislators such as Sen. Liz Figueroa, D- Fremont. The head of the state Democratic Party is Latino - Art Torres. A third of the 18-member U.S. Congressional Hispanic Caucus is from California.
        At the local level, Matt Gonzalez is the first Latino to serve as president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Ron Gonzales is mayor of San Jose. And while former Assembly Speaker Antonio Villaraigosa failed to win the L.A. mayoral race in 2001, he energized the Latino vote, capturing 82 percent of it in a city where slightly less than half of its 3.7 million citizens are Latino.
        Some political observers bet it will still be a while before Latino political potency matches sheer numbers. For all the clichés about how an immigration backlash in the 1990s woke up a "sleeping giant" in California - and despite the fact that Latino voter registration did climb - Latino turnout here actually dipped in last year's elections.
        But others contend that with Latino registration growing daily, the state's next governor could just be a Latino. If not sooner, then later: A Latino governor seems inevitable in California. What changes would that bring to the state? The answers are complex, with opinions as varied as the ingredients in black mole.
        Many believe a Latino governor would mobilize the state's growing Latino electorate around issues of particular importance to Latinos, such as revitalizing public schools and expanding health care. Others contend it's misleading - if not insulting - to assume the Latino electorate can be lumped together, packaged as neatly as a Shakira CD on a Wal-Mart display.
        Others, such as the United Farm Workers' Marc Grossman, former spokesman for Cesar Chavez, believe the consequences of electing the state's first contemporary Latino governor depend more on political outlook than ethnicity. Grossman quotes his old boss: "There's one thing more important than the color of your skin . . . it's what side you're on."
        Bahena-Catalan, the UCLA student and aspiring gubernatorial candidate, says she'll run as a Catholic-but-pro-choice Democrat. Brainy and a bit shy, she was president of her high school Hispanic Club in Napa and deeply involved in the last election in passing Measure L, which allows housing to be built for migrant workers.
        Her mom is her hero. She knew no English before coming here and raised six kids on a housekeeper's salary.  Bahena-Catalan is just one of countless children of Latino immigrants considering politics. Two college students from her hometown of Napa share her dream of becoming the state's first Latino governor.
        Take Cesar Lopez, a 24-year-old at UC Davis. He spent 10 years working in the vineyards, "sweating, bleeding, dehydrating," to help support his family, which immigrated here from Mexico. During the 2000 presidential election, he was a coordinator for the Southwest Voter Education Project.  
        Or Navek Ceja, 21, a charismatic communications major also at UC Davis, eyeing a congressional internship in Washington, D.C. He is well known in the Napa Valley because of his community affairs work. His parents are former migrant workers from Mexico who own a successful winery.
        When Bahena-Catalan, Lopez and Ceja imagine themselves sitting in the governor's office, the No. 1 issue on their minds is education. Like many children of immigrants, they have been raised to believe that is the passport to a better life. All three have worked extraordinarily hard to make it to college.
        Their No. 2 issue is health care: They have seen too many sick migrant workers either with no access to doctors, or too scared to go to a clinic because they are undocumented.
        Their priorities reflect the top two concerns of the state's Latinos, according to Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California. In poll after poll, Baldassare also found that California Latinos, many of them immigrants in lower-income brackets with kids, want a "larger government with more services." These voters are not lone wolves - individualistic seekers like stereotypical Californians - but more like earlier immigrants to America who take into account "government, political party, church and family" when they make decisions.
        How else would an electorate with a majority of Latino voters differ from today's white majority? "Latinos are socially conservative in a state where most white voters are socially liberal, and Latinos are also fiscally liberal in a state where most white voters are fiscally conservative," says Baldassare. Thus, Latino majorities helped create the winning margins when California approved Proposition 39, making it easier to pass school bonds, but also when state voters approved Proposition 22 to ban gay marriages.
        Luis Arteaga of the Latino Issues Forum envisions a Latino governor creating universal health care in the state, responding to the urgency of more than 6 million people uninsured here, at least half of them Latino. Six hundred thousand of California's uninsured children are Latino.
        Two California Latinas made history last year. Reps. Loretta and Linda Sanchez, D-Santa Ana and D-Lakewood (Los Angeles County), are the first sisters serving together in Congress. Linda Sanchez says a governor rooted in the culture of la familia could reorient government. A Latino  governor might, for example, create policies that support working families who take care of both their kids and their elders in one house, or create  more urban parks for big families to hold weekend barbecues.
        "It's very true in the Latino community, we really value family and spend time with them - grandparents don't do their own thing and teens go to the mall," says Linda Sanchez, who is using her post as the only Hispanic on the House Judiciary Committee to try to help reunite families separated by immigration restrictions.
        The immigration and border reforms that Mexican President Vicente Fox pushed for two years ago - such as guest worker visas - have been stalled since Sept. 11. Observers like Hector Preciado of the Greenlining Institute, a think tank that serves low-income and minority communities, believe a Latino governor here could advance such federal issues.
        The odds favor the first contemporary Latino governor being a Democrat. In California, 6 in 10 Latino voters are Democrats. In the state Legislature there are 24 Latino Democrats but only three Latino Republicans.
        The GOP has made small gains, struggling to recover ground lost when leading Republicans backed the anti-illegal immigration initiative Prop. 187 in 1994 and the anti affirmative action Proposition 209 in 1996.
        Witness the surprise win of Republican Bonnie Garcia, who in November captured the 80th Assembly District, which covers Imperial County and east Riverside County. The newly reapportioned district showed Democrats with an 8- to 12-point advantage in registered voters over the GOP. Garcia, who, as housing director for the city of Coachella, led a scrappy and successful effort to provide farm workers safe housing near the Mexican border, beat out a Latino Democrat, Joey Acuna Jr., by a 2-point margin
        President Bush has appointed to his administration California Latinos such as White House liaison Ruben Barrales, Small Business Administration chief Hector Barreto and U.S. Treasurer Rosario Marin, who is strongly rumored to be planning a run next year for Barbara Boxer's U.S. Senate seat.
      Meanwhile, at least 2.2 million Latinos in California are undocumented and can't vote, for now.

        "The White House knows that the Republican Party in California ended up creating a generation of Latino voters that will distrust them," said Arturo Vargas, executive director of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund. "It would be a huge mistake, suicide even, for Republicans to write off the Latino vote in California given the demographics.  "I actually think you're going to see greater ideological diversity within the Latino vote," Vargas said. "The greater your numbers, the less people feel they have to all hang together."

        Even so, when the nation got its first Latino governor in 20 years in November, he was a Democrat - Bill Richardson of New Mexico. 
        Although hardly anyone remembers, California already has had one Latino governor. He was Romualdo Pacheco, a smooth, well-read aristocrat who served for nine months in 1875 (filling out the post of Newton Booth, who went on to the U.S. Senate).
        One hundred and twenty-eight years later, Oralia Bahena-Catalan's thoughts are filled with visions of leading the state as Pacheco once did.  She is away from home at UCLA for the first time. Her mother's sacrifice for her education is held in a phrase she gave to her daughter, who carries it like a talisman: Mi hija, tienes que lucha para que seas mejor que yo . . . "Daughter, you have to struggle to become a better person than me."  When Bahena-Catalan repeats it to herself, which is often, it reminds her that her goal of transforming a state with rotting public schools but gleaming new prisons is worth any struggle ahead.
  

NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

This is a very informative site.  Not only what is happening currently, but included are two great files for doing research. check it out.
Congratulations to Luis and Margaret Cepeda.
Great Job!!       http://www.denverhispanic.com/

BLACK

The City Council voted 10-0 to draft a law requiring every company doing business with the city to report whether it earned profits from slavery.  The proposed law would not require reparations to be made, but supporters said it is an important symbol for descendants of American slaves.  
        "It does us no harm, but in fact it reclaims the history. . .  that has been lost," Councilman Nate Holden, who is black, said before the vote.  The proposed law wouldn't bar companies that made profits from slavery from city contracts.  
        Three years ago, California passed a state law requiring insurance companies to disclose whether they sold policies on slaves.  Since then, eight companies have reported such policies and provided the names of 614 insured slaves.
        Supporter said they hope the law will encourage companies that profited from slaves to voluntarily contribute money to benefit their descendants, such as creating scholarships for black students or providing funds for inner-city communities.

        Allensworth is the only California town to be founded, financed and governed by African Americans.  The small farming community was founded in 1908 by Colonel Allen Allensworth and a group of others dedicated to improving the economic and social status of African Americans.  Uncontrollable circumstances, including a drop in the area's water table, resulted in the town's demise.  With continuing restoration and special events, the town is coming back to life as  a state historic Park.  The park's visitor center features a film about the site.  A yearly rededication ceremony reaffirms the vision of the pioneers.
        Allen Allensworth was born a slave in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1842.  At the age of 12, he was "sold down river" for trying to learn to read and write.  After some trading by slave dealers, he was taken to New Orleans, and bought by a slaveholder to become a jockey.  The Civil War started, and when the Union forces neared Louisville, Allensworth found his chance for freedom.  He joined the Navy and when he was discharged, he had achieved the rank of first class petty officer.  In 1871, he was ordained as  a Baptist minister and entered the Baptist Theological Institute at Nashville.  While serving at the Union Baptist Church in Cincinnati, he learned of the need for African American chaplains in the armed services, and got an appointment as Chaplain of the 24th Infantry.
        He had seen many African Americans move west after the Civil War to escape discrimination.  With four other men with similar vision, Allensowrth decided to establish a place where African Americans could live and thrive without oppression.  On June 30, 1908, they formed the California Colony Home Promoting Association.  They selected an area in Tulare County because it was fertile, there was plenty of water, and the land was available and inexpensive.  They first bought 20 acres, and later, 890 more.  The little town with a big vision grew rapidly for several years  - - to more than 200 inhabitants, by 1914.  That same year Allensworth became a voting precinct and a judicial district.  Colonel Allensworth was killed on September 14, 1914, when hit by a motorcycle, while getting off a streetcar in Monrovia.  After a funeral at the Second Baptist Church in Los Angeles, he was buried with full military honors.
        Since most of the water for Allensworth farming had to come underground from the Sierra Nevada mountains, and there were many other farms and communities between the mountains and Allensworth, the water supply for the town and farms began to dry up.  The next blow was the Great Depression that hit the whole country in the early 1930s, most of the residents were migratory farm workers, and the population was mainly a mixture of Blacks and Hispanics.  Housing deteriorated, as most of the people didn't consider Allensworth their permanent home.  The population had shrunk to 90, in 1972, and later dropped to almost zero.
        A drive began in the early 1970s to save the town of Allensworth.  Allensworth would be an historic monument and public park dedicated to the memory and spirit of Colonel Allensworth as well as a place to note the achievements and contributions of African Americans to the history and development o California.  In 1976, when the town site became a state historic park, restoration began, and plans began for further preservation, restoration, and reconstruction, and for interpretation of the history of Allensworth.

