|
|
|
|
|
Dedicated
to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues |
|
|
|
Content Areas |
VETERANS' ORAL HISTORY PROJECT
The American Folklife Center at
the Library of Congress has been directed to establish a
Veterans' Oral History Project. The Center will collect
videotaped and audio taped recollections of veterans from all of
America's wars to be made available to scholars, students, and
family members. This is your opportunity to share the military
contributions of your fathers, uncles, sons, and grandsons. Please
add their stories. Your contribution matters. |
| SHHAR
Board Members: Laura Arechabala Shane,
Bea Armenta Dever,
Peter Carr, Gloria Cortinas Oliver, Mimi Lozano Holtzman, Carlos Olvera Information: http://members.aol.com/shhar 714-894-8161 |
| Contributors and Sources *** Johanna de Soto*** Pat Batista Maria Benavides Canales Richard Caville Bill Doty Pat Esterly Anthony Garcia George Gause Jose Gonzalez |
Odel Hardwell Walter L. Herbeck, Jr. Zeke Hernandez Sergio Hernandez Dr. Granville Hough Cindy Lobuglio Rueben Martinez Donie Nelson Sam Padilla Gonzales |
Rob
Ríos Andres Rivero Benicio S.Sanchez Garcia John P. Schmal Geary Serpas Mike Silvas Mira Smithwick Concho Vargas Margarita Velez Loretta Williams |
| News
Briefs San Patricio Battalion |
Young Hispanics Redefine America |
| »The 2001 Nosotros 31st Golden Eagle Awards celebration will be held at the
Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills on Friday, July 27, 2001. This
year's homage will be made to Anthony Quinn, Tito Puente, Pedro Infante
and Selena Quintanilla. For ticket information: 323-466-8566. Selena, A Musical Celebration of Life, musical theater production about the life of Selena at the Doolittle Theatre in Hollywood. For tickets, (800) 233-3123 and group sales (323) 962-2159. » Latino middle class growing. Median household income of customers in Boyle Heights (East LA) home to many first-generation Latinos, hovers at about $25,000. In West Covina, where many 2nd and 3rd-generation Latinos have purchased homes, median income tops $40,000. L.A. Times 6-11-01 » Latinos numbered 35.3 million in the United States Census. There are about 5,000 Latino elected and appointed officials across the country, ranging from sheriffs and school board members to mayors and members of Congress. Still, Latinos represent only 1% of elected officials and 4% in Congress. L.A. Times, 6-30-01 |
|||
| »
William C. Velásquez Institute - - - - - - Census Latino Voting-Age Population Latino Citizen Voting-Age Population Latino Voter Registration |
Analysis
in Vol 1, Issue 3, Winter 2000 6,639,030 3,345,071 2,300,000 |
||
| »
Ancestry, Latino California Voters Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American South American Other Latino/Hispanic |
Before/During
1996 55.8% 5.0% 1.6% 13.7% 8.8% 15.1% |
After 1996
& Presidential Election 73.6% 5.5% 2.0% 12.9% 2.5% 3.5% Source: Same as above |
|
| »
Many
Latinos come to this country with tastes that are, shall we say,
un-American. They love soccer more than baseball. They'd rather
listen to rancheras than rock `n' roll. "Immigrants have
immigrant tastes all their lives, even as they move up (into the middle
class)," said David E. Hayes-Bautista, director of UCLA's Center for
the Study of Latino Health and Culture. "They still prefer the
things they liked back home."
»
Hayes-Bautista found that . . . Of all
middle-class Latinos surveyed - defined as adults earning at least $35,000
per year - almost two-thirds are foreign-born immigrants. They make
more money, even though they have less education than U.S. -born Latinos
in the survey. |
|||
| »
The
United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce represents the interests of more than 1.2 million Hispanic-owned businesses in the United States and Puerto Rico, which earn more than $200 billion annually. It serves as the umbrella organization for the 250 local Hispanic chambers nationwide, and it actively promotes the economic growth and development of Hispanic entrepreneurs. Contact: Maria Ibanez of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce,
202-842-1212 |
|||
| »
U.S. censuses are currently
available to the public date from 1790-1920. The 1930 census will be opened to researchers on April 1, 2002. OC Register, 6-12-01 » Preparing to use the 1930 Census. Pacific Region National Archives and Records Administration will offer a workshop to instruct beginners and experienced genealogists on the methods used for locating individuals in this and other unindexed censuses. Class size are limited. Please call to reserve a place, (949) 360-2641, ex 0. Workshop costs $5. at the door. 24000 Avila Rd, 1st. Floor East, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677-3497 |
|||
| »
In at
least 10 states, the percentage of multiracial residents who are of school
age between 5 and 17 - is at least 25 percent. OC. Register, 6-20-01 |
|||
| »
Some 22 million immigrants or 71
percent of all those entering the United States between 1892 and 1924
passed through Ellis Island. More than 12,000 volunteers nationwide-
most from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints - have spent
more than 5.6 million hours on the massive project of transcribing tens of
thousands of old Ellis Island passenger ship arrival records onto a giant
database. http://www.ellisislandrecords.org » About $180 - $200 billion is spent on all forms of advertising in the United States. Hispanic Business magazine of Santa Barbara estimates that less than 2% is targeted at Hispanics exclusively. » Talk-show host Cristina Saralegui (Cuban) is joining NBCs soap opera "Passions." She will appear on 9 episodes of the drama. Saralegui believes that while a Spanish-language operation will help bring in viewers (and provides good cross-promotion for her own program), it's also about integrating the Hispanic audience into the existing form. O.C. Register, 6-26-01 »
The NEW issue July-August of SpanishUS.com has been published. Education... Information... Entertainment... Hispanic Issues... and FREE.
Andres Rivero said it is ¡EXCELENTE! |
|||
|
Geographic Nameserver Enter the name of the place you want to look up: For example, enter "Midway City, CA" to look up Midway City, California. If you enter just "Midway City", you will get information on all towns called Midway City. http://www.mit.edu:8001/geo This server contains mostly U.S.information.
It uses the information from the geographic nameserver database formerly
on martini.eecs.umich.edu. Much of the data is not current. |
|||
» "Dictionary of Chicano Folk-Lore" will soon be released in paperback. Published by Oxford University Press, it will sell for under $20. Hardcover cost was $55. Author Rafaela Castro is a librarian at UC-Davis and a member of St. Joseph the Worker Parish in Berkeley. Castro created the book for anyone who wants to know more about Chicano culture. The book is written in a series of brief article on words, traditions, people, songs, stories and art forms that characterize Chicano culture and with lists of published works that deal with each subject covered. Cindy Lobuglio writes, " I think it is one of the most interesting books I've read about in ages." » Concise, good over view of Hispanic/Latino artifcles. http://www.hispanicvista.com/index.asp |
|||
»» "One Man's Hero" - San Patricio BattalionVery few American or Irish students of history are aware
of the tragic story of the San Patricios, the St Patrick's Battalion in
the Mexican Army. This was a unit of 500-600 men, most but not all
Irish, who fought with courage and distinction in the US-Mexican War of
1846-48. However, as they were mainly deserters from the American
army, they got little mercy from the victors and many were hanged for
treason.
