Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage 
and Diversity Issues 

Editor: Mimi Lozano, mimilozano@aol.com

Orange County, CA
    Los Amigos Calif Project
    LatinoLibrary.com
    Oct 20-22, Yorba Linda
    Oct 22, Dia de los Muertos
    Nov 3-5,  Cal State Fullerton
          Historical Conference

Los Angeles, CA
    Oct 7, Viva La Familia
    Oct 21,Redescubriendo         
        Nuestra Historia IV
    Albert J. Pico
    HispanicEvents.com
    Latino Book Fair Expands
    Belen to Barstow

California
    Oct 7, Machado Reunion
    Nov 3-4, Franciscans Confer.
    Jose Pantoja Recognized
    Mission Hotels
    Tenio aka Tio Nejo
    Faces of San Diego
    Photography Uses
    Computer Genealogy Soc
    Michael Mathe
   


Somos Primos welcomes submittals from readers.  Please feel free to email websites and/or articles to: mimilozano@aol.com

Texas
    Texas Military Website
    Land Claims Website
    Galveston Hurricane
    Santa Ana, a Forger
    Guerrero Viejo Archives
    Texas City Explosion
    New Books

Southwestern United States
    Sons of American  Rev.          
    Nat Archives/Records Admin 
    New Mexico Deligencias
    Old Spanish Trail

East of the Mississippi
    Virginian Spanish Connection
    Slave Cemetery
    Photo Doctored

United States
    Latina Business Women
    Illinois Educator
    Maryland Proclamation
    Medal of Freedom
    US Census
    FGS National Convention
    Latina Books online

Events, data, resources to help promote a better understanding of the Hispanic presence in the U.S. and the contributions of Hispanics throughout the world.

International News
    Iceman Thawed
    Sephardim
    Digitized Spanish Records
    Great Northern Prod.
    Mayan Discovery 
    Ecuador's US Dollar

History
    The First Steam Ship
    Slave Quilt Code

Miscellaneous
    El Cid Seasoning
    El Dia de los Muertos
    Family History Logbook
     DNA Research
     Burma Shave

 Networking: SHHAR holds quarterly  informal net-working meeting. In addition to a beginning class, these meetings allow experienced researchers to share their research projects.
   Last Saturday of  March,  May,  July, September
     Orange Family History Center 674 S. Yorba, Orange  

Society of 
Hispanic Historical
and Ancestral
Research 

Founded
1986

Sam Quito Padilla     
Elvira Zamora Patton
Ruthelyn Plummer
Emily Robinson
Leonard Rodriguez
Bill Roser
Jeremy Schmidt
Sister Mary Sevilla
Robert Smith
Mira Smithwick
Johanna de Soto
Lewis F. Stokes
Jose Trevino Trevino
Ernesto Uribe
Ramona Walker
Lillian Ramos Wold

The Power of the Political Cartoon

The ability to visually display a whole concept and comment on it as well, is a talent that seems to encompasses many dimensions of creativity.  Political cartoonists is not a new idea.  Laughing at people in power with a visual image, whether on Greek walls or the printed page, it can be a  powerful motivator for change.

Cartoonist Sergio Hernandez sent about a dozen cartoons to share with Somos Primos. We will be sharing them in the months ahead.  This particular cartoon really caught my attention.  It seems to capture the attitudes that have kept immigration problems and other problems unsolved.  It also points to a historical division between Mexicans and Mexican-Americans quite damaging to needed unity and cooperation.

We need to ask ourselves, who benefits when we fight amongst ourselves?  
Who is the big guy moving the strings? 

ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

California State University, Fullerton, Los Amigos of Orange County and SHHAR presented the 31st STAR event commemorating the Sesquicentennial of California Statehood.  Dr. Issac Cardenas of the CSUF Chicano Studies Department and Galal Kernahan of LA VOZ jointly delivered an address there.  It is presented as a series of California historical snapshots and will be published in Somos Primos in 4 parts, as published in La Voz..

Amin David, Chair, Los Amigos of Orange County in a letter sent to your editor, September 16
"It appears our 150th California Anniversary efforts to learn from history were unique and are taking on a certain historical significance themselves. . . . Almost no one else in California treated the State's Sesquicentennial with the respect we have."

Part I 

Dr. Isaac Cardenas

The snapshots are intended to provoke thoughts about major themes in California history: ethnic and cultural diversity, persisted inequality, and attempts by groups to subordinate others, and inter-group tension.

Indeed, one of the distinctive features of California today is the diversity of its people - a new identity that is multiracial, multiethnic, multilingual and multicultural.

It is no accident that California is the most populous state in the nation. Before and since achieving statehood, California has been receiving immigrants from all parts of the world. Today:

• 40% of all immigrants to the U.S. come to California in search of the same opportunities that brought those before us.
• 54% of all the children in the public schools are non-native speakers of English, a reflection of the recent wave of immigration from Latin America and Asia.
• 50% of all kindergarten children in Orange County today are Latinos

For the first time since California was admitted to statehood in 1850, ethnic minorities together are now the majority as reported in September by the Census Bureau. The population of non-Hispanic whites in California is no below 50%? What this really means is that there is no single group that is totally dominant.

The Sesquicentennial Snapshots that follow are an attempt to create images of what we have been what we are and what we can be.

This was the picture five weeks and four days after C ogress acted in Washington, D.C. to admit California to the Union.

On October 18,1850, the mail steamer Oregon sailed into San Francisco Bay all pennants snapping. No one would miss the message. A flag made aboard said, CALIFORNIA IS A STATE. Businesses closed. Courts adjourned. Street celebrations erupted. Bonfires burned into the night. Horsemen carried the word off in every direction.. . most to somewhere they were going anyway.

When it came to saluting statehood, Californians had plenty of practice. There had been an all-night affair in Monterey a full year before. After finishing a bilingual constitution for the free state of California, delegates partied till dawn. No one slept that night in Monterey. They fired a cannon thirty-one times to honor the Thirty-First Star destined for the American Flag.

A month later, statewide voting approved the constitution and elected officials including a governor. Two months later, the first California State Legislature met in San Jose. When the official wear's carousing, they passed laws right and left to get things going.

No one waited for whatever it was politicians a continent away might get around to doing. And what was it that they did get around to doing?

California's Admission to the Union, as a Free State required votes of southern legislators. Their deal was a "compromise" promoted by Henry Clay, It included The Fugitive Slave Act which stated aid to escaping slaves in the form of food, shelter, or other assistance is a federal crime. Punishable by a $1,000 fine and six months in prison. . . .

As a federal law, it applied to every state, including those in the North. It was a giant step down the slope to the Civil War that broke a decade later. African-Americans, in particular, and the entire North and the South in the end paid a cruel price for California Statehood.

Published in La Voz Newspaper, 9-14-00

Website: http://www.latinolibrary.com 

Los Californianos to meet in Yorba Linda 
October 20-22

Activities include:
Friday late afternoon/evening: Hospitality Room
Saturday:  morning 9 am to 4 pm, Genealogy Library
                afternoon: tour of Peralta Adobe and Yorba Cemetery
                Dinner
Sunday morning 8-10:30 am, Genealogy Library 
                11:30 am -2 pm 
                Luncheon speaker: Edward T. Grijalva, Historian Member
                General Meeting, 

Hosted by Agnes and Parker Markle (562) 439-4426

Live entertainment for the family including a children's corner:
Fiesta Ballet Folklorico
Traditional food and drink for sale: pan de muerto, sugar skulls,  and tamales

2002 N. Main St., Santa Ana, CA
For more information: (714) 567-3600

                         Orange County History Conference 2000
                                                    November 3,4,and 5

The Pioneering Orange County History Conference 2000 sponsored by the Historical Commission of Orange County, Orange County Historical Society and Cal State Fullerton roars into action November 3,4,and 5. Don't miss this history-packed weekend! Registration is taking place right now. Cost is $20.00 pre-registration, $25.00 the day of the event, and for educators and students a special price of $15.00 pre-event fee.

The Knotts Family and First American Title and Trust have provided generous donations in support of the event!  Friday starts with two workshops to choose from: "Historical Site Interpretation" with Paul Spitzzeri of the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum or "Setting Up Your Archives" with Dr. Gabriele Gonder Carey, Senior Archivist with History Associates Inc. Mr. Sptizzeri will explore strategies designed to broaden interpretations of sites encompassing contributions of women and ethnic cultures to Orange County's rich historical narrative.

Dr. Carey will help attendees setup their archives from scratch and address topics such as planning space, developing use polices, and collecting materials. The workshops will be held from 1-5 p.m., one at the Howe-Waffle House and the other at the Old Orange County Courthouse. Fee for a workshop (you have to pick just one) is $25.00. parking is available in structures near the two sites.

Then the Old Courthouse will host the conference's opening reception from 5:30 - 8:00 p.m. Everyone is invited to attend!! Enjoy an exhibit on the Gold Rush, celebrate the courthouse's centennial, and mingle with people interested in Orange County history! 

On Saturday the 4th, the conference venue moves to the campus of California State University, Fullerton. Registration begins at 8:00 a.m. in the Ruby Gerontolgy Center building and the festivites start at 9:00 a.m. in the Center's Makay Auditorium. Experts will examine the pioneering influences citrus, aerospace and high tech have and continue to have on the County's character and development. Guest speakers are Anthea Hartig from UC Riverside, Dr. Greg Hise from USC and Dr. Glenna Matthews of UC Berkely.

Lunch (included in the registration fee) will take place on the grounds of the campus near the newly restored Hetebrink House and the Fullerton Arboretum. Orange County and Southern California books and gift items will be on sale. In the afternoon two sessions will continue to explore pioneering topics. Featured will be a track designed to help teachers in the 3rd and 4th grade incorporate local and California history into their classrooms. Jennie Frank from the Anaheim City School District will lead the 3rd grade panel and Jane Freet, Assistant Director of CSUF 
History-Social Science Project will head up the 4th grade session.

A panel on the accomplishments of historic preservation and planning in Anaheim featuring Jane Newell, Curator of the Anaheim History Room, Mitch Caldwell, Anaheim Colony Neighborhood Council Chair, Planners John Koos and John Godlewski from Anaheim and Orange, and Architect Robert Chattel will explore the issues involved in saving and preserving built structures and community identity.

Dr. Pauline Abbott, Director of the CSUF Institute of Gerontology will lead a panel that delves into personal history and how recording life memories and experiences benefits older residents of the county. Orange County native, Dr. Kevin Hearle will share his poetic visions and regional identity through poetry and prose, and finally State Librarian and noted historian Dr. Kevin Starr will moderate a session featuring two of his Starr Fellows, Dr. Josh Sides and Dr. Kyle Julien.

Sunday, November 5th various historical sites will be open for touring including the Old County Courthouse, Mission San Juan Capistrano, Heritage Hill, George Key Ranch and the Yorba Cemetery. Detailed information regarding the tours (fees, hours, directions) will be listed in the registration materials.

Questions about the conference may be directed to Tracy Smith at 714/278-5808 or via e-mail at tsmith@fullerton.edu. Please check the website out at http://hss.fullerton.edu/history.

Sent by Robert Smith

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

Redescubriendo Nuestra Historia IV: 
Mexicans in a Multiethnic Los Angeles

October 21, 2000
El Pueblo de Los Angeles

From the late 19^th century to the late 1930s, Mexicans and Italians shared the old downtown L.A. barrio of Sonoratown. From the 1870s to the period before WW II, Mexican and Chinese Americans shared common space near the old Plaza, and during the first half of the 20^th century, Jewish, Russian, and Japanese Americans resided with Mexicans in the city's most diverse community of Boyle Heights. This award will fund Redescubriendo Nuestra Historia IV, a history conference and festival that will include academic panel discussions and performance-oriented events focusing on the history of Mexicans within the larger story of multiethnic Los Angeles.

A "history festival," will feature several outdoor hands-on activities geared toward families and children. For schedule information, please contact Bill Estrada at plazala@aol.com 

Albert J. Pico, great-grandson of Jose Antonio Pico & Magdalena Baca de Pico and great- grandnephew of Pio Pico, last Mexican governor of California, died September 4th in Riverside California at the age of 83. He is buried in the Pico family plot at Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles.

Sent by Alex King

CALIFORNIA

                                                   Jose Pantoja,   
                             Portrait of  Success Honoree

                                       Thanks to Carmen Boone de Aguilar 
                for sharing the great news about  friend and researcher Jose Pantoja
                                           raguilar@mail.internet.com.mx 

On the Eve of the Californian Sesquicentennial Day, greetings to all. Allow me to share my great pride for my friendship with a Success Honoree. Not all is said in the clipping pasted below so I would like to add, besides my personal experience, that Jose G. Pantoja, a native of Jalisco, long time resident of San Jose, CA, is regarded a Helluva- True-Friend by many researchers in Mexico and in the United States!

For several years, José Pantoja and his colleague Patsy Ludwig Castro have been donating countless hours of volunteer work paleographing and translating for The San Jose Historical Museum, besides helping many an amateur genealogist in getting started in family research. Not many people may be aware of how much the two of them have toiled, alone and barehanded,
unflaggered by want of much needed bilingual volunteers.

When Jose and I first met in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, (SAGA 1996 MTY-400 Conference) we immediately discovered we were on much common grounds. At that time I learned from him that the "Pueblo Papers" of San Jose de Guadalupe had recently emerged from an ages-forgotten trunk, which awaited cataloging. He promised he would keep an eye open should anything turn up on my Amadors, but, Oh No! Jose has kept BOTH eyes open for me.

Briefly said, I've been researching Jose Maria Amador since 1992, when thanks to Larry Cenotto, Archivist of Amador County, I discovered that the namesake of Amador County was a younger brother of my Xalapa-transplanted 3gt-gd-m Sinforosa Amador. Except for transcripts of the 1834 land grant for 16,000-plus acres known as "Rancho San Ramon", my documentation on JMA (1794-1883) was thin for almost the two decades prior to California statehood, when JMA's was at the prime of life and success as industrious rancher of Mexican Alta California. It was Jose who furnished me the very first facsimile bearing Jose Maria's own handwriting and flourished signature. Other than the 1817 "Filiacion" to the San Francisco Presidio, which he signed with a cross--JMA being illiterate at that time--every other manuscript I had located was either a dictation or a transcription. From our first meeting, Jose has kept incrementing my original sources for both Pedro and Jose Maria Amador (father and son) with surpassing wonderful
surprises, thus, my research is in great indebtedness with this generous colleague, warm friend, and extraordinary example of high goals and accomplishments.

José G. Pantoja is a member of the California Mission Studies Association (CMSA), the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research (SHHAR), the Hispanic Genealogical & Historical Society of Santa Clara County, and has been a recurring guest speaker at symposiums organized by the Basque Studies Project of UNAM, all of which undoubtedly join me in a heartfelt,
CONGRATULATIONS, JOSE!

Actually, Jose's wife, Rosario, their children, and grandchildren have every reason to feel they are the true-winners, thus, CONGRATULATIONS TO THE PANTOJA FAMILY!

Like many immigrants, José Pantoja sought a future. He not only found a  future, but also developed a profound knowledge of our community's past.  José came to the United States in 1950. Determined and self-reliant, he  labored in a variety of jobs while taking classes at night. The long hours  paid off when he become a journeyman carpenter. He built a life for his
family, spending much of his career at San Jose State University until his  retirement in 1991.

His hunger for knowledge didn't end with carpentry and construction. José began studying his family's roots, taking classes in genealogy and  paleography (the study of old documents). His quest took him to major archives and libraries in Mexico and Spain as well as in the United
States.

José's work has been widely recognized here and in Mexico, and he's active many historical associations. His knowledge made him a valued volunteer at  the San Jose Family History Center, where he mentored other genealogists, and the San Jose Historical Museum, where he studied and  translated historical documents. Currently José is writing a book about his ancestor, Juan Pantoja y Arriaga, who is credited with the first map of  the bay of San Francisco, California.

A devoted father of five, José has always taught his children that education is the key to success. Through his lifelong love of history, he teaches us all how education can enrich the soul as well. He is a “Portrait of Success.”

