™
November  2002
Editor: Mimi Lozano, mimilozano@aol.com

END

Boy Scouts of America

     Training our Youth for Leadership

 "My fight for Human Rights was my greatest achievement." 
Hector G. Godinez, U.S. Army Tank Commander, W.W. II
First Mexican-American Postmaster in the United States 

US Marine Corps Salutes Hispanic Heroes  
http://www.hispanicvista.com/html/091602nat.htm  Hispanicvista.com

        The United States Marine Corps recognized thirteen Hispanic Heroes at the most recent National Council of La Raza Annual Conference and Latino Expo USA in Miami . The heroes are former Marines who were honored with the nation's highest military award, the Congressional Medal of Honor "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty." The Hispanic Heroes were featured at the Marine Corps booth exhibition area, alongside the Marine Leadership Speakers program, at the La Raza Conference and Latino Expo.
        "Hispanics have served in the United States Armed Services for over a century," says Raul Yzaguirre, Chairman/President of the National Council of La Raza. "We have made tremendous contributions to building and protecting this nation, so we are proud to celebrate our heroes from the US Marine Corps who were recognized with this prestigious award."
        The Hispanic Heroes entered the Marine Corps from various parts of the United States , and fought in wars from the Boxer Rebellion (1901) to World War II (1940s), the Korean War (1950s), and the Vietnam era conflict (1960s-70s). They were majors, captains and privates.  Of the thirteen heroes, only one is living, Sando M. Vargas, Jr. who was recognized with the Congressional Medal of Honor for his action in Dai Do, Republic of Vietnam on April 30 to May 2, 1968.
        The Congressional Medal of Honor is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force which can be bestowed upon an individual serving in the Armed Services of the United States.  The Award is generally presented to its recipient by the President of the United States of America in the name of Congress.

HELP NEEDED - SOMOS PRIMOS READERS HAVE BEEN ASKED TO MAN THE  COMPUTER LAB AT THE FOLLOWING EVENT IN FULLERTON, CALIFORNIA.  SEE THE ARTICLE BELOW

According to the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Mexican-Americans were killed in extraordinarily high numbers during the Korean War.  Linda Martinez Aguirre found that of the 2,611 killed in action from California, 518 were Mexican-Americans, 20% of the deaths or three (3) times the Mexican-American population in California in 1950.  Percentage of Mexican-American casualties were also high, way above the proportion in other Southwest states.  
Source: letter 10-15-02  For questions and the latest information, Linda. . . lmaguirre@adelphi.net

Eugene A. Obregon/CMH Memorial Foundation
P. O. Box 3212, Culver City, CA 90231
Tel: (310) 823-1097  Fax: (310) 821-1419

                                                                                           Sent by Rogelio Rodriguez  Rogelio.Rodriguez@unx.uci.edu 

   Hector G. Godinez, United States Postal Facility named after him,  3101 Sunflower, SantaAna  
The FIRST Mexican-American Postmaster in the United States
The ceremony was held October 29, 2002 

        Hector G. Godinez was born July 1, 1924 in San Diego, California. He served in the U.S. Army, 1941-1945, with Combat experience in five campaigns in Europe in General George Patton’s Third Army. He completed his service as Tank Commander and was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.
        Between 1946 and 1992 he worked for the U.S. Postal Service, rising through the ranks from Post Master in Santa Ana, to District Director in Orange County, the Los Angeles County.  Chief operating officer for over 40,000 postal employees and post offices in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura, Santa Barbara, Kern and Inyo Counties. Postal District included the largest fleet distribution system in the United States with a $1.5 billion budget.
      Eventually Godinez was promoted to Chief Executive Officer of the United States Postal Service in Orange County and Alhambra and the surrounding area, with executive control over 11,000 employees and an operating budge of over $750 million for fiscal Year 1991. 
        Hector G. Godinez was recognized nationally as the most aggressive and innovative revenue-producing and production-oriented executive in the U.S. Postal Service. Expert in Postal distribution systems and employee and Labor Relations strategies, he was instrumental in the development of 17 of the 73 current division managers nationwide.
        His achievements are even more remarkable in light of the discrimination that was still active. 
In 1959 he was denied a promotion by the then-Postmaster of Santa Ana Post-office because of Mexican ancestry. He was told that the Anglo’s would resent him working in their community and that it would create ill feeling in the Anglo community.  
        With the help of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), Godinez appealed to the President of the United States and eventually in 1961 received an appointment as Postmaster to the City of Santa Ana. . . . while the Civil Rights Act was still 3 years away-1964.

Education included graduate work in Sr. Business Management at Harvard School of Business, UCLA, Duke University, and the University of Virginia.

Sent by Gilbert Garcia, President of the Mexican American Museum of Art
 714-541-3070 gilbert@mexicanamericanmuseumofart.org

Article in Hispanicvista.com, September 2002

HISPANIC HERITAGE EDUCATION  

By  
Howard J. Shorr   howardshorr@msn.com
Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, Oregon

"Multicultural education is now inseparable from the core curriculum. 
It is not a question of finding a way to relate diversity to the core materials
—it is the core curriculum."

        I have always taught from a multicultural perspective. My first job out of college in 1973 was teaching U.S. history and government at San Gabriel Mission School in suburban Los Angeles My students were all girls and most of them were Mexican American. I not only made the roles of women and Latinos a central part of my history and government courses, I initiated the first Chicano studies and women's studies courses at the school. Then in 1981, while teaching at Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of East Los Angeles , I inaugurated the first course on the history of the area, which had changed from a predominantly Jewish American and Japanese American neighborhood in the 1930s and 1940s to one that is more than 95 percent Latino today.  
These classes helped my students to better understand themselves and the role that their community had played in the history of Los Angeles and California, as well as in the wider context of American history and world events.
        In the 1970s, including the roles of women, Latinos, and other ethnic and racial groups in an American history or government course was highly unusual. Today, educators need to embrace diversity in their classes. If an instructor is teaching the American Revolution, for instance, the roles of African Americans, Native Americans, women, and poor whites are as central to the subject as the roles played by wealthy white men. 
        At first, few resources for teaching a multicultural history curriculum were available. My students dug into old newspapers and magazines in local libraries and I arranged for people from the community to speak to my classes. Today, the Internet provides students with more content on a wider range of topics than ever before. Yet it's critical for educators to address how to make Internet use a rewarding learning experience for students. Using the Web in class not only provides students with new sources of information. It also provides them with a means to develop critical-thinking skills, encourage individual creativity, work as a group, and close the digital divide.

A Broader Perspective
        Reading local, national, and international news sources online provides one way for students to understand current issues in diversity. Now that students can search the Web to find articles and newspaper stories about a topic, they can more easily see the national and international dimensions of the Latino presence in the United States . A paper covering a local story gives students a better idea of how people view events within their own community. Comparing local coverage to national or overseas coverage allows students to explore different perspectives on the issue. For instance, when the controversy surrounding Elian Gonzalez was unfolding, we could compare the way Florida papers covered the story with other coverage. This also led us to the history of the Cuban expatriate community in Miami , non-Cubans in Florida , federal policy, and how history and politics shaped reactions.
        Students don't always know a lot about other ethnic or racial groups. Instead, students bring to class a "suitcase" full of stereotypes. For instance, students often perceive Latino issues as primarily relating to either the Chicano population in the Southwest and California or the Puerto Rican population of New York City . A search of national newspapers quickly shatters this stereotype for my students when they find stories in the Des Moines Register about the need for bilingual teachers in Iowa .
        When students access online data from the 2000 census, they find more detailed information about the growth of Latino populations throughout the country. For instance, they read about the large growth of the Latino populations in certain southern states. The changing demographics of Latinos in the South are further revealed in an Atlanta Journal-Constitution story about racial tensions between Latinos and African Americans in Georgia . This leads us to explore the history of race relations in the South, which is usually talked about in terms of African Americans and whites, and how the growing Latino population is affecting interracial and interethnic relations.

A Part of History
        For topics such as race relations, population shifts, gender roles, and economic class to have any meaning for students today, they have to understand them in historical terms. Most history surveys discuss Mexican Americans in terms of the Mexican-American War, the Zoot Suit Riot, and the United Farm Workers. Other Latinos, such as Puerto Ricans and Cubans, are still largely left out of the story. But the Internet now helps fill those gaps with good information about many Latino groups. Directing student inquiry into the roles that Latinos played in American history not only provides a way to cover important areas of the curriculum, it begins to correct the ways in which Latinos have been marginalized in many history textbooks.
        When I teach immigration in American history, I teach it as a diversity issue. Immigration is covered in U.S. history textbooks mostly in terms of the African slave trade and the European immigrant experience. Other points of entry for other immigrant groups are not dealt with as thoroughly. It's important for students to understand that Latinos were in North America before the Pilgrims and that their history is not new. We need to reshape our teaching of immigration as an important part of national history.
        Exploring why Latinos frequently are excluded from history books, mass media, and politics leads students to important information literacy skills. They begin to question who is telling the story and what their motives are. These higher-thinking skills are valuable for evaluating information on the Web, as well as in newspapers, textbooks, and other media. Students' self-confidence and feelings of empowerment increase along with their degree of information literacy.
        Using diverse ethnic histories and as many resources as possible—including the Internet—incorporates multiple perspectives into history. This approach also breaks down stereotypes and builds a new sense of community and pride among Latino students. It can even have an impact outside the classroom. In 1999, as a result of creating my Roosevelt High course, I was asked to serve as a historical advisor to an exhibition about the history of Boyle Heights at the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles*. It has been gratifying working with the museum staff, and now people will see the range of cultures that have left their mark on this ethnically diverse neighborhood.
        For many students, learning about their history and culture had a positive effect on their lives. A former student who is now a director of a non-profit in New York City that helps single parents with their children recently wrote to me. "You introduced us/me to a different world and gave us an opportunity to critically think about our world," she said. "I still remember so many details about your government class after all these years."
        In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1982, Colombian author Gabriel Garcia Marquez said, "Our crucial problem has been a lack of conventional means to render our lives believable." I think for teachers and students, one means is the Internet.

Teaching Tools Links 

American Latino 
This site links to newspaper and magazine stories about Latinos and is updated daily. 

Chicano! Related World Wide 
Web Sites: Resources for Teachers and Parents
Many sources about diversity, history, teaching, and other topics. 

CLNet: Building Chicano/Latino Communities 
Through Networking 
This site covers many Latino groups (mostly Chicano) with a focus on topics such as history, the arts, and research. 


Hispanic Population, U.S. Census Bureau 
A great site to introduce statistics about the Hispanic population. 

The Japanese American National Museum 
Information on the Boyle Heights exhibition, which runs from September 8, 2002, though February 23, 2003. 

Local, State, and National and International Newspapers 
A site that list newspapers on a daily basis. A wonderful teaching tool. 

Recommended US Latino Web Sites 
Susan A. Vega-Garcia compiled these links to Latino resources 

Young Americans and the Digital Future Campaign 
This site discusses digital divide issues and offers a fact sheet about the topic for each state.

Zoot Suit 
Riots Teacher's Guide This interesting site offers primary sources grouped into four categories: 
history, economics, geography, and history of the 1943 Los Angeles Riots. Get more from the Web.  

Howard J. Shorr  lectures on diversity, teaching methods, Latinos, and community history at universities and public schools. He served on the American Historical Association U.S. History National History Standards Committee and currently teaches at Clackamas Community College in Oregon City , Oregon  
Address:  howardshorr@msn.com

The Baptism of Benito Juárez
Source: Pere Foix, Juárez (Mexico, D.F.: Editorial Trillas, 1949), p. 23.       Sent by John Schmal

TREVIÑO

Aunque existen discrepancias entre los diversos autores que hablan de esta casa, la versión más creíble es la que señala a los Treviño o Triviño como originarios del Condado y Villa de Treviño o Triviño, del partido judicial de Miranda de Ebro, en la provincia de Burgos.

HELP NEEDED - SOMOS PRIMOS READERS HAVE BEEN ASKED TO MAN THE  COMPUTER LAB AT THE FOLLOWING EVENT IN FULLERTON, CALIFORNIA.  SEE THE ARTICLE BELOW, Please call Mimi if you can help, 714-894-8161

6th Annual Veterans Day Celebration
November 9, 2002 
A Tribute to Mexican-American Veterans of the Korean War 1950 - 1953 
Sponsored by   Latino Advocates for Education, Inc 
California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, Chapman & Nutwood, Fullerton, CA 
Time: 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.  FREE
Computer Lab shifts, 10-11 a.m., 12-2:30 p.m.

        Honored guests:  300 local Mexican American veterans of the Korean War, including
General Gus Hernandez and Medal of Honor recipients Rudy Hernandez, Eugene Obregon and Joseph Rodriguez, Symposiums on the Korean War, Displays, antique military vehicles and classic cars, historical re-enactors, Aztec Skydiving Team,  Food Court, high school cadet units and high school marching bands.
        During the Korean War over 100,000 Mexican Americans served.  It is noteworthy that of the 55 Orange county men who were killed in action, 17 of them were Mexican American.
        Latino Advocates for Education, Inc. is a not-for-profit 501(c)3 organization, which was incorporated in 1974.  The humanities goal of this project is to promote patriotism and to recognize the contributions of Latino military veterans. We do not glorify war or promote militaristic solutions to all of our nation's international affairs, nor do we advocate that all Latino youth join our country's military forces. However, we must recognize and inform the public of the patriotic contributions of Latinos to our country and our proud heritage here in the United States. 
        The production of this patriotic tribute is a collaborative effort of Latino Advocates for Education, Inc., California State University Fullerton, the Orange County Department of Education, veterans groups, veterans, students and volunteers of the community.  
        If you have a relative or friend who is a Korean War veteran and would like to participate or be recognized, please let us know.  Latino Advocates For Education, Inc. (714) 225-2499 
President - Fredrick P. Aguirre 
Vice President - Carlos Marquez 
Secretary - Linda Martinez Aguirre 
Treasurer - Robert Lopez, CPA

September 30, 2002  . . . Mexican billionaire looks at Angels for possible purchase   
By WILL WEISSERT, Associated Press Writer

        MEXICO CITY (AP) – September 30, 2002 - A Mexican billionaire who owns one of his country's most successful baseball teams is interested in buying the Anaheim Angels from The Walt Disney Co. Before the Angels traveled to New York to face the Yankees in the franchise's first playoff appearance since 1986, Carlos Peralta went from Mexico City to Los Angeles last week to discuss a possible bid, team spokeswoman Trish Penny said Monday.  
        Peralta watched part of Sunday's game between the Angels and the Seattle Mariners from a luxury box at Anaheim 's Edison Field and met with team officials, Penny said. "We've only had a few potential buyers like this one," Penny said. "With the playoffs and everything, we are trying to keep this low key."  
        Tim Mead, the Angels vice president of communications, said in New York that any discussions regarding a potential purchase of the Angels "is going to be done on a corporate level." Cuahutemoc Rodriguez, president of the Tigres de Puebla, the Mexican baseball team Peralta owns, did not travel to the United States and would not discuss the trip Monday. But he told Mexico City 's Reforma newspaper last week that Peralta could pay between $170 million and $200 million for the Angels.  
        Peralta was traveling and unavailable for comment Monday. He is chairman of Industriales Unidas, a consortium of manufacturers of electrical sockets, shoes and armored paneling for cars. Affiliated companies also make tequila, pagers and cell phones, as well as publish sports magazines and own hospitals and corporate real estate.  
        Last year, Peralta sold his family's stake in Iusacell, a multinational telecommunications company, for close to $1 billion. Forbes Magazine recently listed him as one of the 40 richest people in the world, reporting his worth at an estimated $1.3 billion.  
        Major league rules don't prohibit foreigners from owning teams. The Mariners' owner, Hiroshi Yamauchi, lives in Japan and is president of Nintendo Co Ltd.             Source: HispanicVista.com

        DALLAS - Texas Rangers shortstop Alex Rodriguez ranks tops among 10-year-old Fausto Gonzalez and his friends in Arlington, Texas. Baseball trading cards are their main gauge for rating players. Now, Fausto says, he will be able to share his hobby with family members who don't read English. Starting this month, Arlington-based Donruss Trading Card Co. is issuing Super Estrellas (Super Stars) - a 225-card set entirely in Spanish.
        Whether a player is a lanzador (pitcher), a jardinero (outfielder) or even a Novato (rookie), the new cards feature most of the current stars of Major League Baseball.  While there have been some bilingual baseball cards in the past and other Spanish cards in other sports, the Donruss set is the first all-Spanish baseball card line, said Tracy Hackler, Donruss communications manager. "This is something that has been building for years, and no one has ever really come out with a product like this," he said.
        He noted that players from throughout Latin America have been important to baseball. Between 25 percent and 30 percent of the pro players are Latino."Latino players have had such a tremendous influence on the game," Mr. Hackler said. "We felt we needed to pay tribute to those players, but more importantly, we felt we needed to honor baseball's Latino fans, who have been among the most passionate supporters of the game for many years."                           Source: Hispanic Online.com

Taking a Closer Look at Santa Ana 
The Pew Center for Civic Journalism has awarded a grant aimed at helping California State University, Fullerton and the Orange County Register to gain a deeper understanding of the Hispanic community of Santa Ana. The collaboration involves staff from the Communications Department of Cal State and from the news department of the Register and Spanish-language Excelsior newspaper. The project includes three parts: an in-depth study of a Santa Ana neighborhood; a telephone survey of city residents that will be conducted in English and Spanish; and in-depth interviews by Register/Excelsior staff of dozens of Santa Ana residents. The university and newspaper partners plan to publish the results of the work, to post important and useful information about the community online at http://www.myOC.com  and http://www.ocvive.com and to invite residents to a presentation on what the study learned. The team is interested in hearing from organizations and agencies that serve the Hispanic community of Santa Ana, and also people who want to share their knowledge of the city's neighborhoods, schools and civic life. If you'd like to be interviewed, or suggest someone for an interview, please contact: 
Dennis Foley, (714) 285-2862, dfoley@ocregister.com
Ron Gonzales, (714) 704-3789, rgonzales@ocregister.com
Courtney Perkes, (714) 704-3709, cperkes@ocregister.com
Theresa Salinas, (714) 704-3706, tsalinas@ocregister.com
Alejandro Maciel, (714) 796-4360, amaciel@ocregister.com 

Reception Thursday, November 7, 2002 from 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m Chapman University.
Thurmond Clarke Memorial Library, One University Drive, Orange, CA

        Fire in the Morning presents historical photographs depicting the lives of Mexican-Americans in Orange County from 1910 to 2000.  "The black and white photographs provide a social commentary on the lives of Mexican- Americans in 50 colonias, or communities, throughout Orange County, spanning from the 1910 Revolution in Mexico through most of the 20th century."  (Peggy Blizzard, Irvine World News.)          Exhibit is free, open to all and will run from November 4, 2002 - February 14, 2003. For more information please call: Sandy Lee at (714) 532-6038 or email to:     sandylee@chapman.edu  or yalvarez@chapman.edu

Maria sent three emails on the subject:

Hi, I attended Hoover in Westminster.  My sisters knew the Mendez very well and all my older sibling attended Hoover when it was segregated. When I entered kindergarten it was integrated. I just got a copy of the 1930 census and found all the family friends who still to this day live in Westminster. I am interviewing them and they are so excited to see me and visit with a member of our family! We as a family have many memorable memories of Westminster! Maria
        p.s. I was born in 1940. My oldest sister was born in 1923 and lives in Huntington Beach. I live in Dana Point. My parents were born: Father (1885), Mother, (1904).