This site has a review of five books about the San Patricios
|
| »»
Extract:
Young Hispanics Redefine America by Martha Irvine,
6-8-01 CHICAGO (AP) - Jesus Segura circulates among his three worlds - Puerto Rican, Mexican and American - without leaving the city where he was born. To him, the worlds and the neighborhoods that represent them are distinct. But together they create a single identity as inseparable as the blood in his veins. ``They are all a part of me, equally,'' says the 16-year-old Chicagoan, whose mother is Puerto Rican and father Mexican. ``I'm quite proud of my countries. I love every single one of them.'' It is a common sentiment among Hispanic boomers - a new generation whose ranks have grown so quickly that, at 12.3 million, they are now the nation's largest minority group among those 17 and younger, according to the 2000 Census. They are, by their very numbers, helping reshape America for the 21st century - but not without maintaining a tight grip on their roots. ``Hopefully, it's not just a phase that will eventually go away,'' says Vanessa Soto, a recent high school graduate who - along with Segura and many other Latino youth - has learned to be an on-air producer at Radio Arte, a small station that broadcasts to Chicago's largely Mexican Pilsen neighborhood. Many of their elders think this is just the beginning of the ``Latinization of America.'' Sent by Zeke Hernandez |
|
»
Extract: Powell Seeks Hispanic Recruits for U.S. Diplomacy,
Elaine Monaghan, 6-11-01 |
| News Briefs Martinez Bookstore hosts DNA Study, July 28 SHHAR Quarterly Meeting, July 28th Orange County Fair, July 13-19th Flamenco Dance, July 22 to 29th Free Books from Mexico |
Scientific Summer Program |
| »» Editor's note: Orange County Hear. . . . Hear. . . . . Important Message Saturday July 28th, Martinez Bookstore in Santa Ana will be hosting the site for collecting blood samples for a Molecular Biology DNA research project. This is a global project with the goal of collecting samples from all over the world and demonstrating scientifically how connected we all are. DNA data gathered is already revealing important migration patterns - information which will probably reveal that Latino bloodlines are part of every racial and many ethnic groups. Please consider being part of
this important study. Ricardo Elizondo (San Jose, CA) said he went
to Utah himself to participate in the study. We should not be left
out. The data from this research will be distributed around the
world. So far, 19,000 samples have been collected. If our blood samples are not a part of the study, our history
will continue to be a excluded. |
|
»»Quarterly
meeting of the«« If you are a beginner or advanced family history researchers, don't miss this networking morning. You'll meet other researchers, hear and see researching success stories. A special feature will be the opportunity to participate in the BYU DNA study. Arrangements have been made, invite friends and bring a 4-generation chart. Blood samples will be collected starting at 9 a.m. and continue through 12:30 p.m. In addition to the BYU DNA blood sample
project, we will have speakers: Doug
Westfall, author and publisher will share some of the books that he
has produced and published. You can review some of his books at http://www.SpecialBooks.com.
Eddie Grijalva will explain the sequence in which he was able to
get a park named after Juan Pablo Grijalva, one of the earliest land
holders in Orange County. Peter Carr, editor of the
Caribbean Journal and a book distributor will review and recommend
books for Hispanic family history researchers. |
|
» Orange
County FAIR, July 13-29, 2001,
Mira Costa Fairgrounds |
|
»
"Fire in the Morning"
A pictorial exhibit of the Mexican Americans of Orange County
» Flamenco
Dance Workshops in Santa Ana, California to be taught by Concha Vargas,
Sunday July 22 to Sunday July 29th.
World Acclaimed Flamenco Dancer From Sevilla Spain, in her first So.
California Flamenco Dance Workshops! Concha Vargas is a pure Gypsy from
Sevilla,
Spain. She comes to Santa Ana direct from sold out performances and workshops
in |
| »
Free Books from Mexico The Mexican government is giving textbooks studied by elementary children in Mexico to schools all over the United States with large Mexican populations including Los Angeles, Dallas and Chicago. Orange County schools have already been identified to receive 15,000 of the new books. The books include the subjects of geography, math, science, Spanish and history. The Mexican government says the goal is to help Mexican heritage children to understand their roots and to promote an educational partnership between the two nations that could be as beneficial as free trade. The books are not intended to replace the American curriculum, rather to supplement. Mexican Consul Miguel Angel Isidro Rodriguez facilitating distribution in O.C. said that thestudents may one day move to Mexico to study or to live. Any kid who can speak two or more languages has more of a chance to be a successful adult, to have a better job." OC Register, 6-9-01 |
|
»
Students Start Summer Program for Scientific Studies These students will meet and have discussions with top scientists in the community on the applications of science, math & technology. They will be trained to use Texas Instruments TI-81 graphic calculators, and then also trained to assist as docents at the Discovery Science Center in Santa Ana. Contact Zeke Hernandez at 714-835-9585, zekeher@Juno.com. |
| »
San
Juan Youth Soccer League Juan Peña, a 38 year old self-employed gardener in San Juan Capistrano decided to make a difference in his neighborhood. With the goal of keeping Latinos out of gang activities, Peña created with a handful of Hispanic youths in 1997, the San Juan Youth Soccer League now has about 400 players. Participation in the American Youth Soccer Organization costs about four times as much as playing with the San Juan Youth Soccer. In addition, the AYSO plays only five months a year, whereas the San Juan Youth Soccer League has an expanded season. Eleazar Gonzalez, a coach and vice president says the neighborhood has improved. The sacrifice and commitments of volunteers has reaped community support. Mission Hospital's charitable arm gave the city $175,000 towards a soccer field for the San Juan League, and the city chipped in $50,000. O.C. Register, 6-24-01 Return to Front Page |
| »
La Colonia Independencia, Anaheim Many descendants of the Mexicans who came to work the orange grooves before the first world war still live in the area. The five-street unincorporated neighborhood bordered by Anaheim, Garden Grove and Stanton remained forgotten, receiving few services or attention. Before World War II, La Colonia had its own elementary school, and in the 1960s residents managed to create their own community center, staffed mostly by volunteers. The school closed in 1954. However 18 months ago, newly appointed Supervisor Cynthia P. Coad commenced lobbying for needed services, immediately. With the help of specific goals, a variety of programs, and a documentary produced by Supervisor Coad, dozens of county agencies and nonprofits groups conduct programs in La Colonia now. Supervisor Coad's dedication to the needs of La Colonia was based on
her 30 years as a volunteer in La Colonia's Independencia
Community Center. ". . . the people had such a strong
influence on me, showed so much love for their community, that I just
stayed on." The changes have transformed La Colonia and have already
contributed greatly to neighborhood pride. Resident welcome a boost in county services.
OC Register, 6-7-01 |
| »
Hispanic Business Women After serving two years as the Hispanic Business Women's first president, Maria Moreno, civic-affairs manager for the Anaheim Angels baseball team stepped down. Under her direction, the group quickly grew in two years from the initial seven to more than 100 members. Moreno is involved in many community groups and has been recognized and honored by politicians and local groups for her skillful leadership. "This is the time for Hispanic women," she said. "We contribute an immense amount to the economy, and we are the largest group of women business owners out there." OC Register, 6-8-01 |
|
»
Latin Women's Encyclopedia An historical encyclopedia honoring Latinas who have made their mark in politics, arts, media, and business between the sixteenth century and today is being prepared. The books slated for publication by the Indiana University press by 2003, are being compiled by Vicki L. Ruiz, head of the Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies at Arizona State University, and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, head of the Department of Puerto Rican and Latino studies at Brooklyn College, with the help of various scholars around the country. The public is encouraged to submit information and ideas for the project at: vsankorr@Brooklyn.cuny.edu Return to Front Page
|
|
News Briefs (5) . . . Sleepy Lagoon Case. . . First Century Los Angeles Families |
| » July 4th, 2001, El Pueblo de Los Angeles and Fort Moore will be celebrating the Fourth of July with music, cultural presentations, and their annual short walk from Olvera St. to Fort Moore's Historical Moument.All invited. Information: plazala@aol.com or Los Pobladores, (949) 653-1088 |
|
»
Frida Kahlo Exhibit, July 6th- July 14. Ending with a party at:
Casa de Sousa,
W 19 Olvera Street - Los Angeles CA 90012 - 213.626.7076 Inform: Conchita
casadesousa@hotmail.com |
|
» July 21-22, 2001 Los Californianos Quarterly Meeting in Lompoc, California. The event is headquartered at the Embassy Suites Hotel, 1117 North H. St. More information: (805) 735-8311 »
Another reason to visit Olvera St in July:
Pio de Jesus Pico, 1801-1894: His Life and Times |
|
» First Century Los Angeles Families http://www.use.edu/isd/publications/now/stories/81.html |
|
The USC Historic Families Initiative of the Archival Research Center has received an important donation of papers and recordings on Los Angeles history. The gift is the archives of the First Century Families, an organization of descendants of the pioneers who settled in Southern California during the first 100 years following the founding of the city of Los Angeles on September 4, 1781. USC Dean of Libraries and Chief Information Officer Jerry Campbell and California State Historian and USC University Professor Kevin Starr launched the Historic Families Initiative in 1998. The project is now documenting California Rancho families, African-American families, Asian-American families (the Four Generation Project), and others. First Century Family papers is an important milestone for the Historic Families Initiative: Leaders say it gives momentum, the ability to make the important work of the First Centuries Families more accessible to researchers of Los Angeles history, and the opportunity to work closely with some of Los Angeles' most distinguished citizens. Claude Zachary, czachary@usc.edu,
(213) 743-2435.