Sent by Nellie Kaniski  http://home.earthlink.net/~nkaniski

SEPHARDIC

Sent by Joyce Basch  joycebasch@juno.com
Source: Marlene C. Smith  MChurgelSmith@aol.com

        A few months ago, the Secretary of State, Colin Powell, gave a posthumous award for "constructive dissent" to Hiram (or Harry) Bingham, IV.  For over fifty years, the State Department resisted any attempt to honor Bingham.  For them he was an insubordinate member of the US diplomatic service, a dangerous maverick who was eventually demoted. Now, after his death, he has been officially recognized as a hero.
        Bingham came from an illustrious family. His father (on whom the fictional  character Indiana Jones was based) was the archeologist who unearthed the Inca city of Machu Picchu, Peru in 1911. Harry entered the US diplomatic service and, in 1939, was posted to Marseilles, France as American
vice-consul.
        The USA was then neutral and, not wishing to annoy Marshal Petain's puppet Vichy regime, President Roosevelt's government ordered its representatives in Marseilles not to grant visas to any Jews. Bingham found this policy immoral and, risking his career, did all in his power to undermine it.
        In defiance of his bosses in Washington, he granted over 2,500 USA visas to Jewish and other refugees, including the artists Marc Chagall and Max Ernst and the family of the writer Thomas Mann. He also sheltered Jews in his Marseilles home, and obtained forged identity papers to help Jews in
their dangerous journeys across Europe. He worked with the French underground to smuggle Jews out of France into Franco's Spain or across the Mediterranean and even contributed to their expenses out of his own pocket.
        In 1941, Washington lost patience with him. He was sent to Argentina, where, later, he continued to annoy his superiors by reporting on the movements of Nazi war criminals. Eventually, he was forced out of the American diplomatic service completely. 
        Bingham died almost penniless in 1988. Little was known of his extraordinary activities until his son found a series of letters in his belongings after his death. He has now been honored by many groups and organizations including the United Nations and the State of Israel.
        Please pass on this fascinating information about a Righteous Gentile who made such a difference in so many lives.

TEXAS 

Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas

Presents

Texian Songs, Hymns and Poetry

Colonial Times pre-1836 | Patriotic and Rally | The Lone Star Republic
The Alamo |  Goliad and San Jacinto | Memorials & Tribute

Thrusday/Jueves * July/Julio 10, 2003
Third Anual Trail Ride (Cabalgata): To Commemorate The Arrival of Marin's
Founder "Captain, Jose Martinez Flores" in 1684.
Date: The Trail Ride will depart from the City Hall on Thrusday July 10, 2003,
at 4 PM, and will end later that evening at the same place.

For more information visit Las Familias de Marin Web Site
http://www.geocities.com/jofogo/                             Sent by George Gause ggause@panam.edu

To all, We just returned from the "St Peter and the Vatican" Exhibition in Houston - a once in a lifetime to see so much church beauty outside Europe. Never thought I would see the Mandylion of Edessa but there it was not two feet from me,

Two other exhibit items may be of interest to you. A replica of the Cup of Valencia (Holy Grail) A statue of an angel holding the Sudarium. We spent three hours viewing the exhibit - not nearly enough time to give everything a good look.  Thank goodness for the loan of wheel chair. The magnificence in each and every item was captivating. Numerous presence of relics in reliquaries was unexpected - St Gregory the Great was the most beautiful.  

Best wishes and Peace of the Lord, Roquey and Anna
See following URL for full Exhibit info http://vatican.hmns.org/release.html

First Settlers of Villa de Bejar in 1718

Our City of San Antonio was officially established on May 5, 1718 when the exploratory expedition of the Spanish Governor Don Martin de Alarcon took possession of this area and officially named it the “Villa de Bejar”.  During this same expedition, the Mission of San Antonio de Valero ( Alamo ) was formally established on the banks of the San Pedro Creek .  Alarcon’s expedition started out on April 9, 1718 from the Presidio de San Juan Bautista del Rio Grande (on the Mexico side of the Rio Grande about 20 miles south of present day Eagle Pass, Texas).  Shown below are excerpts from the expedition diary:  

“Today, April 9^th of the year 1718, the expedition of General Don Martin de Alarcon, Knight of the Order of Santiago , Governor and Lieutenant Captain-General of the Provinces of Coahuila of the New Kingdom of the Philippines of the Province of the Tejas, crossed the Rio Grande del Norte (into Texas ).  It (the expedition) consisted of 72 persons, including the muleteers and seven families.  The cattle, sheep, chickens, six droves of mules laden with clothing and provisions, five hundred and forty eight horses were also crossed from the other side of the aforesaid river on this day.  

On the 13^th day (of April), the camp did not leave this spot because it was raining early in the morning.  On this day, an Indian of the Pacuaxin nation who was roaming near the camp hunting for game for food, was brought in and after the Governor had spoken to him, he (the Governor) made him gifts and ordered him to take an Indian guide and a soldier to his settlement so that some Indians of his nation could return with them for he wanted to give them presents.  

On the 25^th day of April, the camp left for the San Antonio River which is about six leagues distant.  The road is mountainous to the canyon which they call ‘de Leon’.  In this place of San Antonio there is a spring of water ( San Pedro Springs ) which is about three-fourths of a league from the principal river ( San Antonio River ).  In this locality it is easy to secure water.  At the upper end of said spring (present day San Pedro Park), is a thick wood of trees such as elms, poplars, hackberries, oaks, and many mulberries and brambleberries and the rest of the ground is covered with grapevines from the ground up.  It began to rain again.  

On the 5^th of May, the Governor, in the name of his Majesty, took possession of this place establishing himself in it and fixing the royal standard with the requisite solemnity, the Father Chaplain having previously celebrated mass and it was given the name of Villa de Bejar.  This site is henceforth destined for the civil settlement and the soldiers who are to guard it as well as for the site of the Mission of San Antonio de Valero, established by the said Governor about three-fourths of a league down the creek”. (1)

The significance of this expedition to us is that our direct ancestor, “Francisco Hernandez was the Alferez (Lieutenant) on this expedition.  He was the number three person in command following the Governor Martin de Alarcon and the Captain Santiago Ximenes.  Francisco Hernandez was one of the soldiers who also brought his family with him on this expedition.” (2)  Hernandez did not accompany the expedition when it returned to the Presidio de San Juan Bautista.  He and his family were left at the Villa de Bejar whereupon he received new military orders assigning him to the Presidio de Bejar, which had just recently been established in 1716 by Captain Diego Ramon.    

“Francisco Hernandez had been to San Antonio earlier as a young soldier with the 1707 expedition of Sargeant Diego Ramon, Cabo of the Flying Squadron at the Presidio de San Juan Bautista.  This expedition was sent to punish the “Rancheria Grande” Indians for their disturbances and attacks of  the east Texas Spanish missions” (3)  These missions had been established in east Texas so as to create a physical presence for Spain close to the Sabine River.  The French, who had settlements just on the other side of the river in present day Louisiana,  were interested in crossing over into Texas to trade with the Texas Indians. 

Once Hernandez was assigned to the Presidio de Bejar in 1718, he and his family continued to live in San Antonio until his death on October 4, 1751 .   Francisco Hernandez was married to Ana Garcia and they had eleven children.  One of his daughters, Ana Maria Hernandez married Cayetano Guerrero in the chapel of the Mission de San Antonio de Valero ( Alamo ) on April 15, 1731 .  One of their sons, Matias Antonio Guerrero married Luisa Catarina Angulo on April 8, 1746 (most probably in the Mission Valero chapel as San Fernando Cathedral had not yet been built).  Their daughter, Maria Luisa Guerrero then married Salvador Rodrigues, a grandson of one of the original Canary Island immigrant families from 1731.  His grandparents were Salvador Rodriguez and his wife Maria Perez Cabrera; both from the island of Lanzarote . 

Salvador Rodrigues and Maria Luisa Guerrero had a daughter, Maria Josefa Rodriguez who was born in 1790 in San Antonio and who died Nov. 21, 1815 and is buried at Mission Espada in San Antonio .  She married a Jose Felix Estrada and from their marriage they had a daughter, Maria de Loreta Estrada, born in San Antonio on Sept. 8, 1811 .  She married Jose Remigio Casanova on April 19, 1841 at San Fernando Church (not a Cathedral until 1874).  From this marriage on May 13, 1842 in Elmendorf , Texas (just south of San Antonio ), was born Jose Felix Casanova.  He married Leonides Trebino on Sept., 1, 1875 in San Antonio .  He died on August 19, 1917 and she died on January 16, 1928 ; they are buried together in one of the City Cemeteries located in the immediate east side of downtown San Antonio .   Felix and Leonides Casanova had nine children; Jesusa (Susie), Felix, Loretta, Remigio, Mariano, Sophia, Anita, Miguel and Gregorio. 

Mariano, our grandfather, was born Oct. 10, 1886 in Elmendorf , Texas and on Nov. 13, 1910 , he married Virginia C. Charles.  Virginia’s mother was Maria Anastacia Virginia Chavez, born May 2, 1848 in San Antonio, Texas and who was married twice; first to one of Texas’s more famous folk heroes,  Judge Roy Bean and secondly to Manuel Charles from San Buenaventura, Coahuila.   The marriage of Mariano Casanova and Virginia C. Charles produced  nine children; Mariano Jr., Virginia,  Rudy, Frank, Gilbert, Ruben, Estella, Gloria and David.

 Our family has inherited the legacy of being descendants of one of the very first settlers (Francisco Hernandez) of our City of San Antonio .  In subsequent generations, each of our ancestors had a difficult and trying life.  Living and soldiering in San Antonio in the 1700s’ during the period of aggressive Comanche and Apache reparations; living in San Antonio and actively participating in the 1800s’ during the period of Mexico’s fight for independence from Spain, Texas’s fight for Independence from Mexico and then Texas’s fight during the Civil War.  We have much to be proud of and there is still much to learn about our ancestors. 

While it is clear that our ancestors were of the original 16 Canary Island families, we are also proud to claim as our ancestors, those soldiers/civilians who came to San Antonio before 1731 to claim this area as their home.   We will continue to search thru the archival records of Texas to learn more about our family history.  We will do everything possible to instill a sense of pride in our descendants so that they can appreciate all that our Hispanic ancestors have done for us and for our wonderful State of Texas .

Sylvia Jean Garcia
210-695-9825 
14932 Seven L Trail
Helotes , TX   78023

 Footnotes:

(1)   “The Fray Francisco de Celez Diary 1718-1719: The Martin de Alarcon Expedition into Texas and Establishment of Mission San Antonio de Valero”

(2)   Dominguez, Maria Ester: “ San Antonio , Tejas en la Epoca Colonial (1718-1821) Texas ”: Ediciones de Cultura Hispanica, Madrid , 1989.

(3)   Chabot, Frederick C.:  “With the Makers of San Antonio ”: Texas , Artes Graficas, San Antonio , Texas , April 1937.  

Mimi, this Power of Attorney was issued to my Great grandfather (X9), Captain Jose de Urrutia.  I would like to share it with your readers.  It list the soldiers based at the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar.  John D. Inclan  fromgalveston@yahoo.com

                 Power of Attorney by Soldiers at the Presidio de San Antonio de Bexar

                                              Dated  25 September 1735

This document authorized their commanding officer, Captain Joseph de Urrutia , or Dõn Juan de Angulo, a merchant in Mexico City, to collect their annual salaries and apply 12,000 pesos of this on Urrutia’s taxes. Urrutia was then to reimburse the soldiers with merchandise in San Antonio. Excellent census of the military in Bexar at time.