Hi,  I love reading your articles from time to time! Hopefully, I'll get to a meeting and meet some the people instrumental in all the research. I also grew up in Westminster, California and was there when the first catholic church was built. Our parent lived next to the priest and nuns on Spruce street and Olive. I went to Hoover school when I was in the 5th grade. My family lived in Westminster since 1923. Since doing genealogy. I think we may also be related. Our ancestors are from
Nochistlan, Zacatecas and somewhere along the line there are Lozano's? Hasta pronto, Maria  mgatcanchas@cox.net

Hi Mimi, the answer to your question is . . .  Si! My siblings knew the Mendez very well! I was one of the youngest and from time to time I have seen articles about how the teachers were horrible and the children got swatted for this or that is very mind boggling to me! My oldest sister is going to be 80 next July and she can truly tell you stories about Westminster! There was an article sometime ago
about a family (the Moreno's) and how the teacher's were cruel. I can truly tell you how instrumental these same teacher's were to me in learning. I was one of the ones that assimilated in society and kept my beautiful Mexican heritage and was always proud. My family isn't interested in my
genealogy but, when I get done with it, I'm sure they will appreciate and love it!! Hasta Pronto, Maria
mgatcanchas@cox.net

Sergio Contreras who is running for the Westminster School Board writes: Adelante!  
Mimi, I also performed at that school for a Christmas program (see attached picture) when I was in
kindergarten. My godmother Marion Aguirre was (the only Latina(o) ever selected to serve on the Westminster School board since 1979)  She told me the history about the Hoover school when I was real young. Though some have moved on and forgot, I like you and many others have not. I am still trying to move my community forward. I will hopefully be granted that opportunity as a newly elected board member for the Westminster School District this Nov. Mimi, keep educating and connecting our community. I hope you are well. 
In Unity, Sergio Contreras  sergiocontrerasjr@yahoo.com
To contact Sergio, P.O. BOX 10893, Westminster, CA 92683

UCLA School of Law has the Dominguez Trio
It's one thing to have a sibling or two attend the same high school at the same time, but it's a whole other story to have three siblings attending the UCLA School of Law.  Although all three took different paths out of high school - Scott graduated from Georgetown as a government major, Alexandria finished a master's in psychology at the University of Maryland and Bryan studied communications and Spanish at Boston College - "fate brought us back home," Alexandria says.        UCLA Alumni Magazine, Fall 2002, pg. 11

UCLA Law School.

Scott Dominguez '03, Alexandria Dominguez '04  Bryan Dominguez '05 

"Here is a major contribution to the story of California and the larger history of the Spanish borderlands."    Dr. Keven Starr, State Librarian of California

Newly published copyright 2003 by SUNSET PUBLICATIONS, http://www.sunbeltpub.com  
For availability contact Jennifer Redmond, Marketing and Publication Coordinator  (619) 258-4911 

 It is with great pleasure that the Governor extends the honor of designing an enduring impression of our state to the people of California. The Governor encourages California-inspired ideas that will capture the heart of our state as well as its diverse culture. In honor of this momentous program, twenty semifinalist designs will be put on display in 2003 to acknowledge the public's contributions. The Governor will announce the final five designs in January of 2003 to give recognition to those who participated in the design process.

Dr. Kevin Starr, State Librarian of California,         Sent by George Tejadilla gtejadilla@calstate.edu

Phelipe de Neve
First Governor of the Californias, 1777-1782

Michael Hardwick (front) is a Historical Interpreter and a member of Los Soldados del Real Presidio de Santa Barbara. Email: hardwic2@cox.net or contact:
805- 965-0093
Sent by Michael Perez  MPSCDP@aol.com

Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, PO Box 388, Santa Barbara, CA. 93102   

Carrillo Cousins
Links to Living Descendants of 
Maria Ygnacia Lopez and Joaquin Victor Carrillo
*Additional Carrillo Cousins
Also, answer to the most asked question..."How are we related to actor Leo Carrillo?"
Friends of the Carrillo Adobe
Carrillo Family of Sonoma Count
Contact Linda Lorda to add information and links to your email or website
northbay@sonic.net

California History Section (916) 654-0176
900 N St., Rm. 200, Sacramento
Hours: Monday-Friday, 9:30 am - 4 pm

http://www.library.ca.gov/html/genealogy.html
The California Section Collection provides materials to support every level of research into California History. It is an exhaustive collection of published materials, and includes extensive collections of primary materials as well. Though we do not have a genealogical department, we have many specialized publications and materials which are especially valuable for genealogical research regarding Californians. This is a guide to the most frequently used genealogical sources in the California Section.  For those of you unable to visit the California Room, a list of private researchers is available.

                                           Sent by Johanna de Soto

Guide to the The Rancho San Pedro Collection
Archives and Special Collections, University Library, Carson, California

Descriptive Summary Title: The Rancho San Pedro Collection Extent: 3 Linear Feet
Repository:
Department of Archives and Special Collections.
University Library.
California State Library, Dominguez Hills.
Carson, California 90747

Administrative Information
Access: All materials are open to the public unless specific restrictions are imposed.
Publication Rights: It is the responsibility of the user to obtain copyright authorization. 
Preferred Citation: [Identification of item], The Rancho San Pedro Collection, Courtesy of the Department of Archives and Special Collections. University Library. California State University, Dominguez Hills.

History
        Materials in the Rancho San Pedro Collection were collected over a twenty year period by archivists employed at the Archives and Special Collections Department of California State University, Dominguez Hills. The collection was processed in the Fall of 1997 and was opened to research without restrictions. Originally encompassing over 75, 000 acres the Rancho San Pedro was granted to Juan Jose Dominguez by the King of Spain in 1784. 
        Juan Jose had served as a Spanish soldier in California and received the land following his retirement. Juan Jose built one of the first adobes in the region and lived there for varying periods until his death in 1809. The Rancho San Pedro was then willed to Jose Cristobal Dominguez (a nephew) who in turn willed it to his sons. One of the sons, Manuel, eventually took sole ownership of the property. 
        Manuel built a new adobe structure where he lived with his wife (Maria Engracia) and their children. He was also very involved in local politics and served as mayor of Los Angeles on three separate occasions as well as becoming one of the first county supervisors and delegate to the first constitutional convention of California in 1849. When California became a state in 1849 Manuel was responsible for proving the legality of the original land grant thus ensuring his ownership. 
        A United States land patent was granted to him for the Rancho lands in 1858. The area covered by the patent ran from Redondo Beach in the west, to Compton in the east and the harbor in the south. Manuel used the land to graze cattle and raise crops. His brand, a lemon shaped mark, became a highly recognizable symbol on the ears of his cattle. In 1882 Manuel Dominguez died and left his estate, including the remainder of the Rancho lands, to his six daughters. Five of the daughters married, three to Anglos, and went on to create corporations which would administer their holding. 
        These corporations, The Dominguez Estate Company, the Carson Estate Company, the Watson Estate Company, the Francis Estate Company and the Del Amo Estate Company oversaw the daughters interests in the land. By 1930 , when oil was discovered on Rancho land, most of the agrarian activities associated with the Rancho had ceased. It is estimated that the 350 oil wells developed on the land produced over $1 million year of income for a period of over 20 years. Today only two of the original estate companies survive, the Carson Estate Company and The Watson Land Company, but much of the of the heritage of the original owners of the Rancho and their descendants can be found as both local street and city names in communities which were part of the original Spanish land grant.                                                      Sent by Johanna de Soto

[[This is a fascinating Washington Post article about the proliferation of ethnic news media.  It is described as a "new unconventional approach" to journalism.  California is experiencing this "seismic shift", evident in the many different languages in print, on radio, and TV in California. I am proud to reflect on the fact that Somos Primos seem to fall into this category, in spite of the fact that we publish in primarily in English, nor take any political positions. Instead we hope to foster a "spirit of community " through our common history, heritage, and culture. The article is included in its entirely .]]

        This week, some 3,000 ethnic media representatives from 500 newspapers, magazines, TV and radio stations and online publications will gather at the Hilton in Beverly Hills for the third New California Media EXPO. It's an event that has been largely ignored beyond the West Coast, despite the seismic shifts this gathering represents in a state that's often recognized as the harbinger of things to come.
        These proliferating new media outlets reflect not only demographic changes, but a vibrant, unconventional approach to journalism. They are vehement advocates for their readers' causes; they're acting as bridges back to immigrants' homelands; and there's no doubt that they're popular: Seven major ethnic dailies in the state, 30 Vietnamese publications in Orange County, 15 Thai-language newspapers in Los Angeles, several 24-hour radio stations for Pashto and Dari speakers, and 14 Filipino media outlets in the San Francisco Bay area are just a few of the voices making up our remarkable Tower of Babel.
        That image -- of a proliferation of competing sounds, of people speaking primarily within their cultures -- is why these outlets should demand our attention. These voices bring much-needed energy to their diverse populations, of course, but they also raise perplexing questions for our society as a whole. While they foster a spirit of community within the ethnic groups they represent, don't these outlets also threaten to erode our broader community of discussion, in fact the very underpinnings of our democracy? If that sounds melodramatic, think of it this way: If you can't understand what your fellow subway rider is reading, if you can't follow the opinions he or she listens to each night, how can you hope to hold a discussion about national or even neighborhood politics? Aren't our opinions and national discourse likely to become ever more Balkanized? 
        In California, questions like these are no longer purely theoretical. More people in key metropolitan areas now get their news from ethnic newspaper and broadcast outlets -- from the Spanish-language Univision TV network to the daily newspapers Sing Tao and the (Chinese) World Journal -- than from Old Media outlets such as the Los Angeles Times and NBC. The astonishing growth of Univision Communications and Telemundo, another Spanish-language TV network, underscore the falling penetration of the traditional networks, now at 43 percent of the U.S. population and dropping. 
        The new outlets' reporting sometimes produces a different view of events from that of their Old Media colleagues. Nearly all the polling by traditional media outlets on how the nation responded to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, for example, was done in English. The San Francisco-based New California Media, by contrast, polled in 12 languages and came up with a significantly different picture. Pollster Sergio Bendixen, of Coconut Grove, Fla., said his multilingual surveys reflected more individual depression and reports of financial loss than English-only surveys found. 
        It's hardly surprising that these changes happened first in California, which the 2000 Census shows is now a "minority majority" state, with 53 percent of Californians identifying themselves as non-white. In fact, "The ethnic media are no longer the margins, but the majority," according to Sandy Close, director of Pacific News Service and organizer of the network. She's one of the few journalists to win a MacArthur "genius" award and has been promoting ethnic media since the mid-'60s, when she was China editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review. 
        A recent report commissioned by the Ford Foundation goes so far as to say that members of the ethnic press are now "the new civic communicators." Ethnic media connect in ways Old Media do not, by featuring life in the neighborhoods, from quinceañeras to every store that opens in a strip mall. As such, these new outlets provide a far better reflection of who we are as a nation, of the frequent make-over of our immigrant selves.
        That's partly because ethnic media outlets are so firmly anchored in their own communities. They act as advocates and cheerleaders in ways the mainstream media have long put aside. It was the Chinese-language media, operating quite separately from the rest of the press, that defended nuclear scientist Wen Ho Lee (the so-called "China spy") and pushed for an eventual apology from his trial judge and from President Bill Clinton. Similarly, Spanish-language television was unabashed about soliciting money for victims of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras in 1999. Univision's Voz y Voto campaign pushed Latinos to register to vote, and they did, in record numbers.
        Old Media, by contrast, have lost their grassroots connection with their audience, resulting in scatter-shot efforts to win new readers, viewers and listeners by providing some glimpse of minority interests. The biggest loser is our sense of community, because established media, often mega-sized as a consequence of mergers, haven't found a way to provide a forum for debate for many of America's diverse interests. Not that there's a simple answer to how they could. Trying to take the temperatures of all these subgroups is a near-impossible task. As California's cities burst with immigrants, there's almost no way the mainstream media can adequately cover anything but emergencies. A single front page, a half-hour newscast, can't hope to compete with multiple lenses if the goal is to reflect the many faces of these diverse cities.
        Interestingly, Close has also found that the ethnic press is making moves to overcome the dangers of Balkanization, by trying to connect with ethnic colleagues: "They want to expand the lens to include each other, the Hispanics covering the Chinese, the Korean merchant wanting to know about the Hmong farmers. The ethnic media are so hungry to be part of the communications grid."
        What happens when the mass media's voice is replaced by so many voices? One implication is that the ties between California neighborhoods and immigrants' home countries are often sustained much longer. "It's as if each were part of an uninterrupted continuum, in constant communication, like the businessman with his ear to the cell phone in downtown San Francisco, talking to his grandma in Shanghai," Close says . 
        On the morning after the earthquake in the state of Gujarat, in northwestern India, in January 2001, she remembers sitting in the East Los Angeles office of the publisher of India Journal. The publisher told his staff, "There will be no laughter in this office today; it is a day of mourning for victims in Gujarat." These connections mean that ethnic media think very differently from traditional outlets about their neat categories of local, national and world news. "For the ethnic media," Close says, "the territorial borders no longer exist."
        The splintered news forums spell trouble for assimilation. After the last big wave of immigration, new arrivals learned English and picked up information about their new country by reading the newspaper. Now, the ties that continue to bind immigrants to their home countries compete with their new allegiances to the United States. "The old melting pot theory may be a thing of the past," said pollster Bendixen. "It's no longer true that sooner or later you can reach immigrants in English and with traditional media."
        The millions of immigrants who moved to California in the last 20 years have taught Bendixen that businesses, service providers, politicians and governments have to figure out the new ethnic dynamic or be left behind. "You can argue that it's good or bad, that it makes us more sophisticated or that it hurts the unity of the country," he says. But we can't ignore the new dynamic. We simply have to learn to adapt.
        It's not an easy task to advertise in 15 languages, but California is showing publishers everywhere that it's their future. The scope of the change is even larger than the list of the 500 ethnic media outlets in California suggests. Bendixen's 9/11 polling showed that 25 percent of the 1,000 respondents were not even counted in the 2000 Census.
        Can American society make sense of all these voices? That's hard to predict. But in 1998, the New California Media network tried a bold new approach. It started translating and digesting key stories from foreign-language ethnic news outlets. These roundups are now being published by the San Francisco Chronicle. Five-minute radio round-ups on stories making news in the ethnic media are soon to air on six California public radio stations. If we want to maintain the kind of open, democratic dialogue on which this country thrives, mainstream outlets in other regions are going to have to find ways of being equally flexible and inventive. California's experience shows that the way major news organizations have been doing business for the last 100 years no longer translates. 
        Margaret Engel is the managing editor of the Newseum and a director of the Alicia Patterson Foundation.                                                           Sent by Howard Shorr,   howardshorr@msn.com

NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES: 

[[I don't know how long DenverHispanic.Com has been online. It surely looks like an excellent resource.  Congratulations to editors Margaret & Louis Cepeda - louis@denverhispanic.com.

BILINGUAL JUDGES NEEDED - With the fate of bilingual education on the ballot, next month's elections are very important. Bilingual election judges are needed at the polls and they will be paid for their efforts.

FRIDA AND OTHER LATIN FILMS - The Denver Film Festival has a number of good and important Latino films this year. We have brief reviews and time schedules for each of the films.