Sent by Cindy Lobuglio
Return
to Front Page
|
|
 |
|
I did an internet search on `Sleepy Lagoon Case'. There were 2,250 internet hits. I was so touched with the facts and then I received the following email from Mike Silvas, a nephew of Ismael Parra, which moved me even more. Mike.Silvas@wuhsd.k12.ca.us "I want to share with you the recent passing of my Uncle Smiles - Ismael
Parra. He was one of the twelve young men in the August of 1942 convicted of 2nd degree murder, sent to San Quentin and then the decision 21 months later reversed in the 'Sleepy Lagoon' Trial. He taught many of us about who we are and what it is that made us. He will be deeply missed and will forever live in our hearts. I recently contacted the LA Times and helped them compile an article about Uncle Smiles. It came out on Monday 5-21-01. Uncle Smiles would have been happy to be honored and
acknowledged. People need to remember these things and I know Uncle Smiles would be gratified to learn that they do. The case shocks people even to this day, and I suppose that is good, that people can still be shocked by injustice." The Journal of San Diego History includes the following paragraph in an article about Luisa Moreno. http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/97summer/moreno.htm The Los Angeles riots lasted more than a week fueled by sensationalist newspaper stories appearing in the Los Angeles newspapers. Sample journalism from this period illustrates the tone of warfare. The Los Angeles Daily News, for example, headlined that "Zoot Warfare Takes Guerrilla Form," and the Los Angeles Herald-Express proclaimed "Zoot Forces Quiet on the Eastern Front." When the service men began attacking Pachucos, the Daily News headlined, "Sailor Task Force Hits L.A. Zooters," and later, the same newspaper trumpeted, "Zooters Planning to Attack More Servicemen."20 As Luisa Moreno pointed out, "these papers assaulted Mexican Pachucos and zoot suiters. They insinuated that Mexicans were the cause of all the crime and delinquency in California."21 Each night the mobs grew larger. "Squads of servicemen, arm linked, paraded through downtown Los Angeles four abreast, stopping anyone wearing zoot-suits." They were encouraged by police indifference. "Aside from a few halfhearted admonitions, the police made no effort whatever to interfere with these hoards of disorder."22
References: Sleepy Lagoon Mystery: |
| San
Francisco Javier Mission Church News Briefs California Latino Farmers |
California State Archives |
|
|
| »
Watercolor prints of Spanish Missions of California for home and
office. Thumb-nail examples for each mission at: htttp://www.rea-studio.com/missions.htm Sent by Johanna de Soto |
|
| »
UC Transfer Admissions for Minorities up 17.9 percent. University of California campuses have admitted 12,221 California resident transfer students from the California Community Colleges for
fall 2001, a 9.1 percent increase over the previous year. Among underrepresented minorities African American, American Indian and
Chicano/Latino students the increase is 17.9 percent. The university credits the increase in numbers of students transferring to its
increasingly close working relationships with community colleges and to new, aggressive efforts to identify potential transfer students
early and help guide them through the UC admissions process. amigos@latinola.com Return to Front Page |
|
| »
U.S. Department of
Education's National Center for Education Statistics' report on the
11th annual Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education included national
ranking by the number of bachelor's degrees distributed to Latino
students. Florida International University, No. 1, Three University of Texas, ranked No. 2, 3, 4 San Diego State University, ranked No. 5 University of California, Los Angeles, No. 7 Cal State Fullerton, ranked No. 8 Cal State Northridge, No. 11 Cal State Long Beach ranked No.13 Cal State Dominguez, No. 28 Source: amigos@latinola.com, agarcia@wahoo.sjsu.edu Anthony Garcia, 6-11-01 |
|
| »
Collaboration
between 2-year Junior Colleges and universities will soon allow students
to earn Bachelors' and advanced degrees without ever leaving the
community college campus. The movement was prompted in part to more
efficiently and economically educate people in such fields as teaching,
nursing and high teach have have drastic shortages of talent. L.A. Times, 6-19-01 |
|
| »
Louis
Caldera, the former secretary of the Army, accepted a job last week
as vice chancellor of the California State University, where he will be
responsible for tending to alumni and raising private money for the
nation's largest higher education system. |
|
| »
A bill
(AB 1045) in the state Legislature that would allow Mexican physicians
and dentists to cross the border and treat California's poor is pitting
advocates of expanded care against leading medical associations that
claim it threatens to damage the quality of that care. Only 5% of
the state's physicians are Latino, although Latinos represent more than
30% of the population.
The bill would rewrite California licensing
requirements so that approximately 70 doctors and 50 dentists from
Mexico could practiced at nonprofit clinics in a three-year
experiment. If approved, the bill would allow the Mexican doctors
to work in areas that have had difficulty attracting health
professionals because they have high numbers of patients covered by Medi-Cal,
the government program that pays for health care for the poor. » California Latino Farmers |
|
New wave of Latino farmers going from
laborer to boss. California agriculture has been built by waves of
immigrant laborers - Italians and Armenians and Japanese to name a few -
who have risen from the work force to become owners and operators.
Although farmers nationwide have declined by 15%, Latino farmers in
California has shot up 30%. A recent survey found that Latino farmers on average make only half as much money as white farmers because they often lack business experience, technical skills and financial backing. Also nearly 60% of the land farmed by Latinos is leased, compared with 47% for growers over-all, due in part to continued control of productive fields by pioneer families. More than 150 Latino farmers have joined a
lawsuit filed last year accusing the USDA of delaying or denying
assistance to Latino ranchers, contending that it has failed to
appropriately investigate discrimination complaints filed by those
growers. L.A. Times, 6-22-01
Return
to Front Page
|
|
When
the United States took possession of California and other
Mexican lands in 1848, it was bound by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo to honor the legitimate land claims of Mexican citizens
residing in those captured territories. In order to investigate
and confirm titles in California, American officials acquired
the provincial records of the Spanish and Mexican governments in
Monterey. Those records, most of which were transferred to the
U. S. Surveyor General's Office in San Francisco, included land
deeds, sketch-maps (diseños), and various other
documents. The Land Act of 1851 established a board of land
commissioners to review these records and adjudicate claims, and
charged the Surveyor General with surveying confirmed land
grants. Of the 813 grants ultimately claimed, the land
commission approved only 553.
The Surveyor General's Office for California ceased operation
in 1925, whereupon its records were transferred to the Public
Survey Office in Glendale, California. In 1937, the National
Archives in Washington, D.C., acquired the bulk of these
records, the rest falling into the hands of the Bureau of Land
Management in Sacramento and the National Archives Pacific
Region branch in San Bruno, with a few other copies going to
other manuscript repositories in the state. The California State Archives has two collections of Spanish
and Mexican land.
|
||
http://www.scu.edu/SCU/Library/Orradre/services/archives/collections/mission/ |
||
»Ranchos of California
|
| »
June
25, 1876, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer attacked an Indian village
along the Little Bighorn River in Montana. On June 25th, the
Northern Cheyenne color guard marched to the site of the proposed
American Indian memorial at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National
Monument to mark the 125 anniversary of the battle. Billings Gazette,
via O.C. Register,
6-27-01
|
| News
Briefs Texas Vital Records Cemetery Records Border Boss |
Tejano Association |
|
»
Paso al Norte Immigration History Museum by Victoria Lerner
Sigal, vlerner@servidor.unam.mx, Investigadora, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, |
|
»
Feria de Marín, Genealogy Conferences and Family
Reunion, July/Julio 13 - 23, 2001 |
| »
American
Lynching: Gode Davis is a film maker who is in the process of researching and
eventually filming a PBS documentary on lynching in the United States.
Davis has
historical data concerning the Texas Rangers history of killing Chicanos
and Arizona. Davis is looking for historical data,
stories, artwork, photos anecdotes and would very much like to interviews
people with stories to share. gode@americanlynching.com
Call to arrange an interview (401 )828-4435. For further information go to
his Web site http://www.americanlynching.com
Sent by political cartoonist, Sergio Hernandez. Cartoons online at http://aztlan.net/sergio.htm |
|
»
Cemetery Records: Colorado County, Texas |
|
»
Border Boss' provides new look at South Texas Politics
Quezada has lived in San Antonio for many years, but his roots are still
deep in Laredo, "Tengo el ombligo enterrado en Laredo." "I'm proud of my roots, and hopefully through 'Border Boss' I have given
something back to the Laredo community," said Quezada, who currently
serves as associate superintendent with the South San Antonio Independent
School District. |
| »
The
Tejano
Association for Historical Preservation has shown tremendous
creativity and drive.