                                                   Power of Attorney

In the royal presidio of San Antonio de Bexar, jurisdiction of these provinces of Texas, kingdom of the New Philippines, on the 25th day of the month of September , 1735, before me, Dõn Manuel de Sandoval, captain of Spanish infantry, governor and captain general of these said provinces of Texas, their presidios, conversions, and frontiers, commandant of the governors of Coahuila and Pensacola and of the witnesses with whom I am acting as a Juez Receptor in the absence of a royal notary or notary public, since the notary of this jurisdiction is in prison and there is no other as prescribed by law, there appeared, in person, Lieutenant Dõn Matheo Perez; Ensign Dõn Juan Galvan; Sergeant Ascencio del Razo; and Privates Juan Cortinas; Joseph Miguel de Sosa; Marcelino Martinez; Andres Hernandez; Manuel de Carvajal; Nicolas de Caravajal; Xivier Perez; Joseph Antonio Flores; Marcos Rodriguez; Joseph Maldonado; Juan Antonio de Luna; Antonio Guerra; Bacilio del Toro; Joseph Quinones; Nicolas Quinones; Sebastian Rincon; Pedro del Toro; Joseph Montes; Jacobo Hernandez; Diego Hernandez; Dõn Pedro de Ocon y Trillo; Francisco Flores; Lorenzo de Castro; Miguel de Castro; Matin Flores; Bacilio Jimenez; Mathias de la Zerda; Joseph Martinez; Joaquin de Urrutia; Pedro de Urrutia; Andres Garcia; Joseph de Sosa; Geronimo de la Garza; Joaquin Flores; Miguel Guerra; Francisco de la Pena; and Jose Cisneros, all officers and enlisted men of this royal presidio, all of whom I certify I know, and they said that they unanimously, by common consent, together and individually, as a group, do hereby grant by these present such power as may be necessary and required by law, to their captain, Dõn Joseph de Urrutia, in the first place, and, in the second place, to Dõn Juan de Angulo, a resident and ware-house keeper in Mexico City, as paymaster for the said officers and men so that in their name and representing their persons, rights, and acts, they may, during the present year of 1735, appear, and they shall appear, each one for himself and for all the others, before the Most Illustrious and the Most Excellent Archbishop and Viceroy of this New Spain and for the necessary warrants for collecting their salaries of 380 pesos which His Majesty has assigned to each of the forty signers, plus 65 pesos for the Lieutenant, Ensign, and Sergeant, all of which amounts to 15,265 pesos, and 240 pounds of power, representing the six pounds which his Majesty likewise gives to each of the said signers every year, all of which is to be issued by Royal Treasury in Mexico City, where the official royal judges, in view of the said warrant from the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Archbishop and Viceroy, will deliver, in cash to satisfy the aforementioned signers, and in their name, to the aforementioned paymasters and agents, Dõn Joseph de Urrutia and Dõn Juan de Angulo to whoever may represent them. 

The said sum and the quantity of powder, and they now and forevermore will consider themselves satisfied with such amounts as the said agents may receive. Furthermore, they state that they may issue such receipts and quittances as may be necessary to collect the same, plus affidavits that they have received same or the renunciation of laws connected therewith. They shall present before his Excellency the necessary memorials and other documents as may be necessary for that purpose. They hereby grant and give unto the said Dõn Joseph de Urrutia and Dõn Juan de Angulo the present power-of-attorney with full authority and power to appoint one, two, three, or more substitutes, and the latter may appoint as many more as may be necessary, without any restriction whatever, for they de hereby authorize and empower each and every one of them to institute legal proceeding and swear to oaths whenever necessary, on the condition that the said agents shall pay and deliver the amount or value of the salaries to which the undersigned are or shall be entitled from the Royal Treasure, to Dõn Joseph de los Rios, royal tax collector, the amount of 12,000 pesos, which, by order of the present governor of this province of Texas, is to be charged against the Royal Treasury and delivered to them in merchandise through their said captain and agents, Dõn Joseph de Urrutia in exchange for equal amount, as principal and cost, which the aforesaid captain owes as royal taxes to His Majesty, which said sum the undersigned acknowledge as having received. In view of the above, and since the aforesaid sum of 12,000 pesos is due the Royal Treasury before any sum or sums which the said undersigned or afore-mentioned agents may owe. 

In case the afore-said sum should not be paid by their agents Dõn Joseph de Urrutia and Dõn Juan de Agulo, the undersigned do hereby annul and cancel the power which they give and confer upon their said agents, and they transfer and change the same with full authority, as stated herein, to Dõn Joseph Luis de los Rios, or to such agent as may be appointed  by him as his lawful representative so that he, as royal collector, may deliver and pay to the Royal Treasury the sum of the salaries due  the said undersigned for the present year, in the amount of twelve thousand pesos, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged. Whatever is left, up to the total amount due the said soldiers for their said salaries, shall be placed at the disposal of the undersigned. For the execution of the above they have bound their persons and present and future assets, and they hereby authorize the justices and judges of His Majesty to whom there presents shall come to make them observe and fulfill same to the full force and extent of the law as though it were a sentence pronounced, passed, and agreed to in a case which had been tried in court by a competent judge. They ask and begged me to interpose my royal and judicial authority, and I, the said governor, in the name of His Majesty, do hereby interpose same insofar as I can and should according to law. Done before me and the attendant witnesses with whom I am acting according to law as stated above, and those who knew how to write their names signed same with me, and for those who could not write their one of the following witnesses signed for them,: Dõn Fermin de Ibiricu, Dõn Ignacio Gonzalez de Inclán, and Alberto Lopez, who were present and all of whom reside in this said presidio. This has been placed on common paper because there is no stamped paper as provided by law. I certify.

 (The signatures of the following appear: Dõn Manuel de Sandoval, the governor; his official witness, Joseph Antonio Bueno de Roxas and Domingo de Oyez; Mateo Perez; Juan Galvan; Juan Cortinas; Marcelino Martinez; Martin Flores y Valdez; Basilio Jimenez; Joaquin de Urrutia; Miguel Guerra; Pedro del Toro; and Pedro de Ocon y Trillo. Fermin de Ibiricu and Ignacio Gonzalez de Inclán signed for the others who did not know how to write).

From the Bexar Archive Translations, Vol. 7, pp 123-133. Bexar County Courthouse Archives. (Translations also in UT Baker Library at Austin, Texas).

        On behalf of Gloria and myself, we thank you for your continued support of HOGAR, its goals, and especially its Annual Journal. Again, we need your help and are asking for your contributions to continue publishing a quality journal that includes your genealogical family trees, stories, queries, articles, and extracts. Submissions in English or Spanish are acceptable. Our goal this year is for the journal to have a minimum of 250 quality pages of data relating to genealogy.
        We are aware of the many hours you have spent in your research efforts and greatly appreciate any information contributed for publication in the journal. We plan to have the journal completed no later than the first part of August so we can send the journal to the members as they renew their membership in August, and have it ready for this year's convention in San Antonio in September.  
        Based on the feedback we have received, the information published in HOGAR de Dallas journals has helped many of our 'primos' and friends in their genealogy research. We know that your efforts and contributions are always helpful and appreciated.
        Once again, Gloria Benavides is our journal chairperson. If you would like to contribute to this year's HOGAR de Dallas journal (you don't have to be a member to contribute), you can contact Gloria at jgbenavide@aol.com  to make arrangements for transmitting your information.  Thanks for any articles contributed to any previous journals and we look forward to publishing more of your genealogy information in the 2003 HOGAR de Dallas journal.  

Cariñosomente,  Jerry Benavides

Predominantly Spanish language, this website covers a wide range of concerns, especially of the 
El Paso, Juarez area.  http://www.serempresario.com/

This article by Roberto Camp is in English. . .  · Borderland Issues
http://www.serempresario.com/muestra.php?id=44

Hidalgo County, Texas
Courthouse Map Inventory
Sent by George Gause ggause@panam.edu

1. Map 9. Hidalgo County, Texas. Made & for sale by J. R. Beard. 1523 Highway, McAllen, Texas. Scale: 1 inch = 6000 feet. Copyright 1956.
2. Map 9. Hidalgo County, Texas. East 1/3. Made & for sale by J. R. Beard. 1523 Highway, McAllen, Texas. Scale: 1 inch = 2000 feet. Copyright 1956.
3. Map 61. Hidalgo, Hidalgo County, Texas. Scale: 1" = 300’. Copyright 1959. Made & For Sale by J. R. Beard, McAllen, Texas. Drafting: Rafael de la Garza.
4. Hidalgo County, Texas. Maps (other / miscellaneous – all 27 maps related to one another as a set / some sections missing).

a. Section 2 W1-C3

b. Section 3 E1-C3. Brooks County Line

1. Section 4 W1-E3. Brooks County Line
2. Section 8 W2-C3. Santa Anita
3. Section 7 E2-C3. San Manuel / Linn
4. Section 6 W2-E3. Kenedy County Line
5. Section 5 E2-E3. La Tordilla
6. Section 10 W3-W3. Starr County Line
7. Section 11 E3-W3. McCook
8. Section 12 W3-C3. Monte Cristo Area
9. Section 13 E3-C3. North 281
10. Section 14 W3-E3. Hargil
11. Section 15 E3-E3. Delta Lake Area
12. Section 21 W4-W3. Starr County Line
13. Section 20 E4-W3. Monte Cristo, Citrus City
14. Section 19 W4-C3. Alton Area
15. Section 18 E4-C3
16. Section 17 W4-E3. La Blanca, San Carlos
17. Section 16 E4-E3. Monte Alto, La Villa, Edcouch, Elsa
18. Section 22 W5-W3. Peñitas, Havana, Los Ebanos 1956
19. Section 25 E5-C3. Edinburg, Pharr, San Juan, Alamo
20. Section 26 W5-E3. Donna North
21. Section 27 E5-E3. North of Mercedes
22. Section 31 W6-C3. Hidalgo / Granjeno 1956
23. Section 30 E6-C3. South Donna
24. Section 29 W6-E3. South Donna
25. Section 28 E6-E3. Progresso 1956

FILE NAME: HCC Map Inventory 5 February 2003

This is a listing of copies of South Texas area archival maps, some in color, which are held by The University of Texas-Pan American Library, Special Collections. These maps cover the general geographic area from Laredo to Corpus Christi south to Brownsville, Texas and show original land grants for this geographic area. Copies of these maps were obtained from the Texas General Land Office in Austin. Funding for their purchase was obtained from the John H. Shary Endowment.

The Texas General Land Office Map Collection consists of more than 50,0000 maps, sketches, and documents. The foundation of the TGLO archival collection are maps of Texas’ 254 counties, all showing the original land grants in each county.

The University of Texas-Pan American Library, Special Collections does NOT hold all maps for the geographic area covered but does maintain a representative sampling for each county.