KOREAN SOLDIERS TO BE HONORED - Survivors of the 65th Infantry Regiment will hold a ceremony and reception to honor those Latinos who died in one of the bloodiest chapters in the Korean conflict. Public is encouraged to attend and meet these surviving heroes.

JUDY MONTERO RUNNING FOR CITY COUNCIL - Judy H. Montero makes it official, announcing she is a candidate for Denver City Council District #9.

CAMPBELL WANTS TO HONOR CESAR CHAVEZ - Sen. Nighthorse Campbell has introduced legislation to create a Cesar Chavez Memorial Building in Denver as a tribute to the great civil rights leader.

WEST NILE PRECAUTIONS - Dr. Tamayo explains the causes and efforts of this terrible disease and how you can prevent yourself and your pets from becoming victims. 

THE HOT SPOT- VA-VA-Vigil: Jeff Martinez introduces us to Tammy Vigil--Fox 31 News' reporter and rising star. 

NEW PUERTO RICAN ASSOCIATION - The Puerto Rican Association of Colorado (PRAC) just completed its first membership drive and looks to promote education and Boricua culture here in Colorado.

CESDA HELPS MINORITY STUDENTS - The Colorado Educational Services and Development Association (CESDA) will host a symposium to help minority high schoolers get into college. 

OAR AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE OFFER EDUCATION AND TRAINING - The Original Aurora Renewal and Community College of Aurora are working with communities to implement a workforce development program.

DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY GALA - Reading Brings You The World will showcase treasures from the Denver Public Library's collection of world maps and atlases, and will proudly feature original artwork created by Denver's children.

CARMELA'S CONSUMER TIPS - With the stock market in a tank and their retirement funds shrinking dramatically, many Americans are looking more and more to financial planners for help and direction with their financial situation. 

What To Do If Your Identity Is Stolen - When an imposter co-opts your name, your Social Security number (SSN), your credit card number, or some other piece of your personal information for their use - in short, when someone appropriates your personal information without your knowledge - it's a crime, pure and simple. 
THE BOOK CORNER - A wide selection of books about Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans in general. 
CALENDAR OF EVENTS - Great month to live in Denver. Lots of happenings including a new play at El Centro Su Teatro, weekly poetry readings by high schoolers, international film festival, rock and roll art show at CHAC, and the annual spirit of tlatelolco celebration.
SITE OF THE MONTH - For sports fans who like to follow the accomplishments of Latino professional athletes.

SOME FOOD FOR THOUGHT
"If you think you can, you can. And if you think you can't, you're right." MARY KAY ASH

"To see what is in front of one's nose requires a constant struggle." GEORGE ORWELL 
"Nothing is so embarrassing as watching someone do something that you said couldn't be done."
SAM EWING

If you like Salsa music, pick up a copy of Denver's own Impacto Magazine, and get the latest on this great music that's sweeping the country. For more information, call 303-283-1392 or email Agarcia44@aol.com  .

How to Trace your Native American Heritage
This highly informative Video helps you efficiently trace your Native American heritage including: How and where to research the Dawes Rolls; How to obtain your Tribal Membership; Internet sites to assist your search; How to obtain a CDIB card (Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood) and more! This comprehensive Video also lists over 500 federally recognized American Tribes. 
#7727 (30 minutes) $25  Source: Southwest Indian Foundation P.O. Box 86, Gallup, NM  87302-0001

News from Bancroft Library    Inquiring about the Inquisition?

Trial record with evidence attached.

        In February 1996, a collection of particular interest to the Bancroft Library was offered for sale, a remarkable cache of 61 volumes of Mexican Inquisition manuscript records covering the years 1593-1817. Scholars agreed that this collection might very well be the last group of Inquisition records to ever come onto the market.
        Occurring just at the time when state appropriations to the University were at a low point, there was no way that Bancroft could stretch state funding to purchase the collection. However, recognizing that the collection was a perfect complement to existing Bancroft collections on the Inquisition, Charles Faulhaber, recently appointed James D. Hart Director of the Bancroft Library, decided to take a risk and appeal to Bancroft friends and supporters to help purchase the collection.
        The rest, as they say, is history. With the help of the UC Public Information Office staff, word got out and soon there was extensive newspaper and TV coverage. As a result of this attention, 198 donors made gifts totaling more than $100,000 for purchase of the collection.
        After extensive conservation treatment, the Bancroft Library is now delighted to announce the availability for research of the manuscripts relating to the Mexican Inquisition.
        Requests to use these materials for research began the moment the acquisition was announced four years ago. Though the documents had apparently been stored in a relatively sound environment for many years, conservation treatment was required. Handling the materials prior to conservation risked losing some of the ink from the texts, so Bancroft had to achieve a balance of conservation efforts with immediate use of the materials for scholarly inquiry.
        For the most part the documents received conservation treatment to mend iron gall ink damage, after which pages were sewn into individual folders and boxed in groups. Two original leather covers were still attached to the texts, but two others, unattached, may or may not be originals. Interestingly, some of the individual pages were apparently folded by the original scribes, which created the margins for notes and allowed for better organization of the documents.
        Introduced into Castilian Spain in the late 15th century, the Inquisition was especially aimed at "New Christians," primarily Jews converted to Christianity. In the Americas, the Inquisition was established primarily to protect against the Protestant "menace." Inquisitors often focused on such breaches of orthodoxy as bigamy, blasphemy, superstition, and witchcraft. By the 18th century, supporters of the Inquisition also prosecuted many cases of solicitation of sex in the confessional.

Gillian Boal, Rear Book Conservator.

        The documents in this collection, the equivalent of legal case files, contain a wealth of social information, including genealogical lists, records of property, and the most minute details of personal evidence.
        Selections from the collection permit both graduate and undergraduate students to explore firsthand the Mexican colonial period. William B. Taylor, professor of history, employs the original manuscripts in a graduate seminar on the church and religion in Spain and the Spanish Empire. Each student in a recent class examined and transcribed a case to better understand the institutional context and larger social and political history of the Mexican Inquisition. Student evaluations of the course indicate that handling the documents was one of the course highlights. Professor Taylor believes that this cohesive body of institutional records is an ideal source from which to create a teaching and research laboratory in Bancroft for students interested in colonial Latin American history. 
        To facilitate and encourage additional research with these unique documents, Bancroft has compiled 125 Mexican Inquisition manuscripts to create a subject/thematic finding aid in the Online Archive of California, accessible through the Library's Web site: www.lib.berkeley.edu. With the use of digital technology, scholars and students everywhere may now acquire extensive information on the Mexican Inquisition manuscripts.

Many thanks to those Bancroft friends who helped to make this happen.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/LDO/bene56/inquisition.html                 Sent by Johanna de Soto

The Virtual Jewish History Tour Mexico By Isaac Wolf

http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/vjw/Mexico.html  [[ This site has links. . .  do look. . .]]

One link:  Conversos: Mexico's Lost Jews

        When Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521, he was accompanied by several Conversos, Jews forcibly converted to Christianity during the Inquisition of 1492. Conversos, or Anusim, immigrated en masse to Nueva Espagna (present day Mexico) and some estimate that by the middle of the 16th century, there were more of these crypto-Jews in Mexico City than Spanish Catholics.
        In spite of the Inquisition, the Conversos attempted to lead Jewish lives by circumcising their children and keeping kosher. From 1528 on, Conversos were punished for their practices by being burned at the stake. In 1571, Spain solidified its harsh policy toward Jews by opening an Inquisition office in Mexico City, which accelerated the persecution of the crypto-Jews. Over the course of the colonial period, about 1500 were convicted of being Judaizers, meaning they observed the Laws of Moses or followed Jewish practices.
        The Conversos assimilated in the 19th century, and descendants of the Conversos are often devout Catholic families that light candles on Friday nights, keep meat and dairy separate, and close their businesses on Saturdays.
        Today, Mexico is home to many Conversos, with sizable populations in Vera Cruz and Puebla.   Many prominent Mexicans claim they are of Jewish descent, referencing their Conversos roots. Besides Presidents Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madero and Jose Lopez Portillo, renowned artist Diego Rivera publically announced his Jewish roots: "My Jewishness is the dominant element in my life," Rivera wrote in 1935. "From this has come my sympathy with the downtrodden masses which motivates all my work."
        To keep from assimilation, the Conversos did not intermarry, and considered themselves superior to their Christian neighbors. "We are not really Mexican," explains Schulamite Halevy. "We are descendants of Spanish nobility." 
        In 1994, the Mexican Jewish group Kulanu ( Hebrew for "all of us"), began investigating the status of Conversos. Over the past seven years, Kulanu has unsuccessfully attempted to convince the mainstream Mexican Jewish community to accept the Conversos as Jews.
        Mexico's organized Jewish community, which numbers about 50,000, has emphatically rejected the Kulanu's efforts not only because Orthodox Judaism traditionally does not proselytize, but also because the community fears a backlash of anti-Semitism.

Mexico Today  

        Virtually all of Mexico's Jews came to their current homeland between the late 1800's and 1939, fleeing persecution in Europe.  [[Editor's note: This statement is not acknowledging the Hidden Jews, descendants of the early colonizers, whose presence is beginning to be made known through the efforts of personal family researcher.]]
        Because of the Catholic church's heavy influence in Mexico, the nation had fewer than 30 Jewish families as late as the mid-19th century. The few Jews who moved to Mexico in the early 19th century were German. Mexican emperor Maximilian imported many Jews from Belgium, France, Austria and Alsatia in the mid-19th century. In 1862, more than one hundred of these Jews met in Mexico City to discuss erecting a synagogue, but the talks did not materialize for more than 20 years.
        In 1867, Mexican leader Benito Juarez overthrew Maximilian and secularized Mexico, seizing church property and banishing the Papal Nuncio. This upheaval paved the way for three waves of mass Jewish immigration, the first of which was sparked in 1882 by the death of the Russian Tzar. The exodus was accelerated in 1884 when Mexican President Profirio Diaz invited a dozen Jewish bankers from Europe to move to Mexico and help build its economy. Mexico established its first Jewish congregation in 1885.
        Jewish philanthropists considered Mexican Jewry a worthy recipient of aid and, in 1891, the Baron de Hirsch Fund, along with the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA) planned large-scale Jewish agricultural settlements in Mexico, much like the kibbutzim the philanthropists were developing in Israel. However, these plans never materialized.
        The second wave of Jewish immigration peaked between 1911 and 1913 as a result of the crumbling Ottoman Empire. The Empire's breakup ended an era of relative tolerance, and the Ladino speaking Sephardic Jews began fleeing from their homes in present-day Turkey at the turn of the century. The dark complexion of the Sephardic Jews, as well Ladino, their language with Spanish roots, eased their integration into Mexican society. Sephardic Jews were mainly street peddlers whose stands and carts, over several generations, often developed into shops and businesses.
        The third, and final, wave of Jewish immigration came from Russia after the first World War. With an already established Jewish community, Mexico received Jews fleeing from Eastern Europe. But, in the first few years after the war, most of these Jews used Mexico as a stepping-stone to America. However, a more restrictive 1924 American immigration policy stopped the flow of European Jews, who were stuck, and had no choice but to begin a new life in Mexico.
        The third wave of Jews, mainly Askenazi, led to the development of the first Ashkenazi organization, Niddehei Israel. Started in 1922 as a Chevra Kaddisha to help bury the dead, it developed into a Kehilla, or full-scale community. The Zionist Federation, which united various Zionist groups within Mexico's Jewish community, was also a product of the third wave.
        The third wave also caused a rift between Mexico's Ashekenazi and Sephardi Jews. As the Ashkenazi population grew in the early 20th century, it used more Yiddish, alienating the Ladino speaking Sephardic Jews. In 1925, the Sephardi founded their own Zionist organization, B'nai Kedem, and founded their own cultural organiztions. The rift between Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in Mexico is still an issue today.
        When they first arrived, many Jews, embittered by the anti-Semitism in Europe, were distrustful of Mexico, a nation 97 percent Catholic. But Mexico, with a few exceptions, has treated its Jews exceptionally well, and is considered a haven for them.
        One of the few anti-Semitic incidents occurred in 1930 when a two year economic slump in the Languilla caused storekeepers to begin an anti-Semitic movement. The incident ended when the U.S. Department of State intervened, convincing the Mexican government to end the movement.
        Since the Holocaust, there have been few cases of anti-Semitism in Mexico. The cases that do exist stem from the Israel-Arab conflict, as well as Mexico's right to free speech, which has attracted neo-Nazis and allows them to express their views. Even so, anti-Semitism is not a serious threat to Mexican Jewry. The most serious issues facing the Jewish population are intermarriage and defection to America.
        Mexico enacted a stiff immigration policy in 1937, limiting entry from nations heavily populated by Jews such as Poland and Rumania to 100 per year. Anti-Semitism peaked during World War II, but was mitigated by Mexico's entrance into the war with the Allies in 1942.
        During the 1930's, the Jewish community battled anti-Semitism by forming the Federacion de Sociedades Judias, as well as the still active Comite de Central Israelita de Mexico.  
        Mexico's post-war economic prosperity translated into religious tolerance for the Jews, who enjoy the same rights as other Mexican citizens. Jews hold, and have held, high positions in Mexican government as well as in the business sector, where there are well-respected Jewish artists, journalists and businessmen.
        Today, Mexico boasts a strong, active Jewish community of between 40,00-50,000. Most Jews (37,500) live in Mexico City, attending its 23 synagogues and eating at its several Kosher restaurants. Mexico City has at least 12 Jewish schools, where more than 80 percent of the Jewish youth receive their education. The world's largest city also contains the Tuvia Maizel Museum, dedicated to the history of Mexican Jewry and to the Holocaust.
        Small Jewish communities can also be found in Guadalajara (200 families), 
Monterrey (200 families) and Tijuana (60 families).                                 Sent by Johanna de Soto

   Seguin  Descendants Historical Preservation First Annual Celebration 
 Helping the Children Of our Community
Saturday  November 9, 2002 
Col.  Juan N. Seguin Memorial Picnic
San Jacinto Monument La Porte TX,  10:00 a.m.  6:00  p.m.

To All Family, Friends, and Members, you are invited to attend the First annual  Col. Juan N. Seguin Memorial Picnic in Honor of Col. Juan N. Seguin and all Texas Heroes.
For more information, contact founders                    Linda & Angel Seguin Garcia, Atexhero@aol.com

In Segundo Barrio, online quarterly, El Paso Texas,Vol. 2, Issue 3, another article on an El Paso controversy pertaining to the use of  historical statues. Under Arts & History  http://www.segundobarrio.com/october2002/onate.htm

In The Juan de Oñate Statue: a native perspective 
Emanuel Anthony Martínez, the author, introduces his article with:  Author's note: A number of people have already written on the subject of the Juan de Oñate equestrian statue. While I have known how I have felt on this subject for some time now, I did not exactly understand why. And none of the previous commentators seemed to capture a logic behind which my feelings rested. Now I know. Previous discussions have focused on the man, the conquistador, and his statute. But this controversy has less to do with him and more to do with El Paso, the community-who we have been and who we might become.

        El Paso's history is America's History. And it is Mexico's history. We tend, too often, to remember the first and forget the latter. Worst, at times we tend to isolate our history, separate our stories and our icons as if they only existed within the sphere of our own border consciousness. The multiple tensions resulting from these perceptions of history - these paradoxes - may never leave us, but at least they might be better understood so that we might better understand ourselves.
        In order for us understand the full meaning of the Juan de Oñate statute, Mexican history provides the most relevant context for discussion. Why you might ask? The reason for this is clear - almost all of El Paso history is Mexican history: the same history Mexican school children learn in secundarias and preparatorias throughout the country. 
 
[[ This is a lengthy article. You may not agree with the writer, but as Roberto Camp who forwarded it says, "it is good reading." ]]                                Roberto Camp  mexicomarketing@yahoo.com

New Postings #2
(1) Mission of Espiritu Santo, annexed to the Royal presidio of La Bahia - 1790 - Indians - Census  The footnotes show 76 Indians, but I only count 71 (each individual, a spouse if appropriate, and children). I do not know why there is a discrepancy.
(2) Letter from Joseph Elton Plummer to his mother, dated December 1835. In this letter, Plummer tells of his plans of sailing for Texas. It is a fascinating letter that I know you will enjoy. He writes of the southern Eden, if he can only get to Texas without shipwreck, and a $5 lottery ticket among other family news. Many thanks to his descendant, Paul Plummer, for sharing this letter with us. 

New Postings #3
(1) Probate Minutes - August 30, 1841 
(2) Probate Minutes - December 27, 1841
(3) Probate Minutes - January 31, 1842

New Postings #4
(1) Governor Manuel Munoz to Pedro de Nava June 9, 1794 Concerning John Colbert 
(2) Probate Minutes May 16, 1842 Court held at Carlos Rancho
(3) Probate Minutes February 28, 1842 

New Postings #5
(1) History of Refugio County Newspapers - History of the various newspapers in Refugio County since 1868. This articles gives dates and names of newspapers printed in the County. 
(2) Marriages of Refugio County Marriage Book A Pages 61 through 70
New Postings #6
Declaration of Pedro Minon (Frenchman) dated 1795 gives background from France and is a record of his two marriages and number of children  transcript from Bexar Archives 

New Posting #7: Gilliland Massacre 
Accounts of the Gilliland Massacre that occurred in the early 1840s near Carlos Rancho in Refugio County. Included are accounts of  Rebecca Jane Gilliland, surviving daughter, accounts of two of the children's rescuers, and probate records pertaining to the care of the orphaned children.