Hispanic Development Corporation can be reached by phone at 408-280-5111 or 727-6655, by fax at 408-727-1869, by mail at PO Box 5014, Santa Clara, CA 95056-5014, or by e-mail at pos@portraitsofsuccess.org

                      Hotels to be Built Near California missions

Dear All, interesting article in Ventura paper about a travel agent in Westlake Village who wants to build hotels on or near seven missions--

"...Hogan, whose Pleasant Holidays travel service has carried millions of budget-minded travelers to Hawaii, Mexico, and beyond, first got keyed into Serra and the missions 30 years ago while traveling on tourism business. I visited them and thought, 'What a great place,' but there was nowhere to stay around them," Hogan said.

Hogan now thinks he has a solution: a string of hotels on or near seven of the state's 21 missions. Money from the non-profit California Mission Inns would support the 21 missions and their upkeep. Hogan wants the first inn to be at San Buenaventura Mission in Ventura.

As Hogan sees it, the inns would be moderately priced to cater to families. Employees would dress in mission clothing and the inns would provide educational activities so guests could learn about the missions. "It's just not a hotel," Hogan said.

Architecturally the inns would be modeled after the missions themselves. They would utilize tiles, adobe, archways and bells, plus some amenities Serra might have welcomed, such as swimming pools with Spanish fountains.

Monsignor Patrick J. O'Brien of the San Buenaventura Mission likes th idea of building the inns. "It has a lot of potential," he said. "It's not just a commercial thing per se, it's more cultural. It facilitates people's understanding of the mission history," O'Brien said.

Actually, the local mission already has a hotel. The Washington Hotel was built beside the mission in the early 1900s and is now the mission's gift shop, O'Brien said

The Archdiocese of Los Angeles, which has jurisdiction over the mission, would have to approve any hotel built there. O'Brien said the diocese is considering the idea.

Hogan, for one, doesn't see any incongruity in building a modern hotel on or near a historic site. "Father Serra was the first hotelier. Nobody thinks of that," Hogan said. The goal of the missions was to promote Christianity and provide travelers respites that were one day's distance from each other. "These were safe havens," Hogan said.

The last of the missions was founded in 1823. Over the years all the missions have been restored, renovated or rebuilt. The mission inns could attract a different sort of traveler nowadays. The inns could lure coveted "cultural tourists," those who want a little intellectual stimulation along with their sunbathing and shopping.

Those sorts of tourists tend to stay longer and spend more, noted Kathy Janega-Dykes, executive director of the Ventura Visitors and Convention Bureau. "People are looking for 'life seeing,' not just sightseeing. People want experiences in the community and I think this would help attract that group," she said."

I telephoned Pleasant Hawaiian Holidays and asked if the hotels will have meeting, conference, and banquet rooms thinking they could be a place for Los Californianos to meet. I was told that that hasn't been decided.

I will phone Msgr. O'Brien and the Visitors Bureau lady and see if I can find out more from them.

Submitted by Mary Ayers

P.S. I believe the man I was searching for some time ago was actually named Tio Nejo, and not Tineo as I first surmised. As it turns out there has long been a family by the name of Nejo on the Pala Reservation. Indians from there were imported to the old Rancho San José in the Pomona Valley starting in the 1860s after a smallpox epidemic decimated the Gabrielinos, so one of them could very well have been a Nejo. Apparently both "Tio" and "Tia" occur as given names, perhaps short for longer ones?

                                                                       Bill Roser

The San Diego Union-Tribune and Mesa College co-sponsored the Faces of San Diego 2000 Project.  The yearlong region-wide project is based at Mesa College. In an effort to reflect the  "shared history" of the past, the project asked for submissions to the Family History Photo Contest. More than 1,200 readers of the San Diego Union-Tribune responded yielding a rich and diverse panorama.

The Union-Tribune is running an image each Saturday from Faces of San Diego 2000. 
To contribute a photo, go to http://facesofsandiego2000.com.

You may see the winning photographs in specific catgegories on the Website, SignOn San Diego, at: http://sosd.com 

One photo that was published June 3, 2000 was of Juana Erdeia Herrera in Sunday best standing by a chair, outside.  This is the information that accompanied the photo.

Juana Erdeia Herrera appears to be looking fate squarely in the eyes in this photogrpah taken in Anaheim, sometime between 1915 and 1922.  Juana was born in Guanajuato, Mexico, in 1891 and immigrated to the United States in 1915 after marrying Lino Herrera of Zacatecas.  The couple had four children - Andres, Angela, Pilar and Carolina - before Juana died while giving birth to a fifth child, a boy, in about 1922.  After her death, Lino deserted the family, and the four oldest children, ranging in age from 1 to 5, were sent to an orphanage in Riverside before being placed into foster homes in San Diego County.  Andres (Andrew) died last year in Chula Vista.  The three daughters still live in southern California - Angela (now Angela Vislosky) in San Diego, Pilar (now Pearl Bowers) in Vista, and Carolina in Long Beach.  They have no idea what happened to their baby brother.  Juana was the great-grandmother of Michele Peters of Lemon Grove, a staff development specialist for the San Diego Superior Court, South County Division. 

Sent by Pat Godinez

Photographs can give important clues about a family's history.  How people are posed and what they are wearing tell a lot about people and their time.  Photos can also start conversations about family stories.  An article in the Los Angles Times (9-27-00) The Kid's Reading Room had a family photo taken in 1914 of Letticie (Anglo) and Fong See (Asian).  

Lisa See is the great-grand-daughter of Letticie and Fong See.  She discovered that her great-grandparents, shown in the photo with their five children, were not allowed to marry because of different races. They had to hire a lawyer to write a "marriage contract" for them because it was illegal for them to get married in California at the time.,  Like in a business agreement, both partners agreed to be loyal to each other.  Discussing the photo with family members helped her better understand the story of her family and that period in history.  

Gary Hoffman and Joan Lowrey joined by other advanced thinkers formed the Computer Genealogy Society of San Diego. Over the past five years the CGSSD web site has become the premier web portal for genealogy in San Diego county. 

Through the efforts of Joan Lowrey and others,  constantly updated information about the genealogy societies and genealogical activities in the San Diego area is available on the CGSSD website.  Be sure to put into your favorite places.

Sent by Gary Hoffman   ghoffman@ucsd.edu 

                     Michael Mathes Mexico History Expert 

The following was sent by Carmen Boone de Aguilar, as found in Sylvia R. Longoria's column, Friday, September 1, 2000.  The column  is published Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. She can be contacted at longorias@caller.com.  The article featured the Hispanic Genealogical Conference to be held in Corpus Christi.  Michael Mathes was a keynote speaker.

[Editor note: Mira Smithwick, president of the Spanish American Genealogical Association wrote:]

 Dr. Mathes was great! And his announcement of the original church record books for Camargo and Reynosa surfacing and available for grabs is wonderful news. Texas is making a pitch to try to get those books to Texas - perhaps to Special Collections at Pan American. Will keep you informed.  

Strengthening Family Bonds, 
Hispanic Family History Conference 
Year 2000
 International Genealogical Conference for Hispanic Researcher 

October 14, 2000 

8:00 am - 6:00 pm
Wilkinson Center, East Campus Drive
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

• Professional Speakers

• Expert Genealogists from South America and the Caribbean.

• Special Guests from the Spanish Archives.

• Experts in Mexican Archives.

• Learn about the Sources of Information and Archives from Italy, Brazil, and Hispanic Ancestors in the United States.

• Workshops and Classes in Spanish, English, and Portuguese.

• Different Levels of Expertise for Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced Genealogists.

• Meet other Genealogists that just like you are working on their Family History Research.

Registration fee before September 25th: $15. per person
Registration fee after September 25th: $18. per person
Lunch will be provided

Mail to: Legado Latinos-Inscripciones
1503 S. 135 W.  Orem, UT 84058
For more information about the conference, please call (801) 224-4693
or send e-mail to Inscripciones@legadolatino.org

September 25, the U.S. Department of Interior ruled that modern-day Native Americans have "cultural affiliations" entitling them to custody of the 9,000-year-old Kennewick Man skeleton found four years ago on the banks of the Columbia river near Kennewick, Washington.

The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla are eager to bury the remains.  Oral tradition was the basis for the decision. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbit said oral histories presented by several tribes provided persuasive evident that collective memories go back through the early geologic history of the Pacific Northwest - when an ancient glacial lake in Montana melted and flooded to create much of the present-day Columbia basin.

In making the finding, the Interior Department relied on a provision of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act under which remains proved to be of Native American descent must be returned for reburial rather than stored in museums.  Under that provision, remains found on the aboriginal lands of a modern tribe must be given to the tribe.

Iin August, a similiar situation resulted in a different decision.  An ancient skeleton - over 10,000 year-old, partially mummified skeleton known as the Spirit Cave Man, was found in Nevada.  In that case, the Bureau of Land Management ruled that the remains are Native American, but cannot be culturally affiliated with the Fallon Paiute-Shos Tribe or any contemporary group.  They are to remain in federal ownership.

Some scientists have concluded that Kennewick Man "can be excluded, on the basis of dental and cranial morphology, from recent Amer4ican Indians, and indeed all North Americans over the past 4,500 years." Instead, like those of the very few other ancient skeletons unearthed in North America, its skull more closely resembles contemporary inhabitants of Polynesia and east Asia. 

Native American scientists have suggested that evolution could account for the difference.

Article by Kim Murphy, Los Angeles Times, 9-26-00

The fate of the bones may be decided in court.  Eight anthropologists, including one from the Smithsonian Institution, have filed a lawsuit in feder court in Portland for the right to study the bones.  The remains are being kept at the Burke Museum of Natural and Cultural History in Seattle.

The disposition of the bones had been hotly contest ever since the first anthropologist to examine Kennewick Man said the skull bore little resemble of today's Indian people.

Article by Aviva L. Brandt, Associated Press via Orange County Register, 9-26-00  

Publisher, activist Miguel Sepulveda dies suddenly
Sent by Cindy LoBuglio

Article By Rhina Guidos
Reno Gazette-Journal
Saturday September 16th, 2000

A crimson ribbon and brief note on the office doors of northern Nevada’s Spanish-language newspaper Ahora notified passers-by of the Friday death of its publisher, Miguel Sepúlveda.

Friends gathered at the newspaper’s 743 Virginia St. office said the 59-year-old Sepúlveda died around 8: 30 a.m. of an asthma attack.

His daughter-in-law Kelly McDaniel said the Sepúlveda family was in shock and grief and had not yet arranged burial plans.

“We’re all trying to hold it together for Sheila (Sepúlveda’s wife),” McDaniel said as she looked at the publisher’s empty chair. On his desk, a pile of papers, a family photo and a book by Frank McCourt, who like Sepúlveda, is an immigrant who became a writer in the United States.

Miguel Sepúlveda was a well-known member of Reno’s Hispanic community. Sepúlveda and his wife, Sheila, founded Ahora, northern Nevada’s sole Spanish-English newspaper, in 1983. With a staff of one, and several others who dropped in and out of the office to help, he ran a paper distributed at Hispanic hangouts from Reno to Elko.

His last story was critical of Washoe County School District officials and U.S. Sen. Harry Reid for forgetting to include Hispanic community members in a meeting last week. It was on the front page of the edition that arrived as friends walked into the office Friday.

Julio Cisneros, news director for northern Nevada’s Spanish-language television station, said Sepúlveda’s edgy news judgment made him a good journalist.
“He was a person who was loved by some but not by others and that was because he told the truth,” Cisneros said. “He was a sincere man who gave opportunities to many Hispanics in Reno. He didn’t think twice to say what was on his mind.”

Cisneros said Sepúlveda was responsible for helping many of the Spanish-speaking journalists in Reno get their start in a new homeland.

“He gave me my first job as a reporter here,” Cisneros said. “His death is regrettable.”

At 14, Sepúlveda emigrated from his native Puerto Rico to New York. He joined the Air Force at 18, and was stationed in Stead. After his discharge in 1963, he married and fathered three children.

Sepúlveda founded the Northern Nevada Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, Reno’s Salsa and Latin Jazz Festival and wrote the original grant application for what is today known as Nevada Hispanic Services, a non-profit agency serving northern Nevada’s Hispanic community. This summer, he was instrumental in bringing Ricky Martin to Reno.

The long-time Sparks resident dabbled in politics in 1980 by serving as state chairman of the National Republican Hispanic Assembly and running for the Nevada Assemblyman from Sparks. Three years later, he and his wife started the Spanish-language newspaper—his proudest accomplishment.

“Without his paper, we couldn’t get a lot of information to our community,” said his friend Herendira Vega. “He was a friend who cared enough to establish a newspaper that’s made a difference in this community.”

Carmen Colorado Ramos, who had worked with Sepúlveda for five months, said it was sad not to see him sitting at his desk Friday.

“He was my mentor and a great friend,” she said. “I’ve been wondering what’s going to happen to this paper without him. But I don’t think his wife will let his legacy fall behind.”

Gilbert Cortez, a Hispanic community activist, called Sepúlveda a man of vision and ideas.
“He was a person who wanted the best for our Hispanic community,” he said. “I’m sad and I’m in shock.”

Adolfo Segura, who works for the Carson City School District, said he’d spoken to Sepúlveda Thursday morning to talk about the Hispanic dropout rate.

“He said what he felt and that didn’t always go well with some of the people who say they represent the Hispanic community. But he was loved by the grass roots,” Segura said. “For that he deserves respect. He always had the Hispanic community in mind.”

His friends and acquaintances repeatedly used one word to remember him Friday: sincere.

“He was someone who never forgot his roots,” said friend Roberto Nerey. “He cared about the Latino community and our great city of Reno. The man had heart. We should respect him for the daring, caring individual he was.

“Señor Sepúlveda, may you rest in peace.”

TEXAS

Source: George Gause 

On September 8, 1900, one hundred years ago, one of the worst disaster in the nation struck Galveston Island's dunes and the Gulf of Mexico.  The surprise hurricane killed between 6,000 to 10,000.  Galveston in 1900 was the state's fourth-largest city, a rich gulf port. About one-sixth of the town's 38,000 residents perished.

Mark Babineck, Associated Press via the OC Register, 9-9-00

Among the Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, were found comments on Santa Anna made by a fellow veteran of San Jacinto, Antonio Menchaca, a horse soldier in Juan Seguin's Tejano cavalry unit.  Mr. Menchaca (1800-1879) depicted Santa Anna (1794-1876) as an unsuccessful teenage forger.

At the battle of Medina in 1813, boy soldier Santa Anna, who would preside five times over the Republic of Mexico, fought on the side of the Spanish crown against republican rebels in Texas. Mr. Mechanca alleged that while Gen. Arrendondo ran the war, young Santa Anna, a cadet officer, practiced his penmanship - forging the general's name.

Santa Ana with his forged letter reportedly persuaded the commissary general to pay him 500 pesos from the national treasury .  When the incident was uncovered, Santa Ana was forced to sojourn briefly in a hoosegow (juzgado) near San Antonio.

The Dallas Morning News, Kent Biffle's Texana, 2-27-00

Submitted by Granville Hough

                                                 by Lillian Ramos Navarro Wold

When I was around 8 years old, I started having recurring nightmares that I still remember to this day. In one, I am standing in front of our house, at night, and I can see planes dropping bombs from the sky. There are explosions in the sky as the bombs are falling. In the other dream, I am running away from a huge fire and my feet are being cut by broken glass. I now realize that both dreams were triggered by adult conversations that I must have overheard when I was young. One of the nightmares must have been about the bombing during World War II and the other must have been about the Texas City Explosion. As I was doing research about the Liberty Ships that were built during World War II for a Latino Veterans Memorial Day celebration at Santa Ana College, I ran across information, on the internet, about the Liberty Ships in connection with the Texas City Explosion. 

As I read the information, I remembered that Uncle PG Navarro had sent me some old photos taken in 1947 of a funeral that took place in Texas City. Petra (Patsy) Reyes' husband and brother-in-law died in that explosion. Petra was the step-daughter of my aunt, Victoria Gutierrez (she married Julio Reyes when her first husband, Bartholo de la Garza died). Fortunately for us, uncle Julio Reyes was a professional photographer who left a lot of wonderful photos of the family from the early 1900s to about the 1960s, taken around San Antonio and Houston, Texas. 
I learned that two of the three ships that exploded that day were Liberty Ships; the Benjamin R. Curtis (a Liberty ship that was sold to French interests in 1947 and renamed the Grandcamp); and the Wilson B. Keene. The Grandcamp was the first ship that blew up; another ship, the Highflyer, exploded the following day. The other Liberty Ship, the Wilson B. Keene, was blown up alongside the Highflyer. Like the Grandcamp, the Highflyer was loaded with ammonium nitrate. These explosions triggered a series of blasts at Texas City's chemical and oil plants. Fires raged along a two mile stretch of waterfront. The blasts and resulting fires killed 576 people out of a population of 18,000.