A complete listing of all maps held by the TGLO for all Texas counties may be found at: http://wwwdb.glo.state.tx.us/central/arcmaps/ArcMapsLookup.cfm?Customer=40753141-03080

Texas General Land Office maps held by The University of Texas-Pan American Library, Special Collections (ALL maps held by the TGLO for each of these counties are NOT owned):

BROOKS COUNTY, TEXAS
1912 Color print 32 x 42.5 Retired tracing (also includes Jim Hogg, 1913) [TGLO 4894]
1955 Blue line 40 x 31 [TGLO Current]

CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 46 x 23 [TGLO 4751]
1880 Color print 49 x 25.5 newly-conserved [TGLO 4786]
1884 Color print 35 x 54 By J. J. Cocke, N2-2-114 TGLO 3141]
1895 Color print 48 x 27.5 Retired tracing [TGLO 4901]
1913 Color print 29.5 x 33 Retired tracing [TGLO 4902]
1976 Blue line 30 x 38 [TGLO Current]

DUVAL COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 26.5 x 29.75 [TGLO 3497]
1875 Color print 31 x 21 [TGLO 3496]
1876 Color print 29.25 x 21 [TGLO 3498]
1880 Color print 30 x 20.5 [TGLO 5030]
1890 Color print 68.5 x 42.5 Retired tracing [TGLO 4936]
1905 Color print 41 x 47 Retired tracing [TGLO 66807]
1934 Blue line 46 x 28 [TGLO Current]

ENCINAL COUNTY, TEXAS [NOTE: Today part of Webb County, Texas]
1872 Color print 30 x 20 [TGLO 3513]
1872 ca. Color print 28 x 22 No date, appears unfinished [TGLO 3517]
1878 Color print 32 x 22 [TGLO 3514]
1886 Color print 32 x 22 [TGLO 3515]
1886 ca. Color print 32 x 22 No date [TGLO 3518]
1895 Color print 34 x 23 [TGLO 3516]

HIDALGO COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 45.5 x 24 [TGLO 3668]
1880 Color print 43 x 24 [TGLO 3667]
1896 Color print 43 x 24.5 [TGLO 4684]
1911 Color print 42 x 28.5 Tracing [TGLO 66863]
1977 Blue line 44 x 33 [TGLO Current]

JIM HOGG COUNTY, TEXAS
1962 Blue line 39 x 27 [TGLO Current]

JIM WELLS COUNTY, TEXAS
1913 Color print 43 x 20 Retired tracing [TGLO 66886]
1966 Blue line 40 x 28 [TGLO Current]

KENEDY COUNTY, TEXAS
1913 Color print 40.5 x 31.5 Formerly Willacy Co., available from tracing [TGLO 66888]
1978 Blue line 45 x 34 [TGLO Current]

KLEBERG COUNTY, TEXAS
1912 Blue line 24 x 30 [TGLO Current]

NUECES COUNTY, TEXAS
1859 Color print 37 x 38 Von Blucher, Newly conserved [TGLO 4677]
1863 Color print 26.5 x 35.25 [TGLO 4608]
1863 Color print 24 x 35 [TGLO 3918]
1875 Color print 23 x 26 [TGLO 3919]
1877 Color print 33.25 x 38.5 Retired tracing [TGLO 5023]
1879 Color print 28 x 39 [TGLO 590]
1879 Color print 28 x 37 [TGLO 3921]
1884 Color print 35 x 35 Retired tracing [TGLO 66955]
1891 Color print 34 x 39 Retired tracing [TGLO 66956]
1896 Color print 30 x 37 [TGLO 3922]
1913 Blue line 23 x 32 [TGLO Current]

STARR COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 47 x 32 [TGLO 4045]
No date, early Color print 23.75 x 46 Formerly Sketch File 14 [TGLO 4626]
1880 Color print 46 x 25 [TGLO 4044]
1896 Color print [TGLO 4050]
1911 Color print 24.5 x 22 Non Texas General Land Office blue print [TGLO 4048]
1913 Color print 40 x 51 Retired, available from tracing [TGLO 63043]
1935 Color print 41 x 53 17.5 x 26 Non-Texas General Land Office Litho [TGLO 4047]
1977 Blue line 41 x 53 [TGLO Current]

WEBB COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 37 x 25.75 [TGLO 4129]
1878 Color print 35.5 x 24.25 [TGLO 4130]
1879 Color print 33 x 23.5 Tracing [TGLO 4131]
1888 Color print 38.2 x 26.2 Thought to be by O’Henry [TGLO 4128]
1895 Color print 34.25 x 25.75 [TGLO 4132]
1901 Color print 39 x 46 Tracing [TGLO 63113
1908 Color print 39 x 46.5 Tracing [TGLO 63114]
1933 Color print 43.5 x 59.5 Tracing [TGLO 63116]
1984 / 1986 Blue line [TGLO Current - in three parts]
Northeast part 1986 36 x 49
Northwest part 1984 42 x 50
South part 1984 42 x 61

WILLACY COUNTY, TEXAS
See also Kenedy County, Texas
1921 Blue line 23 x 31 [TGLO Current]

ZAPATA COUNTY, TEXAS
1863 Color print 32.75 x 26.75 [TGLO 4175]
1879 Color print 25.25 x 25.2 [TGLO 4176]
1880 Color print 26.5 x 25.2 [TGLO 4177]
1883 Color print 18.8 x 20.2 Partial, formerly Sketch File 15 [TGLO 4178]
1901 Color print 52.5 x 37 Tracing [TGLO 63143]
1935 Blue line 54 x 40 [TGLO Current]
FILE NAME: TGLO Porciones Maps 23 April 2003 (revised)

EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI

The Heart of Spain in Louisiana  http://www.heartofspain.pivod.com/
Sent by Bill Carmena  JCarm1724@aol.com

Once -- and only once -- will the world have an opportunity to see these priceless creations in one place, for when our exhibition ends, Spain’s finest religious artworks will disperse to the many monasteries, convents, palaces and museums from whence they came.

The Heart of Spain allows us to behold a thousand years of Spanish artistic genius in a single, historic event. So come to the heart of Louisiana for a few days to celebrate our Spanish beginnings, and to experience The Heart of Spain. These paintings, tapestries, sculptures, jewelry, and ancient symbols of faith will touch your heart and, perhaps, change your very soul.

http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/maps/louisiana/
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/maps/louisiana/citymap/galvez1778.jpg

Fourteen Louisiana State Maps, starting in 1752 to 1862
Louisiana Parish Maps
Thirteen Louisiana City Maps, primarily New Orleans starting in 1731.
Also a Galvez 1778 map showing the lay-out of the city.
Nineteen Louisiana Civil War Maps             Sent by Joan de Soto

EAST COAST

Living la vida: Latinos strive to preserve traditions while adapting to America  
Boston Herald - May 4, 2003 http://www.hispaniconline.com/pop/free-sub.html

       Gerardo Villacres lives a double life. Although he has resided in the United States for nearly 40 years, the Ecuador native remains tied to his roots.  ``I call myself a healthy schizophrenic,'' said Villacres, executive director of the Hispanic-American Chamber of Commerce in Boston. ``The acculturation process often involves a tremendous amount of inner struggle. I went through 25 years of not knowing how to behave.''  Villacres is one of about 500,000 Hispanics in Massachusetts - the fastest growing minority nationwide - striving to hold onto some of the traditions of their native lands while adapting to U.S. customs.
        Despite their growing influence on American music, food, television and movies, Latinos are at risk of relinquishing their heritage, said Villacres, who now mostly goes by ``Jerry.''
       ``Every immigrant goes through a journey that involves shock and depression and nostalgia and, ultimately, acculturation and settlement,'' said Ilan Stavans, the Lewis-Sebring professor of Latino and Latin-American culture at Amherst College and author of ``The Hispanic Condition: Reflections on Culture and Identity in America.'' ``You undergo an odyssey of self-discovery and renewal.''
        For Zaida Ismatul, a Guatemala native who immigrated to the United States when she was 9, becoming ``American'' meant embracing English, independence and privacy. ``It wasn't until I was fully able to speak English in the eighth grade that I really felt I was becoming `Americanized,' '' said Ismatul, youth coordinator at Sociedad Latina in Mission Hill. ``I wanted my diary. I wanted my own room. I wanted to hang out with my friends. In Guatemala, females aren't supposed to step outside the house.''
       Although most Latinos find ways to intermingle both cultures, some find the transition too traumatic. ``A lot of new young arrivals have a lot of angst,'' said Villacres. ``In order to deal with their lack of identity, some drop out of school.''  Ismatul said she also has encountered many Latino youths who choose to ignore their roots.
       ``I knew one young man who was born here and speaks English,'' he said. ``When others in his family speak to him in Spanish, he doesn't understand and they get insulted.'' Most of the older generation also denounces ``Spanglish'' - the mixing of English and Spanish words - as linguistic pollution, Stavans said. But Latino youths are embracing it as a statement of who they are. ``I think there's a `Latinization' as much as we're becoming `Americanized,' '' said Villacres. `

`I hope we can give and take positive things.'' 

Extract: Firm relies on foreigners for its work force
By Pamela Stallsmith  Virginia Times-Dispatch May 11, 2003

        When Pedro Zapuche returns from Virginia to his hometown in Mexico , he sees the results of his labor.  His mother now owns a telephone. He rebuilt his parents' house. Last year, he threw them a surprise 50th anniversary party.  
        Zapuche is one of 99 foreign workers employed this year by James River Grounds Management Inc., a landscaping company based in Hanover County that maintains grounds for corporate campuses, hospitals, businesses and subdivisions across central Virginia.  
        The workers - most of them Mexican, though some are from South Africa - come to the United States under the federal H-2B guest-worker program. James River relies on its foreign workers for a steady work force.  
        "There are a lot of myths that these guys are replacing American workers," said Maria P. Candler, vice president for operations, but it's difficult to recruit local workers. "People should appreciate the fact that these guys have made the sacrifices that they have."  
        The company is sponsoring Zapuche for permanent labor certification, which could lead to citizenship. Zapuche, 31, followed a long path across the border. For six years, he worked near the border, assembling light strips. Then a friend told him about the H-2B program and how he could work legally in the United States .  
        Coming through a government-sponsored program is more cost-effective. If people cross the border illegally to seek work in this country, Zapuche explained, they have to stay at least three years to make it profitable. Coyotes - the human smugglers who breach the border - charge up to $2,000, money the would-be workers often borrow at high interest rates. It's also extremely dangerous, with untold numbers dying each year in their attempts to cross, according to federal officials. For those coming from even farther south, such as El Salvador or Guatemela, the cost can approach $6,000.  
        Coming north to work through the program "is a good opportunity," Zapuche said. "At least we have the right Social Security number, we have checking accounts with banks, we can get driver's licenses if we want." 
        A few miles up U.S. 1, LanCrafters began hiring workers through the H-2B program three years ago, with little turnover among the workers. "This program has been a godsend for us," said Debbie Tatum, LanCrafters' landscape division manager. "The only bad part is the guys have to go home for two months." 
        Companies here (U.S.)  don't want to pay high salaries to American workers, said Venancio Elizalde-Luna of Tlaxcala, a construction worker in Mexico said, so they recruit Hispanics who will work hard for less pay. The wages, though, are still much greater than in Mexico.
         But it comes at the expense of their loved ones, whom they must leave behind for 10 months. Some of the workers traveled up to 2,500 miles for the chance to work legally in Virginia , where they want to clock as many hours as possible. Most are married with children. Sometimes momentous events occur while they're gone, such as the birth of a child. Most of the men are from the neighboring Mexican states of Puebla and Tlaxcala, about two hours east of Mexico City .         Nearly all are related, either brothers, cousins or in-laws. "We want a lot more time to work for the sacrifice that we make for our families, because that's why we come here, to help our families," said Jose Curpentino Luna-Vazquez of Tlaxcala. "The worst part is when there is a problem back home, and you're up here."  
Contact Pamela Stallsmith at (804) 649-6746 or pstallsmith@timesdispatch.com  
Times-Dispatch staff writer Juan Antonio Lizama provided translation for this report.  
Article URL: http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/vametro/MGBLRHXDKFD.htm