New Postings #8 (1) Probate Minutes - June 20, 1842
These Minutes include the Will and three Codicils to the Will of Richard Pearse of Matamoras, Mexico and New York City. He signed the Will in New York, a Codicil in Mexico, a Codicil in New Orleans and a Codicil in Copano, Refugio County. Several names and places are mentioned.
                                                                                      Sent by George Gause  ggause@panam.edu

CANO FAMILY Website
http://members.aol.com/CanoGenerations/index.htm

Welcome to my site depicting my family's history. This branch of the Cano's hail from Mexico and South Texas, but spread across the U.S. with the newer generations.  Included in this site is my maternal side as well as my wife's paternal and maternal families (Vela / Manrique) - my daughter's ancestors.  Updates will be made periodically as new information is discovered in this ongoing research.

This is the Introduction.   It was long after the conquests of the 1500’s that the northern part of Mexico would be settled. The Spanish Viceroy, chief executive of New Spain, had given the command of the undertaking to Don Jose de Escandon in the mid-1700’s. These lands had to be settled in order to secure the areas from others such as the French or English. It was in 1685 that French explorer LaSalle and hundreds of colonists occupied the area of Matagorda Bay, Texas, after being shipwrecked while searching for the Mississippi.  Soldiers and settlers were promised land in exchange for the move. The leaders, captains, were also promised land in larger portions in addition to their regular pay. The choice was lucrative; an opportunity for a better life for themselves and their descendants. But the challenges were enormous; taming a land while facing many other adversities. The river settlements of Escandon included Camargo, Mier, Revilla, Dolores, Laredo and Reynosa.  In 1801 the town of Reynosa had to be moved due to the unpredictable floods of the Rio Grande river which had already destroyed the town, washing away homes, livestock and killing some of the settlers. In the areas were both docile Indian tribes such as the Naza, Nariz, Tejones and the Comecrudos as described in the census report of 1757 of Reynosa and hostile Indians such as the Comanche and Lipan Apache living in areas of Texas. Armando Alonzo states that between 1835 and 1836 Indian raids in Laredo resulted in 24 deaths and the loss of 1,000 livestock. Also that in February 1837 500 Comanches destroyed property and slaughtered 900 head of livestock. Some of the ranches north of the Rio Grande were abandoned for these reasons, getting help or retreating from these attacks were hindered by the river. It was in 1810 that Father Miguel Hidalgo led the cry for Mexican independence from Spain. This revolt continued until 1821 when independence was finally achieved.  
[[ This is an excellent, informative site.  Besides the family information, lots of historical information.]]
                                                                                                     Sent by Johanna de Soto

THE MIDWEST

 "Cinco de Mayo 10K"
        According to U.S. Army Sgt. First Class Julio Ramirez, there is a fund established at the Ft. Bragg Credit Union called the "Cinco de Mayo 10K" and contributions are being accepted in Account # 431967253, P.O. Box 70240, Ft. Bragg, NC 28307. He says that all donations will go to the New York City Fire Department, the Cameron, North Carolina Fire Department and the Ceiba, Puerto Rico Fire Department. 
        Ramirez and three of his friends determined to raise money for firefighters who risked their lives on 9/11 and their families, finished their 400-mile walk around the perimeter of Puerto Rico the morning of September 11th at 8:46 a.m.-the precise moment that the World Trade Center Towers were struck one year ago. 
        Sergeant Ramirez, along with three friends, Sergeant First Class Larry W. Hemingway, Vilma Fortis and Mark Person began their long trek on September 1s in San Juan, putting in forty-mile days on foot, accepting the kindness of strangers along the route who fed them fruit and offered dollar bills when they were too poor to give much else.  Each night the group of four camped out or stayed at island hurricane shelters along the way, rising early the next morning to continue their difficult walk.
        "My wish is to help the brave men and women who risked their lives for us that tragic day last September," said Sergeant First Class Julio Ramirez.  "Through this walk around Puerto Rico, we hope to raise money that is desperately needed to buy equipment and keep the firefighting units prepared for emergency situations."   Source: Hispanic Vista   9-11-02 

SPANISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

“DISCURSO PRONUNCIADO POR EL SR. CONSUL GENERAL 
EL 29 DE MARZO DE 1979 ANTE LA LOUISIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY,” 
by 
Hon. José Montero de Pedro,
Marqués de Casa Mena, Consul General de España
Shared by Dr. Granville Hough

A CENTURY OF TURMOIL
by John P. Schmal

Breve Reseña del Bachiller Diego de Molina Bracamonte

Nueva Galicia

Siglo XVII

José Luis Vázquez y Rodríguez de Frías

El Bachiller Diego de Molina Bracamonte fue hijo de Francisco de Molina Bracamonte y de Ana de Villegas Barrientos y nieto de Cristóbal de Molina o Uzeta casado con Isabel de Alvarado Bracamonte y de Diego de Villegas casado con Ana de Barrientos. Se ha mencionado ampliamente que Isabel de Alvarado Bracamonte fue hija Beatriz de Alvarado (hija del Conquistador Guillén de la Loa y de Isabel Alvarado, Sobrina del Adelantado y héroe de la Batalla de Otumba Pedro de Alvarado) y de del Conquistador y Capitán General Alvaro de Bracamonte natural de Villanueva de Paradinas, Avila, hijo de Teresa Francisca González de Avila y de Alonso de Bracamonte (hijo del Caballero Mosén Robín de Braquemont, Señor de Peñaranda y Fuente del Sol, esposo de Inés de Mendoza hija de Pedro González de Mendoza, Señor de la Casa de Mendoza , y de Aldonza Fernández de Ayala hija de Fernán Pérez de Ayala, Señor de Ayala, y de Elvira Alvarez de Cevallos, Señora de la Casa de Escalante de Ceballos y de Treceño).

Don Diego de Molina Bracamonte tiene por hermana a Doña Beatriz de Villegas Bracamonte (casada con Nicolás de Navarrete y Argote) quien tiene una estrecha relación a través de los años con Antonia de Híjar Bracamonte casada con Capitán Juan de Mesa y Baldivia. Estos últimos tienen por hijas a Antonia de Híjar y Mesa (esposa de Nicolás Rodríguez de Frías e Ýñiguez e hijo de Mariana Ýñiguez y de Bernabé Rodríguez de Frías, hijo de Juan Rodríguez de Frías, hijo de Hernando de Frías, hijo de Juan Rodríguez de Toledano y de Isabel Pérez naturales de la área de Ecija en los Reinos de Castilla) y a María de Híjar y Mesa (esposa de Sebastián Ýñiguez, primo hermano de Nicolás Rodríguez de Frías e Ýñiguez).

El geneólogo Jaime Holcombe (+) y el historiador José Alfonso Rodríguez de Carvajal y Ortiz afirman haber visto en los archivos de Nochistlán la presencia de Juan de Mesa y Antonia de Bracamonte, padres de Antonia de Híjar y Mesa (Comunicación privada entre Mary Lou Montagna y Jaime Holcombe). Jesús Amaya Topete en su obra Los Conquistadores Fernández de Híjar y Bracamonte menciona: "Antonia de Mesa e Híjar era doncella en 1672 cuando la recordó en su testamento, "por el bien que le había servido", el cura de Tlaltenango, Dr. Diego de Molina Bracamonte. Ni al donante ni a la agraciada podemos colocar en su rama respectiva." Posiblemente se refiera a una hija homóloga de la esposa de Nicolás Rodríguez de Frías e Ýñiguez o acaso una sobrina. La información de oficio de Diego de Molina Bracamonte dada el 15 de Octubre de 1662 en Guadalajara (la cual como se verá fue evaluada casi 9 años después, la cual corrobora su muerte para 1672, ya que nunca procedió ya que al margen se documenta "murió") es muy explícita respecto a su currículo.  
Archivo General de Indias, Indiferentes 196, No. 136.

El año de 632 se gradúo de B^er en la facultad de cánones por la Universidad de Méjico. El de 634 fue ordenado de sazerdote. Es cura desde 14 El Obpo de Mechoacán le nombró el año de 637 para que sirviese de Julio de 1671 en el beneficio de Axushitlán administrando los santos sacramentos en lengua castellana y Mejicana - Y el de 639 pasó a ser cura Murió y Vicario del Partido de Pungarauato El de 641 le nombró el Obpo de Guadalaxara por cura beneficiado en ynterin. Vicario y Juez eclesiástico de la Ciu^d de Compostela y le dió Lizencia de confesór Gn^rl de aquel opa^do.- El de 642 pasó a ser Cura y Vicario del Nuevo des cubrimiento de Minas de Tlaguapán - El de 645 fue nombrado por cura en ynterin en el partido del Valle de banderas - El de 651  le dió el ob^po de

 Guadalajara Lizencia para usar el oficio de  Theniente Cura y Vicario Y Juez eclesiástico del Real de Minas de Sⁿ Sebastián - Y de 652 le nombró por Vicario Y Juez eclesiás tico del Real de Minas de Ostotiquepac.- Y el de 653 le dió orden para que administrase los santos sacramentos en el Real de la Resureción. Ha sido Visitador del Obpado de Guadalaxara. Y en las Visitas que se le han hecho de los beneficio que ha servido
y Ocupaciones que ha tenido ha dado muy buena quenta y salido con general aprobación - Y la Audiencia de Guadalajara en el parecer y Ynforme Secreto de Oficio de 4 de Marzo de 1661 aprue ba su persona Mentor y servicio. Y dice es Capellán de aquella Audiencia y persona de mucha Virtud xptiandad y buen exemplo y de los más doctos de aquel obpado. Y que en las opofisiones que a hecho a diversos Curatos a salido con mucho lucimiento que es Predicador y Confesór. Y que ha Predicado en Diversas ocaciones con mucho aplauso y aprobación general - Y que es Hijo legítimo de Fran^co de Molina Bracamonte y de D^a Ana de Villegas Barrientos su Muger V^os de la Ciu^d de Méjico personas Nobles y descendientes de Conquistadores. Y que aquella Audiencia le tiene por digno de la M^ra que su  Mg^d fuere servido de hacerle en una de las Yglesias Cathedrales de la Nueva España Sacose esta R^ón de la Ynformación de Oficio que enbió la Audiencia con su parecer. M^d. 15 de Octubre de 1662.

El Presidente de la Audiⁿ de Guadalaja en carta q su Mg^d de 21 de novy^e de 1671 dice que es cura del partido de Talte nango desde 14 de Julio de dho año y que siempre a servido con toda aprovazⁿ y es de Vida ejemplar. y de los  de la mejor cali^d de aquel Reyno buen theologo. Predicador y eminente en la lengua Canongia de las Ygl^s de Guadalajal^a y Mechoacán.

Dicho documento sólo menciona sus servicios hasta 1662 sabiendo que estuvo viviendo en 1667 y 1668 en Nochistlán donde después en unos años iría a residir a Tlaltenango. Quién más sino el mismo Diego de Molina Bracamonte quién documenta el Padrón de las personas de Confessión y Com^ón de este partido de Nochistlán deste año de 1664 documentado por el autor en su obra Genealogía de Nochistlán Antiguo Reino de la Nueva Galicia en el Siglo XVII según sus Archivos Parroquiales. En los años anteriores especialmente en el de la boda de Antonia de Híjar el 5 de Enero de 1653 en Nochistlán, Diego de Molina Bracamonte se encontraba según su información de oficio en el Real de la Resurrección. El 22 de Mayo de 1659 aparece en Guadalajara en el proceso de la nulidad matrimonial de Francisco de Orozco vecino de Teocaltiche y Ana de Villegas vecina de Lagos. Según otra información "secreta" del 4 de Marzo de 1661 se encuentra de capellán en Guadalajara. Se ignora de donde obtuvo Amaya Topete el testamento de Diego de Molina Bracamonte fechado 1672, más le menciona como cura de Tlaltenango, posiblemente donde se encuentre su testamento o defunción. Esta información de oficio de Diego de Molina  Bracamonte nos da una idea de la movilidad y carrera de un Bachiller en el siglo XVII.

Referencias: Genealogía de Nochistlán Antiguo Reino de la Nueva Galicia en el Siglo XVII según sus Archivos Parroquiales, José Luis Vázquez y Rodríguez de Frías, Editorial El Labrador, Cd. Juárez, Méjico, 2001, pp. 206-207. asturias_vazquez@yahoo.com

Nueva Vizcaya  (Durango)

1562            Province of Nueva Vizcaya, part of New Spain.
1777 - 1821     Part of the Provincias Internas.
1786            Intendencia of Durango
1821            Part of independent Mexico.

Governors
1698 - 1703  Juan Bautista de Larrea Palomino y Solís 
1703 - 1708  Juan Fernández de Córdoba
1708 - 1714  Antonio de Deza y Ulloa
1714 - 1720  Juan Manuel de San Juan y Santa Cruz
1720 - 1723  Martín de Alday
1723 - 1727  José Sebastián López de Carvajal
1728 - 1733  Ignacio Francisco de Barrutia y Aeta Esenagucia
1733 - 1738  Juan José Vértiz y Ontañón
1738 - 1743  Juan Bautista de Belaunzarán y Zumeta
1743 - 1748  José Enrique de Cosío, marqués de Torre Campo
1748 - 1753  Jaun Francico de la Puerta y de la Barrera
1753 - 1761  Mateo Antonio de Mendoza Díaz de Arce
1761 - 1769  José Carlos de Agüero y González de Agüero
1769 - 1776  José de Fayni y Gálvez
1776 - 1784  Felipe de Barri
1784 - 1785  Juan Velázquez
1785         Manuel Muñoz
1785 - 1786  Manuel Flon y Tejada, conde de la Cadena
Governor-Intendents
1786 - 1791  Felipe Díaz de Ortega Bustillo
1791 - 1793  Francisco Antonio de Potau y de Colón de Portugal
1793 - 1796  Francisco José de Urrutia Montoya
1796 - 1813  Bernardo Bonavia y Zapata
1813 - 1817  Alejo Garcia Conde
1817 - 1818  Angel Pinilla y Pérez
1818 - 1819  Antonio Cordero y Bustamante
1819 - 1821  Diego García Conde                  Sent by Johanna de Soto

San Felipe y Santiago de Sinaloa  
http://www.sepyc.gob.mx/histsinaloa/unidad06/6_12.html

Los intentos por colonizar el norte de Sinaloa representó para los españoles mayores dificultades que la región centro y sur, ya que los grupos indígenas que allí habitaban (cahitas) se mostraron más reacios a someterse a los extranjeros y frecuentemente atacaban e incendiaban las villas fundadas y asesinaban a sus habitantes.

Pedro de Montoya, veterano de las conquistas de Ibarra, solicitó y consiguió autorización para reconquistar la provincia de Sinaloa, y el día 30 de Abril de 1583, acompañado de un puñado de hombres hizo la fundación de la Villa de San Felipe y Santiago de Carapoa, en las márgenes del río Zuaque (Fuerte), muy cerca de donde otrora se levantara San Juan.

Desde luego que los indígenas no estuvieron muy conformes con esta nueva invasión de sus tierras, y sin mayores contemplaciones decidieron acabar con los invasores.

En una emboscada los indígenas zuaques mataron y decapitaron a Pedro de Montoya y parte de su ejército, por lo cual los colonos abandonaron la población pese a las amenazas del gobernador de Nueva Vizcaya, que les ordenaba regresar a la villa ya que acudirían en su auxilio fuerzas de Culiacán y las de él mismo.

gobernador no pudo auxiliarlos ya que no tuvo éxito en su campaña contra los nativos, por lo cual regresó a Durango y el resto de las tropas regresaron a Culiacán, quedando solamente en la zona como refugiados cuatro hombres que fueron: Tomás de Soberanes, Bartolomé de Mondragón, Juan Martínez del Castillo y Juan Caballero.

Estos soldados fueron a refugiarse en un poblado de nombre Baborato, cercano a Bacubirito, pero después decidieron regresar  y ahí se les unió Antonio Ruiz, otro veterano que había ido a Culiacán a poner a salvo a su esposa.

Los cinco hombres tomaron la decisión de quedarse a vivir en el lugar en forma definitiva, dándole al diminuto lugar el nombre de San Felipe y Santiago de Sinaloa, en Abril de 1585, en recuerdo de la frustrada villa del mismo nombre, fundada por Pedro de Montoya.     Sent by Johanna de Soto

Mexican Government urged to Legalize Gambling   By John Collins
              http://www.PYMESDOMINICANAS.com

The Government of Mexico is being urged by the country’s tourism sector to legalize casino gambling as a means of increasing competitiveness with other destinations and to increase foreign investment.
        In messages to President Vicente Fox and to the Congress of Mexico, the Tourism Chamber of Commerce, said that allowing casinos to operate in the country would help modernize hotels and resorts badly in need of investment in such places as Acapulco on the Pacific coast. The association represents hotels, shopping centers and golf courses.
        Reflecting the massive sector of Mexico’s economy ($600 billion+), its tourism sector includes 350,000 rooms and it receives 21 million visitors annually. About half of the total arrive by air and the other half come across the border. The contribution of tourism to the economy is estimated at more than $8 billion, by an official of the Mexican Tourism Ministry.
        He said overnight visitors spend an average of $550 each while travelers arriving over the border average about $50. He indicated that cruise tourism is expanding rapidly with Cozumel on the Caribbean coast expecting to receive more than 2 million passengers this year.
       