People ran north through the commercial downtown area or west toward La Marque. Ignacio Hernandez, a 5 year old boy who lived at Third St. and Third Ave. south, began running with the crowd. Glass littered the streets and sidewalks. Ignacio was barefoot, but his mother kept yelling at him to run each he stopped, so he kept running (this the probably the story I heard when I was 8 years old and started my nightmares).

Jimmy Jimenez, 7, and his brother, Hector, 6, set off for school but they noticed people heading to the wharf to see a ship that was on fire. There, they joined their uncle, Jesse De Leon. Suddenly the boys felt a tap on their shoulders. It was their no-nonsense father, Jesus, who ordered them to get on to school. They ran as fast as they could but had gone only a couple of blocks when disaster struck. The boys weren't hurt, but their mother was injured by glass blown out of a window and their sister, Ernestine, who worked as a secretary in an office, was badly injured and died on the way to a hospital. Her father, Jesus Jimenez, found his badly injured daughter and dug her out of the wreckage. Also killed were Jesse De Leon and Carlos Pedraza (Mrs. Jimenez's father); and two cousins of Jimmy and Hector.

In 1955 Congress enacted legislation to compensate the victims. The Jimenez' received $25,000 for Ernestine's death. Jesus Jimenez called his family together and explained that the money would be put aside to help pay for college education for the young people in the family. Three of them - Jimmy, Hector and Josephine, earned college degrees. Josephine became a registered nurse. The two brothers became educators. The remains of the 63 unidentified victims were buried in a two-acre tract of land about a mile north of the town, in what is now Texas City's Memorial Cemetery. Five thousand people attended an emotional ceremony on June 22, 1947. 

SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Why Patriotic Organizations 
Accept Descendants of Spanish/Mexican Soldiers 
Who Served in the Southwestern Spanish Borderlands 
During the American Revolution.

JUSTIFICATION  by Granville Hough, Ph.D.

1. What is the basis for acceptance?
Spain declared war on England 21 June 1779 and continued operations against England until peace was declared 3 Sep 1783. Spanish King Cárlos III ordered his people to fight English forces wherever they were found. ("Royal Proclamation of His Majesty (Carlos III) in which He
Manifests the Just Motives for His Royal Resolution of 21st of June of this Year (1779) Authorizing his American Vassals to Seek Amends by Way of Reprisals and Hostilities, on Land and Sea, Against the Subjects of the King of Great Britain," The SAR Magazine, Sons of the American Revolution, Vol XCI, #2 (Fall 1996):16-17.) This call was heard very clearly in North America, where the Spanish Borderlands of Louisiana and the Provincias Internas of New Spain faced English forces or claims along the Mississippi River, in the Gulf coastal areas, and along the
northern borders of Texas through California. The normal procedure was for every Presidio to gather its troops in parade formation to hear read such Royal Orders as this declaration of war.

2. What period of time and what activities are involved?
The period of time from 21 June 1779 until 3 Sep 1783 is considered to be very definitive, that being the period any English force was to be attacked, as instructed in the King's Order. Actually, some activities began earlier, and most frontier areas did not learn of the end of the
war until early 1784.

PROVINCIAS INTERNAS. Activities common to all Provincias Internas of New Spain and Louisiana were service in the Spanish Army, service in the militia, service as Indian auxiliaries, making voluntary contributions to defray expenses of the War, and leading public prayers as mission priests. As the priests did not leave descendants, our interest is in locating and marking their graves as patriots. Voluntary contributions were certainly made, and amounts are known for CA, Sonora, NM, and Nueva Espana as a whole, but no general lists of contributors have been found to date. Until such lists are found, there is no easy way to define the patriots who contributed. This leaves those who served in the various forces as soldiers, militia, or Indian auxiliaries as the ancestral patriots for joining the Sons of the American Revolution.

CALIFORNIA. Activities relating to California are covered, pp 26-27, Granville W. and N. C. Hough, Spain's California Patriots in its 1779-1783 War with England - During the American Revolution, Part 1, 1998, SHHAR Press, P. O. Box 490, Midway City, CA 92655-0490. 

ARIZONA. Activities relating to Arizona (and Sonora) are covered, pp 20-23 , Spain"s Arizona Patriots in its 1779-1783 War with England -During the American Revolution, 1999, SHHAR Press, P. O. Box 490, Midway City, CA 92655-0490

NEW MEXICO. Activities relating to New Mexico include the 1779 Expedition into Colorado against the Comanches; subduing the Moquis (Hopis) in 1780; leading in establishing a trade route to Sonora in 1780-81; establishing workable relationships with the Navajos and Utes;
campaigns against the Apaches; and making peace with the Comanches so that a trade route could be established to Texas and Louisiana. Citizens of New Mexico were asked to contribute to the war effort and did so, with $3677.00 collected. Lists of contributors have not been
identified. New Mexico was the most remote province from any English installations, but it was the center of the frontier. Its Governor Juan Bautista de Anza was perhaps the foremost strategic thinker of the Northwestern Frontier, and he was personally involved in California, Arizona (Sonora), and New Mexico. His project to establish trade routes to Texas and Louisiana (San Antonio, Natchitoches, and St Louis) was successful after his retirement and death.

TEXAS. Activities relating to Texas include furnishing beef to Galvez' Army in Louisiana (1776-1783), protecting the province from the internal Indian threat (1779-1783), and probably making voluntary contributions to the war effort. No records for these contributions have been identified. It may be noted that the appointed Governor of Texas in 1779 was a Louisiana Patriot, Athanase de Mézières, who arrived in San Antonio with a militia unit from Louisiana to bolster the San Antonio defenses. He had been a successful negotiator with Indian tribes, and he had been appointed governor partly because he believed he could negotiate with the Comanches and work through them to establish a trade route to New Mexico. Governor-designate de Mézières died before he could take the office. Descendants of those who drove beef cattle to Louisiana to help Governor Gálvez have been accepted by the NSDAR and by the NSSAR. The NSSAR has also accepted descendants of Spanish soldiers who served at San Antonio.

LOUISIANA. Louisiana activities are well known and descendants of its soldiers for the war period have long been accepted; however, some relationships to the Provincias Internas should be noted. One was the suggestion by the first Commandante General, Caballero Teodoro de
Croix, that Col. Bernardo de Gálvez of Louisiana bring 300 to 400 hunters (frontiersmen) from Louisiana to help him eliminate the Apaches. As he had known Bernardo de Gálvez earlier in Nueva Vizcaya, he knew this would be successful. However, de Galvez had already been
appointed Governor of Louisiana and could not be spared. A second activity was the recommendation by Bernardo de Gálvez in 1778 to his uncle, Joséf de Gálvez, on the superior merits of Louisiana's approach to handling hostile Indians to those of the Provincias Internas. When Bernardo de Gálvez later became Viceroy of New Spain, he put these recommendations into effect with good results. A third item was noted above in the support for appointing Athanase de Mézières as Governor in Texas. Finally, after war started when Governor Domingo Cabello y
Robles of Texas asked for permission to furnish livestock to support Galvez in Louisiana, he was encouraged to do so. 

3. Where were the soldiers in the Southwest Spanish Borderlands?
About 300 soldiers were stationed in Alta and Baja California during the 1779-1783 period. They were assigned to the five Presidios of San Diégo, Monterey, San Francisco, Santa Bárbara, and Loreto. 

About 100 soldiers were stationed at Tucson and Tubac in Alta Pimeria (Southern Arizona), backed up by about 200 soldiers in the Sonoran Presidios of Pitíc, Fronteras, Altar, and Las Nutrias.

About 600 soldiers and militia were in New Mexico (and Nueva Viscaya) taking part in the campaigns under Governor Juan de Anza. They were from the Presidios at Santa Fé, El Paso (San Elizario), Carrizal, Buenavista, and Janos, and from the populated centers.

About 200 soldiers were in Texas at the Presidios of La Bahía and San Antonio. The supporting Presidios and mobile units of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Nuevo Santander were on or near the Rio Grande at Aguaverde, Monclovia, and El Presidio, and at sites farther south.

From time to time, militia units were formed from population centers; and they took part in campaigns. There were more than 500 persons in these units, but records are scanty. Indian auxiliaries were used in several campaigns as scouts or allies; and numbers are known but not
many names of individual warriors. (The 1772 Regulations actually authorized each Presidio to have ten Indian scouts on the payroll. They were to serve as interpreters and trackers. As they were usually given Christian names, it is difficult to determine which soldiers were in this group. Later, the ten Indian scouts were dropped as an economy measure, and their functions were taken over by unpaid Indian auxiliaries.)

4. What is the NSSAR policy regarding applicants?
The SAR Constitution Article III states, with regard to eligibility, "….. as a foreign national of, but not limited to, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden, or Switzerland who rendered service in the cause of American Independence…." The cause of American Independence was clearly served by Spain's financial support from 1776 onward and its 1779-1783 War with England. Descendants of Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and California soldiers have been accepted. Also, decendants of some Texas ranchers who provided beef to Louisiana have been accepted. 
Supporting this acceptance is the record of the 1997 SAR visit to Spain to commemorate the support of King Cárlos, Governor Bernardo de Gálvez of Louisiana. National Headquarters, NSSAR, has accepted the role of Spain as the major European power financing the war, and is willing to consider activities other than those commemorated in 1997. (Donald J. Pennell, "SAR Delegation Travels to Spain, England for Dedication of Plaques," The SAR Magazine, Sons of the American Revolution, Vol XCII  #1, (Summer, 1997:12-14.) 

(It has not been determined when the NSSAR began accepting descendants of Louisiana soldiers. It is known that Compatriot C. Robert Churchill, then President of the Louisiana Society of the SAR, in 1921 went to Seville, Spain, to research in the Archivo General de Indias for lists
of Louisiana soldiers and militia who had served during the war period.  He made five copies of his lists in 1925. Probably the NSSAR was accepting descendants soon after 1921. There is some indication that acceptance was considered several years before 1921 but was delayed
because official rosters were not yet identified. Research in Spanish records was cut off by the terrible civil war in Spain during the 1930 decade and was not encouraged by American scholars until the end of the Franco regime, a period of almost 50 years. Scholarly research now
going on in Spanish archives in Spain, Mexico, and elsewhere is recovering much new information about Spain's part in the War with England.) 

5. What is the NSDAR policy?
The policy of the Daughters of the American Revolution is of interest because female relatives of prospective SAR members want to join that organization. The DAR has published its policy regarding Spanish participation, and only descendants of soldiers in Gálvez' army in Louisiana have been accepted as "Louisiana Patriots" since 1925. Further, the period of acceptance has been extended back to 24 Dec 1776, when Spain began clandestine support to the American Colonies. Descendants of Texas citizens who drove cattle to Louisiana to support Governor Gálvez have also been accepted as "Louisiana Patriots." 

6. What is significant about the 1776 date used by the DAR?
The DAR quotes the 1776 order by Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez to the Governor of Louisiana instructing him to support the Americans.(Eric Beerman, "The First Spanish Aid to the American Revolution," Daughters of the American Revolution, Magazine, Washington, DC, Vol
117:24, #1 (Jan 1983). This was part of his overall strategy to nullify English claims and block English advances all across North America. Earlier, as the king's Visitor-General, he had orchestrated the settlement of Alta California to nullify the old English claims to Nova Albion, and to offset England's mastery of the sea. Possibly to him, and certainly to Thomas Jefferson later, Louisiana was a territory from the Mississippi River to the Columbia River basin, where it joined Alta California. At the same time in 1776 when Gálvez was giving instructions to the Governor of Louisiana, he was also working with his successors in New Spain to carry out his plan to fortify and settle San Francisco Bay.

7. Why did Spain really want to help the American Colonies? 
Like France, Spain was governed by self-interest in support of the American Colonies. In neither was higher government's love of liberty so strong that it governed policy. The Seven Years War had been disastrous for both countries, but more so for France, which was left practically bankrupt. In Spain, particularly, the memory of rivalry with England was strong. It went back to the sinking of the Armada and
the depredations of English pirates on Spanish shipping, but the immediate recall was the loss of Havana and Manila to the English forces during the Seven Years War, which had ended in 1763. King Cárlos III had considered his options and instituted the Bourbon reforms to revitalize his kingdom. Soon after 1763, King Cárlos had sent his personal representative, Visitor-General Joséf de Gálvez, to carry out his reforms in New Spain. The American Revolution fitted into his
resolution to counter the English wherever he could. Keeping the English occupied in the eastern colonies of America gave him opportunities to move in other areas, such as California and Louisiana. 

8. What did Visitor-General Gálvez do in New Spain?
First, Gálvez reformed the military approach in the Northern part of Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana. He ousted the Jesuits from the frontier areas and replaced them with other orders such as the Franciscans and Dominicans. He then began a major project to settle Alta California. 
He had an European's appreciation of the sea power of England, and its long rivalry with Spain. He recognized the vulnerability of Spain's Far Eastern trade, which had replaced gold and silver production as the main source of income and wealth for the Spanish crown. This trade came
through Manila, and he knew very well the anguish of the Spanish authorities when the English had captured Manila and Havana. To get these ports back, Spain had traded England the areas of East and West Florida, which Spain had discovered and conquered 200 years before. 
Gálvez wanted to have protection for the Manila galleons on the California shores before some other European power could settle there and threaten them. He remembered that in 1579 Francis Drake had refitted his ships at a bay in Alta California and had claimed the land for England as Nova Albion. Then, he also knew that Sir Francis Drake had sunk the Spanish Armada a few years later. Galvez began during the late 1760's the project of settling Alta California, first moving as far north of Acapulco as he could to build a new support port at San Blas. Then, as soon as he had built ships there, he was ready in 1769 to move forces to Alta California. By 1771, he had supervised the beginning forts and missions.

Having gotten Alta California started, Gálvez turned his attention to other parts of the Northwestern frontier. He had a clear vision of a Spanish line of advance northward from newly acquired Louisiana to the Pacific Coast. What he found were isolated prongs of Spanish life far
north of effective support. Presidios and pueblos were not arranged so they were mutually supportive, and each prong responded only to its own Provincial Governor. The Viceroy of New Spain was the first common authority over all, and this office was so far south that it was
engulfed in local problems. The frontier was lowest priority. Gálvez proposed three changes which were put into effect by King Cárlos III in 1776: 
(1) separate the military and civil functions by putting all military actions under a Commandante-General of the Provincias Internas;<BR>
(2) realign the Presidios so they would be mutually supportive; 
(3) move the military command center far to the north so it would remain focused on frontier problems. By the time these changes began in 1776, Galvez had become Minister of the Indies. He was already supervising from Spain two other supportive activities. First was Anza's Expeditions to settle San Francisco Bay and secure it from foreign incursions. Second was the secret agreement that Louisiana would be a focal area for clandestine support of the American Colonies in their War with England. So the strategy was clear. Nullify the English claims to the Pacific Coast, fortify the strategic ports, protect the Manila trade, consolidate the Spanish borderlands further north, stop the English at the Mississippi River, and recover the lost territory of East and West Florida. The fact that no English war fleet ever reached the Pacific
Ocean during the War shows that the American, French, and Spanish efforts kept the English fully occupied in the Atlantic. 

(In setting up support for the American Colonies, it was necessary to conceal Spain's role as Spain did not want to go to war with Portugal, an ally of England. Therefore, most of the support Minister of the Indies Joséf de Gálvez arranged was sent through French fronts, and France happily took credit for it. Historians now have better access to Spanish archives, and understand that the preponderance of supposed French support in money and materiel was actually from Spain. After Spain entered the war, she was better able to take credit for her support; but she soon found also that she had to support the French efforts in addition to the American ones. A particular case was the Siege of Yorktown in Sep/Oct 1781, which combined Spanish financial aid from Cuba, the French fleet under Admiral de Grasse, and the combined French and American Armies. On his way to Yorktown, Washington stopped in Philadelphia and he and others drank toasts to the Americans, the King of Spain, the King of France, and especially to Admiral de Grasse (who could participate only after he had sufficient Spanish support). 
(p 450, Benson Bobrick, The Triumph of the American Revolution, 1995). 
It took four tries to get everybody toasted. 