They have been tireless in working towards getting a street, highway, or
school named after Juan N. Seguin. TAHP has gained the support of
family groups, political figures and schools. Their meetings and
sequence of political and social involvement is well documented and may
serve as a model for all Tejanos who want to promote the historical
Tejano presence. TAHP website is dedicated to Tejano Heroes who fought for Texas Independence. http://www.tejanoahp.org Tejano Association for Historical Preservation Benny C. Martinez, President, 361-645-1386 Macario Ramirez, Public Relations at 713-880-2420. Loretta Martinez Williams, Secretary, latejana2001@yahoo.com Return to Front Page
|
Thanks to the great efforts of Irene Garza, who has established a
contact in the Canary Islands, we now know the parents of parents of
Gonzalo Baez de Benavides and Marta Lopez.
Here's the information on the parents of Gonzalo and Marta that was
extracted from their marriage certificate at La Orotava. forces and
fought in the final battle of the war, near Brownsville, which the south won. I'd
heard of him before, but I thought that he was about the only Hispanic fighting
for the south. As it turns out, there were hundreds. A smaller number fought
for the north. |
| »
Cantu Genealogy
Web Site by Joe Cantu http://home.midsouth.rr.com/jcantu/ Jose invites and welcomes Cantu researchers to view his site and If you see any links or have any info that can shared, please send him an email at: Josejcantu@midsouth.rr.com |
|
| »
Galveston Immigration Database: http://www.tsm-elissa.org/immigration-main.htm Texas Seaport Museum (general): http://206.136.178.22/ Sent by Mira Smithwick, SAGA, Corpus Christi, Texas Return to Front Page
|
|
Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, March 11, 2001. Pages B1, B5. |
| News
Briefs San Miguel de Laredo Missions of the Pimeria Alta |
Generations
Press |
|
»
July 13-July 15, 2001,
GSHA Annual Meeting and Genealogical Conference |
| » A new online databank for locating records of the Catholic church in New Mexico. A joint project by the New Mexico Genealogical Society, the Hispanic Genealogical Research Center of NM, and NM GenWeb. See http://www.nmgs.org. Sent by Pat Esterly |
| » "Death and Dying in New Mexico" Dr. Martina Will de Chaparro, a New Mexico historian, is working on a book about New Mexico traditions related to death and dying. She is now looking for information presently in private hands, such as wills, documents or photographs from late 19th century NM dealing with mortuaries, cemeteries, and funerals. If you have any such items in your possession, she would like your permission to view and/or copy such documents, with your privacy and anonymity assured. For more information, send email to tinamar3@hotmail.com or write to 1104 Sunflower Road, SW, Albuquerque, NM 87105. Source: Pat Esterly |
|
»
HISTORY OF THE SAN MIGUEL DE
LAREDO ~ CARNUÉ LAND GRANT OF 1763 Well documented study that includes information about
individuals and early families who are connected to the San Miguel De
Laredo ~ Carnué Land Grant. Included is information about the
Apache and Comanche in the New Mexico area as well. http://home.earthlink.net/~carnuel/history.html |
|
»
The
Missions of the Pimeria Alta - Arizona Divided today by the US-Mexico border, the Pimeria Alta missions once encompassed the vast land of present-day Arizona ad the northern Mexican state of Sonora. The chain of missions, founded by Jesuit father Eusebio Francisco Kino, features a variety of architectural styles introduced by the Spaniards to the New World, including baroque, ultra baroque, and neoclassical. Just four of the Primeria Alta missions stand in southern Arizona, with the rest of this historic chain sitting in Sonoran cities from Caborca to Magdalena de Kino. Although originally established by Jesuits, this mission chain was later run by Franciscans following the Jesuits expulsion from the New World in 1767. |
|
»
Generations Press
Publications http://www.generationspress.com/books.html Southern California Vital Records: Volume 1, Los Angeles County 1850-1859, by Ted Gostin. While California became a state in 1850, official recording of most vital records did not begin until many years later. In Los Angeles County, for example, the earliest birth records at the County Recorder start in 1866 for the county and 1879 for the city, and the earliest death records start in 1873 for the county and 1877 for the city. This volume begins to fill in these gaps by indexing vital records recorded in a variety of sources, including Los Angeles County newspapers, probate and divorce records, marriage records, California mission registers, local histories, published personal memoirs, census records, and naturalization records. This will be the first of several volumes dealing with early Southern California vital records. Additional volumes will cover Los Angeles County 1860-1869 and 1870-1879, San Bernardino County, San Diego County, and Santa Barbara County. Expected publication date: April 2001. Sent by Johanna de Soto Return to Front Page
|
|
»
New Mexico Church Records Both Pat Esterly and Sam Padilla Gonzales are sharing the following for genealogists researching church records in New Mexico, there is a new online resource: http://www.nmgs.org Locating Catholic Church Records in New Mexico is a joint project started by volunteers of New Mexico Genealogical Society, the Hispanic Genealogical Research Center of New Mexico, and New Mexico GenWeb. |
|
» U.S.-Mexico Border Issues: A Selected Bibliography from the Smithsonian
Institution Libraries' Collections
|
| LULAC Radio Station New Orleans Death Index |
St. Bernard Genealogical Society |
|
LULAC Low-Power Radio Station in Indiana
receives FCC Approval.
The station is among the noncommercial low-power stations that the FCC is
handing out as part of an effort to enhance community-oriented radio broadcasting. The FCC created this class of stations to serve very localized
communities or underrepresented groups within communities. LULAC Vice President Victoria
Stemn, who envisions a medium for distributing useful, often critical, information, says, "It will help people ... my
people.'' |
|
»
New
Orleans Death Index
Daily Picayune
1837-1857; 1870 Description of the Biography/Obituary Index 1837-1857 Surnames
Beginning with Letter "A" |
|
»
St. Bernard Genealogical Society, Louisiana |
| History of the Spanish Treasure Fleet System |
Spanish Florida Borderlands, Calendars |
|
»
The History of the Spanish Treasure Fleet System:
http://www.adp.fsu.edu/fleet.html Florida is famous for its fabled Spanish treasure galleons. Florida's coastline is dotted with more colonial Spanish wrecks than any other state in the nation, primarily because of three treasure fleet disasters. In 1622, 1715, and again in 1733, Spain suffered horrible economic blows when the treasure fleets or flotas entered Florida waters and were destroyed by hurricanes. The 1622 fleet was scattered across the lower Florida Keys and the Dry Tortugas. The 1715 fleet wrecked along the Atlantic coast of southern Florida, on what is now known as the Treasure Coast. And finally, the 1733 fleet met its fate along the upper Florida Keys, from modern Grassy Key to upper Key Largo. The 1622, 1715, and 1733 flotas were an integral part of an economic system that had developed early in the three centuries of Spanish rule in the New World. A pattern of trade, controlled strictly by the Spanish crown, had evolved based on the mercantilistic policies of the day. Spain's policy was to establish a monopoly, keeping her colonies dependent on her. This monopoly was eventually challenged successfully by English and Dutch traders, but by law Spanish colonials could trade only with the authorized Spanish merchant flotas. As early as the 16th century a law was passed by the Casa de Contratacion, or "House of Trade," which called for the periodic sailing of fleets from Spain to the Caribbean twice a year (though they hardly ever sailed on schedule). The fleets carried manufactured goods for sale to the citizens of the New World, and were then filled with the rich treasures of the Americas for transport back to Spain. Essay with bibliography. Sent by Johanna de Soto |
| »
Spanish
Florida Borderlands,
Archival Calendars: http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/brdrland.html Since its inception, the P.K. Yonge Library has dedicated itself to collecting records on Florida's Spanish and British colonial history from archives around the world. The library currently holds more than 2.5 million microfilm images of important colonial documents. P.K. Yonge also curates the Joseph Byrne Lockey Collection (1784-1821), comprising all of Lockey's transcriptions and translations of Spanish colonial records from the Archivo General de Indias, the Archivo Historico Nacional, the Public Records Office, the East Florida Papers (Library of Congress), and other repositories. This collection is currently being scanned and digitized for display on the internet. For in-house use at the library, P.K. Yonge maintains a card catalog identifying each document contained on microfilm in its three major collections on Spanish colonial history. The calendars developed by the Spanish Florida Borderlands Program consist of a series of 3 x 5 catalog cards, arranged chronologically within legajos or sections. Each card reflects a document, and each document is described on cards which are divided into sections:
The three calendared collections are: |
| Israel Cavazos
Garza Casa Blanca, Zacatecas Mexico Owes guest workers Wireless Telephone New Genealogical Websites Sonora Genealogy Windmill |
Sixteenth
Century Indigenous Jalisco |
| Israel
Cavazos Garza Historian, Archivist, Author and one of Mexico's Living Treasures |
| Mexico's Living
Treasure "Israel Cavazos Garza" 
|
Editor's note: I would like to pay special tribute to Historian Israel Cavazos Garza in his retirement as the Director of the Archivo Municipal de Monterrey. He is one of the finest gentlemen I have ever met and is surely a treasure to every single researcher with lines in the state of Nuevo Leon. I have had the pleasure of his company on numerous occasions, humbled by his kindness and dedication in bringing forth the records so vital to Mexican heritage researchers. The painstaking work of compiling the six volume set, "Catálogo y Síntesis de los Protocolos del Archivo Municipal de Monterrey", de 1599 a 1801 were invaluable in my personal research of my paternal Lozano lines. |
|
Photo by Miguel Rodriguez |
|
Israel Cavazos Garza received was honored by the government of Mexico as a Living Treasure for his fine work. His life-time of dedication revealed the authorship of the recorder of the earliest detailed account of the history of Northern Mexico from the discursos of Alonso de Leon 1580-1649 and his own recordings as secretary to a series of governors in 1630 to1690. The anonymous author was my maternal great-grandfather, 10 generations back, Juan Bautista Chapa. I, and every Chapa descendant will be eternally grateful for uncovering the authorship. It fills me with joy to know that my Grandfather Chapa's devotion to saving our past history is coming forth at this time, filling a need to understand what happened in the earliest colonization in the Spanish borderlands and Texas history. July 3, 2001 Mira Smithwick, President of the
Corpus Christi, Texas based, Spanish American Genealogical Association
spoke directly with Professor Israel Garza. He surely is not planning
to rest on his laurels. He is working on his personal archives and organizing 50 years of work. His notes and works are presently on index cards and are being computerized for easy access. He has more work now than before he retired, but is enjoying his work more than ever. |
|
La pasión de Israel
iniciáticas: familiares, colegas de generación, amigos
y maestros. Sent by George Gause and Mira Smithwick |
» In the past decade, most of the 5,800 people once living in Casa Blanca, Zacatecas, Mexico have moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma. Fewer than 2,500 remain. Officials in Michoacan state reported that the number of migrants leaving for the United States has increased to 50,000 people each year. More Michoacanos currently live in California, Illinois and Texas than in their homeland. Emigrants send home an estimated $6.3
billion each year. That money - the nation's third-largest source of
income, behind oil and tourism provided relatives with money for food,
clothing and medicine. Migration experts worry that having
entire families and villages transplanted north of the border could pose
serious economic consequences because incentives to send money home
could wane. |
| » Grupo Beta is a decade-old border unit established by the Mexican government to protect migrants as they make their way north to the United States. There are just 75 Beta agents along the U.S.-Mexican 2,000 mile border. The U.S. has 9,000 agents. "Our goal is neither to help them cross nor prevent them but to orient them to the dangers," said Mexicali Beta group chief Carlos Luna. L.A. Times, 6-12-01 |
| »
Mexico owes guest workers back pay
for labor in Canada. The sum is estimated to be between $3 million
and $5 million in unclaimed checks. The revelation may complicate
efforts for labor pact with the United States.
Legal Mexican workers in Canada earn a bit more and enjoy greater
benefits than guest workers on U.S. farms. "In Canada, we get
benefits, housing and good pay, and I can walk the streets and buy a
coffee and not fear being pickup up by the police," said Jorge
Sanchez Huerta, 42, a farmer from Tlaxcala who recently applied for his
third work tour on Canadian tomato and tobacco farms.
At least 60 percent of the 9,200 Mexicans hired to work temporary jobs in Canadian farms last year were repeat workers. In 1999, the number of Canadian guest-worker visas issued was 7,574, up from 4,886 in 1995. O.C. Register, 6-15-01 |
| » Wireless telephone use in Mexico has skyrocketed. In one year, users went from 7.7 million to 14 million. This is part of a wireless communications explosion in Mexico and other countries around the world where land lines are scare. Many working-class users say the cellular telephone is indispensable for finding jobs."Now I hand out cards and bosses just call me if they need me, " said Octavio Estrada. O.C. Register, 6-20-01 Return to Front Page |
|
|
|
SIXTEENTH
CENTURY INDIGENOUS JALISCO |
The modern state of Jalisco consists of 31,152 square miles (80,684 square kilometers) located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic. However, the Jalisco of colonial Mexico was not an individual political entity but part of the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia, which embraced some 180,000 kilometers ranging from the Pacific Ocean to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Besides the present-day state of Jalisco, Nueva Galicia also included the states of Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Nayarit, and the northwest corner of San Luis Potosí. Across this broad range of territory, a wide array of indigenous groups lived before 1522 (the first year of contact with Spanish explorers). Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, in his "Descripción de la Nueva Galicia" - published in 1621 - wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia. As the Spaniards and their Indian allies from the south made their way into Nueva Galicia early in the Sixteenth Century, they encountered large numbers of nomadic Chichimeca Indians. Philip Wayne Powell - whose Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North America's First Frontier War is the definitive source of information relating to the Chichimeca Indians - referred to Chichimeca as "an all-inclusive epithet" that had "a spiteful connotation." The Spaniards borrowed this designation from their Aztec allies and started to refer to the large stretch Chichimeca territory as La Gran Chichimeca. Afredo Moreno González, in his recent book Santa Maria de Los Lagos, explains that the word Chichimeca has been subject to various interpretations over the years. Some of these suggestions included "linaje de perros" (of dog lineage), "perros altaneros" (arrogant dogs), or "chupadores de sangre" (blood-suckers). In any case, it was apparent that the Mexican Indians of the south did not hold their northern counterparts in high regard. However, in time, they learned to both fear and respect many of these Indians as brave and courageous defenders of their ancestral homelands. Unfortunately, the widespread displacement that took place starting in 1529 prevents us from obtaining a clear picture of the indigenous Jalisco that existed in pre-Hispanic times. Four primary factors influenced the post-contact indigenous distribution of Jalisco and its evolution into a Spanish colonial province. The first factor was the 1529-30 campaign of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán. In The North Frontier of New Spain, Peter Gerhard wrote that "Guzmán, with a large force of Spaniards, Mexican allies, and Tarascan slaves, went through here in a rapid and brutal campaign lasting from February to June 1530… Guzmán's strategy was to terrorize the natives with often unprovoked killing, torture, and enslavement." Once Guzmán had consolidated his conquests, he ordered all of the conquered Indians of Jalisco to be distributed among Spanish encomiendas. The individual receiving the encomienda, known as the encomendero, received free labor and tribute from the Indians, in return for which the subjects were commended to the encomendero's care. As might be expected, such institutions were prone to misuse and, as a result, many Indians were reduced to slave labor and - all too often - death. Although Guzmán was arrested and imprisoned in 1536, his reign of terror had set into motion institutions that led to the widespread displacement of the indigenous people of Jalisco. The second factor was the Mixtón Rebellion of 1541-1542. This indigenous uprising was a desperate attempt by the Cazcanes Indians to drive the Spaniards out of Nueva Galicia. In response to the desperate situation, Viceroy Mendoza assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and some 30,000 Aztec and Tlaxcalan supporting troops. In a series of short sieges and assaults, Mendoza gradually suffocated the uprising. The aftermath of this defeat, according to Peter Gerhard, led to thousands of deaths. In addition, he writes, "thousands were driven off in chains to the mines, and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on Spanish farms and haciendas." The third factor influencing Jalisco's evolution