        The proposal of the tourism chamber would allow 49% ownership by foreign companies “to insure the casinos have strong financial backing and management from companies with gaming experience.”
        The association said that such an incentive would result “in the building or upgrading of two hotel rooms to five-star quality for every slot machine in the casino, capping the expansion at 2,500 rooms.” The measure would also stipulate that casino profits would have to be reinvested in Mexico for the first 10 years.
        The industry estimates that 40 casinos would generate $3 billion and generate 200,000 new jobs.  The licensing of casinos is expected to be considered  in September. in the forthcoming session of Mexico’s Congress.

LEARNING ABOUT NORTHERN JALISCO
by John P. Schmal

        The Mexican state of Jalisco is the ancestral homeland of millions of Americans. Jalisco, both culturally and politically, has always wielded a great deal of influence within the Mexican Republic. Today, Jalisco has the third-largest economy of the thirty-one Mexican states and the Federal District. Its capital, Guadalajara, is the second-largest metropolitan area after Mexico City and has a population of 1.7 million people.
        Bordered by the Pacific Ocean on its west, Jalisco contains 36,829 square miles and touches seven other Mexican states. While Colima and Michoacán lie to her south and east, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit lie to the north. In addition, Jalisco has a common border with Guanajuato and a small sliver of San Luis Potosí on her east. 
        Jalisco has a varied topography and climate. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range crosses Jalisco from north to south. A large part of the state is located within Mexico's high central plateau. Jalisco's primary industries are agribusiness, electronics, tourism, textiles and apparel, 
jewelr y, leather, plastics and rubber. 
        The name "Jalisco" is believed to have been derived from the Nahuatl words "xalli" (sand, gravel) and "ixtli," which means "face," or by extension, plane. Thus, the word Jalisco would literally mean "sandy place." The first inhabitants of Jalisco were nomadic tribes traveling through the area en route to the south. At one point, the Toltecs ruled over the Kingdom of Xalisco. But, in 1112, the Indian subjects of this kingdom rose in rebellion, leading to the disintegration of Xalisco. 
        A multitude of indigenous tribes inhabited Jalisco at the time of the Spanish encounter, including the Caxcanes (who inhabited the northern regions near Teocaltiche and Lagos de Moreno) and the Huicholes (who also inhabited the northwestern region near present-day Huejúcar and Colotlán). The Guachichile Indians, who inhabited a large part of Zacatecas, also had some representation in the Los Altos area near Tepatitlán and Arandas. The Cuyuteco Indians, who spoke the Nahua language of the Aztecs, lived in the western sector near the present-day towns of Cuyutlán and Mixtlán. 
        Living close to what is now Guadalajara were the Tecuexes and Cocas. However, the Tecuexes also extended to the northeast through Los Altos all the way to Lagos de Moreno. The Guamares lived in the far east, along what is now the border of Jalisco and Guanajuato. The Otomíes, who inhabited the southern area near Zapotitlán and border area with Colima, were transplanted Christian Indians brought to the region as allies of the Spaniards.
        In 1522, shortly after the fall of Tenochtitlán (Mexico City), Hernán Cortés commissioned Cristóbal de Olid to journey into the unexplored territories of the northwest to explore that area we now call Jalisco. Then, in December 1529, the President of the First Audiencia in Nueva España (Mexico), Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, left Mexico City with a force of 300 Spaniards and 6,000 Mexica and Tlaxcalan Indian allies. Guzmán, a lawyer by profession, had already gained a reputation as a ruthless and cruel administrator when he served as Governor of Panuco on the Gulf Coast. 
        With little regard for Spanish laws forbidding the enslavement of Indians, Guzmán had enslaved and shipped thousands of Indians off to the Caribbean Islands to live out their lives as slaves. In early 1530, some of Guzmán's chief lieutenants, Pedro Almendez Chirinos and Cristóbal de Oñate had marched across sections of what is now northern Jalisco.
        Guzmán's forces ravaged so many parts of Jalisco that some indigenous groups fled their ancestral homes to seek refuge in various ravines and mountainous areas in the northwestern area of Jalisco. In 1535, the entire region of Jalisco and Zacatecas were incorporated as parts of the Spanish colonial administration of Nueva Galicia. In the same year, Antonio de Mendoza was appointed as the first of sixty-one viceroys who would rule of the Spanish colony.
        It was during Mendoza's term in office that a gigantic uprising would take place among many of the indigenous groups of Jalisco. This outbreak, known as the Mixtón Rebellion, started in 1540 and is now regarded as a reaction of the cruel and hard treatment that Nuño de Guzmán had inflicted upon the native groups. The indigenous groups in the north - around Mixtón and Nochistlan - were particularly defiant and fortified their positions against Spanish attack. This revolt had the goal of driving the Spaniards from Jalisco and came close to succeeding, especially when Guadalajara was besieged by Amerindian forces.
        Unable to cope with the uprising, Captain Cristóbal de Oñate, the administrator of the area, asked for aid from the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza. The Spanish, reinforced by a large body of Tlaxcalans and Mexica troops, succeeded in recapturing the towns by hard fighting. Pedro de Alvarado, the friend and comrade in arms of Hernán Cortés, had answered the call for help but was mortally wounded after his horse fell on top of him after an assault on Nochistlán was warded off by the Indian rebels.
        However, eventually Viceroy Mendoza, with a force of 300 horsemen, 300 infantry, eight pieces of artillery and 20,000 Tlaxcalan and Mexica Indian allies, succeeded in recapturing one town after another, against great resistance. By December 8, 1541, most of the indigenous resistance had been ended. 
        The history of Jalisco is a fascinating story of diversity, culture and political turmoil. Today the state is a land of peace and prosperity, but for in previous centuries, a great deal of problems plagued the land. In the following paragraphs, we shall discuss information and historical facts relating to several of the cities and municipios that lay along the northern fringe of Jalisco in an attempt to understand the individual histories of several of the cities.
        San Juan de los Lagos. It is believed that in the pre-Hispanic era, Nahua-speaking Indians inhabited the area as early as 1189. In the centuries to follow, the area was occupied by the Tecuexe Indians, whose main village was Metzquititlán (The Place Where Mesquite Abounds).
        In 1530, the Spanish Captain Pedro Almíndez Chirinos first passed through here, as part of Nuño de Guzmán's invasion force. Later in the year, Captain Cristóbal de Oñate defeated the Caxcanes of nearby Teocalitche and claimed the entire area as part of the Spanish Empire. San Juan itself was not founded until 1542 after the Mixtón Rebellion of 1540-41. In 1542, the settlement of San Juan Bautista de Mezquititlán was established on the site of present-day San Juan los Lagos.
        Although the founders of the town included many Christianized Indians, the hostile Chichimeca groups in the nearby area continuously harassed the inhabitants of the area for several decades until the last decade of the Sixteenth Century. 
        In 1684, the Parish Church of San Juan Bautista was founded to replace the chapel which the townspeople had attended for church services. This was followed in 1767 by the construction of the Cathedral de la Basílica. In 1797, San Juan was given the title of villa by King Carlos IV. Then, on March 27, 1824, after Mexico won its independence, San Juan de los Lagos was constituted as a department that included Villa de Encarnación, Jalostotitlán, and San Miguel el Alto. Finally, on October 30, 1869, through the provisions of Decree Number 161, San Juan de los Lagos received the title of ciudad (city).
        The tourist visiting San Juan can admire the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de San Juan, the Municipal Palace (of the Eighteenth Century), the Temple of Calvario, the Parish Church of San Juan Bautista, and the Capilla del Primer Milagro (The Chapel of the First Miracle). The townspeople of San Juan celebrate the festival of the Virgin of Candelaria from January 25 to February 2 of each year. This festival is celebrated with great gusto and includes religious processions, musical festivities, dancing, and fireworks. The Parish Church also celebrates a series of events honoring the Virgin of the Asumption (Virgen de la Asunción) from August 1st to August 15th. Similar festivities are held from December 1st to December 12th in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
        Villa Hidalgo is a northern municipio of Jalisco located along the boundary of southern Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. During the pre-Hispanic area, this area was part of the domain of the Indigenous Cacique (chief) of Teocaltech. Although the area may originally have been occupied by the Toltec Indians, the nomadic Chichimecas moved into the area by the Twelfth Century. By the time the Spaniards arrived in this area, the Tecuexes, Caxcanes, Zacatecos and Guachichiles lived in various sections of this region. In 1530, Nuño de Guzmán's lieutenant, Pedro Almíndez Chirinos, arrived in the area, followed later by another Guzmán follower, Captain Cristóbal de Oñate.
        The town of was not founded until 1732, with the foundation of an inn and several houses. A number of carts passed through this area in the early years, giving this place the name of "Paso de Carretas" (Passage of the Wagons). On November 3, 1869, Decree Number 184, the department was made part of the administration of nearby Teocaltiche. Then, on May 30, 1922, Decree Number 2153, gave Villa Hidalgo was its most recent name in honor of Miguel Hidalgo, the revolutionary priest in Guanajuato, who had passed through the villa during his offensive in 1811.
        The population of Villa Hidalgo became involved in the Cristero Rebellion of 1927. On December 11, the federal troops of General Maximino Avila Camacho confronted the Cristero Rebel forces and triumphed over them, soon occupying the town. In 1995, the population of the city of Villa Hidalgo was 10,043, which made up 73.22% of the total population of the municipio.
        Teocaltiche is located in northeastern Jalisco, slightly south of Villa Hidalgo. The name Teocaltiche means "The Place Next to the Temple." The original inhabitants of this area were the Tecuexes and Cazcanes, who made up part of the Great Cazcana domain, which in pre-Hispanic times, included parts of southwestern Zacatecas and Durango.
        Teocaltiche seems to have been first established as an indigenous settlement sometime around the year 1187, as indicated by archaeological finds in that area. It is believed that the Cazcanes first invaded the territory of the Tecuexes who inhabited Teocaltiche. The Tecuexes had been allied with the Zacatecos and Guachichile Indians, but in spite of this fact, they were forced from their settlements. 
        Although the Cazcanes triumphed against the Tecuexes, they eventually fell under the control of the Spaniards soon after the initial contact. Starting in 1525, Captain Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura, under orders from Hernán Cortés, conquered and laid claim to a wide range of area that now includes Jalisco. Then, in March 1530, Cristóbal de Oñate and Manuel de Ibarra, operating under the command of the ruthless administrator, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, conquered the area of present-day Teocaltiche.
        In 1535, the natives in this area rebelled against Spanish rule, but their insurgency was quickly put down by Spanish forces. Soon after the conquest, Spanish missionaries entered the area to spread the word of the Christian God. By 1532, the Spaniards had founded a settlement on the site of Teocaltiche, which in 1550 was constituted as a Mayorship of the province of Nueva Galicia, with Hernando de Martel as the first mayor.
        Ojuelos is a municipio located in the far northeastern corner of the state of Jalisco, adjacent to the borders with Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato, and north of Lagos de Moreno. Originally founded in 1569 as San José de Ojuelos, this area was inhabited by Guachichile Indians. Originally, Ojuelos was established in order to help protect the Spanish silver convoys traveling from the Zacatecas mines to Mexico City. These important caravans were being constantly harassed by the Guachichiles who lived near El Toro Hill. 
        During the War of Independence, Ojuelos served as a safe refuge for guerrillas waging war against the Spanish army. On September 23, 1874, Ojuelos was elevated to the rank of municipio by a decree. 
        Illustrious personalities who were born in Ojuelos include: Enrique Díaz de León (1893-1937), the Chancellor of the University of Guadalajara; Valentina Trinidad Ruvalcaba, a female guerrilla in Pancho Villa's Division of the North; and José Tobías Arenas Vázquez, a well-known painter.
        The main architectural attractions of Ojuelos include the Temple of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the Temple of the Virgin of Refugio (built in the Nineteenth Century). Each year on May 1st, the townspeople celebrate the feast of San José, the patron saint of the villa. In September, the inhabitants also celebrate the Regional Festival that celebrates Mexico's independence. In addition, Ojuelos looks forward to each November 2nd and the celebration of the "Day of the Dead"
        Lagos de Moreno, located in the northeast corner of the Mexican state of Jalisco, is an important commercial hub in the central Mexico region. While Aguascalientes lay eighty miles to the northwest, the city of Leon (in Guanajuato) is only forty miles to the east, while Mexico City lay 445 miles to the south. Lagos de Moreno represents one of the twenty-four municipios that makes up the Los Altos region of Jalisco, an area that is defined by its socioeconomic and geographic nature and shares a common cultural history. 
        In pre-Hispanic times, Lagos de Moreno was at a crossroads between several different Indian groups. The territories of the Caxcanes, Tecuexes, and Guachichiles all seem to have intersected to the south of Lagos. The Guamares Indians, primarily found in Guanajuato, also inhabited the region. The Guamares were referred to as the Ixtlachichimecas, a reference to their habit of smearing whit pigment over their bodies.
        Alfredo Moreno González, the author of Santa Maria de Los Lagos, tells us that the pre-Hispanic indigenous village occupying this area was called Pechititán. It is believed that the Guachichiles, Guamares, Tecuexes and other indigenous peoples occupied the area. The Guachichile Indians - whose primary territory included most of Zacatecas - were a particularly warlike group. With the discovery of silver near the city of Zacatecas in 1546, the "silver roads" leading from the mining camps to Mexico City became very strategic routes. 
        Most of Jalisco and Zacatecas became parts of the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia. But, in 1550, the Guachichile started to attack caravans traveling along the strategic Zacatecas-Guanajuato-Mexico City road. In 1554, Indians attacked a caravan of Spaniards in the nearby Ojuelos area, causing significant loss of life and material. The constant threat of ambush by hostile indigenous forces was an ongoing deterrent to the foundation of settlements throughout much of present-day Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, and northern Jalisco.
        Not long after the 1554 attack, Viceroy Luis de Velasco called for the foundation of villas, forts and military prisons throughout Nueva Galicia to protect travelers, missionaries, and laborers carrying supplies to the mining sites and silver ore from the mines to refining sites. When Velasco issued an order for the establishment of these sites on March 13, 1563, the present-day area of Lagos de Moreno was earmarked for settlement.
        La Villa de Santa María de los Lagos was founded on March 13, 1563 at the crossing of two roadways to serve as a defensive outpost. Hernando de Martell was charged with the founding of the town and oversaw the settlement of seventy-three families of colonists in the small settlement. The earliest settlers of this town were resourceful people and, by May 3, they had already built twenty houses. However, with the Indian depredations hitting closer and closer to Lagos, fear took its toll on the population and economy of Lagos. By March 1574, Santa María was left with only eight residents. Ten year later, on October 28, 1585, the Parish Church of Santa María de los Lagos was established. Most of the parish records for Lagos, even from the beginning, are still intact.
        As the century progressed and the Amerindian attacks became less frequent, the Royal Crown started granting land titles to Spanish settlers in the Los Altos region. During the period between 1550 and 1555, Viceroy Velasco had sold a large number of land grants to cattlemen. Many of the Spanish people who first settled in the area of Lagos are believed to have come from Castilla, Andalusía and Extremadura. But the parish registers at the church during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries indicate a significant population of indios (Indians), mestizos (persons of both Indian and Spanish extraction) and mulattos libres (free people of African and Spanish descent). 
        Ann L. Craig, the author of The First Agraristas: An Oral History of a Mexican Agrarian Movement, comments that "title-holders did not immediately occupy the lands. Instead the lands in the area of Lagos were first worked by renters or sharecroppers." The newcomers to Lagos found that the soils in the area were so poor that they were, for the most part, unsuitable for large-scale commercial agriculture. Thus, they became small and medium landholders with an emphasis on cattle ranches. By the end of the Sixteenth Century, cattle ranching had become the primary activity for both Santa María de los Lagos and Los Altos. Many of these cattle ranches became the primary suppliers of cattle for Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí. 
        From the Seventeenth through the Nineteenth centuries, Lagos experienced many economic and political ups and downs. "With independence," writes Ms. Craig, "the political stature of Lagos within the state of Jalisco became apparent, reflecting its relative size and cultural and economic development." In a decree issued on March 27, 1824, Lagos was given the title of ciudad (city). Five years later, on April 9, 1829, the National Congress, issued Decree 207, which authorized the change of the town's name from Santa María de los Lagos to Lagos de Moreno, in honor of the revolutionary insurgent, Pedro Moreno González (1775-1817), who had been born in Lagos. 
        The bitter and desperate battle between the Mexico's Liberals and Conservatives began with independence (1821) and continued into the Twentieth Century. During the political instability of 1829, 1831 and 1916, Lagos de Moreno served as the state capital of Jalisco. The liberal constitutional reforms, initiated in 1857 by President Benito Juárez's Reform Constitution, caused a great deal of polarization throughout Jalisco. "Violent social protest in the Jalisco countryside erupted without comparison in the years 1855-1864," writes the historian Dawn Fogle Deaton. "Jalisco's 'decade of revolt' witnessed massive peasant mobilizations more frequently and in greater numbers than during any other time in the state's history." From 1855 to 1864, seventeen peasant rebellions broke out in the state, leading to eighteen transfers of power in the state government. In April 1857, the political and military discord reached Lagos.
        The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 was a period of demographic and economic change for Lagos. "Families of means," writes Ms. Craig, "abandoned rural areas and provincial towns. Prominent landowning families from Lagos went mainly to Mexico City." For Lagos, the years from 1914 to 1917 proved to be "the worst in terms of hunger, disease, and economic chaos." By 1917, however, many land-owning families returned to the city.
        "From 1900 to 1930," explains Ms. Craig, "the municipio as a whole retained its predominantly rural character: nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants lived outside of the municipio seat." But, during these years, there was a pronounced exodus from Lagos. According to the Dirección General de Estadística, Censo General de Población: Estado de Jalisco, the population of Lagos declined from 15,999 in 1900 to 12,054 in 1930. The population of the municipio declined even more dramatically, dropping from 53,205 people in 1900 to 35,933 in 1930.
        In 1926, President Plutarco Elías Calles took office as President of the Mexican Republic. A morose, stubborn man, Calles was a strongly anti-Catholic politician who decided to strictly enforce the anti-clerical articles of the 1917 Constitution. Article 3 had called for secular education in the schools, while Article 5 outlawed monastic orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of churches, and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 actually deprived clergy members of basic rights. Priests and nuns were denied the right to wear clerical attire, to vote, to criticize government officials or to comment on public affairs in religious periodicals.
        In June 1926 Calles signed a decree officially known as "The Law for Reforming the Penal Code" and unofficially as the "Calles Law." The provisions of this law stated that priests were to be fined 500 pesos (about $250 at the time) for wearing clerical garb. In addition, a priest could be imprisoned five years for criticizing the government. Enraged by the Calles Law, the Mexican Episcopate called for a boycott and resistance. 
        The boycott, aimed at recreation, commerce, transportation and schools, was very successful. Catholics in Lagos de Moreno stopped attending movies and plays, riding on buses or streetcars, and Catholic teachers refused to serve in secular schools. The Cristero Rebellion officially began with a manifesto issued by René Capistrán Garza on New Year's Day 1927. Titled A la Nación (To the Nation), it declared that "the hour of battle has sounded." On this day, ragged bands of ranchers, some armed with ancient muskets and others only with clubs, seized one village after another. 
        "Between 1926 and 1929," explains Ms. Craig, "Laguenses became enmeshed in a complex set of conflicts which originated outside their communities but had severe local repercussions. Nationally, the Cristero rebellion was a critical confrontation between the revolutionary government, with its policies for social transformation and political centralization, and the Catholic Church and its devoted followers."
        Today, Lagos' economy continues to be dominated by livestock raising. In the last four decades, the area has also become one of the principal dairy production regions in Mexico due principally to Nestlé's setting up a plant in the early 1940s inside the city limits of Lagos de Moreno. The establishment of the Nestlé plant prompted cattle ranchers to shift from meat production to milk production. 
        Notable personalities from Lagos de Moreno include Dr. Agustín Rivera y Sanromán (1824-1916), historian and philosopher; Dr. Hermión Larios, an inventor; Dr. Jesús Delgadillo Araujo (1874-1953), Professor at the University of Guadalajara and member of the town council of Guadalajara.
        Every August 6, the people of Lagos celebrate a regional festival with dancing, cock-fighting, the coronation of the carnival queen, running of the horses, dog shows, serenades, street parades, amateur contests, expositions of paintings, and drinking of beer and food. The citizens also celebrate the Fiesta of the Founding of the City each March 31st with conferences and cultural exhibits. Additionally, Lagos de Moreno celebrates the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe each January 12th.