9. So, why are Southwest Spanish Borderlands soldier descendants accepted as SAR members? 
It is just a matter of balanced and equal treatment. They were part of the same strategic plan of protecting Spanish interests and blocking the English, who, as Spain's greatest European rival, were gaining more power each year. Each Spanish action and campaign on its Northwestern
Frontier Borderlands gained and held territory in trust for future U. S. expansion. 

10. How many people apply?
Indications are that descendants of Spanish soldiers apply in about the same ratio as their counterparts whose ancestors served in the eastern colonies in American forces. With a beginning base of about 1500 soldiers, there may be a few members for each chapter in California,
Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, then a few scattered through other states. In five years there may be as many members as original soldiers, but this would require far more participation from this group than from any other colonial group from the Atlantic seaboard. (In 1999, there were 27,000 SAR members. Going back in time, the Revolutionary War itself had 290,000 participants. There is, therefore, roughly one SAR member for each 10 Revolutionary War
participants.) 

11. Who is eligible?
Of the 1500 plus soldiers and militia who were in service between 1779 and 1783, we know families for less than half. Descendants of these families are the ones who will be eligible. The other soldiers either did not marry or we do not know their families. 

12. What references do applicants use for establishing soldier service? 
We have enlistment records and rosters for most Presidios, and in a few cases we have census or other records for 1779 through 1783. The applicants generally include these records with their applications. 

13. What other references do applicants use?
Draft lists of the references an applicant may study to determine his ancestry or how his own ancestors fitted into the historical activities have been prepared for each state. States currently available on request from the authors are California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas,
Louisiana and Florida. (See an example, pp 148-155 ahead, "References for Descendants of Spanish Soldiers Who Served in New Mexico and the Spanish Borderlands During Spain's 1779-1783 War with England."

These studies can be ordered directly from:

 SHHAR Press, P.O. Box 490, Midway City, CA  92655-0490 $14. for one copy, $25. for 2-copies. Postage:  $2.50 for first book, 75 cents for additional copies.
Tables of Contents for each of the manuals can be viewed at:  http://members.aol.com/shhar

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) about records of aliens entering the United States across the Mexican border You can determine the NARA facilities at which our microfilm publications are located using our online microfilm publication locator at &lt; 

http://www.nara.gov/nara/searchmicro.html&gt;.

(The location information provided in this letter is incomplete, but will be updated.) The U.S. Government began keeping records of persons crossing the U.S.-Mexican land border, ca. 1903-ca. 1906, and began keeping records of arrivals at the seaport, Galveston, Texas, as early as 1846. At this time, the following "Mexican border crossing records" are available as National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Microfilm Publications:

ARIZONA PORTS:

M1759. Nonstatistical Manifests and Statistical Index Cards of Aliens Arriving at Douglas, Arizona, July 1908-December 1952 (4 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Atlanta, GA; Boston, MA; Denver, CO; Laguna Niguel, CA; New York, NY; Pittsfield, MA; and San Bruno, CA. 

NEW! M1504. Manifests of Alien Arrivals at San Luis, Arizona, July 24, 1929-December 1952 (2 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M1850. Index and Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Sasabe/San Fernando, Arizona, 1919-1952 (3 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

CALIFORNIA PORTS: 

M2030. Statistical and Nonstatistical Manifests, and Related Indexes, of Aliens Arriving at Andrade and Campo (Tecate), California, 1910-1952 (5 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Laguna Niguel, CA; Philadelphia, PA; San Bruno, CA.

M1763. Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at San Pedro/Wilmington/Los Angeles, California, 1907-1936 (7 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Kansas City, MO; Laguna Niguel, CA; and San Bruno, CA.

NEW! M1764. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at San Pedro/Wilmington/Los Angeles, California, June 29, 1907-June 30, 1948 (118 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Laguna Niguel, CA; and San Bruno, CA.

M1852. Record of Persons Held for Boards of Special Inquiry at the San Pedro, California, Immigration Office, November 3, 1930-September 27, 1936 (1 roll). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities inWashington, DC; and Laguna Niguel, CA. 

NEW! M1767. Manifests of Alien Arrivals at San Ysidro (Tia Juana), California, April 21, 1908-December 1952 (20 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! A3363. Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at Ventura, California, May 1929-December 1956 (1 roll). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Laguna Niguel, CA; and San Bruno, CA

TEXAS PORTS:

NEW! M1502. Statistical and Nonstatistical Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Brownsville, Texas, February 1905-June 1953, and Related Indexes (40 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC;Denver, CO; and Fort Worth, TX.

NEW! M1514. Indexes of Vessels Arriving at Brownsville, Texas, 1935-1955; Houston, Texas, 1948-1954; and at Port Arthur and Beaumont, Texas, and Lake Charles, Louisiana, 1908-1954 (1 roll). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

M1754. Nonstatistical Manifests and Statistical Index Cards of Aliens Arriving at Eagle Pass, Texas, June 1905-November 1929 (27 rolls). Serves, in part, as an index to M1755. Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Chicago, IL; Fort Worth, TX; Seattle, WA; and Waltham, MA.M1755. Permanent and Statistical Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Eagle Pass, Texas, June 1905-June 1953 (30 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Chicago, IL; Fort Worth, TX; Seattle, WA; and Waltham, MA.

M2040. Index to Manifests of Permanent and Statistical Arrivals at Eagle Pass, Texas, December 1, 1929-June 1953 (2 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Denver, CO; Ft. Worth, TX; Pittsfield, MA. 

M2041. Temporary and Nonstatistical Manifests of Aliens Arriving at Eagle Pass, Texas, July 1928-June 1953 (14 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Chicago, IL; Fort Worth, TX; Seattle, WA; and Waltham, MA. 

NEW! M1756. Applications for Nonresident Alien's Border Crossing Identification Cards Made at El Paso, Texas, ca. July 1945-December 1952 (62 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Atlanta, GA; and Fort Worth, TX. 

NEW! M1757. Manifests of Aliens Granted Temporary Admission at El Paso, Texas, ca. July 1924-1954 (97 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC;  

NEW! M1768. Alphabetical Card Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Fabens, Texas, July 1924-1954 (7 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M1766. Alphabetical Card Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Fort Hancock, Texas, 1924-1954 (2 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; M334. A Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports (Excluding New York), 1820-1874 (188rolls). This serves as an index to M575. 

See our Immigration Recordsweb page at: http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/immigration/immigrat.html

for research facilities which have this microfilm.

M575. Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and at Ports on the Great Lakes, 1820-1873 (16 rolls). Roll 3 only contains passenger lists of vessels arriving at Galveston, Texas, 1846-1871. See our Immigration Records web page at http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/immigration/immigrat.html&gt;  for research facilities which have this microfilm.

M1357. Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Galveston, Texas, 1896-1906. 3 rolls. Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Anchorage, AK; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; East Point, GA; Fort Worth, TX; Kansas City, MO; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Laguna Niguel, CA; San Bruno, CA; Seattle, WA; Waltham.

M1358. Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Galveston, Texas, 1906-1951. 7 rolls. Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; East Point, GA; Fort Worth, TX; Kansas City, MO; Laguna Niguel, CA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; San Bruno, CA; Seattle, WA; Waltham, MA.

M1359. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Galveston, Texas, 1896-1951. 36 rolls. Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; East Point, GA; Fort Worth, TX; Kansas City, MO; Laguna Niguel, CA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; San Bruno, CA; Seattle, WA; Waltham, MA.

NEW! M1771. Alphabetical Manifests of Non-Mexican Aliens Granted Temporary Admission at Laredo, Texas, December 1, 1929-April 8, 1955. 5 rolls. Available for public viewing at NARA in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M2008. Lists of Aliens Arriving at Laredo, Texas, from July 1903 to July 1907, via the Mexican National Railroad or the Laredo Foot Bridge (1 roll). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, D.C.

NEW! M1771. Alphabetical Manifests of Non-Mexican Aliens Granted Temporary Admission at Laredo, Texas, December 1, 1929-April 8, 1955 (5 rolls). 

NEW! M1851. Index and Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Progreso/Thayer, Texas, October 1928-May 1955 (6 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M1770. Indexes and Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Rio Grande City, Texas, November 1908-May 1955 (6 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M1503. Index and Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Roma, Texas, March 1928-May 1955 (5 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; 

NEW! M1973. Statistical Manifests of Alien Arrivals by Airplane at San Antonio, Texas, May 17, 1944-March 1952 (1 roll). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, 

M1849. Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Yseleta, Texas, 1924-1954 (7 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Ft. Worth, TX; Kansas City, MO; Seattle, WA.

M2024. Indexes and Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Zapata, Texas, August 1923-September 1953. (2 rolls). Available for public viewing at NARA facilities in Washington, DC; Anchorage, AK; Waltham, MA; Fort Worth, TX; Kansas City, MO; Laguna Niguel, CA; and San Bruno, CA; also available at the University Library, University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 West University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539-2999.

MEXICO:

M2032. Passenger Lists of European Immigrants Arriving at Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1921-1923, and Related Correspondence, 1921-1931. 1 roll.Available for public viewing at NARA facilites in Washington, DC; Denver, CO; and Laguna Niguel, CA. 

For more information about immigration records, visit our Immigration Records web page which is updated periodically at:
http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/immigration/immigrat.html 

Ordering Microfilm

The microfilm is also available for sale for the usual $34 per roll ordered ($39 to foreign addresses). Credit card orders are accepted. 

 1-800-234-8861. 

Additional "Mexican border crossing records" will become available over the next several years. We are currently in the process of reviewing the microfilm we received from the Immigration and Naturalization Service, writing description for these records, and duplication. Due to the complex nature of these records, it is necessary to undertake all of these steps. In the meantime, we are unable to make searches of the microfilm, because doing so could damage it. Obtaining Copies of Records

For obtaining copies of arrival records made at the ports listed above, you have three options:

(1) You can do the research in person at the National Archives Building, 700 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC. Selected "Mexican border crossing" immigration records are also available at our 13 Regional Archives, as indicated in the list shown above. Selected NARA microfilm publications are also availble in libraries with a large genealogical collection

. (2) You can use the "NATF Form 81" to request our staff to do a search. You can obtain the NATF Form 81 either by writing to National Archives and Records Administration, 700 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20408-0001 or  

(3) by emailing your name and mailing (postal) address to:  inquire@nara.gov

A message from Sam-Quito Padilla Gonzales. at: samquito@nmia.com

County Coordinator for NMGenWeb's Socorro & Valencia Counties.
Visit the Socorro County website at: http://www.everton.com/personal-pages/Socorro/
Visit the Valencia County website at: http://www.everton.com/personal-pages/Valencia/

Sam Forwarded the following from  Carol De Priest  dpriest@goodnet.com

The draft report on the Old Spanish Trail National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment is now being made available for public review and comment by the National Park Service for a 90-day eriod beginning July 17, 2000. The National Park Service was directed by Congress to evaluate the feasibility and eligibility of designating the Old Spanish Trail a National Historic Trail under the National Trails System Act. 

The Old Spanish Trail was primarily a horse and mule pack route between Los Angeles, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Parts of the route went through the present-day states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. 

The history, background, and significance of the Old Spanish Trail have been researched and analyzed in accordance with the requirements of the National Trails System Act. The study concludes that the Old Spanish Trail meets all but one of the criteria of the National Trails System Act for eligibility as a national historic trail. The study finds that, with respect to the historic theme of trade and commerce and its effects on broad patterns of American culture, there is currently insufficient information upon which to conclusively base a determination of national significance. With respect to a number of historic themes and uses that were evaluated, the Old Spanish Trail is found to be of state or local significance. Therefore, the trail does not meet the criterion for national significance in section 5(b)(11)(B) of the National Trails System Act.

There is a marked lack of consensus among historians consulted to date as to the significance of the trail, due in part to the paucity of historical documentation about trail use and its effects, especially with respect to the New Mexican trade caravans. 

The draft study report presents an alternative that could be implemented by private organizations and the states to help preserve and interpret the Old Spanish Trail. Federal land management agencies could participate using existing authorities, or Congress could prescribe additional federal involvement. 

A limited number of copies of the draft study report are available by contacting the John Paige, at the address below. The full draft study report is also available on the National Park Service web page at www.nps.gov/planning/lodi. 

To provide adequate time for public review and comment, written or e-mail comments will be received through October 16, 2000. Comments should be sent to:

John Paige, National Park Service 
Denver Service Center, PDS
P.O. Box 25287 
12795 W. Alameda Parkway 
Denver, CO 80225-0287

e-mail to john_paige@nps.gov

All comments received will be considered prior to the finalization of the study report, and the findings will be reevaluated based on these comments. The National Park Service will also consult with the National Park System.

Advisory Board next fall as to the determination of national significance per the provisions of the National Trails System Act. The completed study report will be sent to Congress for its consideration in early 2001.

Contact information:  John Conoboy, National Park Service
Long Distance Trails Group Office - Santa Fe 
P.O. Box 728 
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504-0728
505-988-6888 (o)
505-986-5214 (f)

Email: lodi_administration@nps.gov
Publication website:
http://www.nps.gov/planning/lodi 

This announcement was submitted via the H-Net Announcements Website. a service of H-Net, Michigan State University. For an archive of announcements and information about how to post, visit: http://www.h-net.msu.edu/announce

EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI

Assateague, Virginia, has always swirled with shipwreck lore, from the wild ponies that legend says swam ashore for a Spanish wreck, to the gold-filled chests that pirate Charles Wilson is said to have buried. But, it is not just wild ponies that have Spanish blood.  So do hundreds of islanders.

Family research revealed that nearly 200 years ago in 1802, a small boy washed ashore from a Spanish shipwreck. The boy's mother strapped him to a hatch cover and in desperation pushed him into the ocean as their ship went down.  Islanders found the boy on the beach speaking a language that no one understood..  The Islanders  raised him as one of their own,  and called him James Alone. 

One day when he was about 20, James Alone rowed to the mainland and walked 30 miles to the county courthouse in Accomac.  He changed his name to James Lunn.  Then he made his way back to the Assateague island and never left again. In the early 1900s, the Lunns and all the other families were forced off their island by an absentee landowner.  Many 

Abstract from article by Helen O'Neill, Associated Press, via San Diego Union-Tribune, 9-2-00

Submitted by Pat Diane Godinez 

                                        Historical Sign to Mark Slave Cemetery

A historical highway marker was dedicated September 30 to the more than 1,800 slaves, freed slaves and young black children buried at the Freedmen's Cemetery in Alexandria between 1864 and 1869.

The Freedmen's Cemetery existed on property claimed by the federal government in 1864 when the site's owner, Alexandria lawyer and Confederate sympathizer Francis L. Smith, left Washington for the South. Smith reclaimed his cemetery after the Cigvil War, and his family retained property rights until 1917, when they donated it to the roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond.  In 1948, the diocese had the property rezoned for commercial use and then sold it to Tidwater Oil Co., which built a gas station on the site in 1955, distrubing some of the graves in the process.

The Washington Post, 9-21-00

The University of Wisconsin at Madison says it was seeking an image of diversity when it doctored a photo on a brochure cover by inserting a black student in a crowd of white football fans.  "We did it in this one instance, and it was really was an error in judgment," university publications director Al Friedman said."

The university's undergraduate admissions director, Rob Seltzer, said his office spent the summer looking for pictures that would show the school had a diverse enrollment - but had no luck.  As of fall 1999, fewer than 10 % of the school's more than 40,000 students were nonwhite, and only 2.15% were black.

The Washington Times, 9-21-00

UNITED STATES

Latinas are the fastest-growing group of business owners in the United States.  Latest figures available show Latinas own 382,400 businesses that generated $67 billion in revenues in 1996. Among respondents, 63% stated they use both English and Spanish in their business. The survey released September 26 found that more than half the Latinas consider English their first language, even if they sometimes use Spanish in business.

More than half started their companies with more than $10,000, compared with more thaqn 44% of all women business owners.  Forty-five percent of the Latinas borrowed money to get started, and of those just 35% borrowed from commercial banks, which typically refuse loans to businesses less than two years old. 