MEXICO

"Offutt is well known as a social historian of the colonial North, and a number of colonial and social historians have been awaiting the publication of her study of Saltillo. . . . This is a fine, fully rendered study of a city's business sphere and is both distinctive and complementary as a monograph on a non-mining city of regional importance in the distant North." —John E. Kicza, author of Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City

At the end of the eighteenth century, the community of Saltillo in northeastern Mexico was a thriving hub of commerce. Over the previous hundred years its population had doubled to 11,000, and the town was no longer limited to a peripheral role in the country's economy. Leslie Offutt examines the social and economic history of this major late-colonial trading center to cast new light on our understanding of Mexico's regional history.
        Drawing on a vast amount of original research, Offutt contends that northern Mexico in general has too often been misportrayed as a backwater frontier region, and she shows how Saltillo assumed a significance that set it apart from other towns in the northern reaches of New Spain. Saltillo was home to a richly textured society that stands in sharp contrast to images portrayed in earlier scholarship, and Offutt examines two of its most important socioeconomic groups—merchants and landowners—to reveal the complexity and vitality of the region's agriculture, ranching, and trade.
        By delineating the business transactions, social links, and political interaction between these groups, she shows how leading merchants came to dominate the larger society and helped establish the centrality of the town. She also examines the local political sphere and the social basis of office holding—in which merchants generally held higher-status posts—and shows that, unlike other areas of late colonial Mexico, Saltillo witnessed little conflict between creoles and peninsulars.        
        The growing significance of this town and region exemplifies the increasing complexity of Mexico's social, economic, and political landscape in the late colonial era, and it anticipates the phenomenon of regionalism that has characterized the nation since Independence. Offutt's study reassesses traditional assumptions regarding the social and economic marginality of this trading center, and it offers scholars of Mexican and borderlands studies alike a new way of looking at this important region.

Read the Introductory Chapter

Consult the appendixes

See other books in Latin American Studies

El Colonel Juan Dozal 
by Elisa Lujan Perez     
5-21-2003

        As any well- seasoned genealogy researcher can attest, this hobby is an addiction that is fun, and is full of rewards but ---It can also be lonely at times. I say this because oft times all we manage to elicit is a blank look that says "so?" when we announce that we have finally found Tia Jacinta’s grandfather! Nonetheless the tenacious detective, goes on to become well of information as he/ she pursues clues, tips and the history of the area of interest. The path then becomes strewn with bits and pieces that become stored data. The following is a personal account of such an incident.
        One day my sister brought some photos for me to look over. They were pictures of her mother- in law’s ancestors. To my surprise the lady whose maiden name was Madrid had had a grandfather whose name was Frank Hazard Gaskey. Gaskey it turned out had been an Indian fighter...But that’s another story.
        What sparked my curiosity was a picture that fell out of the bunch. It was a man in uniform who looked like a movie star! The man was gorgeous in his beautiful uniform. He had inscribed the photo "Para la nina Maria Luisa" (my sister’s mother -in- law). He signed it " El Colonel Juan Dozal". Asked what Dozal was doing at her home in New Mexico, Maria said that "El Colonel" was courting her beautiful aunt.
        One day I was perusing through the pages of a Mexico encyclopedia when I ran into a photo of Pancho Villa "y sus Dorados". No Names---One of the men bore a strong resemblance to the handsome Colonel Juan Dozal.
        Months later it occurred to me that I might find some information in a little book entitled TORIBIO ORTEGA Y LA BRIGADA GONZALESORTEGA. I had purchased the book because it made brief mention of my grandfather. I leafed through the pages and there on page 63 I found this: 

When Francisco Villa crossed the Rio Grande back into Mexico, one of the men who accompanied him was Juan Dozal --second in command!

        Villa’s diary mentions him having a growing distrust of Dozal toward the end of their relationship. On one occasion Dozal had to return to the interior to secure more weapons. He asked Villa to let him take his brother along. Villa refused because, "If you take your brother I cannot trust you to come back". When a similar situation came up again Villa did allow Dozal take his brother. Dozal did not return.
        Dozal was assassinated in Mazatlan in June of 1915 for failing to support Carranza.

                                               Am I getting any blank looks?

        Catholicism in Mexico was listed as the religion of 99.36% of the respondents in the 1900 Mexican census.  In absolute terms, 13,519,668 persons professed to be Catholics.  Another 51,796 persons claimed to be Protestant, while Buddhists were represented by only 2,062 persons.  Only 134 people listed in the 1900 census classified themselves as Jewish. It is noteworthy that 18,635 persons claimed to have no religion, and another 12,563 ignored the census question.
        In the 1900 census, twenty-three Mexican states boasted populations of 99% or more Catholics.  This time, three states spread across different parts of Mexico held the largest percentage of Catholics:  Chiapas (99.94%), Colima (99.91%) and Querétaro (99.90%), while Chihuahua had the smallest percentage of Catholics: 96.04%.  In the 1900 census, Protestants made up a mere 0.39% of the total population of the Mexican Republic.
        By the time of the 1930 census, the Cristero Rebellion had ended and Mexican Catholicism - while greatly reduced in economic power and influence - was still the religious creed of 16,179,667 individuals, who made up 97.7% of the Mexican population.  The population of the Protestants, by now, had increased significantly, amounting to 130,322 individuals, equivalent to about 0.7% of the Mexican population.  The number of Buddhists had increased to 6,743, and the number of Jewish believers reached 9,072 persons.
        In the 1930 census, Querétaro had the largest percentage of Catholics (99.54%), followed by Guanajuato (99.25%) and Oaxaca (99.24%).   The greatest absolute number of Protestants for this census could be found in the Federal District, where they numbered 16,895 souls (or 1.37% of the population).  However, the southern state of Tabasco had the largest percentage of Protestants (3.38%), followed by Tamaulipas (2.39%) and Baja California (2.27%).
        The 1950 Mexican census counted 25,791,071 persons in all, of which 25,329,498 were Catholics, representing 98.21% of the total population.  In the same census, the Protestant population had climbed to 330,111, now making up 1.28% of the population.  The Jewish population also reached 17,574 persons.
        In 1950, the Catholic states with the largest percentage of Catholics were:  Querétaro (99.77%),  Baja California Sur (99.69%), Guanajuato (99.67%), and Colima (99.53%).   The Federal District continued to boast the largest number of Protestants in the country, with 54,884 individuals (1.80% of the state population).  The percentage of Protestants living in Tabasco continued to lead the rest of the country, with 5.13%, followed at a great distance by Tamaulipas (2.82%)  and Quintana Roo (2.44%).
        In the 2000 census, the Mexican Republic's percentage of Catholics dropped to 87.99%.  The states with the largest percentages of Catholics were Guanajuato (96.41%), Aguascalientes, (95.64%), Jalisco (95.38%), Querétaro (95.26%), and Zacatecas (95.15%). 
        It is noteworthy that significant numbers of people in the southern states had become Protestant in recent decades.  The states with the largest percentages of Protestants were: Chiapas (13.9%), Tabasco (13.62%), Campeche (13.19%), and Quintana Roo (11.16%), all southern states.   It is noteworthy that the states with the great percentages of Protestants are also the states with the largest populations of indigenous peoples. The anthropologist Carlos Garma has explained this phenomenon as follows: "In Indian communities, Pentecostalism has had the strongest impact because of its emphasis on faith healing and miracles."
        The Government of Mexico has kept statistics on religion in every census since 1895.  All such statistics - including those cited in this work - are available in various publications of INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática) from the last century.

Sources: INEGI, Population Statistics, 1900, 1930, 1950, 2000.

Carlos Garma, " Religious Affiliation in Indian Mexico," in James W. Dow and Alan R. Sandstrom (eds.), Holy Saints and Fiery Preachers:  The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2001), pp. 57-72.

La Legión tiene como patrón a San Luis María Grignon de Montfort.

Sent by Joan De Soto

CIUDADES IMPORTANTES PARA INVESTIGACIÓN GENEALÓGICA 
DE LA REPUBLICA MEXICANA 
EN SUS ARCHIVOS ECLESIÁSTICOS

Guillermo Padilla Origel
CIUDAD EDO. PARROQUIA Bau. Mat. Def.
AGUASCALIENTES AGS. SAGRARIO 1616 1663 1620