Huejuquilla el Alto is a northern Jalisco municipio that is located in the Three-Fingers Border Zone along the border of Jalisco and Zacatecas. It is believed the Huichols, Tepecanos and Tepehuanes inhabited the area at various times. The Spaniards, under the command of Captain Cristóbal de Oñate, originally entered this area in 1548 and in the years that followed, prospectors and missionaries occasionally passed through. However, the indigenous natives of this area - for the most part - remained hostile to Spanish intentions. As a result, this region remained largely beyond Spanish control during most of the Chichimeca War.
        However, a group of Spaniards settled Huejuquilla on March 23, 1573. Outside of the town, however, this region served as a refuge for numerous Indian groups who were fleeing from Spanish control in other parts of Jalisco and Zacatecas. In 1592, the Huicholes and Tepecanos living at San Andrés del Teul (south of Huejuquilla) united under a common war chief in opposition towards the Spaniards. 
        True control over this area was not established until the Seventeenth Century, when missionaries embarked on the spiritual conquest of the natives. The town of Huejuquilla el Alto achieved the rank of villa by a decree of February 19, 1833. Then in 1861, Huejuquilla was given the rank of municipio. 

Mezquitic. Mezquitic is a fairly large municipio in the northwestern corner of Jalisco, bordering on both Nayarit and Zacatecas. In pre-Hispanic times, this area was inhabited by the Coras, Huichols and Zacatecos Indians. In 1530, Francisco de Verdugo - a lieutenant of Nuño de Guzmán - traveled through this area. In 1531, another Guzmán lieutenant, Pedro Almíndez Chirinos, passed through the area on his way to Tepic in 1531.
        Although the area was finally conquered by Spanish troops in 1548, the warlike Chichimeca Indians in the area continued to harass Spanish settlements in the area, prompting Viceroy Luis de Velasco to negotiate with the Indian cacique. In exchange for promises of meat, corn, and agricultural implements, the Chichimecas agreed to accept the protection of the Spaniards.
        Viceroy de Velasco arranged for the settlement of 100 families of Tlaxcalans from central Mexico in Mezquitic. Together, the Tlaxcalans and Chichimecas lived in the settlement. For awhile, the two groups lived independently of one another, each conserving their own impendent way of life, culture, and language, while mixing little with the other group.
        Eventually, however, the two groups started to assimilate within the Spanish culture. In 1704, the Indians of the nearby towns of Nostic and Colotlán, after suffering brutal treatment at the hands of the authorities, started a serious rebellion against Spanish authority. Once the rebellion was put down, missionaries started to visit the area more frequently. Originally, Mezquitic belonged to the municipio of Huejuquilla el Alto, but on November 9, 1861, a decree of Congress granted it the rank of municipio. Decree 314, issued on September 28, 1872, also promoted Mezquitic to the category of a villa. 
        The history of Jalisco is a very complex story involving conflicts between indigenous peoples and the Spanish and Indian settlers from the south in the Sixteenth Century. Likewise, Jalisco's political history from the War of Independence to 1930 is equally complex and complicated. The War of the Independence (1810-1821), the War of the Reform (1858-1861), the French Occupation (1861-1867), the Revolution (1910-1920) and the Cristero Rebellion (1927-1930) were all played out on the soil of Jalisco. Although some of the most significant events took place in other parts of Mexico, many of the battles between warring factions took place in this important state. 
        A student of Jalisco history may find some comfort in the relative peace of this state during the present day, which stands in stark contrast to the one hundred and twenty years between 1810 and 1930. The Mexican Republic understands that Jalisco, with its dominant and proud culture, its economy, its large population, and strategic location, is an integral part of Mexico's political and economic health. A future installment will discuss several other cities that lay within the boundaries of Jalisco.

Sources:
Alfredo Moreno González, "Santa María de los Lagos." Lagos de Moreno, 1999.

Ann L. Craig, The First Agraristas: An Oral History of a Mexican Agrarian Reform Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Archivo Histórico de Jalisco/ Secretaría General de Gobierno. Organización Municipal del Estado de Jalisco. Guadalajara, Jal. , UNED, 1982 

Arregui, Domingo Lázaro de. Descripción de la Nueva Galicia. Versión facsimilar. Segunda edición. Colección: Historia Serie: Crónicas de Occidente. Guadalajara, Jal. , UNED, 1980. 

Botello Aceves, Brígida/ Magdalena Heredia Mendoza/ Raquel Moreno Pérez. Memoria del Municipio en Jalisco. Guadalajara, Jal. , UNED, 1987 

Centro Estatal de Estudios Municipales de Jalisco. Directorio de los H. Ayuntamientos del Estado de Jalisco 1983-1995. Versión mecanografiada, 1995 

Centro Estatal de Estudios Municipales de Jalisco. Decretos de la División Territorial del Estado de Jalisco 1823-1986. Versión mecanografiada, 1986 

Centro Estatal de Estudios Municipales de Jalisco. Ficha Básica Municipal de Mascota, Jalisco. Versión mecanografiada, 1997. 

Dawn Fogle Deaton, "The Decade of Revolt: Peasant Rebellion in Jalisco, Mexico, 1855-1864," in Robert H. Jackson (ed.), Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants: Corporate Lands and the Challenge of Reform in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America. Albuquerque: New Mexico Press, 1997.

"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Teocaltiche." Online: http://www.e-local.gob.mx/enciclo/jalisco/mpios/14091a.htm [October 12, 2002]. © 2000. Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco

Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco. Secretaría General de Gobierno. Ley Orgánica Municipal. Unidad Editorial, Guadalajara, Jal. , 1998 

"La Región de Los Altos de Jalisco." Online: 
http://www.cualtos.udg.mx/region/principal_region.htm [June 12, 2001].

Los Municipios de Jalisco. Enciclopedia los Municipios de México, Secretaría de Gobernación y Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, 1988. 

Michael P. Costeloe, The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835-1846. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Peter Gerhard, "The Northern Frontier of New Spain," Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Prekss, 1982.

Philip Wayne Powell, Soldiers, Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War. Tempe, Arizona: Center for Latin American Studies, 1975.

Jim Tuck, The Holy War in Los Altos: Regional Analysis of Mexico's Cristero Rebellion. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1982.

LEARNING ABOUT ZACATECAS
by John P. Schmal

LA HACIENDA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE FRÍAS

ESTUDIO HISTÓRICO-GENEALÓGICO
GUILLERMO PADILLA ORIGEL

LEÓN, GTO. 2002

INTRODUCCIÓN

Corría el año de 1959, cuando conocí por primera vez la Hacienda de "Frías", en compañía de algunos de mis hermanos y algunos de los nietos de Don Benito Hurtado, que era amigo de mi padre, principalmente: Alfonso, Leopoldo, Roberto y Juan Manuel Hurtado López, y montados en briosos caballos, nos trasladávamos de la loma de "Tanco", donde estábamos hospedados en una bella casona estilo inglés de la época porfiriana, hacia la vieja casona de la hacienda de "Frías", para comprar fruta y nueces de la huerta adjunta, que en ese tiempo era de la familia Lavalle.
        Estuvimos en varias ocasiones en las vacaciones del colegio y disfrutábamos de un ambiente campirano, alegre, sencillo y cordial, ya sea en la loma de "Tanco", donde disfrutábamos de un bonito paisaje, admirando los grandes y frondosos truenos o laureles así como los casahuates y comer las pequeñas frutillas de los zarcihuiles; en la parte baja vivía Doña Maurita y Don Carlos Garza su hijo y en otras ocasiones en la casa de Don Juan y Doña Aurora en "La Laguna de Piedra", quienes siempre nos recibían con los brazos abiertos.
        Al correr de los años y con la inquietud de la investigación, decidí documentarme sobre la historia y sus dueños de estas tierras, que me traen viejos y dulces recuerdos de la infancia y adolescencia.
        Veamos pues aunque sea de una forma somera la historia de una hacienda que sufrió altibajos a través del tiempo, y la lucha de sus personajes por el amor a la tierra, al trabajo y a la familia. 
        El presente trabajo no es un estudio estadístico de la hacienda, sino la recopilación de nombres, datos y lugares con fechas ciertas y probables de cada uno de sus dueños a través del tiempo, desde el siglo XVI, hasta nuestros días.
        Y aunque en este trabajo traté de adentrarme más hacia documentos de archivos civiles y eclesiásticos, estaría inconcluso si no existiera el apoyo de algunas personas, ( a quienes menciono en las fuentes finales), que me ayudaron sin reservas a complementar con datos y fechas importantes para hacer más abundante este trabajo, a ellos mis más sinceras y cumplidas gracias.    El Autor

Origen
   El origen de esta hacienda se remonta hasta el siglo XVI, por el año de 1560, poco antes de la fundación de la Villa de Santa María de los Lagos,  en plena guerra contra los chichimecas y los litigios de los territorios de la Nueva España y la Nueva Galicia, donde Don Rodrigo de Frías, se hace acreedor de varias caballerías de tierras de ganado y agrícolas en la región del Bajío cerca del río Grande ó Turbio, del Valle Florido y del Valle del Partido de la Piedra Gorda, ( a 8 kilómetros hacia Jalpa de la actual Ciudad Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato).(1)

Don Rodrigo de Frías y Lovado, oriundo de la Villa de Talavera de la Reina, obispado de Toledo, en los Reinos de Castilla, hijo de Lic. Frías y de Elena de Lovado, quien pasó a Indias en 1536, participa en la expedición a Cíbola con el Capitán Francisco Vázquez de Coronado en 1540, a la temprana edad de 18 años, luego participa en varias actividades de la primigenia Audiencia de la Nueva Galicia (2), donde tiempo después en 1561, es nombrado Alcalde Mayor de Comanja y del Valle de Señora, donde sostiene un pleito con Juan de Jasso, famoso minero de Guanajuato y dueño de varias tierras en el entonces Valle de Señora, en el cual dice el texto del siguiente documento:

"En las minas de Comanja , en veinte días del mes de septiembre de mil y quinientos y sesenta y un años, ante mi Sebastián de San Clemente, escribano de su majestad y testigos de suso contenidos, pareció presente Rodrigo de Frías y presentó la provisión de esta otra parte contenida, estando presente Juan de Jaso, el cual asimismo presentó un mandamiento del ilustrísimo señor Don Luis de Velasco, Visorrey de esta Nueva España, por el cual mandaba al dicho Juan de Jaso sea justicia en las dichas minas y no consienta en otra justicia en ellas, y habiéndolo leído ambos, el dicho Juan de Jaso dijo al dicho Rodrigo de Frías, que tenía una vara de justicia en la mano, que no la podía traer por estar en las dichas manos donde él era justicia, por virtud del dicho mandamiento como si se fue para el dicho Rodrigo de Frías y le asió de la vara y teniéndola apretada, se la sacó de la mano y diciendo lo que el dicho Rodrigo de Frías dijo que él había venido a las dichas minas en nombre de su Majestad y por mandado de los señores oidores de la Real Audiencia de Guadalaxara, y que les diese por testimonio, la fuerza que el dicho Juan de Jaso le hacia en le quitar la vara y como venía el dicho efecto con muchas personas que a ello estuvieron presentes, y que por estar él solo, no había podido resistir a la dicha fuerza, etc. etc."(3)

Después de la fundación de la Villa de Santa María de los Lagos, varias tierras de los chichimecas, como el valle de Señora, el Rincón y la Piedra Gorda pertenecieron a la jurisdicción de la Alcaldía de Lagos, hasta 1590 formaron parte de la alcaldía mayor de la Villa de León del obispado de Mechoacán.(4)

En 1564, Don Rodrigo de Frías, participa como Alcalde mayor en Guadalaxara y en 1570 como Encomendero de Xalostotitlán, con 250 indios a su cargo; en 1575 fue vecino de Tlaltenango y al final se sabe que estuvo en Guadalaxara. Contrajo matrimonio con Doña Casilda de Mayoral y debieron tener varios hijos, tales como: los Pérez de Frías o Frías Delgadillo, establecidos en Nochistlán, Zacatecas, sin embargo, la única que a la fecha se puede comprobar como tal, también Encomendera de Xalostotitlán , fue Doña Bernardina de Frías, casada con Don Gómez de Alvarado,( hijo lexítimo del Conquistador y Alférez Real Don Hernán Flores, natural de Salamanca, España e Isabel de Alvarado) ya que así lo menciona en su testamento de ella de fecha 31 de diciembre de 1625 documentando en la ciudad de Guadalaxara.(5)

Tiempo después se sabe que estas tierras de "San Nicolás de Frías", que formaban dos caballerías fueron mercedadas por el Gobernador de la Nueva Galicia a Don Lázaro Domínguez Delgado, el 25 de mayo de 1602 y que éste a su vez la vendió a Don Esteban de Anda Altamirano y González de Castañeda, (6) de los primeros pobladores de Lagos, terrateniente de varios sitios y Caballerías en esa región y la nueva Galicia, hijo lexítimo del Capitán Don Pedro de Anda Altamirano y de Doña Beatriz González de Castañeda, vecinos de Santa María de los Lagos, casado con Doña Mariana de Araujo y Ledesma, sin sucesión; el 12 de enero de 1674; fundó una capellanía sobre la estancia llamada " los sauces"(7) y el 29 de abril de 1638, vendió las tierras de "Frías" y otras aledañas a los Padres Jesuitas de Valladolid, quienes después de algunos años las venden al propietario de la importante y extensa hacienda de " Xalpa", (8) y que fue:

Don Diego Ortiz de Saavedra, alguacil mayor y también de los primeros pobladores de Lagos, cuando él muere, su esposa, Doña Catalina Muñoz de Jerez, heredan 8 sitios de ganado mayor con 16 caballerías de tierra y luego les sigue su hija:

Doña María Ortiz de Saavedra, (9) quien se casó en la Villa de León, el 11 de abril de 1657 con Don Alonso Sánchez Bañales y Castilla (10) , hijo legítimo del canciller de la audiencia de Guadalajara Don Fernando Castilla y Espinosa y Doña María Ortiz de Parada y Ulloa, hija legítima a su vez de Don Lázaro Ortiz de Parada y de Doña Catalina de Ulloa y Muñoz de Xeréz, casada en segundas nupcias con Don Mateo de Villanueva y Sandoval, ( de los primeros pobladores de San Pedro Piedra Gorda) y hermana del Bachiller y Pbro. Fray Alonso Ortiz de Parada y Ulloa y de Don Joseph Ortiz de Parada y Ulloa, casado con Doña Elvira de Aguilar y Castro, (11) según informe matrimonial efectuado en la Villa de León el 12 de enero de 1660, hija legítima a su vez del Capitán Don Alonso de Aguilar y Ventosillo y de Doña María de Castro y Busto, siendo sus hijos de Don Joseph y Doña Elvira, nacidos en la Villa de León, (12) entre otros:

Doña Catalina, bautizada el 1 de diciembre de 1660, Don Diego, bautizado el 20 de noviembre de 1662, Doña Antonia Francisca, bautizada el 20 de marzo de 1681, Doña Luisa, bautizada el 17 de octubre de 1683.(13)

En 1648 Doña María Ortiz de Saavedra, vende las haciendas al acaudalado comerciante Don Andrés Sánchez de Aparicio, (14) Comisario de la Santa Hermandad, originario de la Villa de Torrijos, obispado de Toledo, en Castilla, y vecino de Tepotzotlán donde contaba con varias carnicerías y estaba obligado al abasto de Texcoco y Cuautitlán, este personaje fue importante para la historia del bajío de ese tiempo, además de ser poseedor de varias caballerías de tierra y de las haciendas de "Jalpa" y "Frías".