Among the respondents who are first- or second-generation U.S. residents, virtually all came from the Western Hemisphere.  For more information:  www.nfwbo.org

Mexico                 46%
Cuba                    17%
South America      14%
Caribbean               9%
Central America      8%

Abstract from article by Jan Norman, Orange County Register, 9-26-00 

Dear SHHAR, Hello my name is Greg Bozarth, Program Director of the Patriots American Heritage Program of Christian Fellowship Church Schools. I lead a group of 4th, 5th & 6th grade boys and girls in a hands-on American heritage class in Waukegan, Illinois. I am seeking historical resources to show the hispanic influence in the Revolutionary War. 

I intend to link our children in this area, which is heavily populated with Hispanics, to their history in that they too have a part in this country's founding and should feel that it too is their home.

As this is a nation of "E Pluribus Unum," "from many one." I have read the Maryland State resolution, but seek further documentation and hope to find some information to the uniforms and armament of the soldiers of Spain. In time I hope to add a Spanish regiment to our 8th Pennsylvania regiment that we began last year. Our group has already received a generous letter of endorsement from Jacques Chirac, president of  France, and were are about to receive the same from H.M. King John Charles of  Spain. Any help would be greatly appreciated. 

Sincerely Greg Bozarth  patriots@cfcmi.org 

[Editor's note: I communicated with Greg and he was kind enough to send the following beautifully written proclamation.]

In the history of the United States, there have been three Latinos who have received the Presidential Medal of Freedom - the nation's highest civilian honor - and all left a legacy from which to learn. Cesar Chavez, founder of the first successful farm workers union, taught us how to organize. Willie Velasquez, founder of the Southwest Voter Research and Education Project,
registered thousands of Hispanic voters across the country and taught us the power of our vote. And Dr. Hector P. Garcia, founder of the American GI Forum, taught us to join forces and to always remember to help one another.

Sent by Leonard Rodriguez

Forwarded by Angel Brown from information received by 
Roberto J. Alexander Erhard from CMitchOCBU@aol.com

Good News!

Entire 1790-1920 U.S. Census to be Available Online Soon

One of the dreams of genealogists is about to come true: the ability to view any or all of the original census records by using a home computer. You no longer need to travel to a distant library or Family History Center during the hours they are open. Soon you will be able to view the same images at any hour of the day or night while comfortably seated at home.

This isn't the first online census database. A few smaller such databases have already appeared. However, these were quite small in comparison, featuring only the 1790 records or census records of particular cities or counties for a few years. Now SierraHome and their rather newly acquired Heritage Quest division have announced that they will be placing all the U.S. Census records online, from 1790 through 1920. Best of all, this database will contain actual images of the original records in the enumerators' handwriting. Such records are much more accurate than the more error-prone transcriptions made by clerk typists.

One fact about this new database that fascinates me is its size:  It will be about 3.5 terabytes on the day it launches, making it the largest single database on the Internet. (A terabyte is 1,000
gigabytes or one million megabytes.) The database is expected to grow to 10 terabytes as more data is added.

Here is an extract from the announcement from Generations and Heritage Quest:

GenealogyDatabase.com The World's Largest Online Family History Resource

Breaking News -- What's the Scoop?

This fall, SierraHome's Generations brand and Heritage Quest will be launching GenealogyDatabase.com with the very first online collection of all U.S. Census images from 1790 - 1920.  (1920 was the last year released to the public because of the 72-year waiting period. The 1930 census will be released on April 1, 2002.) Heritage Quest is also working on indexes for each year, and has already completed 1790, 1800 and 1870. This is a monumental step forward for online genealogy resources and will be of great interest to serious genealogy
enthusiasts and newbies alike. The census is widely regarded as the most important primary source for tracing one's family heritage. GenealogyDatabase.com will be the largest collection 
of primary source documents on the Web, many of  which will be searchable through Heritage Quest's painstaking efforts to extract the names into indexes which link directly to the digitally enhanced image pages.

GenealogyDatabase.com will also be accessible through HeritageQuest.com and SierraHome.com. The site will be subscription-based, comparable to other genealogy sites
currently online. We will update you on the pricing model when it becomes available. The most important thing to keep in mind is that GenealogyDatabase.com will be the ONLY site
offering the entire collection of U.S. Federal Census images for people to access from the comfort of home.

Just How Big is This?
The sheer magnitude of the site is newsworthy in its own right; it will be the world's largest known web-enabled database. We will be posting approximately 3.5 terabytes of images and data at launch, with a goal of 10 terabytes of  Heritage Quest resources being posted in the foreseeable
future. To put things in perspective, Microsoft's famed Terrabase Server of spy satellite images is 1.5 terabytes. In July 1999, Nature Magazine estimated the basic data in the entire World Wide Web to constitute roughly 15 terabytes, so this site is breaking new ground both in terms of size and importance to family history enthusiasts everywhere.

The Census data alone is the equivalent of 12,555 rolls of microfilm and sells for $250,000. There will be 10 million images of Census pages at launch, representing more than 500
million Americans. Heritage Quest is committed to indexing new names at the astounding rate of 500,000 per week!

Anything else I should I know about? Furthermore, we intend to make this a living Web community. One feature we're working on for the site will be a "sticky note" technology where members can leave messages behind for others looking at the same page of the census. Keep in mind that census entries were done door-to-door, meaning that families listed on the same census page were neighbors. Many genealogists believe it's essential to research in clusters, since people simply didn't move as often or as far back in the 18th and 19th centuries. GenealogyDatabase.com members can leave behind messages requesting information, pictures, or even correct errors that they know to exist on that particular census page. NOTE: This "sticky note" technology will not be available at launch, so genealogists should check back because
we will be adding new names and features each week once the site launches! With a site this huge, we will be introducing new innovations in stages.

Federation of  Genealogical Societies Conference 

Thank you to Lorraine Hernandez for an outstanding report  
   lmherdz@msn.com

This week's Eastman's newsletter is being written on board Continental Airlines flight 1762. I am returning from the Federation of  Genealogical Society's annual conference. This year's event was held in Salt Lake City and was co-sponsored by the Utah Genealogical Association. 

This year's FGS conference was a success, according to everyone that I talked to. The four-day conference was held in the Salt Palace, a first-class convention facility. The conference site was 
less than one block from the Family History Library, the largest repository of genealogy information in the world. Many conference attendees spent their lunch hours and their evenings in the Library. In fact, I think a few even sneaked out of the conference from time to time in order to spend more hours at the Family History Library!

About 2,000 people attended the conference -- a record for FGS -- but the convention hall could have held several times that number. When I first walked through the vendors' exhibit hall, I thought there were fewer exhibits than normal. However, I soon realized that it was simply a very large hall... there was so much space available that even the normal number of vendors could not fill it.

One of the hot topics this year was genetic testing. No less than three vendors were in attendance to publicize services related to DNA testing and other genetics-related topics. The seminars also 
included a couple of presenters discussing DNA testing, the plotting of inherited medical conditions via genogram charts, and other genetics-related topics. I suspect we are going to see more and more genetics topics in future conferences. DNA has the potential to revolutionize genealogy research in much the same manner as the computer revolution of the past fifteen years. 
Genealogists also possess the tools and disciplines required to help medical professionals identify many medical problems before symptoms appear. Genetics and genealogy look like a perfect marriage.

Wednesday's seminars were all focused on genealogy society-related topics. The official opening ceremony was held early Thursday morning, and most of the seminars that followed were aimed at individual or professional genealogists. Altogether, more than 100 presentations were held on a variety of topics, including genealogy research techniques, computer-related topics, genetics 
and much, much more.

The Thursday-morning opening ceremony featured Richard E. Turley, Jr. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He talked at length about the church's adoption of new technologies in gathering, storing, and distributing genealogy data. The new storage techniques that hold the electronic images of tens of thousands of documents per square inch of storage space sound 
fascinating.

I later attended a somewhat similar presentation except that it described the plans of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. L. Reynolds Cahoon, Chief Information Officer of the NARA, described some of the plans of that government agency. While NARA's plans are not quite as high-tech as those of the LDS church, they also plan to make more records available through the use of technology. The National Archives seems committed to the words, "Internet access."

The remainder of the sessions covered both high tech and "low tech" topics of interest to genealogists. A full list of the seminars is available on the Federation of Genealogical Societies 
Web site at http://www.fgs.org. Most of the seminars were taped, and the audiotapes are available for sale by mail order. I suspect a full listing of tapes available will appear before long at: 
http://www.audiotapes.com/index_conf.asp?Topic=1. Purchasing these tapes is an excellent method of "attending in absentia." You might want to purchase tapes of the seminars that interest you.

All in all, this was a great conference: great presentations, record attendance, a first-class facility, the nearby Family History Library, and even perfect weather. The Federation of Genealogical Societies and the Utah Genealogical Association are to be congratulated for presenting a first-class event.

On the second day of the FGS conference, Ancestry.com, a division of MyFamily.com (and sponsor of this newsletter) announced that the first of many U.S. Census records are now 
available on their Web site. The 1790 U.S. Census records are available now for a limited time at no extra cost to Ancestry.com subscribers. These are scanned images of the actual original, hand-written records. Image enhancement techniques have been used with the result that many of the computer-scanned images are easier to read than the microfilm versions. Only a small percentage of the census records were made available this week; the remainder will come online 
during this year and next. The Web browser "plug-in" also is a late beta version; an updated version with enhancements and bug fixes will arrive in a week or two. I certainly will be 
writing about this great new resource soon. However, in the meantime you can look at: http://www.ancestry.com

Origins.Net was showcasing their recently announced arrangement with the Society of Genealogists in England to place U.K. indexes on the Web. The software isn't even in beta 
test yet; it is still being written. However, even with the rudimentary interface available today, the new service shows a lot of promise. Together, Origins.Net and the Society of Genealogists are placing valuable indexes to documents dating from the 1600s through the 1800s online, including Bank of England Wills, London City Apprenticeship Indentures, Vicar General and Faculty Office Marriage License Allegations, London Consistory Court (the "Bawdy Court"), and Archdeaconry Court of London depositions. Once you find an index reference to a record you want, you can either obtain a copy of the original record by either using traditional methods or 
clicking on an icon to place an online order to the Society of Genealogists. You provide your name, address, and credit card number, and the photocopy of the actual record will be sent to 
you by regular mail (not e-mail). I probably won't be writing about this service for some time yet as the software is still in development. However, I do hope to write a full article as soon as the records become available online.

Bruno Longmore, the Departmental Record Officer and Archivist of the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS), also was at the Origins.Net exhibit booth to demonstrate Scotland's 
records dating from 1553 that are already available on Origins.Net's Web site.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is now shipping the Vital Records Index - Western Europe. This set of indexes fills 21 data CD-ROM disks plus one disk of software. 
The boundaries within Europe have changed frequently, but people tend to remain in place. Therefore, this set of CD-ROM disks is described as covering certain regions rather than 
referring to countries. The regions covered are the Alpine, BeNeLux (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg), French, German, Italian and Spanish regions. Hispanic researchers in the 
Western Hemisphere will note that the Spanish region coverage is extensive, filling 8 CD-ROM disks. This 22 CD-ROM set costs $27.00 U.S. funds when shipped from Salt Lake City to U.S. 
addresses. Similar pricing will be available at shipping centers in other countries.

Family Origins has always been one of my favorite genealogy programs. It combines ease of use, lots of features and a low price. Version 9.0 has just been released and is shipping now. New features include an enhanced user interface and new reports.

Genealogy.com announced that they have started to make the 1900 U.S. Census available online. These are scanned images of the original handwritten census records, and Genealogy.com is 
the first company to make the 1900 census records available online. 1900 census records available today include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and North Carolina, with more states to be added in the coming months. The database is fully searchable and is indexed. Records in the 1900 U.S. Census can be purchased by individual "projects" for $59.99. Details are 
available at: http://www.familytreemaker.com/cenmicro1900.html

GeneWeaver is a brand-new computer program for creating and maintaining your family health history. When I say "brand new," I mean that it hasn't been released yet. It is in the middle of a beta test and probably will not be released for some time yet. However, Genes & Things, Inc. did announce the new program at the FGS conference and is taking orders. Liz Kersteins, the producer of Clooz software, is involved in the creation of GeneWeaver, so I suspect this will be a good program. This is one more example of the marriage of genetics and genealogy. You can find more information as it becomes available at: http://www.geneweaveronline.com

I have written recently about several videotapes produced by The Studio in Hurricane, Utah. This company is producing new training videotapes faster than I can keep up with them. New tapes produced under the "123Genealogy" label include:
* Barbara Renick's Guide to Genealogy Information Online
* On-line Reference Tools for Genealogy (again with BarbaraRenick)
* Digital Imaging for Genealogy with Richard S. Wilson
* Legacy 3.0 Family Tree Video Training with Geoffrey D.Rasmussen
* Publishing Your Family History on the Internet with Richard S.Wilson
* Personal Ancestral File 4.0 - Para Principiantes (in Spanish) with Nancy Gonzalez

PrintMyTree.com had a large plotter in the FGS conference Exhibitors' Hall which they were using to produce large, high-quality wall charts all during the show. The charts are among 
the nicest I have ever seen. The company produces the wall charts on glossy paper, so these are great for framing. A variety of charts are available. More information may be found at: http://www.PrintMyTree.com

Heritage Gene@logy College is offering online courses in a Professional Genealogy Certification Program. The courses target anyone who wants to become a professional genealogist or a better amateur researcher. The college will also offer a certification program that is distinct from the two other certification programs: one by the Board for the Certification of Genealogists and the other by the Mormon Church. Heritage Gene@logy College is affiliated with the Salt Lake Community 
College and will start its first classes shortly after New Year's. Information may be found at: http://www.genealogy.edu

The Molecular Genealogy Research Group at Brigham Young University is trying to determine the genetic composition of major populations throughout the world, reconstruct genealogies using genetic information, and produce unique identifications for peoples who do not have traditional name-based genealogies. Details may be found at: http://molecular-genealogy.byu.edu

ProQuest is a new company name, but it has a strong heritage.ProQuest is a division of Bell and Howell that was spun off from the UMI division. UMI has long been a world leader is 
supplying photo reproductions of out-of-print books as well as other text materials, such as theses prepared for advanced degree programs. ProQuest will continue in a similar manner as 
the former UMI division but also will be offering the same materials online. The primary audience for ProQuest's services is expected to be libraries and universities. Private individuals will be able to use Quest's services by visiting their local library. The exhibit at the FGS conference this 
week was an early beta version; the final online version is not expected for some months yet.

My nomination for the "niftiest hardware displayed at the FGS conference" goes to CybeRecord, Inc. This company produces a 75-pound desktop machine that scans microfilm and microfiche 
at the rate of 140 images per minute, converting them to digital images. The output can be written directly to disk drives, CD-ROM disks, or file servers, or even uploaded to the Internet. The machine also improves image quality so that the scanned images normally are easier to read than the originating microfilms. To be sure, this isn't new technology; other companies have offered similar hardware for some years. CybeRecord's product has two unique features: ease of use and 
low price. I asked for a demonstration at the company's booth but the gentleman I talked to simply handed me a stack of microfiche and said, "You do it." With no additional coaching, 
I inserted the microfilm into the input hopper and pushed a rather prominent button labeled "Start," and the machine started scanning. I was assured that no other training was 
required. This machine does not require a trained archivist to operate it; almost anyone can produce high quality scanned images from microfilm or microfiche. CybeRecord says that one 
person can normally keep 8 to 10 of these machines in simultaneous operation. CybeRecord does not sell these systems. Instead, the systems are available only on a rental basis. The pricing structure is a bit complex as it is based upon both an equipment rental charge and a usage counter. CybeRecord says that most of their customers find that the costs are equivalent to about one cent per scanned image for a machine being used six to eight hours a day. You will need to 
scan a lot of microfilm or microfiche to reach a price that low. The base price is too high for most private individuals, but I can envision many larger genealogy societies using these systems to convert microfilm and microfiche holdings to online or CD-ROM products. Information is available at: http://www.cyberecord.com

RootsWeb had a booth at the FGS conference, the first since their recent acquisition by Ancestry.com. Newly-appointed RootsWeb Vice President Charles Merrin talked extensively 
about Ancestry.com's commitment to keep RootsWeb's many services free and open to all. He said, "The only major change you will see is that we won't be begging for money." He did 
hint at future plans to add more free services, however.