ESTADO DE COAHUILA

MONCOLOVA COAH. SANTIAGO 1688 1690 1777

PARRAS COAH. STA, MARIA 1653 1683 1693

SALTILLO COAH. SAGRARIO 1684 1703 1745

DISTRITO FEDERAL

TACUBA D.F. SN. GABRIEL 1605 1623 1619

XOCHIMILCO D.F. BERNARDINO 1597 1601 1639

SAGRARIO MET. D.F. ASUNCIÓN 1537 1575 1671

S.CATARINA M. D.F. IDEM 1568 1589 1664

S. VERACRUZ D.F. IDEM 1560 1568 1622

ESTADO DE DURANGO

DURANGO DUR. SAGRARIO 1642 1624 -------

NOMBRE DE DIOS DUR. S. PEDRO 1634 1660 --------

ESTADO DE MÉXICO

TOLUCA E, MEX. SAGRARIO 1626 1655 1696

ESTADO DE GUANAJUATO

CELAYA GTO. SAGRARIO 1682 1658 1635

DOLORES HIDALGO GTO. DOLORES 1682 1728 1736

GUANAJUATO GTO. STA, FE 1605 1605 1643

IRAPUATO GTO. SOLEDAD 1660 1701 1664

LEON GTO. SAGRARIO 1636 1636 1717

CD. M, DOBLADO GTO. PARROQUIA 1672 1679 1674

SALAMANCA GTO. SAGRARIO 1651 1689 1681

SALVATIERRA GTO. SAGRARIO 1651 1653 1712

SILAO GTO. SANTIAGO 1594 1665 1631

SAN FELIPE GTO. SAGRARIO 1600 1665 1695

SAN FCO. DEL R. GTO. SN. FCO.. 1659 1641 1680

V, DE SANTIAGO GTO. SAGRARIO 1680 1688 1661

ESTADO DE GUERRERO

TAXCO GRO. S. PRISCA 1641 1675 1687

ESTADO DE HIDALGO

MIN. DEL CHICO HGO. P. CONCEP. 1574 1615 1615

MIN. DEL MONTE HGO. ASUNCIÓN 1573 1573 1573

PACHUCA HGO. ASUNCIÓN 1568 1668 1685

TULANCINGO HGO. SAGRARIO 1650 1606 1605

ESTADO DE JALISCO

ARANDAS JAL. S.M. GPE. 1768 1802 1798

ATOTONILCO JAL. SAGRARIO 1699 1743 1753

AYO EL CHICO JAL. SAN AGUSTÍN 1662 1682 1682

AUTLAN JAL. SAGRARIO 1636 1692 1706

LA BARCA JAL. SAGRARIO 1684 1681 1694

CIENEGA DE MATA JAL. VICARIA 1670 1667 1667

CD.GUZMÁN JAL. SAGRARIO 1648 1666 1692

COLOTLÁN JAL. SAN LUIS 1703 1720 1718

CUQUÍO JAL. PARROQUIA 1666 1711 1714

GUADALAJARA JAL. SAGRARIO 1599 1631 1631

JALOSTOTITLÁN JAL ASUNCIÓN 1764 1707 1659

LAGOS DE MORENO JAL. STA. MARIA 1634 1711 1708

SAYULA JAL. PARROQUIA 1651 1708 1711

SAN JUAN DE LOS L. JAL. SAN JUAN B. 1710 1722 1710

SN. MIGUEL EL ALTO JAL. SAN MIGUEL 1762 1788 1769

TEOCALTICHE JAL. DOLORES 1639 1729 1746

TEPATITLÁN JAL. PARROQUIA 1683 1686 1685

U. DE SAN ANTONIO JAL. PARROQUIA 1808 1808 1808

ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN

ANGAMACÚTIRO MICH. SAN FCO. 1651 1636 1694

CD. HIDALGO MICH. SAN JOSE 1611 1647 1673

CHILCHOTA MICH. PARROQUIA 1617 1650 1639

MORELIA MICH. SAGRARIO 1594 1636 1643

PÁTZCUARO MICH. SAGRARIO 1597 1596 1631

TANGANCÍCUARO MICH. ASUNCIÓN 1767 1679 1768

TLALPUJAHUA MICH. CARMEN 1730 1730 1730

TLAZAZALCA MICH. S, MIGUEL 1630 1635 1671

VILLA MORELOS MICH. S. NICOLÁS 1652 1677 1755

ZAMORA MICH. SAGRARIO 1612 1637 1688

ESTADO DE MORELOS

CUERNAVACA MOR. SAGRARIO 1598 ------- 1610

ESTADO DE NAYARIT

COMPOSTELA NAY. SAGRARIO 1706 1727 1663

ESTADO DE NUEVO LEON

MONTERREY N.L. SAGRARIO 1688 1667 1668

ESTADO DE OAXACA

OAXACA OAX. SAGRARIO 1653 1681 1643

ESTADO DE PUEBLA

ATLIXCO PUE. S. FCO. 1613 1736 1605

LIBRES PUE. S. JUAN 1616 1624 1567

PUEBLA PUE. SAGRARIO 1545 1661 1693

ESTADO DE QUERÉTARO

CADEREYTA QRO. PEDRO Y PAB. 1660 1660 1693

QUERÉTARO QRO. SANTIAGO 1637 1694 1680

S. JUAN DEL RIO QRO. SAN JUAN 1637 1637 1639

S. ROSA DE JAU. QRO. STA. ROSA 1762 1753 1883

ESTADO DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ

CHARCAS S.L.P. S. FCO. 1677 1688 1659

SAN LUIS POTOSÍ S.L.P. SAGRARIO 1593 1635 1680

ESTADO DE SINALOA

CULIACÁN SIN. SAGRARIO 1690 1755 1746

ESTADO DE TAMAULIPAS

CD, VICTORIA TAMPS. REFUGIO 1751 1752 1752

ESTADO DE TLAXCALA

TLAXCALA TLAX. SAGRARIO 1632 1642 165

ESTADO DE VERACRUZ

JALAPA VER. SAGRARIO 1666 1647 1607

VERACRUZ VER. CATEDRAL 1743 1679 1742

ESTADO DE YUCATÁN

MERIDA YUC. SAGRARIO 1543 1567 1639

ESTADO DE ZACATECAS

JERÉZ ZAC. SAGRARIO 1648 1712 1650

NOCHISTLÁN ZAC. PARROQUIA 1627 1627 1667

SOMBRERETE ZAC. S. JUAN 1679 1695 1678

TLALTENÁNGO ZAC. S.M.GPE. 1630 1626 1686

ZACATECAS ZAC. S. DOMINGO 1634 1634 1634

CARIBBEAN/CUBA

IMPRESSIVE LATINOS 
Sent by Rosa Parachou urraca78249@yahoo.com

El líder en el Certamen Miss Universe es EU con 5 reinas. Le siguen PR y Venezuela con 4 reinas.

El mejor café gourmet del mundo actualmente es Alto Grande de Lares. Se sirve en Inglaterra, el Vaticano y en Japón. Pagan hasta $56 por una libra.

El género musical con mayor expansión y aceptación mundial en los últimos 20 años es la Salsa. Se baila en Japón y hasta en Palestina.

Cuando Luis A. Ferré se graduó de 4to. año de Morristown New Jersey fue el mas alto honor llevándose las medallas de matemática, español, inglés y física.

La Medalla de Honor del Congreso (la más alta condecoración) la han ganado 4 boricuas; Euripides Rubio, Carlos Lozada, Héctor Santiago  (Campamento Santiago de Salinas) y Fernando Luis Ledesma García existe un destructor con su nombre, USS Garcia).

La jugada mas difícil de beisbol es "robarse el home" y sólo un jugador lo ha hecho 2 veces en un mismo juego, Víctor Pellot. La jugada del "infield fly out" la hicieron para evitar los "double play" que él hacía dejando caer la bola intencionalmente.

Solo 4 jugadores han bateado 2 HR en un mismo Inning y 3 son boricuas. Roberto Clemente, Roberto Alomar y Carlos Baerga quien lo hizo a los dos lados del home.

Tito Trinidad no fue a las Olimpiadas pero le ha ganado a 4 medallistas de oro Olímpicos.

El dibujante original de Tarzean y el Príncipe Valiente lo era Rubén Moreira.

Antonio Paoli fue nombrado"Cantante de la Real Cámara" por el emperador Francisco José de Viena en 1912. Enrico Caruso tenía tanta envidia  que se negó a cantar en el Metropolitan Opera House.

El interior del Camaro Berlinetta de 1984 fue diseñado por Nellie Toledo.

"The Puertorican Trench" es la parte mas profunda del Atlántico (frente al Morro) al punto que si el monte mas alto de EU, el monte McKinley se colocara dentro su pico aun estaría cubierto por 2 millas de agua.

PR fue el 5to país a nivel mundial en tener una estación de radio, WKAQ, incluso antes que Washington, DC. Actualmente con 121 estaciones es el país con mas estaciones por milla cuadrada.

Recientemente el libro de Guinness otorgó a José Miguel Agrelot y al programa "Alegre Despertar" el reconocimiento al programa radial mas antiguo y aun activo de la radio (54 años).

El video de Wide World of  Sports en que un jinete se cae del caballo y  con maestría vuelve a subirse y continua corriendo muestra a Junior Cordero. Cordero ganó el Kentucky Derby 3 veces y fue exaltado al Salón de la  Fama en 1983. Es uno de solo tres jinetes que han ganado 7000 carreras o más.

En el mundo existen 7 lagunas fosforescentes y 3 están en Vieques y otra en PR.

Los únicos jugadores, hasta 1994, en ser seleccionados unánimemente MVP en la Liga Nacional lo eran Roberto Clemente y Peruchín Cepeda.

Las mujeres que se utilizaron como "conejilla de Indias" para experimentar la píldora anticonceptiva fueron las de PR en 1956.

El plan de seguridad que implementó el coronel Jorge

Collazo en los juegos Panamericanos de 1978 impresionó tanto a los americanos que lo convirtieron en su asesor de seguridad para las Olimpiadas de Los Angeles.

Giovanni Hidalgo está considerado el mejor percusionista del mundo.

José Feliciano (el ciego) está entre los 3 mejores guitarristas del mundo.

El Discovery 500, auto impulsado por energía solar diseñado en el RUM ganó 41 premios en el Sunrayce de Iowa de 1993.

El sistema escolar mas grande de EU lo es NY con 940,000 estudiantes y un presupuesto de $7,000,000,000 y es dirigido por José Fernández, boricua.

La primera Lotería en el Nuevo mundo lo fue la de PR.

La biblioteca de la UPR lleva el nombre del Sr. José M. Lázaro, quien era director en jefe de Traducciones de la ONU.

Janet Sánchez Cotto fue seleccionada por la NASA en 1993 Estudiante más Destacada de la Nación Americana".

El Dr. Isaac González Martínez fue el descubridor de la enfermedad de bilharzia" en 1904. Fundador de la Liga Puertorriqueña del Cáncer y el Hospital Oncológico

INTERNATIONAL 

The Madrid ceremony canonized two priests and three nuns, all 20th century figures cited for their work with the poor.  One of the priests, Pedro Poveda, was assassinated in 1936 during the opening days of the Spanish Civil War.  The church alleges that 4,184 clergy were killed during the war by the government side, which accused the church of backing fascist Gen. Francisco Franco.
         The other four new saints are Angela de la Cruz, who founded the sister of the Company of the Cross; Genoveva Torrres, who founded the Sisters of the sacred Heart and of the Holy Angels; Maravillas de Jesus, who founded convents for the Order of Barefoot Carmelites; and Jose Maria Rubio, a Jesuit priest.  

"Don't break with your Christian roots, "  said Pope John Paul II.

A NEW BOOK FOR A BETTER AMERICA

This is a very scholarly work based solely on historical fact. Its main objective is to demonstrate that Spain and various Hispanic countries, including Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Peru, played a most significant role in the making of today’s United States. Regretfully, most of the credit has been traditionally bestowed upon a handful of other countries, namely England, with little recognition to Spain and the others. The book sets out to correct this historical injustice which had remained entombed in the catacombs of history for the past five hundred years.

The reader is certain to be amazed at the abundance of historical facts supporting this assertion, coming to the full realization of the United States’ great Hispanic heritage which is far more than just music and food. In fact, it is far-reaching and encompassing all aspects of American life and culture. As the noted American scholar Charles F. Lummis once wrote "If Spain had not existed 400 years ago, the United States would not exist today."

The book draws from numerous authoritative sources, mostly American and British scholars of great repute and standing. The fact that their voices have been ignored for so long is indeed appalling. The book is honest and straight-forward, letting the whole and undistorted truth come forth as it set out to do.

A book such as this was long overdue, and it has taken a well-informed and determined writer to bring it to light. Indeed, it is destined to become a must-read in American history classrooms, especially today when we as a nation struggle to ascertain our own historical and cultural identity. 

The author, Carlos B. Vega, born in Spain and raised in the Americas (a resident of the United States since 1960 and a naturalized American citizen) is a professor at Montclair State University in New Jersey and author of 34 books. His next book, written in Spanish and to be published by one of the United States’ leading scholarly publishers, is due to come out in the Fall 03. It is titled: Conquistadoras: Mujeres heroicas de la conquista de América, the first serious attempt to highlight the lives and deeds of over fifty most significant and honorable women (Spanish, Indians, Blacks) in the conquest of America.
He is also the translator into Spanish of America’s Charters of Freedom (Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, Gettysburg Address) which brought him nationwide recognition and acclaim.
The book is titled: Documentos políticos fundamentales de Estados Unidos: Declaración de independencia, Constitución, Declaración de derechos, Alocución de Gettysburg. The Truth Must Be Told, now in its fourth printing since first published in 2002, is being distributed throughout the United States. For information and/or orders please contact the publisher:

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Villamel Publishing Company  201.868.6750
7311 Boulevard East
North Bergen, New Jersey 07047

Electronic Address: Spain37@att.net  
For orders, contact the distributor in the U.S
LEA Book Distributors   718.291.9891
Books from Spain and America
170-23 83rd Avenue
Jamaica Hills, New York 11432

It is also available on the Internet at Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble.com, and other online booksellers. Book details: Format size: 8 ½ x 11, 200+pages, cover in four colors. Price: $35.00.
ISBN 0-9742338-0-3.