Fue hijo legítimo de Don Miguel Sánchez de Aparicio y de Doña Gabriela Vázquez y se casó en la Ciudad de México, con Doña Juana Rangel Coronel; en 1666 fundó la Cofradía del Santísimo Sacramento en Tepotzotlán, testó en la Villa de León el 12 de enero de 1675 y fueron sus hijos de este matrimonio:

Pbro. Lic. Andrés Sánchez de Aparicio y Rangel, Doña María y Doña Juana Sánchez de Aparicio y Rangel y Don Alfonso Sánchez de Aparicio y Rangel, (15) casado el 13 de mayo de 1674, en la Villa de León, (16) con Doña María Sánchez Bañales y del Castillo, hija legítima del Canciller de la audiencia de Guadalaxara, Don Fernando Castilla y Espinosa y Doña María Ortiz de Parada y Ulloa, y se sabe que fue su hijo entre varios:

Don Juan Sánchez De Aparicio y Sánchez Bañales, quienes heredaron la hacienda de Xalpa y otras tierras aledañas, mismas que en 1680 las venden al rico minero: Don Nicolás de Busto y Muñoz de Xeréz, (17) casado con Doña Catalina de Moya y Monroy, vecinos de la Ciudad de Guanajuato, y él hermano del Marqués de San Clemente: Don Francisco de Busto y Muñoz de Xeréz, ambos hijos legítimos de Don Alonso de Busto y de Doña Ana Muñoz de Xeréz y López de la Madrid.(18)

Fuera del matrimonio reconoce Don Andrés Sánchez de Aparicio, según testamento a dos hijos que son:
A.-Doña Catalina Coronel, casada con Don Francisco Sánchez de Cuenca y tuvieron tres hijos:
Doña Juana, Doña Francisca y Don Miguel Sánchez de Cuenca y Coronel

B.-Don Miguel Sánchez de Aparicio, casado con Doña Catalina del Ángel y de los Reales, el 24 de julio de 1655, en la villa de León, originaria de Valverde del Camino, en Castilla, hija legítima de Don Juan Gallego y de Doña Catalina Martínez, viuda de Francisco Medina, con quien se casó el 12 de noviembre de 1646 (19) ; ya viuda de Sánchez Aparicio hereda la hacienda de "Frias" y tierras aledañas como la Loma de "Tanco", etc.

Fueron que se sepa sus hijas, Doña Micaela del Ángel y Doña Isabel de los Reales, esta última casada con Don Francisco Pérez de Bielma, hijo legítimo de Don Antonio Pérez de Bielma y de Doña Petronila Rodríguez de la Torre, vecina de Puruándiro.(20).

Don Francisco Pérez de Bielma, fue de los primeros pobladores del pueblo de San Pedro Piedra Gorda, fundado principalmente por Don Juan Montañés de Ortega, administrador de las haciendas del colegio de la Compañía de Jesús de Valladolid, nombradas "Santa Lugarda del Rincón de Frías", "Atotonilquillo", etc., quien compró una caballería de Tierra denominada " Tierra Blanca" a Don Nicolás Galván de Rojas y la donó mas tarde a la Cofradía de Jesús Nazareno para que en ella se erigiera la parroquia y se fundara el Pueblo llamado "Piedra Gorda" de 1681-1693, "San Pedro Piedra Gorda", de 1693 a 1899 y " Ciudad Manuel Doblado", desde 1899, quien muchos años perteneció a la alcaldía Mayor de la Villa de León.(21)

Don Francisco Pérez de Bielma, testó en la hacienda de "Frías" el 10 de enero de 1684, y fueron sus hijas:

Doña Juana, Doña Felipa, Doña María, Doña Petronila y Doña Catalina Pérez de Bielma y de los Reales, quienes heredaron la hacienda y varios ranchos circunvecinos, (22) vendiendo dicha hacienda para su reparto al: Capitán Don Miguel de Elizondo, vecino de la Villa de León, quien nació por 1656 y se casó en la Villa de León, el 17 de febrero de 1681, con Doña Juana Díaz Moreno, (23) siendo sus hijos ente otros nacidos en la Villa de León:

LOS ELIZONDO Y LOS BASAURI

1. -Doña María Elizondo y Díaz, nace por 1688, casada con Don Manuel de Zúñiga y Campoabierto

2. -Doña Teresa Elizondo y Díaz, casada según dispensa matrimonial del día 13 de mayo de 1716, con el Teniente Don José Antonio Dominzain, originario de la Villa de Zubieta en Navarra y vecino de la Villa de León, hijo legítimo de Don Esteban de Dominzain y de Doña Juana María de Repasas, y fueron sus hijos entre otros:

Doña María Guadalupe, quien falleció en San Pedro el día 14 de junio de 1731 (24),

Estefanía Petrona, bautizada el 5 de Agosto de 1717 en San Pedro, José Antonio Gerardo, bautizado el 6 de octubre de 1720 en San Pedro, Santiago Lorenzo, bautizado el 15 de agosto de 1722, en San Pedro.( 24-bis.)

3. -Don Santiago Elizondo y Díaz, nace por 1693, soltero, murío el 6 de agosto de 1721 en San Pedro

4. -Doña Micaela Elizondo y Díaz, nace por 1698 y muere el 15 de noviembre de 1714 en San Pedro, soltera.(25)

5. -Doña Ana María Elizondo y Díaz, nace por 1695 y se casa según inf. Matrimonial del 10 de agosto de 1713 con Don Bernardo Navarro de Salceda, orig. De Ayo el Chico, hijo legítimo de Don Bernardo Navarro y Salceda y Doña Isabel de la Cueva y Villaseñor. (26)

6. -Doña Nicolasa Elizondo y Díaz, bautizada en la villa de León el 27 de febrero de 1687, (27) y fallecío el 10 de enero de 1746 en san Pedro, (28) y se casó por 1708 con Don Gregorio Basauri originario de la Villa de Oñate en Guipúzcoa, radicado en León, viudo de Doña Teresa Olaes, con quien se casó el 12 de mayo de 1703 en la villa de León y fué hija legítima de Don Nicolás de Olaes y Doña Josefa de Busto, de este primer matrimonio Don Gregorio y Doña Teresa, tuvieron dos hijos:

Doña Teresa Basauri Olaes , que a su vez se casó con Don Juan de Olazarán, vecino del Rincón, quien murió el 14 de octubre de 1745 en san Pedro y fueron sus hijos nacidos en San Pedro:

María Francisca, José Ignacio, María Josefa Antonia, bautizada el 24 de diciembre de 1724, Domingo, bautizado el 20 de enero de 1726, José Manuel, bautizado el 16 de febrero de 1727, Juan Fernando, bautizado el 11 de junio de 1728, Santiago Antonio, bautizado el 3 de diciembre de 1730, Juan Antonio, bautizado el 8 de junio de 1734, Juan Ignacio, bautizado el 3 de julio de 1736 y Gregorio Olazarán Basauri, (29) y

Don Nicolás Basauri y Olaes, casado con Doña María Josefa de Angulo, y fueron sus hijos a su vez:

Doña Juana Josefa, José María, casado el 8 de febrero de 1786 en la Ciudad de Guanajuato, con Doña María Josefa Leal de Araujo, hija legítima de Don Francisco Antonio Xavier Leal de Araujo y Llanos de Comparán y de Doña Encarnación Díaz Guijarra, (30)

María Anselma, Andrea, Josefa, baut. En 1750 y María Guadalupe en 1749 en San Pedro Piedra Gorda.

La familia Elizondo remató la hacienda a Don Gregorio Basauri por el año de 1728 hasta 1883, quedando como dueño y sucesión de varias generaciones de su familia, ya que en ese tiempo se edificó la nueva hacienda que existe actualmente.

Del segundo matrimonio de Don Gregorio Basauri y Doña Nicolasa Elizondo fueron sus hijos todos nacidos en la hacienda de "Frías" y bautizados en San Pedro:

1. -Don Felipe Basauri y Elizondo, murió joven el 2 de abril de 1743 en la hacienda de "Frías".

2. -Doña María Ambrosia Basauri y Elizondo, quien murió el 23 de junio de 1746 y se casó con Don Domingo de Olazarán, de Don Juan su cuñado, vecino del rincón quien murió el 16 de agosto de 1751 en la hacienda y fueron sus hijos entre otros nacidos en San Pedro:

Don Pedro Pablo, bautizado el 9 de julio de 1730, Don José Ignacio, bautizado el 5 de agosto de 1731, Don Juan, bautizado el 28 de junio de 1733, Don Antonio Manuel, Bautizado el 19 de junio de 1735, Don Gregorio Miguel, Bautizado el 12 de mayo de 1738, Don Nicolás Agustín. Bautizado el 8 de mayo de 1742 y Doña Rosalía Ignacia Antonia, bautizada el 19 de junio de 1746.(30 bis.)

3. -Doña María Gregoria Basauri y Elizondo, murió el 21 de octubre de 1746 en la hacienda, soltera

4. -Don Tomás Esteban Basauri y Elizondo, bautizado en San Pedro el 5 de enero de 1711, heredero de la hacienda de "Frías", casado con Doña Magdalena Cid de Escobar y fueron sus hijos nacidos en Guadalajara:

A.-María Josefa Basauri y Cid de Escobar, casada el día 12 de febrero de 1786 en Guadalajara, con el Coronel Don José María González de Castañeda, hijo legítimo de Don José Mariano González de Castañeda y de Doña Ignacia de Medina y Vela, oriundos de la Ciudad de México, (31) este matrimonio tuvo numerosa sucesión y se establecieron en la zona alteña de San Ignacio Cerro Gordo, Jalisco, dueños de la hacienda de "La Trasquila" (32).

B.-Don Laureano Basauri y Cid de Escobar , casado con Doña Candelaria Hernández, y fue su hijo entre otros Don José María Basauri Hernández, casado con Doña Anselma Torres y fue su hija entre otra Doña María Petra Basauri Torres bautizada en Atotonilco, Jal. En 1836

C.-Don Gregorio Basauri y Cid de Escobar, casado con Doña Josefa de Mendarroqueta y fueron sus hijos entre otros:

Don Ramón de Jesús Basauri y Mendarroqueta, casado el 30 de enero de 1825 con Doña Feliciana Balcázar Muñoz, y fueron a su vez sus hijos entre otros: Doña Hilara, Don José Pantaleón y Don José Ladislao Basauri y Balcázar , nacidos en Guadalajara, Jal.

D.-Don José Ignacio Basauri y Cid de Escobar, Alcalde Ordinario en Guadalajara, se casó en 1782 con Doña Mariana Villazón y fueron propietarios de las haciendas de "Atequiza" e "Ixcuintla", cercanas a Guadalajara, y fueron sus hijos entre otros:

Doña María de Jesús, casada con Manuel José Nogueras, Don Manuel, casado con Angeles Romo, Don José Francisco Irineo, baut. En 1785, Don Ignacio, casado con Andrea López Pimentel, y Doña Mariana Josefa, baut. En 1784 ente otros.

E.-Don José Tomás Basauri y Cid de Escobar, casado con Doña Magdalena de Iriarte y fue su hijo entre otros Don José Tomás Basauri e Iriarte, Baut. En 1749 en el sagrario de Guadalajara.

F.-Don José Joaquín Basauri y Cid de Escobar, casado con María Serafina Marín del Valle, heredero de la hacienda de "Frías" y fue su hijo entre otros:

1. -Don Rafael Basauri Marín del Valle, oficial del ejército de Iturbide en su juventud, de carácter alegre y jovial, se casó con Doña Guadalupe de Hijar , el 22 de agosto de 1822 en el sagrario de Guadalajara y fueron sus hijos entre otros:

A.-Don Epitacio Basauri e Híjar, casado el 1 de mayo de 1872 en Ciudad Manuel Doblado con Doña Virginia Quesada y fue su hija Concepción Basauri Quesada, baut. el 15 de marzo de 1873 en San Diego de Alejandría, Jalisco y

B.-Don Carlos Juan Basauri e Híjar, bautizado el 30 de diciembre de 1828 en el sagrario de Guadalajara y se casó ahí mismo el 10 de junio de 1857, con Doña Amada Quevedo.(33)

Don Carlos heredó la famosa Hacienda de "Frías", quien era de carácter también amable y con aire de gran señor, pero poco afecto a las labores del campo, descuidando la administración y tiempo después vendió una parte llamada "Ramblás" que pasó a la hacienda de "Jalpa" que ese tiempo era el dueño Don Manuel Cánovas, luego se tomó dinero prestado por hipoteca de la hacienda y finalmente pasó esta en propiedad a Don Francisco Ederra , quien era el acreedor hipotecario principal en 1883, luego se trasladó a León con sus hijos y su esposa y fue nombrado Jefe Político donde contribuyó arduamente en la inundación de 1888; pero desgraciadamente, al poco tiempo terminó en la miseria y murió olvidado de sus amigos.

fueron sus hijos:
Doña Carolina, Don Miguel de Jesús, Don Cecilio Manuel, Don Joaquín, Don Rafael, Don José, Don Luis Fco. Enrique, Don Carlos y Doña María Guadalupe Basauri Quevedo.

LOS EDERRA

Don José Francisco Ederra y Suárez, dueño de la hacienda a fines del siglo XIX, era originario de Santa Fé de Guanajuato, bautizado el 15 de septiembre de 1858, hijo legítimo de Don Tomás Ederra de Zia , bautizado el 21 de diciembre de 1813, en la parroquia de nuestra señora de la Asunción de Ibero de Oiza , en Navarra, España, y de Doña Josefa Suárez y Don Tomás a su vez, hijo legitimo de Don Juan Martín de Ederra y de María Tomasa de Zia.

Don Francisco se casó el 15 de agosto de 1885 en Santa Fé de Guanajuato, con Doña María Parres y fue su hijo y heredero de sus bienes Don Joaquín Ederra y Parres nació en Guanajuato por 1886 y se casó por 1914 en León, Gto. (35) , Con Doña María Guadalupe Guedea y Portillo hija legítima de Don Manuel Guedea Caraza y Doña Dolores Portillo y Martín del Campo, sin Sucesión.(36).

Tengo en mi poder un papel que se refiere a una memoria de cuentas de la Hacienda fechada el dia 3 de marzo de 1917, donde aparece una relación de bienes muebles, como propietario Don Joaquín Ederra y Parres.( 37)

De las haciendas y ranchos importantes aledañas a "Frías", podemos citar a:

" La Concepción", que un tiempo fue del Mariscal de Castilla Don Carlos de Luna y Arellano y Sámano y su hija Doña Juana de Luna y Arellano quien casó con Don Teobaldo de Gómez Beaumont y Navarra en 1737

"Santa Lugarda" de Margarita Guardado en 1738, en 1959 del Sr. Rafael Ramírez y luego de los señores Salinas

" San Antonio Atotonilquillo", de Manuel Antonio de Otero en 1805 y actualmente de los señores Salvador y Gustavo León Oñate

"Buena Vista" de Don Primitivo Serrano y sus hijas Dolores Serrano de Madrazo e Isabel Serrano de Serrano, actualmente de la familia de Don Gregorio y Don Manuel Porras

"Maravillas", de Don Rafael Ascencio

"Jalpa de Canovas", de varios dueños entre ellos los últimos Los Condes de Monterde y Antillón y después Don Manuel Cánovas y su hija Doña Guadalupe Cánovas de Braniff y actualmente de los Braniff y Rincón Gallardo

"Cañada de Negros", ubicada a 20 kilómetros del pueblo de Purísima del Rincón, inicialmente el dueño fue Don Andrés López de Lara y luego la heredó su hijo Don Joseph López de Lara, casado con Doña María de Padilla y le sucedió su hija Doña María López de Lara y Padilla casada en 1683 con el Capitán Don Diego de Reynoso y Rentería ; para 1717 fué de los Monterde y Antillón , dueños de Xalpa y en 1815 del Gral. Julián de Obregón y actualmente es de los sres. Ing. Juan Navarro y Carlos Guzmán Orozco. 38

"Carrizo de Rubios", actual congregación , que en 1739, perteneció a Don Eusebio Rubio y Doña Teresa de Barrera.