The Genealogy Registry calls itself a "Worldwide Genealogy System." Their brochure says that the company plans to "re-engineer the genealogy industry." This initiative allows professional and advanced amateur genealogists to produce genealogy information with full source citations, which will be available online. Users will pay a fee to access the huge database to be constructed. Genealogy Registry plans to share that money with those who produced the information. The major factor here is the use of only properly-sourced and documented pedigrees. The company reportedly will be very careful about the quality of data added to their database. Information can 
be found at: http://www.genreg.com

Want to get away for a week? GenCruise.com is offering an Alaska Seminar Cruise in May and June of 2001. John Coletta and Helen Leary will present a number of genealogy seminars as 
the Regal Princess travels past spectacular scenery. Details may be found at: http://www.gencruise.com

Matt and April Helm have written a new book: "America Online Guide to Genealogy Online." This is an official AOL publication that sells for $19.99. You can order it by calling 
1-800-434-3422.

About the author: Dick Eastman is the forum manager of the three Genealogy Forums on CompuServe. He also is the author of "YOUR ROOTS: Total Genealogy Planning On Your Computer" published by Ziff-Davis Press. He can be reached at: roots@compuserve.com

Primos,I would like to introduce the Latino Adoption Registry Online at: 
Owner Savannaha wrote: 
I am an Adoptee myself, born and raised in New Mexico State. I now live in the State of Michigan. 
I located my birth parents years ago, back in the 80's. I know the process on obtaining information on how to locate your lost family. It does not take a detective license to know how to locate a party. Once I have some clues, it normally only takes me a day to 3 hours to locate the
party.  Savannha Espinoza Savannha@mich.com

[Editor's note:  With the increase in divorce and children born outside of marriage, adoption queries have also increased. There is a fee for this service, but the glowing testimonials were very moving. I have extracted only a few sentences. Please click on the website for the full text of the  testimonials and feel free to contact the individuals:  http://www.nebsnow.com/LatinoAdoptionRegistry

Savannha is truly a god send.  She came to me at a time when I had given up hope in searching.  She was able to help me find who I had spent a lifetime looking for and did it all in one afternoon. 
             Wanda Sanchez   mich57sf@yahoo.com

Savannaha was instrumental in getting some of the information that I was not able to attain and she always did it with such easy and quick response that now I have the family tree almost totally connected from 1675 to 2000.
              Cyndi Garcia-Kirby      ckirby@asu.edu 

The head of the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs apologized September 8 for the agency's "legacy of racism and inhumanity . . ."  "By accepting this legacy, we accept also the moral responsibility of putting things right,"  Kevin Grover, a Pawnee Indian, said in an emotional speech marking the agency's 175th anniversary.

"This agency participated in the ethnic cleansing that befell the Western tribes," Gover said.  "It must be acknowledged that the deliberate spread of disease, the decimation of the mighty bison herds, the use of the poison alcohol to destroy mind and body, and the cowardly killing of women and children made for tragedy on a scale so ghastly that it cnnot be dismissed as merely the inevitable consequence of the clash." 

The misery continued after the BIA became part of the Interior Department in 1849, Grover said. Children were brutalized in BIA-run boarding schools, Indian languages and religious practices were banned and traditional tribal governments were eliminated.

Now, 90 percent of the BIA's 10,000 employees are Indian, and the agency has changed into an advocate for tribal governments.

Extracts from an article by Matt Kelley, Associated Press via OCRegister, 9-9-00

"Before any culture can move forward and make things better, it must acknowledge where they've gone wrong," said Joyce Stanfield Perry, a Juaneno Indian from Irvine, California. "I think it is monumental that the United States government has acknowledged their wrongs against the indigenous people of Northern America.  Hopefully, it can begin a healing process and a good working relationship."

Orange County Register, 9-9-00  

 We are pleased to launch Cultura Latina Online Bookstore!
An on-line ordering service with a database of more than two million titles>  In addition to our specialized inventory of Latino fiction and children's books,  any other title published in the United States can also be ordered through our website.

Anita, Andrea and Roberto Cano
CULTURA LATINA BOOKSTORE
4125 Norse Way, Long Beach, CA 90808
tel. (562) 982-1515 • http://www.culturalatina.com

Submitted by Anthony Garcia

MEXICO

                                                    November 4, 2000

Although scholars of Mexican intellectual history regard her as the "tenth muse," Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz, the 17^th Century Mexican writer and philosopher, is still widely unknown to non-Spanish speakers in the U.S. Sor Juana is widely regarded at the first feminist of the Americas.

UCLA extension will hold a day-long, free public conference on November 4, 2000, to explore the life, work, and legacy of Sor Juana. The program will feature presentations by humanities scholars from the fields of literature, history, and musicology, and will also include poetry readings and vocal performances.

On Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas,  Mexico first settlers: There are at least three excellent sources for the  list of first settlers of Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

1. Israel Cavazos Garza's Nuevo Leon y la Colonizacion del Nuevo Santander,  published 1994 in Monterrey, N.L. Mexico, in 1994. pp. 102-108.

After that, I would go to the following as it has the full background of the  foundation of so many of the Escandon colonies: I have the Spanish version, but prefer to use the following:
Edna Garza Brown's translation of Vol. I General State of the Foundation of  the Colony of Nuevo Santander, published under the sponsorship of the Corpus  Christi City library in 1994. 

This book and the Spanish version should be found at the Brownsville, Texas  genealogy library at the University or at the City library. Yolanda Gonzalez  de Gomez Arguelles can let him know about these books. 

The Houston genealogy journal with the extra comparison of church records to  census records of Soto la Marina, should also be in the holdings of either of  the Brownsville main libraries. See below:

The State of Texas Archives has extra lists of census, church rolls which  were published by the Houston Genealogical Journal in the 1990's under my  name. This list for Soto la Marina, gave extra information which was not  available in the other two sources already mentioned. More children's names  etc., This is referred to above.  Either UT- Pan American or Brownsville, Texas main or university library  should have this Houston Genealogy journal. It was published several years 
ago.

General Felipe de la Garza Cisneros came from these Soto la Marina de la  Garza. It has not been 100% verified, but is thought that Patricia de la Garza, wife  of Don Martin de Leon Galvan also came from the Soto la Marina de la Garzas.  Felipe de la Garza is said to be her kinsman. Felipe de la Garza Cisneros  did not connect to my de la Garza lines in Cruillas at all.

There were de la Garza lines who moved from Linares, N. L. and Cadereyta, N. L in the 1770s to Cruillas and then moved to Soto la Marina. This is the  line of Juan Bautista de la Garza father of the General Juan Jose de la Garza  Galvan. He can read the 200- journal published by HOGAR, Dallas, Texas, for  my article on the genealogy of this general.

There were three main de la Garza lines, all separate de la Garza lines who  entered Cruillas, Tamaulipas, Mexico in 1766. Soto la Marina was founded  much earlier. He can also look at the first census found in Guillermo Garmendia Leal for  the colonies of Nuevo Santander. Brownsville should also have a copy of  this. If not, George Gause should have all of the Guillermo Garmendia Leal  books at Pan American- U. of Texas in Edinburgh, Texas.

Si por casualidad tienen Uds. a un Epigmenio, Fulgencio, y Alberto de la  Garza, pudieran ser mis tres tios abuelos que no he podido encontrar en  Cruillas despues de 1890. Pero los tres descienden de mis de la Garzas de  Cruillas. Esta es la linea de Jose Anselmo de la Garza Gomez de Castro y de  su esposa, Maria Margarita Leal de Leon de la Garza. Pero he encontrado a  estos tios abuelos mios como padrinos en Cruillas, Tamaulipas, Mexico, en  1880. Fulgencio de la Garza se fue para Matamoros y tengo fotos de el  tomadas en Matamoros en 1893, con personas que fueron nombres muy  reconocidos, pero el se nos perdio. Lo he buscado mucho en Matamoros despues  de 1893, y dejo de vivir alli. Tengo tres fotografias de Fulgencio. 

Si necesita que se traduzca lo que he escrito arriba, por favor solo nos los  pide y lo hare. Prefiero escribirle solamente usando esta linea de e-groups  de Los Bexarenos.
Espero que estas fuentes lo puedan ayudar. MdlGD.

 ICOMOS MEXICANO, A.C.

International Council of Monuments and Sites, Mexico announces its forthcoming 20th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monumental Patrimony, "The Conservancy of Monumental Patrimony at the Beginning of the Third Millennium", October 18 to October 22, 2000, at the fortified historic city of Campeche, Mexico.

Keynote speakers, sessions of 20-minute presentations, guided visits to colonial and archaeological sites near the city of Campeche. Sub-themes, one each day of the conference:
I. The safekeep of monumental patrimony in the third millennium
II. Globalization and identity
III. Managerial and financing plans 
IV. Traditional technologies and new millennium challenges

Six hotels at conference rates, $25-$70 SNG, $35-$80 DBL. Registration $100 U.S. Cy.

For more details please contact ICOMOS MEXICANO, A.C., 
Arq. Ramón M. Bonfil Castro
Londres 75 - 101
Colonia Juarez
06600 - Mexico, D. F.
Phone 011-52/5514-1260, FAX 011-52/5525-6115
E-mail: icomex@prodigy.net.mx

Submitted by Carmen Boone to Aguilar

Oaxaca, Mexico hosted the sixth annual Sundance Institute's Latin American Screenwriter Workshop. The programs were born of Sundance Institute's founder Robert Redford's travels to Cuba for the Havana Film Festival.  Sundance has tried to do for Latin American film what it did for American independent film - nurture and support it.

The Latin American workshops evolved into much more than than just writing seminars.  They became cross-cultural exchanges, where screenwriting is seen as a vehicle to learning how culture affects the nuances of storytelling.    

Extract from article by Lorenza Munoz, Los Angeles Times, 9-24-00

My goal in showing all of this was to demonstrate the urgency in which we all have to act in order to "save" this precious archive. There are more than 250,000 documents, both in the Palacio Municipal and at the rectory of the Catholic Church. Both parties are extremely motivated in having the University take charge of this project to microfilm all the documents and then to digitize them onto CD-ROM format, so that they are accessible to whomever on  whatever side of the border. The cost to undertake this project will be roughly $93,000. We were fortunate to raise over $7,000 that Tuesday night alone! I am applying to three or four foundations for funds, and I am optimistic that we will be able to raise the entire amount. We have to.......we have no choice.

Primo, if you are interested in helping us with whatever amount you can afford, then please e-mail me with your mailing address so that I can mail you a large envelope that contains all pertinent information. I appreciate it very much and I'll stay in touch with you. Take care, God bless,
Carlos

So, Primos/Parients/Familia: 

You can make your check payable to: Texas A&M International University (be sure and put on the memo line below that it is for the Guerrero Viejo Archives Preservation Project). You can send it at your convenience to:

Michelle Alexander
Vice President for Institutional Advancement
Texas A&M International University
5201 University Boulevard
Laredo, Texas 78041-1900

Thank you,

Ernesto Uribe
3800 Bent Branch Road
Falls Church, VA 22041-1010
703/750-2458 

Forwarded by both Ernesto Uribe and Elisa Herbeck
More about the Cuidad Guerrero Projet: Walter L. Herbeck Jr. wherbeck@juno.com (210) 684-9741

Steve Paliska, resident of Irvine and a member of the Irvine Chamber of Commerce, helped deliver $4,000 worth of balls, bats and mitts for children in poverty-stricken pockets of Hermosillo, Sonora..  Hermosillo is Irvine's sister city.  

"Baseball is a very important part of their lives, but sometimes parents can't afford (the equipment)," said Enrique Agueyo, president of the Sister Cities Foundation in Hermosillo.  "A gift like this is a godsend to them."   Baseball has long been an integral part of Mexico's culture, escalating in the 80s with "Fernandomania."  Former major league star pitcher Fernando Valenzuela grew up dirt-poor in Etchohuaquila, also in Sonora.

Paliska, who runs a produce packing company in Tomatlan, Mexico, said the idea for a baseball collection came to him during an Hermosillo tour with Irvine officials.  He saw the need for such a project when the group stopped at the site of the future baseball-diamond project.

Abstract from article by Monica Vallencia, Orange County Register, 9-9-00

Esperanza was dedicated to her craft and her culture. She said, "I was always so caught up in my art, in my world, in the past, but I want to leave a legacy to these new artists. I want to tell them they can overcome obstacles and stereotypes and be true artists. You just have to be dedicated and work very hard and believe." Esperanza died of breast cancer in January, 1998, at age 64.

HONORS:
August 24, 1989, the Secretary of Education of the United States, Mr. Cabazos, by the theme Stay in School, accepted from The Coca-Cola Company a commissioned painting entitled "Learning from the Master".Comision Femenil Mexicana Nacional, 
March 5, 1988 Congressional Record, 100th Congress, Second Session, 
February 24, 1988, pgs. E346-7, Salute to Latina Artists by Hon. Esteban Edward Torres, Calif.
The National Network of Hispanic Women, "An Evening of Art Under the Stars,"
September 11, 1985California Legislature Senate, "In honor of outstanding contributions to the arts"City of Los Angeles Commendation by Mayor Tom Bradley, 
September 11, 1985Caminos Magazine, 
1983, voted Esperanza "Outstanding Artist of the Year" 

Let me thank you for putting Tamazula web on the air. At first I was very dissapointed, because it has nothing on genealogy. BUT, as I was browsing I ran into a letter sent by Roberto Chavez...he wrote this letter to his father for father's day. It touched my heart ( since my father is gone from this world) I felt that I missed him and didn't know how much until I read his letter, any way I wrote him and told him so. I also mention that I was looking for Antonio Sanchez from Tamazula, Jalisco...when I got his answer I was shocked...he said he was a Sanchez by his mother and that he was going to Tamazula and spend one week there, and ask his grandparent about Antonio Sanchez and that he would get back to me around. As you guess it. I'm anxiously waiting for his answer.

Thanks again, Mary.

                                                           by Sam Dillon

                                               c.2000 N.Y. Times News Service 

Sent by Elsa P. Herbeck,  found in the Laredo Morning Times
"It is very interesting how cyberspace is affecting the world."
epherbeck@juno.com  210-684-9741

MEXICO CITY - Cindy Flores Davalos, a 24-year-old Mexican with neon pink hair, speaks native Spanish and minimal English. But in her job as the editor of a women's "channel" at Elsitio.com, an Internet company here, she operates in a linguistic netherworld that experts call Cyber-Spanglish. 

Sitting at her computer, Flores keeps her hand on "el maus," which she uses to "clickear" on the icons on her screen. She loves to "chatear" with her clients online, and when someone sends her an intriguing "imail," she may "forwardear" it to a friend. Her instantaneous e-mail service, AOL's ICQ (named for the play on "I seek you"), gets this rave review: "I love to ICQuear" (pronounced eye-see-kay-YAR). 

"Our daily routine obliges us to work in English," Flores said in Spanish. "The force of English on the computer screen is overwhelming."  Flores' linguistic experience is shared by millions of Hispanics who are adopting computers and the Internet as the tools and toys of daily life.

From Mexico to Madrid and from Tijuana to Tierra del Fuego, Spanish-speakers are freely importing English technology-related words into their vocabulary. They "taipear" rather than "escribir a maquina."

When they save a file, they make "el backup." And when their computer jams, it is time to "resetear." Pronunciations tend to retain the simplicity of American vowels - the first syllable of "brainstormear," for instance, is usually said brayn, rather than bry-een.  The hybridization of Spanish and English into Spanglish is not new, of course. It has been accelerating for half a century, and has often irritated Latin nationalists who see the process as cultural infiltration from the United States, as well as purists who think the mother tongue of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra is quite nice in its classic form, gracias.

What is different now, experts say, is that linguistic gatekeepers in much of the Latin world appear to be throwing up their hands in the face of the latest English invasion. "This was a hard-fought battle from the '60s through the '80s," said Jose Carreno Carlon, director of the department of communication at the Iberoamerican University in Mexico City. "But the nationalists and purists are in retreat, especially because in the cybernetic world many English words have no easy equivalent." 

Without a doubt, many computer-related words - "click," for instance - resist neat translation. But Ilan Stavans, a Mexican-born professor of Spanish at Amherst College who has compiled a forthcoming dictionary of Spanglish terms, says there is another reason for the quick welcome given to many English terms now. 