Other books by Carlos B. Vega include:
Vega’s English- Spanish Dictionary of Everyday Criminal and Legal Terms
English-Spanish Instant Medical Dictionary
Spanish for the Prisons 
Diccionario básico de términos literarios y gramaticales

Todos concordamos en reconocer que los Estados Unidos es una gran nación en la que, en sus doscientos y tantos años de historia, ha enraizado hondamente el verdadero significado de democracia, libertad e igualdad como en ningún otro país del globo. Si nos empeñamos en leer su historia, saltarán a la vista varios países considerados claves en su formación política, social y cultural, entre los que sobresalen, en primer término, Inglaterra, seguida de Holanda, Alemania y otros. Este ha sido el común sentir y pensar que tradicionalmente ha tenido el norteamericano, y a ellos se ha aferrado sin tomar en consideración lo que otros países hicieron mucho antes que los otros, los que realmente sentaron las bases de lo que con el tiempo llegaría a ser la gran república estadounidense.

Este fue el dilema que se planteó The Truth Must Be Told: How Spain And Hispanics Helped Build The United States, a sabiendas de la enorme injusticia histórica de la que habían sido víctimas no sólo España sino asimismo muchos países hispánicos como México, Cuba, Puerto Rico, República Dominica, Perú, y otros. Pero claro que la historia exige una escritura basada en hechos fehacientes y, hacia tal logro, nos lanzamos en una ardua labor de investigación firmes en nuestro objetivo y resolución.

Así nació la presente obra, su génesis, y si nos guiamos por la gran aceptación que ha tenido y va teniendo, y por la crítica a todo nivel que de ella se ha hecho, llegamos al convencimiento de haber cumplido a cabalidad con nuestro cometido lo cual, obviamente, nos colma de satisfacción y gratitud. 

Además del objetivo susodicho, nos propusimos también despertar conciencia en el hispano residente en Estados Unidos, haciéndole ver su gran legado histórico a la nación que hoy llama su casa y por lo que ha de sentir gran honra y orgullo y que le obliga, al menos moralmente, a transmitirlo a sus amigos norteamericanos que tanto lo necesitan. 

Así como la historia de Estados Unidos no comenzó en el siglo 17 sino en el 16, y aún antes, la historia de la Hispanidad, de la América hispana, no comenzó en el siglo 19 sino dos mil años antes del nacimiento de Jesucristo, forjándose en tres culturas augustas que constituyen un patrimonio universal inigualable. 

Cierto es que la nación estadounidense nos tomó ventaja, se nos adelantó, pues todos nosotros caímos en un letargo que nos hundió en las sombras pero, de no haber sido así, el mundo hispánico de hoy gozaría de una posición señera, en la verdadera cúspide delmundo civilizado en todos los sentidos y órdenes. Miremos hacia el futuro y quién sabe si un día, no muy lejano, se hagan realidad los sueños de un Bolívar y de un Martí.

Sobre el autor:

Carlos B. Vega es profesor de la Montclair State University y autor de un total de 34 obras entre las que se encuentra, además de la anterior, Conquistadoras: Mujeres heoricas de la conquista de América, próxima a publicarse (otoño, 03) por la editora MacFarland & Company, obra capital en la que se resalta la magna labor de la mujer (española, india, negra) en la conquista de América. El Prof. Vega es además autor de Documentos políticos fundamentales de Estados Unidos, que contiene sus traducciones al español de la Declaración de independencia, Constitución, Declaración de derechos, y Alocución de Gettysburg, comúnmente conocidos por America’s Charters of Freedom. Esta obra está también disponible y los interesados deberán dirigirse al editor, Villamel Publishing Company.

<<< Otras obras de Carlos B. Vega incluyen:

HISTORY

SPANISH HEROES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:  
FRANCISCO 
SAAVEDRA DE SANGRONIS

MILITARY UNIFORMS  IN AMERICA 
COLOR UNIFORM PLATES LISTED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY COUNTRY
http://company.military-historians.org/plates/platesbysubject.htm

This has a great list of all the military units by name and location, sorted by region in the United States and by country.  It is a fascinating list.  Such as the Hungarian Hussars and Belgian Legion serving in Mexico under Maximilian..  These are the ones listed for Spanish Forces Serving in America.  The Y indicates that plates can be ordered.  Sent by Joan de Soto

281     COLUMBUS' EXPEDITIONS TO AMERICA                     1492-1496     
 73     SPANISH TROOPS IN AMERICA (ONATE EXPEDITION          1597-1598Y
350     SPANISH MILITARY PRESIDIO VISITADOR, NEW SPAIN       1730-1740     
227     SPANISH VICEREGAL BODYGUARD IN NEW SPAIN             1770-1771     
310     CUBAN MILITIAS                                       1770-1771     
398     MEXICAN GULF COAST LANCERS                           1775-1780Y
246     SPANISH LOUISIANA REGIMENT IN FLORIDA                1779-1781     
360     SPANISH COLONIAL MILITIA IN THE PHILLIPINES          1780-1789Y
555     SPANISH PRESIDIAL CAVALRY                            1780-1794Y
267     PUERTO RICO TRAINED MILITIAS                         1788-1789     
685-6   CATALONIAN VOLUNTEERS, CALIFORNIA                    1790-1800Y
302     REGULAR COLONIAL DRAGOON REGIMENTS OF NEW SPAIN      1795-1796     
250     SPANISH ROYAL CORPS OF ENGINEERS IN FLORIDA          1802-1803     
265     SPANISH TEXAS HUSSARS                                1802-1803     
435     SPANISH CIVIL GUARD IN CUBA                          1897-1898Y

787     SPANISH MARINE INFANTRY                              1898     Y

OUR STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
    by John P. Schmal

        Fireworks, barbecues, beach parties, beer and pizza, memorials, Twilight Zone marathons, Brady Bunch marathons. On July Fourth, Americans everywhere will take the day off from work to join in an immense celebration of American Independence. On this day in 1776, the newly-born Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia and a new nation was born. It is all too easy for the historians to pick a day off of the calendar to celebrate a symbolic event in a nation's history. But this date represents only one event that took place in the second year of an eight-year war.
        In the larger scheme of things, the American Revolution (1775-1783) was just another chapter in an ongoing and desperate struggle for supremacy between France and Great Britain that began in 1688 and ended with the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In those 127 years, England and France had fought several wars against each other. While their navies battled each other on the high seas, land forces skirmished on several continents. Just twelve years earlier (1763), the British had delivered a fatal blow to the French empire in America. Losing all of her Canadian holdings at the Treaty of Paris, the French suffered great humiliation and disgrace. Unable to forget this experience, they look for the opportunity to seek revenge.
        The American Revolution also represented a continuation of the long-term rivalry of Spain with Great Britain.   In the middle of the Sixteenth Century, England had embarked on a relentless campaign against Spanish interests in the Americas, concentrating enormous resources in attacking Spanish shipping in the Caribbean.  In 1587, Queen Elizabeth I of England went to war against Spain.  A year later, the defeat of the Spanish Armada signaled the decline of Spanish naval strength and the ascendancy of British colonial power.  For the next two centuries, however, Spain and England continued to battle for supremacy in several wars fought on both sides of the Atlantic.  And when the American Revolution began, Spain recognized that an alliance with the rebel colonies represented an opportunity for settle an old score.
         On April 19, 1775, the "shot heard around the world" initiated a conflict between British soldiers and colonial militiamen in Concord, Massachusetts. Although both sides had hoped that this bloody clash would not escalate into something more serious, it did.  On the eve of the Revolution, the American colonies boasted a population of 2,600,000. On the other side of the Atlantic, the British Isles, with a population of 11 million people -- including Ireland -- controlled an enormous empire that stretched from Canada and the American colonies to India.
        Soon after the Revolution began, France decided to secretly send aid to the colonies. In addition to sending weaponry, they also sent clothing and financial support. However, the first two years of the war witnessed one reversal after another for the rebels. Although the Americans had hoped to obtain military aid from the French in their war of liberation, by early 1777, they had not yet shown that they were even capable of winning the war.  However, the British defeat at the Second Battle of Saratoga in September of that year convinced France that the colonies may actually win the war, if their military was properly financed.  Up to this time, France and Spain had already covertly supplied the colonials with cannon, guns, tents and other supplies.
        On February 6, 1778, France signed two treaties with the colonial representatives, recognizing American independence. In February 1780, a French army under the command of Comte de Rochambeau sailed to the United States with 5,500 troops, money, and badly-needed supplies. In time, the French contributed large amounts of ammunition, naval vessels, supplies, money, and manpower to the cause.
        On April 17, 1779, Spain and France signed a military alliance.  It was agreed that, while French forces would directly help the rebel troops, the Spaniards would concentrate their efforts against the British forces.  On June 21, 1779, Spain formally declared war on Great Britain and surreptitiously began to funnel financial support to the rebels. The Netherlands also joined the war against England in December 1780. 
        By the Summer of 1779, the war of the American Revolution had become a world war. Great Britain, in addition to fighting with her fractious colonies, was also fighting France and Spain.  The hostilities spread to the Mediterranean, Africa, the Caribbean, and India. As Spaniards fought Englishmen on the shores of the Mississippi, British troops captured a Dutch trading base in Ceylon.  A British invasion of Nicaragua failed, while Spanish forces drove the British out of Belize.  Before long, this global war had caused the British Royal Navy to become increasingly thinly stretched.
        The first six years of the war went very poorly for the Americans and French.  Initially, as many as one-quarter of the colonists are believed to have sided with the mother country. However, in their pursuit of total victory, the British had resorted to the use of German mercenaries (Hessians) to fight alongside the Redcoats. In fact, the Hessians, numbering almost 30,000 men, eventually made up half of the British forces. The Loyalists also employed Indian allies along the frontier. The Creeks and Cherokees struck colonial outposts in the South, while the Iroquois hit the Patriot positions in New York.  This strategy eventually backfired. With Indians attacking in the West, and Germans attacking on the East, many Loyalists experienced a profound change in their loyalties.
        In September 1781, a force of 9,500 Americans and 8,800 French soldiers faced an 8,885-man English force under General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. Besieged by land forces and trapped by the French fleet, Cornwallis and his troops held out for three weeks with supplies dwindling. Finally, on October 19, after a three-week siege, the British force surrendered. Even after Yorktown, the British still held large areas of the colonies, including New York City, Savannah, and Charleston. However, the battle lifted American morale considerably, and the British began to lose their positions. French forces were able to go home in June 1782, and the final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783.
         Many Americans are quite ignorant of the American Revolution's multicultural dimension. Most of us think of the rebellion as a revolt of a fairly homogenous group of colonial English-Americans against their mother country, Great Britain. In fact, less than 70% of the 2,600,000 American colonials were of English stock.  The American Revolution was actually fought by people whose ancestors came from Ireland, Germany, Eastern Europe, Africa, and other locations.
        At the time of the American Revolution, one-fifth of New York and one-sixth of the New Jersey populations were people of Dutch ancestry. The Dutch had originally settled in present-day New York State in 1624. Present-day New York had been settled by Dutch traders. New Amsterdam, as the colony was then called, was settled by significant amounts of Dutch until it fell to the English in 1664. In 1775, many Dutch-Americans sided with the patriot cause. The notable Dutch-Americans serving the patriot cause in the war included Brigadier General Gosen Van Schaick (of Albany); Simon Dewitt, a member of General Washington's staff and the Chief Geographer for the Army, General Philip Schuyler; and Richard Varick, Washington's confidential secretary.
        Many German-Americans lived in Pennsylvania. Their loyalty was virtually guaranteed. According to Albert Bernhardt Faust, author of The German Element in the United States (New York, 1969), a total of 225,000 German-Americans inhabited the 13 colonies, making up almost a tenth of the colonial population. 110,000 Germans lived in Pennsylvania. According to George Von Skal, the Germans in Pennsylvania "had no love for the English... they had been badly treated wherever they settled, and the attempts to deprive them of their liberty as well as of the fruits of their industry had never ceased. So the great movement for liberty and for independence found them in a receptive mood and fully prepared." Most of the Germans had left Germany to escape oppression and it was their hope to live in a country free of repression.  When the first fires of the Revolution were ignited, Germans throughout the land volunteered as soldiers and officers.
        After the defeat of the Czech Protestants at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, thousands of Czechs had sought religious freedom in England and Holland and eventually moved on to the American colonies. One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence was a Czech-American lawyer, William Paca of Maryland. Czech troops also participated. One hundred and forty-one Hungarians participated in the American revolution, as did a certain number of Greek volunteers.
        When the war began, the British government called on the Irish Parliament to endorse a plan to send Irish troops to help suppress the revolution. The British were shocked when 58 of the 161 votes were cast in opposition to sending troops to America. Even the English-controlled Parliament had met with resistance, and when word of the vote reached the people, riots took place throughout Ireland. Public opinion in Ireland clearly lay with the Americans and aid, in the form of provisions, clothing funds, and gunpowder, was sent to the colonies through clandestine channels. According to one source, it is believed that as many as 38% of the rebels may have been on Irish descent.
        Numerous Italians served under the American flag during the eight-year-war.  Many served with distinction as Americans fighting for freedom, while a couple thousand are believed to have served under the French flag. On the eve of the American Revolution, at least 2,500 Jewish Americans lived in the colonies, comprising less than one-tenth of one percent of the total population. Some were of Sephardic origin (from Spain and Portugal), while others had emigrated from France and Germany. Their numerous contributions were chronicled in 1942 by J. George Fredman and Louis A Falk in Jews in American Wars. "With vivid recollections of a history of expulsion, persecution, torture, and degradation," they stated that Jewish Americans "knew the precious value implicit in our Declaration of Independence and were prepared to sacrifice, to fight, and to die for it."
        Many of them joined the ranks of the Continental army and, by the time the war had ended, Jewish men in most of the thirteen colonies had served as both soldiers and officers, very much out of proportion to their numbers. In South Carolina, a predominantly Jewish company of 400 men, led by a Frenchman, Major Benjamin Nones, fought to defend Charleston Harbor from the British. In 1779, they played a significant role in the recapture of Savannah from the British.  The first South Carolinian to fall in the Revolution was Francis Salvador, a 29-year-old Jewish American who rode twenty-eight miles to gather men for the revolution. Referred to as the "Southern Paul Revere," Salvador fell in battle on August 1, 1776.
        On the eve of the war, some 500,000 persons -- one in six of all Americans -- were of African descent. Nine-tenths of this population was enslaved and lived in the Southern colonies.  Initially, African Americans were excluded from the military ranks, but it appears that eventually significant numbers of both slave and free Blacks were accepted in the military to serve as sailors, marines, and cooks.
        Although many of the colonials shared the same roots with the mother country, they viewed themselves as being very different. According to James L. Stokesbury, the author of "A Short History of the American Revolution," the colonials viewed the "stay-at-homes" in England as "docile and spineless, willing to put up with injustices or lack of opportunity." The settlers, on the other hand, saw themselves as people "who had the initiative to seek and make new opportunities, to suffer hardship and privation, all to creative better lives for their families and subsequent generations."
        Although Spain's contribution to the American Revolution has been overlooked by some historical works, Frederick Harling and Martin Kaufman, in their book "The Ethnic Contribution to the American Revolution," revealed that King Carlos III of Spain gave one million livres Tournois of credit to the American cause early in 1776.  The money was used to purchase arms, which were exported by the French to the United States via Bermuda.
        One of the most important benefactors of the American cause was Bernardo de Galvez.  As the Governor of Spanish Louisiana (starting in 1777), de Galvez supported the American rebels by providing cattle from Spanish livestock in Texas and sold weapons and other supplies to American agents.  Then, in February 1779, Spain recognized the American colonies as an independent entity.  De Galvez took this opportunity to lead Spanish forces against British forts in the Mississippi region, seizing British forts from Lake Pontchartrain to Baton Rouge.
        Then, in March 1780, Governor de Galvez attacked and captured Mobile (in present-day Alabama) from the British.  Soon, after with a diverse force of 9,000 soldiers - Spaniards, Africans from Santo Domingo, mulatos from Cuba and Puerto Rico, and Indians and mestizos from northern New Spain - de Galvez laid siege to and captured the British fort at Pensacola, Florida. 
        The American Revolution would not have succeeded without the efforts of a diverse group of peoples who came together against the might of the British Empire.  In the last century, the British had amassed a powerful fleet that reigned supreme over the Seven Seas.  Only a coalition of many ethnic groups living in the colonies - together with the military participation of three European powers - could finally bring about the freedom of the United States.