was the complex set of relationships that the Spaniards enjoyed with their Indian allies. As the frontier moved outward from the center, the military would seek to form alliances with friendly Indian groups. Then, in 1550, the Chichimeca War had began. This guerrilla war, which continued until the last decade of the century, was primarily fought by Chichimeca Indians defending their lands in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, and northern Jalisco. The Chichimeca conflict forced the Spaniards to rely heavily upon their Indian allies. The result of this dependence upon indigenous allies as soldados (soldiers) and pobladores (settlers) led to enormous and wide-ranging migration and resettlement patterns that would transform the geographic nature of the indigenous peoples of Nueva Galicia. In describing this phenomenon, Mr. Powell noted that the "Indians formed the bulk of the fighting forces against the Chichimeca warriors… As fighters, as burden bearers, as interpreters, as scouts, as emissaries, the pacified natives of New Spain played significant and often indispensable roles in subjugating and civilizing the Chichimeca country." By the middle of the Sixteenth Century, the Tarascans, Aztecs, Cholultecans, Otomíes, Tlaxcalans, and the Cazcanes had all joined forces with the Spanish military. By the time the Chichimeca War had begun, the Tarascans and Otomíes, in particular, had already developed "considerable experience in warfare alongside the Spaniards." As a result, explains Mr. Powell, "they were the first important auxiliaries employed for entradas against the Chichimecas." The employment of Tarascans, Mexicans, and Tlaxcalans for the purpose of "defensive colonization" also encouraged a gradual assimilation of the Chichimecas. In the 1590s Náhuatl-speaking colonists from Tlaxcala and the Valley of Mexico settled in some parts of Jalisco to serve, as Mr. Gerhard writes, "as a frontier militia and a civilizing influence." As the Indians of Jalisco made peace and settled down to work for Spanish employers, they were absorbed into the more dominant Indian groups that had come from the south. By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. Powell, most of the Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities. The fourth cause of depopulation and displacement of the Jalisco Indians was contagious disease. The physical isolation of the Indians in the Americas is the primary reason for which disease caused such havoc with the Native American populations. This physical isolation resulted in a natural quarantine from the rest of the planet and from a wide assortment of communicable diseases. When smallpox first ravaged through Mexico in 1520, no Indian had immunity to the disease. During the first century of the conquest, the Mexican Indians suffered through 19 major epidemics. They were exposed to smallpox, chicken pox, diphtheria, influenza, scarlet fever, measles, typhoid, mumps, influenza, and cocoliztli (a hemorrhagic disease). Peter Gerhard has estimated the total native population of Nueva Galicia in 1520 at 855,000 persons. However, in the next two decades, the populous coastal region north of Banderas Bay witnessed the greatest population decline. "The unusually brutal conquest," writes Mr. Gerhard, "was swiftly followed by famine, further violence and dislocation, and epidemic disease." By the late 1530s, the population of the Pacific coastal plain and foothills from Acaponeta to Puficación had declined by more than half. Subsequently, Indians from the highland areas were transported to work in the cacao plantations. When their numbers declined, the Spaniards turned to African slaves. By 1560, Mr. Gerhard wrote, the 320,000 indigenous people who occupied the entire tierra caliente in 1520 had dropped to a mere 20,000. A plague in 1545-1548 is believed to have killed off more than half of the surviving Indians of the highland regions. By 1550, it is believed that there were an estimated 220,000 Indians in all of Nueva Galicia. The diversity of Jalisco's early indigenous population can be understood more clearly by exploring individual tribes or regions of the state. The following paragraphs are designed to provide the reader with some basic knowledge of several of the indigenous groups of Jalisco: The Cazcanes. The Cazcanes (Caxcanes) lived in the northern section of the state. They were a partly nomadic people, whose principal religious and population centers were at Teul, Tlaltenango, Juchipila, and Teocaltiche. According to Mr. Powell, they were "the heart and the center of the Indian rebellion in 1541 and 1542." After the Mixtón Rebellion, the Cazcanes became allies of the Spaniards. For this reason, they suffered attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War. Cocas. When the Spaniards first entered this area, the Coca Indians, guided by their leader Tzitlali, moved away to a small valley surrounded by high mountains, a place they named "Cocolan." Because the Cocas were peaceful people, the Spaniards, for the most part, left them alone. José Ramírez Flores, the author of Lenguas Indígenas de Jalisco, lists Cuyutlán, San Marcos, Tlajomulco, Toluquilla and Poncitlán as towns in which the Coca language was spoken. Cuytecos. The Cuyutecos Indians, inhabiting the west central region around Atenquillo, Mascota, Talpa, Tecolotlán and Mixtlán, spoke a Nahua language. It is believed the Cuyuteco language may have been a late introduction into Jalisco. Guachichiles. The Guachichiles, of all the Chichimeca Indians, occupied the most extensive territory. Considered both warlike and brave, the Guachichiles roamed through a large section of the present-day state of Zacatecas. The name of " Guachichile " that the Mexicans gave them meant "heads painted of red," a reference to the red dye that they used to pain their bodies, faces and hair. Although the main home of the Guachichile Indians lay in Zacatecas, they had a small representation in the Los Altos area of Jalisco. Their language was spoken at Tepatitlán and Arandas. Huichol. The Huichol Indians of northwestern Jalisco and Nayarit lived in very isolated regions. This isolation has served them well for their aboriginal culture has survived with relatively few major modifications since the period of first contact with Western culture. Even today, the Huichol Indians of Jalisco and Nayarit currently inhabit an isolated region of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Their language was spoken in the northern stretches of the Three-Fingers Region of Northern Jalisco, in particular Huejuquilla, Tuxpan and Colotlán. Otomíes. The Otomíes were a Chichimeca nation primarily occupying Queretaro and Jilotepec. However, early on, the Otomíes allied themselves with the Spaniards and Mexica Indians. As a result, writes Mr. Powell, Otomí settlers were "issued a grant of privileges" and were "supplied with tools for breaking land." For their allegiance, they were exempted from tribute and given a certain amount of autonomy in their towns. During the 1550s, Luis de Velasco (the second Viceroy of Nueva España) used Otomí militia against the Chichimecas. The strategic placement of Otomí settlements in Nueva Galicia made their language dominant near Zapotitlán, Juchitlán, Autlán, and other towns near Jalisco's southern border with Colima. Tecuexes. The Tecuexe Indians inhabited the Los Altos region around Jalostotitlan, Tepatitilan, Yahualica, Juchitlán, and Tonalán. Tepehuanes. The Tepehuanes Indians are usually associated with Durango and with their massive revolt from 1616 to 1619. However, the Tepehuanes language was associated with several towns in the "Three-Fingers" region of northern Jalisco, most notably Tepec and Chimaltitlán. The indigenous nations of Sixteenth Century Jalisco experienced such enormous upheaval in the space of mere decades that it has been difficult for historians to reconstruct the original homes of some native groups. Peter Gerhard, in The Northern Frontier of New Spain, has done a spectacular job of exploring the specific history of each colonial jurisdiction. Anyone who studies Mr. Gerhard's work comes to realize that each jurisdiction, and each community within each jurisdiction, has experienced a unique set of circumstances that set it apart from all other jurisdictions. A brief discussion of some of the individual districts of Jalisco follows: Tequila (North central Jalisco). The indigenous name for this community is believed to have been Tecuallan (which, over time, evolved to its present form). The inhabitants of this area were Tecuexe farmers, most of who lived in the Barranca. North of the Río Grande were the Huicholes, who were the traditional enemies of the Tecuexes. Although Guzmán and his forces passed through this area in 1530, the natives of this area offered stiff resistance to Spanish incursions into their lands. The Huicholes north of the Río Grande raided the Tecuexes settlements in the south before 1550. According to Gerhard, "the Indians [of this jurisdiction] remained hostile and uncontrolled until after the Chichimec war when an Augustinian friar began their conversion." Lagos de Moreno (Northeastern Los Altos). The author Alfredo Moreno González tells us that the Native American village occupying this area was Pechititán. According to Mr. Gerhard, "most if not all of the region was occupied