Volviendo a Don Joaquín fue un hombre acaudalado heredero de varias fortunas , entre ellas la hacienda que a principios del siglo XX a pesar de la Revolución no decayó en su totalidad, y aunque Don Joaquín era muy hábil para los negocios, los juegos de azar y el exceso en la bebida terminaron con sus bienes.

La hacienda la adquirieron en rebeldía por los años treintas del siglo XX, la familia Lavalle , ( que entonces era una superficie de 4,426-95-99 Hs, descontando las porciones que vendió el Sr, Ederra antes de la publicación de la solicitud ejidal, le quedaron a la finca un total de 3,505 Hs. , antes dé afectarla el poblado de " la ladera" quedando al predio un total de 1,185 Hs.,) a quien haremos mención a continuación

LOS LAVALLE

Don Miguel Lavalle Arcocha , fue el comprador de "Frías", originario de León, Gto. , Hijo legítimo de Don Miguel Lavalle Fierro, originario de Campeche, Camp. , Y de Doña Luz Arcocha y Sañudo, casados en León, Gto. El 4 de febrero de 1860, hermano de Doña Delfina Lavalle Arcocha casada con el Dr. Cornelio Larios, oriundo de la ciudad de Gto.

Don Miguel Lavalle Arcocha, se casó en León, Gto. , el 16 de abril de 1890 con Doña Natalia Fuentes y Gutiérrez de Velazco y fueron sus hijos: 
Doña Natalia, soltera, Don Manuel y Doña Luz, estos dos últimos sin descendencia y Don Miguel, que sigue:

El lic. Miguel Lavalle y Fuentes, durante varios años en compañía de su padre y como co-propietario de la Hacienda por la reforma agraria, vino desempeñando en forma adecuada y exitosa el desarrollo de la Hacienda; Al verificarse la partición de la finca se adjudicaron al Sr. Lavalle Arcocha el casco de la hacienda con sus contrucciones, trojes y dependencias con el menaje y mobiliario de la casa habitación y al Lic. Lavalle Fuentes, la huerta de frutales. ( Acuerdo de los señores Lavalle, celebrado en la ciudad de México el 10 de septiembre de 1936)

Se casó en Ciudad Victoria, Tamps. , con Doña Ana María Collado en el año de 1926, siguiendo con éxito la producción Agrícola, y Ganadera de la Hacienda que entre padre e hijo cuidaron por mas de cinco décadas.(39)

LA LOMA DE TANCO

Fué el tiempo en que la vecina loma de "Tanco" era propiedad de Don Darío González y González, originario de "el Carrizo de Rubios", hijo legítimo de Don Andrés González y de Doña Manuela González y de Doña María Isabel Villalpando Orozco, hija legítima de Don Manuel Villalpando y de Doña Bonifacia Orozco, casados en San Pedro el 18 de mayo de 1867, quienes la heredaron a sus hijos: María Isabel, Miguel, Susana, Maura y Pedro González Villalpando, éste ultimo edificó el bonito Chalet en la parte alta de la loma y se casó con Margarita Hernández, sin sucesión.

Después lo vendió a Don Benito Hurtado López, hijo legítimo de Don Juan Hurtado y Ramona López, oriundo del "Carretero", cerca de Arandas, casado con Doña Gabina Hernández Orozco, quienes heredaron a sus hijos varias tierras, entre ellas " La parte de la loma de Tanco", " el cerro de la Culebra", " La Laguna de Piedra", " el salitre", etc. y que fueron:

Doña Rafaela Hurtado Hernández, casada con Don Ramón López, con varios hijos, Don Juan Hurtado Hernández, casado con Doña Aurora López Villalpando, con familia numerosa y Doña María de Jesús Hurtado Hernández, casada con Don Luis Cervantes, con 2 hijos, cuya sucesión radica en su mayoría en León, Gto.

Y la parte baja de "Tanco", donde fue la casa antigua, la heredó otra hermana de don Pedro González y que fue Doña Maura González Villalpando, casada con Don Zótico de la Garza Treviño, orig. de Monterrey, N.L., y fueron sus hijos entre otros:

Don Carlos Garza González, casado con Doña Dolores López Villalpando y Doña María Dolores Garza González, casada con Don Antonio Valadéz, con sucesión en León, Gto.( 40)

Volviendo a Don Miguel Lavalle Fuentes y Doña Ana María Collado, tuvieron dos hijos que fueron:

Don Miguel Lavalle y Collado, casado con María Eugenia Baca Morales, con descendencia en la Ciudad de México y

Don Patricio Lavalle y Collado casado con Doña Olga Minvielle Maraboto, también con descendencia; en 1974 hacen una división de la hacienda de "San Nicolás de Frías", el predio denominado "el Tesoro," para Don Miguel y el predio denominado "el Chorro", para don Patricio (41) y fue este ultimo (albacea del intestado de su padre) quien vendió la hacienda de "Frías" por razones personales, con una superficie de 100 hectáreas incluyendo el casco en el año de 1977, a Don Miguel Gama Loza.

LOS GAMA

Don Miguel Gama Loza, a quien se la tenían rentada anteriormente, el cual le ha tenido mucho cariño, oriundo de San Diego de Alejandría, Jal. , Hijo legítimo de Don José Guadalupe Gama Lozano y de Doña Celerina Loza Jiménez, abuelos Don Susano Gama y Doña Micaela Lozano y Don Juan Loza y Doña Ángela Jiménez y se casó en USA. El 13 de septiembre de 1969, con Doña luz María Vargas Báez, originaria de Tepatitlán, Jal. , hija legítima de Don Gabriel Vargas Arias y de Doña Esther Báez Castellanos, ( a quienes agradezco todas sus atenciones para con su servidor y mi familia), los cuales procrearon 7 hijos que son:

1. -Juvenal Gama Vargas, casado con Vanesa Ayala y son sus hijos Daniel y Mayeli Gama Ayala

2. -Luz Arcelia Gama Vargas, casada con José de Jesús Loya Servín y su hijo Fabían loya Gama

3. -Miguel Gama Vargas, casado con Aydé García, y su hijo Miguel Gama García

4. -Juan Gabriel Gama Vargas, casado con Rosario Orozco Razo, y sus hijos Alejandro, Priscila y Leonardo Gama Orozco

5. -Marco Antonio Gama Vargas, casado con Roselia Canales Zárate, y su hija Jimena Gama Canales

6. -Jorge Elías Gama Vargas, soltero

7. -Maricela Gama Vargas, casada con Valentín Franco Mendoza, y sus hijos Zairah, Noelia y Noemí (gemelas) y Angel Franco Gama.(42)

FUENTES
1. -Dato proporcionado por el Ing. José Alfonso Rodríguez y Ortiz, radicado en Guadalajara,         Jalisco.
2. -Libro "Genealogía de Nochistlán antiguo Reino de la Nueva Galicia en el siglo XVII, según sus archivos parroquiales", del Lic. José Luis Vázquez Rodríguez de Frías, paginas 226-228
3. -Libro "la alcaldía mayor de Lagos", conquista y colonización de Pechititán, por Marío Gómez Mata
4. -Libro "Haciendas de Guanajuato", de Isauro Rionda Areguín, pagina 97 tomado en fuentes A.G.N. Ramo: Vínculos V. 118 exp. 3
5. -Idem no. 2 y además del libro "La primigenia audiencia de la Nueva Galicia", de Rafael Diego Fernández Sotelo, Págs. 172, 193 y 299
6. -Ídem no. 4
7. -Libro "Retoños de España en la Nueva Galicia", tomo II, del Lic. Mariano González Leal, capítulo de los de " Anda- Altamirano"
8. -Libro "Jalpa y San Juan de Otates", de María Guadalupe Rodríguez Gómez
9. -Ídem no. 8 
10. -Archivo particular del Ing. José de Jesús Barba Ornelas
11. -Archivo Histórico Municipal de León, 4to. , registro AM-JTC-SUC-C.60-EXP.10-1673
12. -Ídem no. 10 
13. -Archivo Particular del Lic. Mariano González Leal
14. -Ídem no. 8
15. -Ídem no. 11 
16. -Ídem no. 10 
17. -Ídem no. 8
18. -Libro "Crónica de un Palacio Guanajuatense", por el Lic. Mariano González Leal, paginas   29-31
19. -Ídem no. 10
20. -Ídem no. 11 registro AM-JTC-SUC-C.61 EXP. 17-1684 
21. -Archivo parroquial de Ciudad Manuel Doblado, 4to. y Libro "Monografía del Municipio de Ciudad Manuel Doblado, Gto." por Amador Contreras Gutiérrez
22. -Idem no. 11
23. -Idem no. 10
24. -Idem no. 10 
24 bis.-Archivo parroquial de Ciudad Manuel Doblado, Gto.
25. -Ídem no. 10 
26. -Libro "Sagrada Mitra de Guadalajara, antiguo obispado de la Nueva Galicia" por Luz Montejano Hilton, pagina 220/1179 
27. -Ídem no.13 
28. -Ídem no. 10 
29. -Ídem no. 24-bis 
30. -Ídem no.13 
31. -Fichas Genealógicas 
32. -Libro "San Ignacio Cerro Gordo" de Zócimo Orozco Orozco
33. -Ídem no. 31 
34. Libro "recordatorios públicos y privados, León, 1864-1908 de Toribio Esquivel Obregón , paginas 86-87 
35. -Ídem no. 31 
36. -Ídem no. 13 
37. -Datos proporcionados por Don Miguel Gama Loza 
38. -Ídem no. 4 
39. -Libro de las memorias de la academia Mexicana de Genealogía y Heráldica, artículo "Descendencia de Don Pedro Gómez, fundador y primer poblador de la Villa de San Sebastián de León de la nueva España " paginas 113-115, de Don Gonzalo Torres Martínez, copia proporcionada por el Lic. Mariano González Leal 
40. -Información Verbal de Don Juan Hurtado Hernández y de Roberto Hurtado López
41. -Información del archivo de Don Miguel Gama Loza 
42. -Información verbal de Don Miguel Gama Loza y Doña Lucy Vargas de Gama

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Altar de la capilla de la hacienda de Frías.
Interior de la hacienda de Frías
Antiguas trojes y caballerizas
Capilla de la hacienda
Exterior de la hacienda
Ruinas de la antigua hacienda virreinal
Don Miguel Gama y Doña Luz María de Gama
Parte alta de la Loma de Tanco
Casa de la parte baja de la Loma de Tanco
Fachada del casco de la hacienda de Frías
Rúbrica de Don Manuel Antonio de Olazarán
Rúbrica de Don Gregorio de Olazarán
Rúbrica de Doña Catalina de Elizondo
Rúbrica de Don Manuel de Zúñiga y Campoabierto
Rúbrica de Don Alfonso Sánchez de Aparicio
Rúbrica de Don Andrés Sánchez de Aparicio
Rúbrica de Don Tomás de Basauri
Rúbrica de Don Francisco Pérez de Bielma
Rúbrica de Don Santiago Dominizain
Rúbrica de Don Nicolás de Basauri
Rúbrica del Capitán Don Miguel de Elizondo

Victims Sacrificed by the Natives of the Marianas Islands 
by Thomas Jay Kemp, MLS  GenAnnual@aol.com
Utah Genealogical Association Board Member

The following was extracted from Appendix 1 of a report published by the US Navy Department.
The Island of Guam: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Appendix 1, page 75, 1926, and published in the Genealogical Journal, Vol. 30, # 3, a publication of the Utah Genealogical Assn.


Appendix 1. Interesting Document
A quaint document in the possession of Mr. José Herrero, of Agana, is worth insertion here.  It is entitled "Victims sacrificed by the natives of the Mariana Islands because of their propagation of the holy Catholic faith among them," and is as follows:

Island of Guam
José de Peralta.  Killed in the hills, September 1671
Diego Bazán.  A native of Mexico, in Chochogo, March 31, 1672
Manuael Vangel. A Spaniard, in Chochogo, March 31, 1672
Nicolas de Figueroa. In Ypao, March 31, 1672
Damian Bernol.  In Tumon, March 31, 1672
Manuel de Nava.  In Guae, March 31, 1672

Diego Luis de Sanvitories.  Jesuit priest, a native of Burgos, 45 years old and his servant Calasor, a Visayan, killed in Tumon, Saturday, April 2, 1672 between 7 and 8 in the morning.

Francisco Esguerra.  Jesuit priest, native of Manila, 30 years of age; D. Luis de Vera Pizarro, merchant of Manila: Sebastian de Rivera, soldier of Manila; Matías  de Segura, soldier of the town of Los Angeles; Pedro Alego, soldier;  Matías Altamurano,  soldier of Guam, killed at 1 o'clock on the road between Gati and Tufana, on their arrival in Sagua, 2nd February 1674.

Pedro Diaz.  Jesuit brother of Talavera; Corp. D. Isidro de Leon, of Seville; Nicolas de Espinosa, soldier of Mexico, in Ritidian, December 9, 1675.

Antonio M. de San Basilio.  Jesuit priest, January 1676.  A soldier, killed in October 1676.

Sebastian de Monroy, Jesuit priest of Andalucia; Lieut. Gov. D. Nicolas Rodriguez Carvajal, of Austria; Santiago de Rutia, soldier, of Mexico; Juan de los Reyes, soldier of Panpanga; Alonzo de Aguilar, soldier of Los Angeles; José Lopez, soldier, of Querétaro; Antonio Perea, soldier, of Cuernavaca; Antonio de Vera, soldier, of Cholula, in the sea before Sumay (?), October 6, 1676.

Forty or fifty Spanish soldiers killed in the Plaza and streets of Agana; and Manuel Solariano, Jesuit priest, native of Estremadura; and Baltazar Dubois, Jesuit brother of Flanders, killed in the college, Sunday, Jul 23, 1684

Teofilo de Ángeles, Jesuit priest, 33 years, of Triana, killed in Ritidian, July 24, 1684.

Island of Rota
Carlos Boranga.  Jesuit priest, born in Vienna, killed in Agor, October 1684.

Island of Tinian
Augustin Strobach, Jesuit priest, native of Moravia and 18 Spanish soldier, names unknown, in August 1684

In Saipan
Sergt. Lorenzo Castellanos, a Spaniard; Gabriel de la Cruz, of Manila, soldier, killed August 19, 1668.  (First martyrs in the conversion of these islands.)

Luis de Medina.  Jesuit priest, of Malaga; and Ypolito de la Cruz, soldier at Visayan, January 29, 1670.

José de Tapia. Merchant, and 20 Spanish soldiers, violently drowned off Saipan, September 1684.

Pedro Comans. Jesuit priest, 47 years of age, killed in July 1685, the last of the martyrs.

Island of Antajan
Companion of Father Sanvitores, Lorenzo Malabor de Morales, August 1669. 
                                                                                                       Sent by Johanna de Soto

Universal Search Portal http://www.vitalsearch-worldwide.com
Monthly of on-going database completions and development                   Sent by Johanna de Soto

        His name was Fleming, and he was a poor Scottish farmer. One day, while trying to make a living for his family, he heard a cry for help coming from a nearby bog. He dropped his tools and ran to the bog.
        There, mired to his waist in black muck, was a terrified boy, screaming and struggling to free himself. Farmer Fleming saved the lad from what could have been a slow and terrifying death. The next day, a fancy carriage pulled up to the Scotsman's sparse surroundings. An elegantly dressed nobleman stepped out and introduced himself as the father of the boy Farmer Fleming had saved.
        "I want to repay you," said the nobleman. "You saved my son's life." "No, I can't accept
payment for what I did," the Scottish farmer replied, waving off the offer
        At that moment, the farmer's own son came to the door of the family hovel. "Is that your son?" the nobleman asked. "Yes," the farmer replied proudly. "I'll make you a deal. Let me provide him with the level of education my son will enjoy. If the lad is anything like his father, he'll no doubt grow to be a man we both will be proud of." And that he did.
        Farmer Fleming's son attended the very best schools and in time, he graduated from St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, and went on to become known throughout the world as the noted Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of Penicillin.
        Years afterward, the same nobleman's son who was saved from the bog was stricken with pneumonia. What saved his life this time? Penicillin.
        The name of the nobleman? Lord Randolph Churchill. His son's name? Sir Winston Churchill.
                                                           Sent by Bill Carmena for Friendship Week JCarm1724@aol.com  

The 1840 Census of Pensioners, Revolutionary and Military Services was originally compiled by the federal government from the 1840 U.S. Federal Census, which required enumerators (census takers) to list the names and ages of Revolutionary War and other federal military service pensioners in households.

The 1840 census did not include the ages of any household members other than military pensioners, and no names appear in it other than those of military pensioners and heads of household. All other household members were enumerated numerically using what are commonly referred to as "fence post tallies," meaning that each household member was categorized by race, sex and free/slave status, with the totals for each category entered by the census-taker in the appropriate column.

Although the majority of pensioners were heads of household, this was not always the case, and a determination as to the relationship between the pensioner and the head of household (if any) can often prove uniquely valuable. One example of this can be found in the 1840 entry for 86-year old pensioner James STEVENSON of Franklin Township, Henry County, Indiana, which shows that he resided in the household of one Robert BOYD.                                                                                     Sent by Johanna de Soto

"Even the best family tree has its Sap!" Sent by Jo Pacheco