Sources:

Chávez, Thomas E. Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.

Faust, Albert Bernhardt. The German Element in the United States. New York, 1969.

Harling, Frederick F. and Kaufman, Martin. The Ethnic Contribution to the American Revolution. Westfield, Massachusetts: Historical Journal of Western Massachusetts, 1976.

Secretary of Defense, Hispanics in America's Defense (Washington, D.C., 1990).

Stokesbury, James L. A Short History of the American Revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991.

Von Skal, George. The History of German Immigration in the United States and Successful German Americans. New York: 1908.

SPANISH HEROES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: 
FRANCISCO SAAVEDRA DE SANGRONIS

by Granville Hough, Ph.D.

ARCHAEOLOGY

There are 46 different people who are the last remaining speakers of the native language. Languages evolve, flourish, and disappear through history in much the same way that species of plants and animals do.  William Sutherland, a population ecologist at the  University of East Anglia in England, classified the extinction risk for 6,809 human languages, using the statistical methods biologists employ to assess how close to the brink a threatened species is coming.  The result?  Based on population size and decline, he says, "Human languages are considerably more threatened than either birds of mammals."
        Should we care? Language loss means information lost too. .  and can produce yet another type of instability.  "Culture is the essence of stability.  When you strip away language and the culture it embodies, what you have left is alienation, despair, and tremendous levels of anger,"  writes Wade Davis, an anthropologist and National Geographic society Explorer-in-residence. "When you lose a culture," he says, "you're not losing a failed attempt at modernity.  You're losing a unique set of answers to the question of what it means to be human."

MISCELLANEOUS

        Hello everyone! The SHHAR research database was designed to help researchers, just like you, to meet with others who are researching the same family lines. Here is how it works: I have a family line, BLEA, who lived in San Miguel County, New Mexico, in the 1800s. So, I submit this information, along with four other names and their respective locations and time periods. This information is posted on the website. Sooner or later, someone else, browsing the website for information, finds my entry. They also have a Blea line in San Miguel County, so they click on my name, which is linked to my email address (not written out), and we exchange information.
        I usually update the database once a month, just before Mimi sends out her monthly newsletter. Lately, that has been a challenge for me because my husband changed careers (by choice) last August. My family and I have had to move from Utah, to South Carolina, to Texas-- all in the course of three months! I apologize for not being able to answer your questions or update the database. 
        Now that we are settled once again, I am able to update once a month. I should be contacting you via email to make sure the addresses are still valid. If you do not hear from me by June, please email me at shhardatabase@yahoo.com, so I can update your email address. Remember--it is your email address that fellow researchers need to meet with you and exchange genealogy!
        In addition, I am working on some new articles about starting Hispanic research. I will also be translating them into Spanish. (Disclaimer: I am not a native Spanish speaker. So if you find some errors, please be patient or, better, yet, let me know. How about a deal: I help you with genealogy and you help me with Spanish!) 
        It is my hope that the database, and all the information you find on this website, will help you find your ancestors, but more over, that you guys will fall in love with this work and feel a deep connection to the people you research. 
                                                                Salena  

Here is another language translator that you may wish to bookmark
http://dictionary.reference.com/translate/text.html

Anthony Garcia, (714) 564-5104

don Quijote Guanajuato     The city of Guanajuato     Combine cities     Guanajuato Maps     Send a postcard     Mexico Phototour     Guanajuato Travel Guide

Sent by Bill Carmena  JCarm1724@aol.com

Memories of Growing up

Source: Angelo P. Sparacino
Sent by Bill Carmena   JCarm1724@aol.com

"Hey Dad," one of my kids asked the other day, "what was your favorite  fast food when you were growing up?" 

"We didn't have fast food when I was growing up," I informed him.  "All the food was slow."

"C'mon, seriously.  Where did you eat?"

"It was a place called 'at home," I explained.  "Grandma cooked every day and when Grandpa got home from work, we sat down together at the dining room table, and if I didn't like what she put on my plate I was allowed to sit there until I did like it."

By this time, the kid was laughing so hard I was afraid he was going to suffer serious internal damage, so I didn't tell him the part about how I had to have permission to leave the table.  But here are some other things I would have told him about my childhood if I figured his system could have handled it:

Some parents NEVER owned their own house, wore Levi's, set foot on a golf course, traveled out of the country or had a credit card.  In their later years they had something called a revolving charge card.  The card was good only at Sears Roebuck.  Or maybe it was Sears AND Roebuck.
Either way, there is no Roebuck anymore.  Maybe he died.

My parents never drove me to soccer practice.  This was mostly because we never had heard of soccer.  I had a bicycle that weighed probably 50 pounds, and only had one speed, (slow).  We didn't have a television in our house until I was 11, but my grandparents had one before that.  It
was, of course, black and white, but they bought a piece of colored plastic to cover the screen.  The top third was blue, like the sky, and the bottom third was green, like grass.  The middle third was red.  It was perfect for programs that had scenes of fire trucks riding across someone's lawn on a sunny day.  Some people had a lens taped to the front of the TV to make the picture look larger.

I was 13 before I tasted my first pizza, it was called "pizza pie." When I bit into it, I burned the roof of my mouth and the cheese slid off, swung down, plastered itself against my chin and burned that, too.
It's still the best pizza I ever had.

We didn't have a car until I was 15.  Before that, the only car in our family was my grandfather's Ford.  He called it a "machine."

I never had a telephone in my room.  The only phone in the house was in the living room and it was on a party line.  Before you could dial, you had to listen and make sure some people you didn't know weren't already using the line.

Pizzas were not delivered to our home.  But milk was.

All newspapers were delivered by boys and all boys delivered newspapers. I delivered a newspaper, six days a week.  It cost 7 cents a paper, of which I got to keep 2 cents.  I had to get up at 4 AM every morning.  On Saturday, I had to collect the 42 cents from my customers.  My favorite
customers were the ones who gave me 50 cents and told me to keep the change.  My least favorite customers were the ones who seemed to never be home on collection day.

Movie stars kissed with their mouths shut.  At least, they did in the movies.  Touching someone else's tongue with yours was called French kissing and they didn't do that in movies.  I don't know what they did in French movies.  French movies were dirty and we weren't allowed to see them. 

If you grew up in a generation before there was fast food, you may want to share some of these memories with your children or grandchildren. Just don't blame me if they bust a gut laughing.  Growing up isn't what it used to be, is it?