at contact by Chichimec hunters-gatherers, probably Guachichiles, with a sprinkling of Guamares in the east." It is also believed that Tecuexes occupied the region southwest of Lagos. When Pedro Almíndez Chirinos traveled through here in March 1530 with a force of fifty Spaniards and 500 Tarascan and Tlaxcalan allies, the inhabitants gave him a peaceful reception. Jalostotitlán (Northern Los Altos). This town was called a parish of Tecuexes. San Juan de Los Lagos and Encarnación de Díaz (Northern Los Altos). The indigenous people of these districts were called "Chichimecas blancos" because of the limestone pigments they used to color their bodies and faces. The indigenous name for San Juan was Mezquititlán. La Barca (East central Jalisco). La Barca and the shores of Lake Chapala were the sites of three indigenous nations: Poncitlán and Cuitzeo - which ran along the shores of Lake Chapala - and Coinan, north of the lake. The people of these three chiefdoms spoke Coca. Guzman's forces traveled through here in 1530, laying waste to much of the region. By 1585, both Coca and Náhuatl were spoken at Ocotlán, although Gerhard tells us that the latter "was a recent introduction." Tlaxmulco (Central Jalisco). Before the contact, the Tarascans held this area. However, they were later driven out by a tribe from Tonalán. At the time of contact, there were two communities of Coca speakers: Tlaxmulco and Coyotlan. The natives here submitted to Guzmán and were enlisted to fight with his army in the conquest of the west coast. After the Mixtón Rebellion, Cazcanes migrated to this area. Tonalá / Tonallan (Central Jalisco). At contact, the region east of here had a female ruler. Although the ruling class in this region was Coca speakers, the majority of the inhabitants were Tecuexes. Coca was the language at Tlaquepaque, while Tzalatitlan was a Tecuexe community. In March 1530, Nuño de Guzmán arrived in Tonalán and defeated the Tecuexes in battle. San Cristóbal de la Barranca (North central Jalisco). Several native states existed in this area, most notably Atlemaxaque, Tequixixtlan, Cuauhtlan, Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. By 1550, some of the communities were under Spanish control, while the "Tezoles" (possibly a Huichol group) remained "unconquered." Nine pueblos in this area around that time boasted a total population of 5,594. After the typhus epidemic of 1580, only 1,440 Indians survived. The migration of Tecuexes into this area led historians to classify Tecuexe as the dominant language of the area. Colotlán (Northern Jalisco). Colotlán can be found in Jalisco's northerly "Three-Fingers" boundary area with Zacatecas. This heavily wooded section of the Sierra Madre Occidental remained beyond Spanish control until after the end of the Chichimeca War. It is believed that Indians of Cazcan and Tepecanos origin lived in this area. However, this zone became "a refuge for numerous groups fleeing from the Spaniards." Tepehuanes Indians - close relatives to the Tepecanos - are believed to have migrated here following their rebellion in Durango in 1617-1618. Cuquío (North central Jalisco). When the European explorers reached Cuquío in north central Jalisco they described it as a densely populated region of farmers. The dominant indigenous language in this region was Tecuexe. Guzmán's lieutenant, Almíndez Chirinos, ravaged this area in February 1530, and in 1540-41, the Indians in this area were among the insurgents taking part in the Mixtón Rebellion. Tepatitlán (Los Altos, Eastern Jalisco). Tecuexes inhabited this area of stepped plateaus descending from a range of mountains, just east of Guadalajara. In the south, the people spoke Coca. This area was invaded by Guzmán and in 1541 submitted to Viceroy Mendoza. Guadalajara. When the Spanish arrived in the vicinity of present-day Guadalajara in 1530, they found about one thousand dispersed farmers belonging to the Tecuexes and Cocas. But after the Mixtón Rebellion of the early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved south to the plains near Guadalajara. Purificación (Westernmost part of Jalisco). The rugged terrain of this large colonial jurisdiction is believed to have been inhabited by primitive farmers, hunters, and fisherman who occupied some fifty autonomous communities. Both disease and war ravaged this area, which came under Spanish control by about 1560. Tepec and Chimaltitlán (Northern Jalisco). The region surrounding Tepec and Chimaltitlán remained a stronghold of indigenous defiance. Sometime around 1550, Gerhard writes that the Indians in this area were described as "uncontrollable and savage." The indigenous inhabitants drove out Spanish miners working the silver deposits around the same time. A wide range of languages was spoken in this area: Tepehuán at Chimaltitlán and Tepic, Huichol in Tuxpan and Santa Catarina, and Cazcan to the east (near the border with Zacatecas). Copyright © 2001 by John P. Schmal. All Rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Material from this article may be reproduced for educational purposes and personal, non-commerical home use only. Reproduction of this article for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without the express permission of John P. Schmal. JohnnyPJ@aol.com
|
|
THE HISTORY OF JALISCO |
|
The state of Jalisco, located in the western part of the Mexican Republic, is the sixth largest of Mexico's thirty-one states. Within its 124 municipios, the state boasts a total population of 6,321,278. Bordered by the Pacific Ocean on its west, the 31,210 square miles of Jalisco make up 4.1% of the total area of Mexico and touch seven other Mexican states. While Colima and Michoacán lay to her south and east, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit lay to the north. In addition, Jalisco has a common border with Guanajuato and a small sliver of San Luis Potosí on her northeastern frontier. |
| »
Dr. W. Michael Mathes
Honored in Mexico City Report sent by Carmen Boone de Aguilar Queridos Amigos todos, Xalapa, capital of the State of Veracruz, México, May 29, 2001 - At the auditorium of the Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas y Sociales of the Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. W. Michael Mathes presented a scholarly conference based on unpublished archival material he has been researching for almost four decades: "Coatzacoalcos, California y China: La ruta transístmica y Sebastián Vizcaíno". Hostess, Maestra Olivia Domínguez Pérez, Director of the Archivo General del Estado de Veracruz (AGEV), acted as master of ceremonies, while Carmen Boone de Aguilar--with roots in both Xalapa and las Californias--had the great honor and pleasure of introducing Dr. Mathes to historians and general public of her own natal land, with a brief account of his historian-bibliophile-archivist career. The "Diario de Xalapa", 28 May 2001, pp. 2C, 4C (leading newspaper of the state capital) published a full page-plus-1/4 article (too large a file for scanning here) with an article and illustrations announcing the visit of the distinguished historian of las Californias. "UniVerso" (UV's weekly), p. 10, same date, is attached. Dr. Mathes' conference was broadcasted in full by Televisora Veracruzana's cultural channel, and by early the following morning, the director of the Museum at Coatzacoalcos had already located his lodgings and phoned to invite him to repeat the conference, in situ, next August. During a private audience at the Palacio de Gobierno, the undersecretary of the State of Veracruz thanked Dr. Mathes for traveling to Xalapa, the "Atenas Veracruzana", expressly to dissert on 16-17th century manuscripts--never published before--revealing the projects of the Spanish crown for establishing the isthmus (river-land) interoceanic crossing, from Coatzacoalcos to Tehuantepec and far beyond the Pacific basin. AGEV's quarterly bulletin ("Memorial", No. 10, Aug 2001) will publish Dr. Mathes' specially written version of this dissertation (*). The evening of May 29th, Dr. Mathes was special guest at the "Ágora", state gallery at Xalapa, for the opening of an exhibition of 19th century portraits that have been sponsored by the State of Veracruz. What a coincidence!, that the oldest painting on exhibit would have been a portrait of Señora María de los Ángeles Mendoza (-Amador) de Rivera (1806-1845), the first descendant of Pedro Amador (of Cocula, soldier of the presidios of Loreto, Santa Barbara, and San Francisco) and Ramona Noriega (born at the presidio of Loreto) to ever be born at Xalapa five generations before that of yours truly. Also accompanying Dr. Mathes to Xalapa, were María Julia Canovas (also 6th generation Xalapeña, 8th generation Veracruzana, 7th generation Altacaliforniana, and 8th generation Bajacaliforniana) and Luz ontejano-Hilton (expert genealogist researcher of New Spain). There, the party was joined by a grand trio of local chroniclers, Enrique Pasquel (Xalapa), Antonio H. Jiménez (Teocelo), and Amado Izaguirre (Xico) for a tour of the quaint surrounding towns, lush countryside, and former sugarcane plantations (La Orduña, Zimpizahua, and San Bartolo--now producing coffee of world renown), and the colorful colonial towns of Coatepec, Xico and its centennary Texolo hydroelectric plant on its scenic waterfalls, where we traced the old course of the