"There's a shift in the cultural climate not only in Mexico, but all over Latin America and Spain," Stavans said, noting that the left had once held intellectual sway there. "Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, everything that came from the imperialist gringo had to be rejected. But attitudes have become more receptive to U.S. popular culture, especially among the middle classes. They don't reject, they absorb." 

Some 10 percent of the 6,000 hybrid terms Stavans has collected are Cyber-Spanglish, underlining the Internet culture's growing influence in the Hispanic world. The United States is expected to have 128 million Internet users by 2001.

There are far fewer users in Latin America and Spain, but the number is rising rapidly. Some 2.7 million Mexicans will be wired into the Internet by year's end, says Marc Alexander, an analyst at IDC, an American Internet market research company, and Mexican users are increasing by 50 percent annually. In all of Latin America, there are now 13.2 million Internet users, up from 8.4 million last year. Nine million Spaniards are now wired. (English is also bending the Portuguese of Brazil, South America's largest Internet market.) The rapid growth has made cyberspace the linguistic crucible that a century ago was centered on America's southwest border and later in cities like Miami and New York, where Latinos intending to drive their trucks to market began saying "Voy a manejar mi troca a la marketa" instead of the "Voy a manejar mi camion al mercado." 

In more recent decades, Spanglish was fed by English-language movies, radio and television broadcasts, and advertising. In 1982, President Jose Lopez Portillo tried to turn back the tide by creating the Commission for the Defense of the Spanish Language, which campaigned to rid Mexico City billboards of words like hamburgers and pub. 

"People rejected that purist campaign," said Dr. Tarsicio Herrera Zapien, the professor of classical letters who is secretary of the prestigious Academia Mexicana. "Languages evolve, and we don't need to fight for Spanish if it is alive," said Herrera. 

The Academia Mexicana was set up 125 years ago, its statutes say, to "seek the conservation, purity and perfection of the Spanish language" in Mexico. But in recent years, Herrera says, its members have put less focus on purity and will likely do nothing to prevent the use of Cyber-Spanglish. 

"We can't legislate how people speak," said Herrera. "We simply catalog Mexican usages."  The Academia Mexicana is one of 20 organizations in Latin America affiliated with the Real Academia Espanola (Royal Spanish Academy) in Madrid, established in 1713 to protect Castilian Spanish from an earlier source of linguistic pollution: words derived from Quechua, Nahuatl and other indigenous tongues were being incorporated into Latin American speech. 

To encourage the use of proper Spanish, the Real Academia has established a Web site at www.rae.es. It offers an interactive service, Espanol al Dia, to answer questions about the correct use of Spanish.

Mario Tascon, the editor of El Pais Digital, the Internet version of Spain's largest newspaper, says the Real Academia has urged Spaniards to resist the English onslaught by seeking correct Spanish translations of computer-related terms, a practice he tries to follow as an editor. 

"We don't use el atachment," Tascon said. "We use archivo adjunto, which is longer, but at least it's Spanish. We try to use el sitio instead of el site, but that's a battle." Half the papers in Spain now routinely use el site, he said.  "Sometimes English words just force their way into general use," he said.

"We try to get people to use 'charlar,' for instance, but they say 'chatear' anyway." 

[When applying to become a member of the inquisition, the applicant was usually required to give his lineage and, if married, the lineage of his wife. The information usually given was the place of birth; the name of the parents; and both paternal and maternal grandparents of the applicant and his wife. Genealogically, these records are a gold mine for the researcher.]

 Lucas Madrigal resident of Puebla de Los Angeles applies to become a member of the Office of the Holy Inquisition in 1606.

Lucas de Madrigal, in 1594 solicited a passage for himself and his wife and children.
3.672 Lucas de Madrigal, natural de Sevilla, hijo de Marcos de Madrigal y de Juana de Celada, con su mujer Ana de Rivera, natural de Sevilla, hija de Diego de Carmona y de Sancha Ochoa de Rivera, y sus hijos, Juana, Marcos, Beatriz, Francisca y Lazaro, a Nueva España (no pasaron y se les refendo la licencia en 12-VI-1595) 20 mayo 1594...III231
Lucas de Madrigal and his family did not depart for New Spain in May of 1594 but set sail in 1595, perhaps without his wife who may have died before the voyage or shortly thereafter. Have not been able to determine at this time if his children accompanied him or stayed in Spain.
In Pueble de Los Angeles in the Sagrario were married Lucas de Madrigal and Maria de Avila (aka Davila), on 7 July 1597.

In the IGI  I have located the baptismal of 5 children for Lucas Madrigal and Maria de Davila, his second wife.
Catalina...............12 Apr 1598...Lucas de Madrigal/Maria de Avila
Jua......................16 Nov 1599...Lucas de Madrigal/Ma de Avila
Barbara.................4 Dec 1601...Lucas de Madrigal/Ma de Avila
Cathalina..............11 Jan 1604...Lucas de Madrigal/Maria Davila Vargas
Domingo...............19 May 1605..Lucas de Madrigal/Maria de Abila

The 5 baptismals were in the Sagrario Metropolitano in Puebla.
Lucas Madrigal and Maria Davila were residents of Puebla, he was from Sevilla and Maria de Davila was from Cadiz. The parents of Lucas Madrigal were Marcos de Madrigal and Juana de Celada. The paternal grandparents were Antonio Madrigal and Maria Hurtado. The maternal grandparents were Juan de Madrid and Maria de Celada.
Maria de Davila was from Cadiz in Spain and was the daughter of Alonso Ximenez Davila and Catalina de Sierra. The paternal grandparents were Bartolome Davila and Catalina Rodriguez. The maternal grandparents were Pedro de Sierra Vargas and Maria de Paredes. "Todos naturales y vecinos de Medina-Sidonia".

Sources:
1) Archivo General de Indias Catalogo de Pasajeros A Indias - Siglos XVI, XVII and XVIII, Vol. VII (1586-1599).
2. Aspirantes Americanos A Cargos Del Santo Oficio, Guillermo S. Fernandez de Recas.
3. IGI (International Genealogical Indez) Family History Center.

Cuatro Generaciones En Los Altos de Jalisco Y Sus Antepasados
 Vol. 1 - 2000

Dear Mimi,

     In June, I had the opportunity to attend the annual get together of a group here in San Diego.  They are the Descendants of Old Town, the original settlers of San Diego.  They had a few things out on display and the best for me, were 2 binders with pedigree and family group sheets.  Anyone could remove the sheets and make copies of the work at the copier in the room.  That is where I got the idea for the binder of work which I have put together.  I titled it Cuatro Generaciones En Los Altos de Jalisco Y Sus Antepasados Vol. 1 - 2000.  It has 100 plus sheets, is in ABC order, and credit goes to Tony, Ophelia, Stevedn H., Porfirio Navarro, Lillian and myself.  I think in the future it can grow to include many more of the 4 generations.  I have someone who is looking at the name Borjorquez in the Chihuahua area, but they are off a couple hundred years from what I have.  No matter, we know that these people moved from one end of the country to the other.  Because of the 4 G's binder, I have found two people with GODINEZ in Guanajuato and Nayarit.  That should be interesting to follow up on.

     . . . I carry the binder with me everywhere to see if I can make any connections and hopefully to fill in where we are stuck.  Interestingly enough, I showed it to my teacher who is of Filipino/Chinese ancestry.  She was quite interested and I gave her a start up set of papers and instructions.  She passed those along to her mother and thus a new family tree is growing.  What so impressed my teacher, with whom I work each day, was that so many of the surnames in the index were names that she recognized from her own family and friends.

     . . . . 
     Sincerely,  Patricia Diane Godinez    canprin@yahoo.com

CARIBBEAN AND CUBA

Index to "Historia de Familias Cubanas Vols 1-9"
(Histories of Cuban Families)

http://www.cubagenweb.org/jaruco.htm

This 9-volume work represents the most extensive collection ever compiled of Cuban genealogies. 

Volumes were prepared by Francisco Xavier de Santa Cruz y Mallen, Conde de San Juan de Jaruco y Santa Cruz de Mopox.  The Index was compiled by Ed Elizondo, and can be accessed in English or Spanish.  The index  is alphabetized and can be search by volume and page number where the surname information can be found.

Information is given on how to obtain copies of the surname entries.  
You can obtain the text of any of the listed entries by one of the following methods:

Volumes 7-9 are available from your local library on interlibrary loan. Use the ISBN numbers listed below in the Publishing History section as identifiers.
Volumes 1-6 have been microfilmed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ("LDS Church"). Go to your local branch of the LDS Church Family History Center (during the hours open to the public) and request a loan of the following microfilms:
Volumes 1-5 film # 1162421 
Volume 6 film # 1162422 item 1 
(This 6 volume set is also available as a 39 microfiche set # 6030546).

There is also a second filming:
Volume 1 film # 1410945 
Volume 2-4 film # 1410946 
A nominal amount for the film loan, depending on the length of the loan, and a per page amount for copies is charged. These films and microfiche can only be viewed and copied at a Family History Center.

For a list of addresses of Family History Centers in your area contact the Family History Library at (801)240-5267.

For more details about the genealogical information available at the Mormon Church Family History Centers, see our page devoted to Where to find information.

At the University of Miami, the books are located at the Otto Richter Library, in the David Masnata collection, on the eighth floor, under "Special Collections". Call (305)284-3247 to obtain the necessary day pass. Copies can be made during your visit by the curator for a nominal fee per page.

At the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Volumes 1-6 are listed in the Catalog as located in the Latin America Book Area under catalog number 972.91 D2s.

At the time of my last visit (Jan 1999), the Miami publisher has copies of Volumes 7-9 for sale at $49 each. They also have only a few copies left of Volumes 2, 4, 5, and 6 for sale for $100 each.

The Miami publisher is: 
Ediciones Universal
3090 S.W. 8 Street, Miami, FL 33135
(305) 642-3234

Submitted by Johanna de Soto  CasaSanMiguel@aol.com

Bringing alive the study of Colonial Latin America - this collection of images, sounds, and text can help approach this history in a creative and mind expanding way. Well done, informative.

• Chronology - this section lists the important dates and events of the place and period.
• ThinkSheets© - our collection of pages designed to illustrate a specific topic, historical point or period.
• Browsing - view the content of this site by historical period, creator or author, or object type.

Maps include:  
Atlantic Wind and Water Currents
Audiencias of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, ca. 1650
Audiencias of the Viceroyalty of Peru, ca. 1650 

Submitted by Johanna de Soto  CasaSanMiguel@aol.com

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Scientists defrosted the Iceman, removing samples of bone, tissue and tooth from the 5,300-year-old mummy Monday in hopes of shedding light on the life and times of the ancient man who once roamed the Alps.

DNA tests will loom large in the new round of research into the ancient man.  The DNA tests will look at the mitochondria genome, which could reveal a common ancestry or genealogical continuity between inhabitants of the Alpine regions of 10,000 years ago and those of today.

The Iceman was found frozen in a glacier in the Tyrollean Alps on the Italian-Austrian border in 1991 and became the center of an international tug of war.  He first was claimed by Austria and taken to Innsbruck.  After a survey showed the discovery site was actually on the Italian side of the unmarked border, he was handed over to Italy.

Article by Peter W. Mayer, Associate Press via Orange County Register, 9-26-00 

 - Summary of April Presentation on “Limpieza de Sangre: Purity of Blood,"  I enjoyed this summary very much. I would like to point out that the Jews of Spain and Portugal are commonly referred to as being Sephardic (Sephardim plural), not just Jews. This is an ethnic grouping from this region, later extended to the Ottoman Empire. There are many large communities of the Sephardim around the world today. There are extensive records and archives of this community following the expulsions from Spain and Portugal, to be found in Turkey. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Sephardim enjoyed nearly 500 years of peace and cultural development. It was a safe haven.

Ethnically, the Sephardim are about 1,200 years older than the Ashkenazi. The language of the Sephardim is Ladino, which is a combination of Hebrew and Spanish, not Hebrew and Arabic as stated in the summary. As with the language of the Ashkenazi (Jews of East/Central Europe), Yiddish, Ladino is a dying language.

The article doesn't mention the name Marrano. Though it does refer to Cryto-Jews. Websters Dictionary defines Marranos as: during the Spanish Inquistion, a Jew who professed Christianity to escape death or persecution, often continuing to observe Judaism secretly. Many of the Marranos that escaped Spain and Portugal went to the "New World" (North and South America), alongside the colonial forces of the Spanish and Portuguese.

A video I suggest is: Les Derniers Marranes = The last Marranos, Frédéric Brenner et al., 1 videocassette (65 min.), Waltham, Mass, 1992? Abstract: In 1497, 5 years after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, the Portuguese Jews were forced to accept conversion. Called 'Marranos'
by their Christian neighbors, they tried to keep their Judaism alive.

After 500 years of practicing their religion in secret, some 100 adults in the village of Belmonte have remained. Officially Catholics, the Marranos attend church every Sunday, but within their
own homes they light candles on Friday nights and bake matzah for Passover. Although no longer living under any threat, the Marranos continue to perform their ceremonies behind closed doors, mostly under the leadership of women, either through fear of the evil eye, or simply through the strength of tradition.

For Sephardic genealogical research, check out: www.jewishgen.org  There is a listing of Genealogical Societies throughout the world, and many links for research. A forum on Sephardic genealogy: http://www.jewishgen.org/infofiles/SefardForum.htm

Sincerely,
Barry Klezmer, member of the San Francisco/Bay Area Jewish Genealogical Society

"Silent Heritage - The Shepardim and Colonization of the Spanish North American Frontier - 1492 - 1600" by Richard G. Santos. Published by:
New Sheparad Press, 
3411 Hunter Stand
San Antonio, TX 78230

Sent by Elvira Zamora Patton

[Editor note] If you are interested in Sephardic cooking, you may want to look at a book by Joyce Goldstein. "Sephardic Flavors"  includes the flavors of Turkey, North Africa and all the other southern and eastern Mediterranean countries the Sephardim fled to at the time of the Spanish Inquisition.

Each half-hour episode of Going Home will consist of one major documentary segment in which we follow one family or individual back to the country of their ancestry. This would be the centerpiece of each program. It could be packaged with the video audition tapes and with interviews with the subjects after they have returned from their trip. A studio host would
conduct these interviews, someone well recognized as an historian of note and with a comfortable on-camera presence. 

Great North Productions would like to pay for an individual to take a trip to their homelands. I'd like is contact names and phone numbers of Canadians that would like to take a trip to their homeland. Please reply if you have any leads or people that we can follow up with. I am more than happy to send information on Going Home and Great North Productions. This is a real offer!!!! If you want to go back to your homeland and you have a story to tell, or for more information feel free to contact me.

Ranked as Canada's leading producer of documentaries for 1998/99, Great  North Productions Inc. is living up to its mandate of creating high quality Television programming with international scope and appeal. Based in Edmonton, Alberta, Great North has operated for 13 years and has produced nearly 300 hours of television programming. Great North programs have won
30 Alberta Film Awards, have been frequent finalists at the annual Hot Docs and Gemini Awards, and have been recognized by the Charleston International Film Festival, New York Festivals, and the Emmy Awards.

Great North has produced for all major Canadian television networks, as well as many specialty channels including Discovery Channel, History Television and Life Network in Canada, and National Geographic Television and The Learning Channel in the US. In addition, Great North has partnered with prominent American and overseas production companies on diverse
documentaries.

Jeremy Schmidt, Reseacher
Great North Productions
3720 76th Ave
Edmonton, Alberta T6B 2N9
Phone (780) 440-2022
Fax (780) 440-3400
Email Jeremy.Schmidt@greatnorth.ab.ca<BR>

Archaeologists have uncovered in the remote jungle of Guatemala one of the largest and most splendid palaces of Mayan kings ever discovered  Its 170 rooms with 20 foot high ceiling were built around 11 courtyards and spread over an area greater than two football fields.  The palace, which dates from the eighth century A.D., "is buried virtually intact," said Arthur A. Demarest, an archaeologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville.

The Mayan civilization was at the peak of its power in Central America and Mexico from 250 to 900. There is no evidence that the city's rulers engaged in any major wards with neighbors.  Nor is there any sign of pyramids, the typically spectacular bases for temples and manifestations of the religious roots of a city's power.

Demarest said that in size and preservation the palace, at Cancuen, rivaled the buildings at the central acropolis in Tikal, one of the grandest seats of Mayan power in Guatemala.

Abstract from article by John Noble Wilford in the New York Times, via OCR, 9-8-00

Officials hope the switchover will end record inflation running at 104 percent a year, Latin America's highest.  the step is designed to prevent the government from printing excessive money to meet its budgetary needs.  Economists blame Ecuador's economic woes on decades of deficit spending.

Orange County Register, 9-9-00    

HISTORY

(Special thanks to Orlando G. Lozano for researching this very interesting account of a Spanish scientist/inventor.  So little credit has been given to the scientific accomplishments of the Spanish, it becomes even more special to have this data to share with readers.  It is with even greater pride because Orlando and I are first cousins, who found one another through our genealogical research.   To contact:  oglozano@netzero.net 

In 1543, a naval officer under Charles V is said to have propelled a ship of two hundred tons, by steam, in the harbor of Barcelona. No account of his machinery is extant, except that he had a large copper boiler, and that paddle wheels were suspended over the sides of the vessel. Like all old inventors he refused to explain the mechanism. 

The following account was furnished for publication by the superintendent of the Spanish royal archives:

 "Blasco de Garay, a captain in the navy, proposed in 1543, to the Emperor and King, Charles the Fifth, a machine to propel large boats and ships, even in calm weather, without oars or sails. 

In spite of the impediments and the opposition which this project met with, the Emperor ordered a trial to be made of it in the port of Barcelona, which in fact took place on the 17th on the month of June, of the said year 1543. Garay would not explain the particulars of his discovery: it was evident however during the experiment that it consisted in a large copper of boiling water, and in moving wheels attached to either side of the ship. The experiment was tried on a ship of two hundred tons, called the Trinity, which came from Colibre to discharge a cargo of corn at Barcelona, of which Peter de Scarza was captain. 

By order of Charles V, Don Henry de Toledo the governor, Don Pedro de Cordova the treasurer Ravago, and the vice chancellor, and intendant of Catalonia witnessed the experiment. In the reports made to the emperor and to the prince, this ingenious invention was generally approved, particularly on account of the promptness and facility with which the ship was made to go about. The treasurer Ravago, an enemy to the project, said that the vessel could be propelled two leagues in three hours that the machine was complicated and expensive and that there would be an exposure to danger in case the boiler should burst. The other commissioners affirmed that the vessel tacked with the same rapidity as a galley maneuvered in the ordinary way, and went at least a league an hour. 

As soon as the experiment was made Garay took the whole machine with which he had furnished the vessel, leaving only the wooden part in the arsenal at Barcelona, and keeping all the rest for himself. In spite of Ravago's opposition, the invention was approved, and if the expedition in which Charles the Vth was then engaged had not prevented, he would no doubt have encouraged it. Nevertheless, the emperor promoted the inventor one grade, made him a present of two hundred thousand maravedis, and ordered the expense to be paid out of the treasury, and granted him besides many other favors." 

"This account is derived from the documents and original registers kept in the Royal Archives of Simuncas, among the commercial papers of Catalonia, and from those of the military and naval departments for the said year, 1543. 

Thomas Gonzales, Simuncas, August 27, 1825."

From this account it has been inferred that steam vessels were invented in Spain, being only revived in modern times; and that Blasco de Garay should be regarded as the inventor of the first steam engine. 

As long as the authenticity of the document is admitted and no earlier experiment adduced, it is difficult to perceive how such a conclusion can be avoided; at least so far as steam vessels are concerned. It may appear singular that this specimen of mechanical skill should have been matured in that country; but at the time referred to, Spain was probably the most promising scene for the display of such operations. Every one knows that half a century before, Columbus could find a patron no where else. The great loss which Charles sustained in his fleet before Algiers the previous year, must have convinced him of the value of an invention by which ships could be propelled without oars or sails; and there is nothing improbable in supposing the loss on that occasion (fifteen ships of war and one hundred and forty transports, in which eight thousand men perished and Charles himself narrowly escaped) was one principal reason for Captain Garay to bring forward his project. 

M. Arago, who advocates with peculiar eloquence and zeal the claims of Decaus and Papin, as inventors of the steam engine, thinks the document should be set aside for the following reasons: 1st. Because it was not printed in 1543. 
2d. It does not sufficiently prove that steam was the motive agent.
3d. If Captain Garay really did employ a steam engine, it was "according to all appearance" the reacting eolipile of Heron, and therefore nothing new. 

To us there does not appear much force in these reasons. M. Arago observes, "manuscript documents cannot have any value with the public, because, generally, it has no means whatever of verifying the date assigned to them." To a limited extent this may be admitted. Respecting private MSS. it may be true; but surely official and national records like those referred to by Spanish secretary should be excepted. We have in eighth chapter of our Third Book quoted largely from official MS. documents belonging to this city, (New-York:) now these are preserved in a public office and may be examined to verify our extracts as well as their own authenticity: and the Spanish records we presume are equally accessible, and their authenticity may be equally established. The mere printing of both could add nothing to their credibility, although it would afford to the public greater facilities of judging of their claims to it. So far from rejecting such sources of information respecting the arts of former times, we should have supposed they were unexceptionable. 

But it is said although a boiler is mentioned, that is not sufficient proof that steam was the impelling agent, since there are various machines in which fire is used under a boiler, without that fluid having any thing to do with the operations: Well, but the account states that which rally appears conclusive on this point, viz. that this vessel contained "boiling water" and that Ravago the treasurer, opposed the scheme on the ground that there would be and exposure to danger "in case the boiler should burst." And this danger could not arise from the liquid contents merely, but from the accumulation of steam, (the irresistible force of which was, as has been observed, well known from the employment of eolipiles) it is obvious enough that this fluid performed an essential part in the operation in other words was the source of the motive power. 

Had it not been necessary, Garay would never have furnished in it such a plausible pretext for opposition to his project. It has been also said "if we were to admit that the machine of Garay was set in motion by steam, it would not necessarily follow that the invention [steam engine] was new and that it bore any resemblance to those of our day." True, but it would at least follow that Garay should be considered the father of steam navigation, until some earlier and actual experiment is produced. 

Arago further thinks, that if Garay used steam at all, his engine was the whirling eolipile-- "every thing" he observes would lead us to believe that he employed this. We regret to say there are strong objection to such an opinion. That an engine acting on the same principle of recoil as Heron's eolipile might have been made to propel a vessel of two hundred tons is admitted; but from modern experiments with small engines of this description, we know; 
1st, that in order to produce the reported results, the elasticity of the steam employed must have equivalent to a pressure of several atmospheres; and 
2d, that the enormous consumption of the fluid when used in one of these engines must have required either a number of boilers or one of extraordinary dimensions. Had Garay employed several boilers, the principal difficulty would be removed, as he might then have made them sufficiently strong to resist the pressure of the confined vapor; he however used but one, and every person who has witnessed the operation of reacting engines will admit that a single boiler could hardly have been made to furnish the quantity of steam required, at the requisite degree of tension. 

As the nature of this Spanish engine is not mentioned, every person is left to form his own opinion of it. 

We see no difficulty in admitting that Garay employed the elastic force of steam to push a piston to and fro, or that he formed a vacuum under one by condensing the vapor. 

Such applications of steam were likely to occur to a person deeply engaged in devising modes of employing it, in the sixteenth as well as in the seventeenth century, not withstanding the objection so often reiterated, that the arts were not sufficiently matured for fabrication of metallic cylinder a piston, and apparatus for transmitting the movements of a piston to revolving mechanism. 

The casting and boring of pieces of ordinance show that the construction of a steam cylinder was not beyond the arts of the sixteenth century, or even of the two preceding ones; while the water-works, consisting of forcing pumps worked by wheels, and also numerous other machines put in motion by cranks, (and the irregularity of their movements being also regulated by fly wheels) described in the works of Besson, Agricola, &c. show that engineers at that time well understood the means of converting rotary into rectilinear motions, and rectilinear into rotary ones. 

Before the civil war, slaves in the U.S. were denied an education  lest they get ideas about freedom.  Owners were pleased when their slaves took up crafts, such as quilt making.  Unbeknownst to the owners, the quilts contained secret codes which aided slaves in their escape to freedom.  

Hidden in Plain View - a Story of Quilts and the Underground Railroad.  1-888-839-5673

Submitted by Granville Hough

MISCELLANEOUS

If you live in areas where good Mexican food is scare, or if you just want to make your cooking easier, but still capture the scent and taste of your  Abuelita's kitchen, you may want to look at this site:  www.elcidproducts.com

I've tried their Barbaoca seasoning for beef and pork, El pollo cuckoo lemon marinade and even tried their seasoning for beans.  Each produced a very subtle flavor of good Mexican food. I thoroughly enjoyed the scent and stimulation of old taste memories. I'm sure you will too. 

To increase our networking links, please mention that you saw it in Somos Primos.  

 .

What is Dia de los Muertos? The following is a link that will provide you with an overview of this holiday celebrated in Mexico and by U.S. Hispanics.
http://www.olvera-street.com/dia_de_los_muertos.html

Thursday, Nov 2, 2000  Dia de los Muertos Celebration, San Antonio, TX
Call Centro Cultural Aztlan for more information (213) 432-1896

Sunday, November 5, 2000, 7th Annual Dia de Los Muertos Festival,  Mission Hills, CA   
11:00 AM - 5:00 PM
15174 San Fernando Mission Blvd., (across the street from the San Fernando Mission)

The 7th Annual Dia de los Muertos Festival presented by CultuAztlan & The San Fernando Valley Latino Arts Council will feature Mariachis, Danza Azteca, Ballet Folklorico, Teatro, Procession, Altar Displays, Fine Art Exhibit, Children’s Art Exhibit, Craft & Food Booths, Children’s Corner and more. For booth information call (818) 361-4216.

Sunday, November 5, 2000, Dia de los Muertos Celebration Fortworth, TX
Call Museum of Modern Art for more information, (817) 738-9215

                                                           Reinhard Klein

http://shop.myfamily.com/ancestrycatalog/product.asp?pf%5Fid=1199&dept%5Fid=10104001

This book is designed to let you record your unique personal history while
chronicling the nation's collective past. Spanning the years 1900-2000, this
book provides a two-page spread for each year and divides the space into three
sections: Historical Context, Family Milestones, and Catalog of Sources. The
author has filled the Historical Context section with a list of national events
and popular culture, with topics ranging from science to government, religion to
fashion. The blank areas allow you to record personal milestones. You can
include only the date and event, or you can choose to write a longer, more
in-depth account. 

Normally the "Family History Logbook" retails for $16.95, you can buy it in the Ancestry.com E-Store for only $14.45.

Oxford ancestors already offers mtDNA testing which can identify which of 7 women is your remote female ancestor. These women lived 10,000 to 20,00 years ago and are ancestors to 99 per cent of all living people with European ancestry. The test involves a simple cheek swab which is mailed to Oxford ancestors and costs $180. This test could prove useful to those with a Dutton "umbilical line" which is descent from a Dutton women passed from mother to daughter to living women.
The website URL is: http://www.oxfordancestors.com/

It might also be a good idea to contact Professor Brian Sykes who heads Oxford Ancestors re: feasibility of testing the Dutton skeletons. New techniques have been developed which could make DNA extraction possible. Professor Sykes was involved in DNA testing on the "Cheddar Man". He was able to find a direct descendant of this ancient Englishman living in the same
village. There is also a large genealogy DNA project going on at Brigham Young University in Salt Lake City, UT. They are collecting large numbers of  blood samples from all over the world from people who can supply a four generation pedigree chart. They hope to confirm pedigrees, make links beyond genealogical "brick walls" and eventually help people to locate their DNA in
a world family tree. See their website for more information at: http://genotype.byu.edu/how.cfm

Another group doing DNA genealogy work is The Center for Human Genetics in Bar harbor, ME. They are collecting "umbilical line" pedigrees going back at least five generations and will test individuals who have a common "umbilical" ancestress .
Contact them at http://feefhs.org/misc/frg-chg.html

If large numbers of living male DUTTONs and women with DUTTON umbilical lines participated in these studies and posted results to the list we all would learn much. The future should also bring many new possiblities with DNA genealogical research.

Regards,
Nicole May

Submitted by LaDeane Miller forwarded to him by Nicole May

                                             Submitted by Lewis F. Stokes

Oh, how I wish I could say it was before my time........enjoy a bit of Nostalgia. Sadly, for those of us born in the 1930s, Burma Shave signs are but a faint, fading memory. At their peak, they were in 45 of the "continental" 48 states (all except Massachusetts, where the foliage was considered too thick, and two southwestern states where the traffic was considered too sparse).

For those of you too young (and unfortunate) to remember the Burma-Shave signs, they were small rectangular signs, not much bigger than a large bumper sticker, of white lettering on a dark red background. There were usually five or six of these signs along the roadside (before today's interstates), spaced about five hundred feet apart. There were only a few words on each sign, and together, they related a (usually) witty saying. The final sign usually had "Burma-Shave" in the stylized writing of the product's logo.

In 1964, Philip Morris bought Burma Shave and its MBA types decided that the $200,000/year they spent to erect and maintain signs would go much farther if spent on television advertising instead. So they pulled up all the signs, destroying one of the few things that made those long trips
bearable. And the TV ads did, uh, what for the Burma Shave brand? 

His cheek
Was rough
His chick vamoosed
And now she won't
Come home to roost
Burma-Shave

The place to pass
On curves
You know
Is only at
A beauty show
Burma-Shave

On curves ahead
Remember, sonny
That rabbit's foot
Didn't save
The bunny
Burma-Shave

Twinkle, twinkle
One-eyed car
We all wonder
WHERE you are
Burma-Shave

These signs
We gladly Dedicate
To men who've had
No date of late
Burma-Shave

A guy
Who drives
A car wide open
Is not thinkin'
He's just hopin'
Burma-Shave

A whiskery kiss
For the one 
You adore
May not make her mad
But her face will be sore
Burma-Shave

His brush is gone
So what'll we d
Said Mike Robe I
To Mike Robe II
Burma-Shave

My job is
Keeping faces clean
And nobody knows
De stubble
I've seen
Burma-Shave

Doesn't Kiss you
Like she useter?
Perhaps she's seen
A smoother rooster!!
Burma-Shave

No use Knowing
How to pick 'em
If your half-shaved
Whiskers stick 'em
Burma-Shave

He tried To cross
As fast train neared
Death didn't draft him
He volunteered
Burma-Shave

If your peach
Keeps out Of reach
Better practice
What we preach;
Burma-Shave

Burma Shave
Was such a boom
They passed
The bride
And kissed the groom;

They missed the turn
car was whizzin'
Fault was her'n
Funeral his'n
Burma-Shave

Within this vale
of toil and sin
your head grows bald
but not your chin
Burma-Shave

Dear Lover boy
your photo came
but your doggone beard
won't fit the frame
Burma-Shave

I proposed
to Ida
Ida refused
Ida won my Ida
if Id'a used
Burma-Shave

The bearded lady
tried a jar
she's now a
famous movie star
Burma-Shave

Be like a noble
Not like a knave
Caesar uses
Burma-Shave

The ladies
Take one whiff
And purr--
It's no wonder
Men prefer
Burma-Shave Lotion

His face
Was smooth
And cool as ice
And oh! Louise!
He smelled so nice
Burma-Shave Lotion

I'd heard it praised
By drug store clerks
I tried the stuff
Hot dog!
It works
Burma-Shave

Train wrecks few
Reason clear
Fireman
Never hugs
Engineer
Burma-Shave

Altho insured
Remember, kiddo
They don't pay you
They pay
Your widow
Burma-Shave

Beneath this stone
lies Elmer Glush
Tickled to death
by his shaving brush
Burma-Shave

When Super-shaved
Remember, pard
You'll still get slapped
But not so hard
Burma-Shave

Her chariot
Raced 80 per
They hauled away
What had
Ben Her
Burma-Shave

She will
Flood your face
With kisses
'Cause you smell
So darn delicious
Burma-Shave Lotion

Use Burma-Shave
In tube Or jar
Then follow up
With our new star
Burma-Shave Lotion

It has a tingle
And a tang
That starts
The day off
With a bang
Burma-Shave Lotion

Bracing as
An ocean breeze
For after shaving
It's sure
To please
Burma-Shave Lotion

For early Morning
Pep and bounce
A brand new product
We announce
Burma-Shave Lotion

10/3/00