vanished narrow-gauge steam-railroad of the Jalapa Rail Road & Power Co. (inaugurated 1898) down to its end-of-the-line at Teocelo, 25 miles to the south. Side tours on route to Veracruz included Santa Anna's hacienda at El Lencero, the bridge at Plan del Río, the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, the Totonac archaeological zone at Zempoala, Cortés' landing at the inlet of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, the now sleepish hamlet at La Antigua Vera Cruz, and on the return to Mexico City, the fortress of San Carlos de Perote (now a federal prison). Upon reaching the port city--as would be expected--even before glancing at the recently restored fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, the eager party headed directly to the Archivo y Biblioteca Históricos de Veracruz, where we were cordially greeted by its director, Concepción Díaz Cházaro, whose staff demonstrated for us the progress of the digitalization project of their colonial manuscript holdings. ¡Gracias, Miguel, por obsequiarle a mi tierra una conferencia magistral y una semana de tu agenda! Sólo espero que mis paisanos te hayan recibido a la altura de la tradicional hospitalidad del Grande Pueblo de Xalapa de la Feria. Carmen to purchase a copy of "Memorial" (No. 10, Aug 2001) which will carry Dr. Mathes' article (in Spanish) contact: Mtra. Olivia Domínguez Pérez, Directora Archivo General del Estado de Veracruz Venustiano Carranza esquina Bolivia 91000 - Xalapa, Ver. México Return to Front Page |
| »
"El Territorio Mexicano" I would like to recommend a Spanish language book which contains excellent information on every state in Mexico. The first volume are histories organized alphabetically by state. The second volume is a box with maps. They are available in Special Collections, Reference at either U.C. Irvine or UC Riverside only. I could not find them at UCLA nor USC nor any public library that I am aware of. They would be accessible only in the Special Collections Department, which means they cannot be checked out and can only be viewed in that department. If anyone is interested they may email me for information or I would be happy to use my lunch hour 12-1pm to show them where to find them. I know the Special Collections Dept can be "kinda scarey" for the new patron. I myself had only been in their once prior to my Hispanic research. El Territorio Mexicano, Victor M. Ruiz Naufal, Ernesto Lemoine, Arturo Galvez Medrano Mexico: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 1982, 1a ed Library of Congress Call Number: F1226.T47 1982 v.1, v.2 Sent by Rob Ríos |
|
»
Mexico Research |
|
SPANISH PATRIOTS OF SANTO DOMINGO (ESPAÑOLA)
|
|
||
|
»
La Voz de Aztlan Exclusive resident Vicente Fox Weds Martha Sahagún by Miroslava Flores, La Voz de Aztlan http://www.aztlan.net/foxweds.htm México, DF.- July 2, 2001 - La Voz de Aztlan has just learned from sources in Mexico City that this morning President Vicente Fox married his Presidential Press Secretary Martha Sahagún. The small private marriage ceremony took place in Los Pinos or "Mexican White House". Martha Sahagún, now the official Mexican First Lady, has resigned her position as Press Secretary and will be replaced by Francisco Ortiz who was the Presidential Public Relations Officer. » Alejandro Toledo will take office as President of Peru July 28th. He is of Andean Indian descent. |
||
|
»
Flora Tunubala was elected to become the first Indian governor in
Colombia. Tunubala, 46, is a member of the Guambiano tribe.
Although the state of Cauca is only 15% Indians, his victory is attributed
to the popular resentment against the two parties in power. Nationally only 2.5
percent of the 40 million residents in Columbia are Indian.
» In 1991, Tunubala helped draft a new constitution ratifying the rights of Colombia's 80-odd tribes. OC Register, 6-12-01 |
||
|
|
»
RESEARCHING IN SPAIN While backing up my computer I was reading the summer/fall 1999, V. VII, Issue 9 of HALAPID, the newsletter of the Society for Crypto Judaic Studies , discovered the Society for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies website, which has tons of information: Society for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies home page: http://www.ukans.edu/~iberia/ssphs/ssphs_main.html or you can go directly to: Resources in Spain http://www.cc.ukans.edu/~iberia/ssphs/spainresources.html Plus, the page for conferences and meetings: http://www.ukans.edu/~iberia/ssphs/ann.html Sent by Donie Nelson |
|
»
WESTERN EUROPE VITAL RECORDS INDEX http://www.lds.org/media/article/0,5422,116-1929,FF.html Twelve and a half million vital records from Western Europe are now available on CD-ROM from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Vital Records Index for Western Europe includes information extracted from birth, christening and marriage records from the Alpine, Benelux, French, German, Italian, and Spanish regions. Sent by Gloria Oliver Return to Front Page
|
About the Hispanic, Portuguese, and Caribbean CollectionsA Brief Introduction by John R. Hébert
|
|
»
Study of Colonial Latin America |
|
» LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION HISTORY BULLETIN, Extract LAPHB home Number 27, Fall 1997,
Posted December 30, 1997, Analysis of mortality among ancient Americans dispels the
long-cherished myth of a precolumbian paradise. Like their Old World
counterparts, before 1492, residents of the New World died as a result of
disease, famine, and violence. While the disease environment of the
Americas differed from that of the Old World in terms of particular
diseases, the leading causes of mortality among humans in all parts of the
world were basically the same--acute respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections. Residents of the Old World were exposed to a wider variety of
epidemic diseases, but typhus and influenza may have been universal among
agricultural populations. Similarly, periodic famines attended by high
rates of mortality, were a regular occurrence for agricultural populations
around the world. And certainly there is ample evidence to suggest that
native Americans were just as violent as their counterparts in other
regions of the globe. http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/laphb/27fall97/laphb271.htm
Return
to Front Page
|
|
HISTORY |
|
1933 First Drive-In Movie Theater Opens |
| » Tameme, the annual bilingual literary journal of new writing from North America, announces the publication of its second issue, "Sun and Moon / Sol y Luna". Funded with a grant from the Fund for US-Mexico Culture (Rockefeller Foundation and Bancomer), the 227 page issue with side-by-side Spanish-English translations includes short fiction, creative nonfiction and poetry by 23 writer. Tameme, pronounced "ta-may-may" is an Nahuatl (Aztec) word meaning "messenger" or "porter." Tameme is published by Tameme, Inc., a nonprofit dedicated to bilingual publishing based in Los Altos, California. Tameme is available at selected bookstores, by mail-order, and via www.tameme.org. Editor: cmmayo@starpower.net , $14.95; pp.227 |
| »
"El Cambio Hispano"
Bilingual magazine, is an expansion by La Cresta, Inc. of Sierra Vista, Arizona into the Las Cruces/El Paso
region. In view of the disparity between bilingual and biliterate Hispanics, "El Cambio Hispano" directly bridges the gap between those that can read and write Spanish as well as English, and those who are only bilingual. Most importantly, the format encourages the reader to explore and improve his/her skills in either language. » Offering a wide range of editorial subject matter targeting Hispanics, topics and areas of interest include, news, community affairs, health issues, education and business. Advertisers have the option to present their promotions in either language as well. » Your questions and feedback are eagerly invited, as are your editorial submissions and press releases. For information and details contact Frank Escobar Jr. 520-378-2636 520-458-7337 lacrest@c2i2.com fse56@yahoo.com |
| » To learn more about the publishing scenario from start to finish, see the new series of articles through the freebies section at http://www.historysavers.com/pubhelp.htm . This is a free resource, intended to provide such a clear blueprint that more people will be encouraged to publish family histories and other work of historical significance. |
|
»
Research in Cemeteries" http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/syft/vitals/syftmg0035.htm "Cemetery Records: Unraveling the Past" http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/syft/vitals/syftmg0023.htm "Gravestones: Monuments of the Past" http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/syft/vitals/syftmg0022.htm "Grave Matters: Symbols, Designs, and Epitaphs on Tombstones" http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/memorial.htm |
|
» Generations Press Books publishes and sells books for genealogists in the areas of Jewish genealogy, Southern California genealogical resources, and immigration research. As a publishing company, we will begin selling our first books in 2001. As a bookseller, we offer both used books and heavily discounted new books from other publishers. Most of books from other publishers are publishers' closeouts or remainders. http://www.generationspress.com |
9/7/01 Return to Front Page
